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Riq (bondage): its kinds and causes, the rights and duties of owner and slave, the marital and sexual rules, the slave's worship, transactions, crimes and inheritance, and how bondage ends

الرق

Riq (bondage) is a person's being owned by another; freedom is the original state, and the jurists set out its rules at length. 1 2 Slaves enter ownership by capture in war, by the offspring of a slave-woman, by purchase, gift, bequest and inheritance; a free Muslim may not be enslaved. 2 3 4 A non-Muslim may not keep a Muslim slave, and must sell or free him. 5 Owning a relative within the prohibited degrees frees him. 6 The owner may command the slave in what is not sinful, but the work must be within his strength; he must provide food, clothing and care, and may not torment or disfigure him. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 The owner may sell, pledge or give the slave, and the schools differ on sale on condition of freedom, on separating relatives in sale, and on the slave's property. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 In worship the slave is lighter: Friday is not obligatory, the owner pays his zakat, and his vowed fast and i'tikaf need leave; his hajj is not obligatory until freed. 30 31 32 33 In marriage a free man may marry a slave-woman under conditions; a slave's divorces and waiting period are counted by his condition. 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 In crimes, a free man is not retaliated against for killing a slave; a slave who kills a free man is retaliated against; the value of a slave is owed; the hadd for a slave is half of a free man's. 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 The co-owned and the partly freed slave have their own rules. 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Bondage ends by manumission, by writing-off, by the status of mudabbar or umm walad, by legal manumission and by bequest. 80

Depth

At a glance

Era
The Prophetic Era
Region
Global / Diaspora
Review
Draft Completeness 2/5 · Help complete it

Family, marriage and kinshipTrade and financeCrime and punishment

Summary

Riq (bondage) is a person's being owned by another; freedom is the original state, and the jurists set out its rules at length. 1 2 Slaves enter ownership by capture in war, by the offspring of a slave-woman, by purchase, gift, bequest and inheritance; a free Muslim may not be enslaved. 2 3 4 A non-Muslim may not keep a Muslim slave, and must sell or free him. 5 Owning a relative within the prohibited degrees frees him. 6 The owner may command the slave in what is not sinful, but the work must be within his strength; he must provide food, clothing and care, and may not torment or disfigure him. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 The owner may sell, pledge or give the slave, and the schools differ on sale on condition of freedom, on separating relatives in sale, and on the slave's property. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 In worship the slave is lighter: Friday is not obligatory, the owner pays his zakat, and his vowed fast and i'tikaf need leave; his hajj is not obligatory until freed. 30 31 32 33 In marriage a free man may marry a slave-woman under conditions; a slave's divorces and waiting period are counted by his condition. 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 In crimes, a free man is not retaliated against for killing a slave; a slave who kills a free man is retaliated against; the value of a slave is owed; the hadd for a slave is half of a free man's. 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 The co-owned and the partly freed slave have their own rules. 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Bondage ends by manumission, by writing-off, by the status of mudabbar or umm walad, by legal manumission and by bequest. 80

People and things also explored

Unlawful tolls and levies (mukus)· Raqm (the marking of a price on goods, and pictures on cloth): sale by the written price, and the decorated cloth· Ali's counsel in Umar's judgments· Khadija bint Khuwaylid· Al-Madina Souq, Aleppo· Bazaar of Tabriz· Khan el-Khalili· Al-Hamidiyah Souq

Sources

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Cite this page

islam.museum contributors. “Riq (bondage): its kinds and causes, the rights and duties of owner and slave, the marital and sexual rules, the slave's worship, transactions, crimes and inheritance, and how bondage ends”. islam.museum, https://islam.museum/en/concept/riq-fiqh/. CC BY-SA 4.0. Last updated 2026-10-23.

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Ideas

Beliefs, concepts, sciences and schools, explained in plain words. Related

Unlawful tolls and levies (mukus)

Mukus is the plural of maks, which in the lexicon means loss and injustice. It names the dues taken from sellers in markets in the pre-Islamic period, and the toll that a collector takes from merchants entering a town. The jurists distinguish it from the tithe on trade, the general collection, the levies and the kharaj on land. Some levies are blameworthy and forbidden, the hadith on Uqba ibn 'Amir stating that the one who takes a toll does not enter Paradise; others are not, such as the half tithe Umar imposed on the trade of the protected people. Most jurists hold that a toll paid cannot be counted as zakat; the Malikis allow a pilgrim to be excused from pilgrimage when the toll is heavy.