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Waqt (time, fiqh)
وَقْت
Waqt, lexically, is a fixed measure of time set for a matter, or the end of the time fixed for an act, as in the miqat of the pilgrimage; technically it is a measure of time, or of time fixed for a thing or an act. 1
Related words: sa'a, the hour, which can mean any moment, and is used for the Last Hour and for death; and dahr, which can mean any length of time. Waqt is a part of dahr. 12
First, the best times: the jurists agree that some times are better than others by the favour God has placed in them, not by qualities within them; Ibn Rajab cites the sacred months, the pilgrimage, Ramadan, the Night of Power and the first ten days of Dhu al-Hijja. 23
Second, the time of menstruation, its least and greatest length, and the least and greatest length of purity, detailed under their headings. 3
Third, the time of the call to prayer: the jurists agree it is the time of the prescribed prayer; it may not be called before the time, except for dawn, since that would confuse people. 3
Fourth, the times of prayer: the five prayers are fixed by agreement; detail under the prayer times. 3
Fifth, the time when zakat becomes due: the jurists agree that livestock, money and trade goods require a full year in the owner's hands, on the saying that there is no zakat on property until a year has passed over it; crops and fruit are due at harvest; minerals and buried treasure when obtained. 4
Sixth, the time when the fast of Ramadan becomes due: the month's arrival, shown by seeing the new moon on the evening of the thirtieth of Sha'ban, or by completing thirty days of Sha'ban, on the verse of sura al-Baqara. 4
Hajj: the time for entering the pilgrimage state is, for the majority of jurists, the months of Shawwal, Dhu al-Qa'da and the first ten days of Dhu al-Hijja, on the verse of sura al-Baqara. 5 The umra may be performed at any time of the year, and the jurists differ on the times when it is disliked. 5
Worship divided by its time of performance: unrestricted and time-bound, detailed under performance. 5 Performing an act when the time is short, making up what is missed, the timing of the natural practices of purity, and the time of the aqiqa are all treated under their own headings. 5
The maxim of attributing an event to the nearest time: when an event occurs and its time is disputed, it is attributed to the time nearest the present, unless it is proved to belong to a distant time. Examples the book gives: a wife claims that her husband divorced her during a terminal illness and seeks inheritance, while the heirs say it was during his health; the word of the wife prevails, since the divorce is referred to the nearer time, unless the heirs prove that the husband died in health. A restricted person, or his guardian, who claims a sale was made after the judgement of restriction is believed, since the later date is nearer; a buyer must prove the earlier date. A buyer who was released from defects present at the contract is believed on a defect arising later, because the absence of defect is the default. A father who sold his son's property is believed to have sold it before the son's majority when the son claims a sale after majority, since majority is the nearer time and the father must prove the default was broken. 56
