Jamalul Kiram II

Jamalul Kiram II (27 March 1868 – 7 June 1936) was the last sultan of Sulu to hold sovereignty, reigning from 22 February 1894 until the surrender of his temporal power on 22 March 1915, and remaining titular sultan until his death. Born Amirul Kiram, a son of Sultan Jamal ul-Azam, he dealt with Spain and then with the United States: he signed the Kiram–Bates Treaty of 1899, resisted annexation after Washington abrogated it in 1904, and in 1915 signed the Carpenter Agreement that ended more than four centuries of Sulu sovereignty. He afterwards sat in the Philippine Senate from 1931 to 1934. ^{1 2}

He rose to the throne after Sultan Harun Ar-Rashid was allegedly forced to abdicate in 1894, his datu supporters having elected him sultan; he ascended after the Gibha ceremony, the traditional rite by which a sultan formally becomes ruler. Over the following decade the United States, fighting the Philippine–American War to the north, negotiated the Kiram–Bates Treaty of 1899 in the belief that the sultan could suppress Moro resistance and keep Sulu neutral; Kiram and his advisers, most notably Hadji Butu, accepted it for American economic support and from fear of American aggression. ¹

On 2 March 1904 President Theodore Roosevelt's office declared the treaty null and void. With annexation looming, Kiram joined the Moro struggle against American expansion, prolonging an asymmetrical war across the Sulu Archipelago for nine years. On 22 March 1915 he resigned himself to the Carpenter Agreement, constituting the fall of the sultanate and full American sovereignty over its former lands; under it he was allowed to keep his title and his role as head of Islam in Sulu until his death, a retention whose terms later fed the North Borneo dispute. ¹

He was appointed a senator of the Philippines for the 12th district in 1931 and served one term, until 1934. He continued to live at his residence at Maimbung for the remainder of his life, dying there after kidney troubles on 7 June 1936. Although he had seven daughters, no woman could be appointed heir under the rule the article states, for he had no son; his youngest brother, the Rajah Muda Muwallil Wasit, was proclaimed the new (titular) sultan, but was murdered before being crowned. ¹

His faith is recorded as unknown, and the case is not flagged. No source gives him a religion value at all: the English article's infobox carries no religion field, Wikidata carries none, and no text names a school or an affiliation for him personally. What the article records is an office — that under the 1915 agreement he kept his role as head of Islam in Sulu — and the headship of a Muslim sultanate is not a personal school. With no school reading in existence, there is nothing to stand one source short. ^{1 2}

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