Kifayat Khan (Muhammad Ja'far Khan), calligrapher

كفايت خان (محمد جعفر خان)

Mughal calligrapher who made shikasta popular in India; his name was Muhammad Ja'far Khan ibn Muhammad Muqim Khan, he served thirty-five years in the salary office and became an accountant under Aurangzeb, and devised the 'Kifayat Khan manner' 1.

Depth

At a glance

Roles
calligrapher
Era
The Gunpowder Empires
Region
South Asia

Life in time

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The Gunpowder Empires Contemporaries: Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili · Ahmad ibn Mubarak al-Lamti · Ahmad ibn Mustafa ibn al-Khawja · Sultan Ahmed III · Ahmad Nayrizi

Arts of the book

Summary

According to Tarikh-i Khatt o Khattatin, shikasta reached India under Shah Jahan and was made popular there by Muhammad Kifayat Khan. His real name was Muhammad Ja'far Khan ibn Muhammad Muqim Khan; he served thirty-five years in the tan-i khalisa (salary office) and was then appointed accountant under Aurangzeb Alamgir. 1

His manner

He had no rival in writing ta'liq and shikasta, and devised a particular manner of shikasta called "the Kifayat Khan manner", which the book describes as delightful and pleasing to the eye. He had many pupils who followed him, among them his son Darayat Khan. The book gives his death as 1095/1683. 1 2

Shikasta as a chancery hand

The author observes that shikasta was an office script, and since most clerks in Indian offices were Hindus, most of its masters were Hindus too, such as Chandrabhan Brahman and Rai Prem Nath. 2

Connections

Explore the connections

Parent of
Darayat Khan (Abdallah), calligrapher
Taught
Darayat Khan (Abdallah), calligrapher
Patronized by
Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)
Exemplifies
Shikasta script

People and things also explored

Shikasta script· Darayat Khan (Abdallah), calligrapher· Abd al-Majid Taliqani· Muhammad Shafi' Haravi (Shafi'a)· Coronation of Aurangzeb at Delhi· Jahanara Begum· Roshanara Begum· Zeb-un-Nissa

Sources

  1. Syed Muhammad Salim, Tarikh-i Khatt o Khattatin, ed. Syed Aziz al-Rahman (Karachi: Zawwar Academy Publications, 1422/2001) , p. 152
  2. Syed Muhammad Salim, Tarikh-i Khatt o Khattatin, ed. Syed Aziz al-Rahman (Karachi: Zawwar Academy Publications, 1422/2001) , p. 153
Cite this page

islam.museum contributors. “Kifayat Khan (Muhammad Ja'far Khan), calligrapher”. islam.museum, https://islam.museum/en/person/kifayat-khan-calligrapher/. CC BY-SA 4.0. Last updated 2026-11-04.

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People

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Related

Shikasta script

A Persian script whose name means "broken", developed in Iran after the sixteenth century; it links normally unjoined letters so a word can be written in one stroke — the Persian equivalent of shorthand — and gave rise to shikasta-nasta'liq for edicts and letters.