VAKIF — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Hacı Mehmet Günay, Bahaeddin Yediyıldız)

الوقف — موسوعة TDV الإسلامية (حاجي محمد گوناي، وبهاء الدين يدي يلدز)

The TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi entry 'Vakıf' (endowment), in two sections. The fiqh section (Hacı Mehmet Günay) covers the definition and terms of waqf, its basis in the Sunna and the practice of the Companions, the disagreement of Abu Hanifa and his two disciples over whether it binds, its kinds, the cash waqf and exchange (istibdal). The history section (Bahaeddin Yediyıldız) treats waqf as a system of charitable works from the eighth to the nineteenth century: the diwans of ahbas and birr, waqf madrasas, soup kitchens and hospitals, and the stance of the colonial powers towards waqf.