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The three years of the secret call — c. 610 CE
The first stage of the call to Islam — individual and secret for three years — in which the first band believed: Khadija, Ali, Zayd and Abu Bakr on the first day, then those whom Abu Bakr called, then a company Ibn Hisham numbers at over forty from every clan of Quraysh; during it prayer was first prescribed.
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The Pledges of Aqaba — c. July 621 CE
The First and Second Pledges of Aqaba at Mina in the 12th and 13th years of prophethood (621 and 622 CE), in which delegates from Yathrib pledged allegiance to the Prophet, preparing Medina as the haven of the Hijra.
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The Hijra — c. 12 September 622 CE · c. 29 Safar 1 AH†
The migration of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, the event from which the Islamic calendar is counted.
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The Battle of Badr — 13 March 624 CE · 17 Ramadan 2 AH
The first major battle between the Muslims of Medina and the Quraysh of Mecca, fought at the wells of Badr on 17 Ramadan 2 AH.
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The Battle of Uhud — March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AH
A battle near Mount Uhud in which the Quraysh gained the upper hand and Hamza, the Prophet's uncle, was killed.
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The Battle of the Trench (al-Ahzab) — c. February 627 CE · Shawwal 5 AH
In Shawwal 5 AH (February-March 627 CE), a confederate army of 10,000 Meccans and Bedouin allies besieged Medina; upon Salman al-Farisi's advice the Muslims dug a protective trench on their northern boundary; the siege endured for nearly a month amidst cold, hunger, and the treachery of Banu Qurayza, until broken by Nu'aym ibn Mas'ud's stratagem and a violent night windstorm.
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Return of the Abyssinian emigrants with Ja'far ibn Abi Talib — c. 628 CE · c. 7 AH
After Hudaybiyya, the Prophet sent Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri to the Negus, who transported the remaining Muslim emigrants in two ships to the Prophet at Khaybar after the conquest. The Prophet received Ja'far with a kiss between the eyes, saying 'I do not know which gives me greater joy — the opening of Khaybar or the arrival of Ja'far.' Sixteen men came on the two ships; thirty-four others came later or died in Abyssinia; sixteen women emigrated in all, counting those who came back and those who died there, apart from daughters born there.
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The Treaty of Hudaybiyya — c. March 628 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AH
In Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AH (March 628 CE), the Prophet marched towards Mecca with 1,400 companions for Umrah; halted at al-Hudaybiyya by Quraysh, negotiations through Suhayl ibn Amr produced a historic ten-year peace treaty described in the Qur'an as a 'Manifest Victory'.
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The Battle of Mu'tah — September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AH
A Muslim force of three thousand sent north toward the Byzantine frontier met a larger Byzantine-led army at Mu'tah in Jumada I, 8 AH; after its three appointed commanders fell one by one, Khalid ibn al-Walid took command and withdrew the survivors. Ibn Ishaq (via Urwa ibn al-Zubayr) records a tactical withdrawal; Ibn Hisham cites al-Zuhri that God granted them victory.
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The Battle of Hunayn — c. 630 CE · Shawwal 8 AH
A battle in a valley near Mecca against the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif, shortly after the conquest of Mecca.
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The siege of Ta'if — January 630 CE · Shawwal 8 AH
After Hunayn, the Muslims besieged the fortified town of Ta'if, home of the Thaqif; the siege was lifted without taking it, and the Thaqif accepted Islam the next year.
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The distribution of Hunayn spoils at al-Ji'rana — February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AH
At al-Ji'rana the Prophet divided the vast spoils of Hunayn (twenty-four thousand camels, forty thousand sheep, and four thousand silver awqiya); he warned against the misappropriation of spoils, and bestowed major grants upon Meccan notables and Najdi tribal chieftains to reconcile their hearts to Islam. وعند البخاري جمع النبي الأنصار في قبة من أدم بعدما قالت فيهم نفسها حين أعطى قريشاً وتركهم «وسيوفنا تقطر من دمائهم»، فقال «أما ترضون أن يذهب الناس بالأموال وتذهبون بالنبي إلى رحالكم»، وقال «الأنصار شعار والناس دثار، إنكم ستلقون بعدي أثرة فاصبروا حتى تلقوني على الحوض» ، . وجاءه وفد هوازن يسأل رد الأموال أو السبي فخيرهم بينهما فاختاروا سبيهم فردّهم .
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The expedition to Tabuk — October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AH
The Prophet led a large expedition north toward the Byzantine frontier as far as Tabuk; no battle took place. وفي صحيح البخاري يروي كعب بن مالك قصة تخلفه عنها بلسانه: المسير في الحر الشديد والمفازة البعيدة، وأن النبي كان يوري بغير الغزوة حتى جلاها هذه المرة، وأن المسلمين كانوا «كثيراً ولا يجمعهم كتاب حافظ» ، وعدّها يعلى بن أمية «أوثق أعمالي» .
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The Year of Delegations — c. 631 CE · 9 AH
In the ninth year after the Hijra, delegations from tribes across Arabia came to Medina to accept Islam or make agreements.
