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Birth: Ali ibn Abi Talib — c. 600 CE
Cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet and the fourth caliph (r. 656–661 CE); the first Imam in Shia tradition.
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The three years of the secret call — c. 610 CE
The first stage of the call to Islam — individual and secret for three years — in which the first band believed: Khadija, Ali, Zayd and Abu Bakr on the first day, then those whom Abu Bakr called, then a company Ibn Hisham numbers at over forty from every clan of Quraysh; during it prayer was first prescribed.
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The Hijra — c. 12 September 622 CE · c. 29 Safar 1 AH†
The migration of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, the event from which the Islamic calendar is counted.
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After Badr: the dead, the captives, the spoils, and the news in Mecca and Medina — c. March 624 CE · c. Ramadan 2 AH†
Fourteen Muslims were martyred, about seventy Meccans were killed and about seventy taken captive; the dead were thrown into a well, Mecca received the news of the rout, the Prophet sent two messengers to Medina, the spoils were divided after a dispute, the captives were ransomed, and fasting and zakat al-fitr were prescribed.
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The duel at Badr — 13 March 624 CE · 17 Ramadan 2 AH
The opening single combat of Badr: Utba, Shayba and al-Walid of Quraysh against Ubayda, Hamza and Ali; all three Qurayshis fell, and Ubayda died of his wound days later.
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The Battle of Badr — 13 March 624 CE · 17 Ramadan 2 AH
The first major battle between the Muslims of Medina and the Quraysh of Mecca, fought at the wells of Badr on 17 Ramadan 2 AH.
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The day of Badr: the lines, the duels and the victory — c. 17 March 624 CE · c. 21 Ramadan 2 AH†
On the Friday of 17 Ramadan in the second year of the Hijra the two armies met at Badr; the Prophet prayed to his Lord at the height of the fighting, the angels came down, God routed the Meccan army, and their chiefs fell after duels whose first were between Hamza, Ali and Ubayda and Utba, Shayba and al-Walid; Iblis fled in the form of Suraqa.
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The Battle of the Trench (al-Ahzab) — c. February 627 CE · Shawwal 5 AH
In Shawwal 5 AH (February-March 627 CE), a confederate army of 10,000 Meccans and Bedouin allies besieged Medina; upon Salman al-Farisi's advice the Muslims dug a protective trench on their northern boundary; the siege endured for nearly a month amidst cold, hunger, and the treachery of Banu Qurayza, until broken by Nu'aym ibn Mas'ud's stratagem and a violent night windstorm.
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Zayd ibn Haritha's raid on Judham and the Prophet's restitution — c. 628 CE · c. 6 AH
When Dihya ibn Khalifa al-Kalbi returned from Caesar, al-Hunayd ibn Us and his son of the Dula' of Judham robbed him in the valley of Shinar; men of the Dubayb, Rifa'a ibn Zayd's clan who had converted, recovered his goods. When Dihya complained to the Prophet and asked for al-Hunayd's blood, the Prophet sent Zayd ibn Haritha with an army, which raided from al-Awlaj at al-Maqis, took property and people, killed al-Hunayd and his son and three others, and captured converts among them. A party of the Dubayb with Hassan ibn Milla rode to Zayd, who had Umm al-Kitab recited and proclaimed their quarter inviolable; they then rode to Rifa'a and three nights on to Medina, where the Prophet read his own letter to Rifa'a, asked three times what he should do about the dead, and sent Ali with his sword to Zayd, who restored everything down to a woman's cushion. Ibn Ishaq has it from men of Judham learned in it.
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The Treaty of Hudaybiyya — c. March 628 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AH
In Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AH (March 628 CE), the Prophet marched towards Mecca with 1,400 companions for Umrah; halted at al-Hudaybiyya by Quraysh, negotiations through Suhayl ibn Amr produced a historic ten-year peace treaty described in the Qur'an as a 'Manifest Victory'.
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The Conquest of Khaybar — c. May 628 CE · Muharram 7 AH
In Muharram 7 AH (May-June 628 CE), the Prophet marched with 1,400 companions of Hudaybiyya against the formidable Jewish oasis of Khaybar; following fierce assaults and the capture of eight major fortresses (including Na'im, al-Sa'b ibn Mu'adh, al-Zubayr, Ubayy, and al-Qamus), the Jewish leaders surrendered and agreed to cultivate the land for half of its produce.
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Abu Sufyan's mission to Medina — 629 CE · 8 AH
Frightened by what had been done at al-Watir, Quraysh sent Abu Sufyan ibn Harb to Medina to stiffen the pact and extend its term. The Prophet gave him no answer; Abu Bakr and Umar declined to intercede; Ali advised him to grant protection himself, which he did and returned home empty-handed.
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Ali ibn Abi Talib's expeditions to Yemen (twice) — c. 631 CE · c. 10 AH
Ibn Ishaq says in his enumeration of detachments: and Ali ibn Abi Talib's expedition to Yemen, which he made twice; Ibn Hisham adds from Abu Amr al-Madani that the Prophet sent Ali to Yemen and Khalid ibn al-Walid with another force, saying: if you meet, Ali is the commander. Ibn Hisham notes that Ibn Ishaq mentioned Khalid's dispatch in his narrative but not in his count, so the number should be thirty-nine.
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The Farewell Pilgrimage — March 632 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 10 AH
The only pilgrimage the Prophet led, during which he gave the sermon known as the Farewell Sermon.
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The meeting at Saqifa — 8 June 632 CE · 12 Rabi' I 11 AH
After the Prophet's death, leaders of the Ansar and Muhajirun met in the hall of the Banu Sa'ida and chose Abu Bakr as leader of the community. ونص الاجتماع كاملاً عند البخاري من رواية عمر: اجتماع الأنصار في السقيفة، ومشي أبي بكر وعمر وأبي عبيدة إليهم، والخطابان، ويدا عمر وبشير بن سعد، فالبيعة .
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Death: Ali ibn Abi Talib — January 661 CE · Ramadan 40 AH
Cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet and the fourth caliph (r. 656–661 CE); the first Imam in Shia tradition.
