Writing down debts and calling witnesses

كتابة الدين والإشهاد عليه

Sha'rawi reads the debt verse as documentation that protects the debtor from himself and from circumstances. He holds that the scribe is a third party with no stake, and that the witness bears testimony and performs it without being harmed. He explains the pairing of two women by saying women are generally less involved in dealings. This is his own stated view 1 2 3 4.

Depth

At a glance

Era
The Prophetic Era
Region
Global / Diaspora
Review
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Development of law, theology and institutions

Summary

Sha'rawi treats the debt verse, the longest in the Qur'an, as documentation that protects both creditor and debtor. He holds that writing is not for the creditor alone 1 2.

The scribe and the witness

He says the scribe is a third party with no stake. Writing is a duty on whoever can write when needed. The witness bears testimony and then gives it before the judge, and both must not be harmed 5 3 6.

Two women

He explains the pairing of two women with one man as resting on the fact that women are generally less involved in dealings, so one can remind the other if she errs. This is his own reason and he states it as his view 3 4.

Who dictates

He holds that the debtor dictates because he is in the weaker position, and that someone unable to dictate has his guardian dictate with justice 7.

Not yet checked

The reason he gives for women's testimony is his social reading and is contested. It has not been checked against the jurisprudence and exegesis, the academic view or any non-Sunni view. See also trust.

Opinions on the question

First opinion · Sunni tradition (the museum's frame)Main reference

Two women stand in for one man because women are less involved in dealings; Sha'rawi gives this as a social reason

Sha'rawi holds that pairing two women with a man in witnessing a debt rests on the fact that women are generally less involved in dealings, so one may remind the other if she errs. He gives this without naming any other scholar {cite:tafsir-sharawi-khawatir-scan-vol-2 p.1216} {cite:tafsir-sharawi-khawatir-scan-vol-2 p.1217}.

Held by: Muhammad Mutawalli al-Sha'rawi

People and things also explored

Biting and the liability for injury it causes (add)· Justice and uprightness (adl)· Contagion (adwa)· Pardon (afw) in purity, worship, contracts and penalties· Covenant (ahd) and the duty to keep it; oath by the covenant of God· Term, deadline (ajal)· Hired worker (ajir)· Stranger, outsider (ajnabi)

Sources

  1. Sha'rawi's Khawatir around the Holy Quran, volume one (scan copy) , p.1211
  2. Sha'rawi's Khawatir around the Holy Quran, volume one (scan copy) , p.1213
  3. Sha'rawi's Khawatir around the Holy Quran, volume one (scan copy) , p.1216
  4. Sha'rawi's Khawatir around the Holy Quran, volume one (scan copy) , p.1217
  5. Sha'rawi's Khawatir around the Holy Quran, volume one (scan copy) , p.1212
  6. Sha'rawi's Khawatir around the Holy Quran, volume one (scan copy) , p.1218
  7. Sha'rawi's Khawatir around the Holy Quran, volume one (scan copy) , p.1215
Cite this page

islam.museum contributors. “Writing down debts and calling witnesses”. islam.museum, https://islam.museum/en/concept/debt-writing-and-witnessing/. CC BY-SA 4.0. Last updated 2026-10-23.

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Ideas

Beliefs, concepts, sciences and schools, explained in plain words.
Related

Biting and the liability for injury it causes (add)

In the lexicon, add is gripping a thing with the teeth and holding it. If a person bites another without right and a wound results, the biter must pay the damages for the wound, assessed as a just award by experts. If one man bites another's hand and the bitten man pulls it free so that the biter's front teeth fall out, most jurists hold that there is no liability, relying on a prophetic judgement in such a case; the Shafi'is limit this to a bitten man who chose the easiest means of release, and the preferred Maliki view requires compensation.