Ta'addud (plurality in worship, expiation, marriage, divorce and the rest)

Ta'addud means plurality, and it arises in many matters, some lawful and some forbidden. ¹

More than one muezzin for one mosque is lawful, and for the Shafiis and Hanbalis recommended, not beyond four. ¹ If the quarter's imam has prayed and another congregation arrives, the Hanafis, Malikis and Shafiis dislike forming a second congregation in it, except a road-mosque without an imam or a muezzin; they cite the report of Abu Bakra's son about the Prophet ﷺ praying with his household after returning. The Hanbalis do not dislike it, citing the general virtue of the congregation and the hadith of Abu Sa'id. ²

The majority forbid more than one Friday prayer in one town except by necessity, such as a crowded mosque; the Hanafis allow it generally. ²

The expiation of the fast is not repeated by repeated intercourse in one day, but is repeated if the breaking recurs after the first expiation; when days were broken before any expiation the Malikis, Shafiis and Hanbalis require several, the Hanafis one. ^{2 3} Fidyas multiply with several forbidden acts in pilgrimage, and with several game killed, by agreement. A sale multiplies with several sellers or buyers, with a split price, and with different things sold. ³

If two houses are pledged for one debt, neither is released until the whole debt is paid, since the whole of each is pledged for all of it. In pre-emption, when several have the right, the Shafiis divide by shares and the Hanafis by heads. In bequests, duties owed to God come before voluntary ones. ^{3 4}

Marriage to four wives is lawful by the Qur'an, with justice between them. When a woman's guardians are equally near, the eldest and best is preferred, and if they dispute, lots decide. ⁴

A free husband holds three pronouncements over a free wife, after which she is irrevocably separated. When several kill one, all are killed in retaliation by agreement; when one kills several, he is killed too. For abuse with several insults, some Hanafis punish for each word. ⁴

The ruler may appoint two or more judges in one town; the majority forbid two or more imams at once, however far apart the regions. ⁴

The next headword «ta'addi» (transgression) begins on p.5397. ⁵