Abd al-Hamid II
Abd al-Hamid II (r. 1293–1327/1876–1909) — ruled under a constitution hostage to his person: ministers, treaties, war and law all his alone. His pan-Islamic counterweight: the Shaykhs' Council, the Arab Tribal School for sons of chiefs, and correspondence with the Arab amirs — against British approaches to the Sharif of Mecca and the imams of Yemen and Asir.
Reign · Ottoman Empire · no. 25 in the chain · 1876–1909 CE
Ruled the caliphate
Events of the reign
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31 March Incident
Draft card for the 31 March Incident of 1909, the Constantinople rising against the Committee's constitutional rule put down by the Action Army; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Doboj (1878)
Draft card for the Battle of Doboj in 1878, during the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Domokos
Draft card for the Battle of Domokos in 1897, the Ottoman victory in the Thirty Days' War against Greece; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Dunis
Draft card for the Battle of Dunis in 1876, the Ottoman victory over the Serbs; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Erzurum
Draft card for the Battle of Erzurum in 1877, the Russian victory over the Ottomans in the war of 1877; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Farsala (1897)
Draft card for Battle of Farsala (1897); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Fundina
Draft card for the Battle of Fundina in 1876, the Montenegrin victory over the Ottoman army; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery
Draft card for the Battle of the Holy Apostles Monastery in 1901, Andranik and the Armenian fedayis' stand against the Ottoman army at Mush; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Javor (1876)
Draft card for Battle of Javor (1876); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Kars
Draft card for the Battle of Kars in 1877, the Ottoman fortress's fall to the Russians in the war of '93; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Kızıl Tepe
Draft card for the Battle of Kızıl Tepe in 1877, the Ottoman victory over the Russians in Armenia in the war of '93; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Livadeia (1897)
Draft card for Battle of Livadeia (1897); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Lomtsi (1876)
Draft card for Battle of Lomtsi (1876); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Mashkullorë (1908)
Draft card for the Battle of Mashkullorë in 1908, part of Çerçiz Topulli's Albanian resistance; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Mataraga and Petromagoula (1878)
Draft card for Battle of Mataraga and Petromagoula (1878); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Mečkin Kamen
Draft card for the Battle of Mečkin Kamen in 1903, the Ottoman recapture of Krushevo; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Mount Okolchitsa (1876)
Draft card for Battle of Mount Okolchitsa (1876); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Mouzaki
Draft card for the Battle of Mouzaki in 1878, the Ottoman repulse of the Greek attack; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Nikopol
Draft card for the Battle of Nikopol in 1877, the Danube battle of the Russo-Ottoman war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Oryahovo
Draft card for the Battle of Oryahovo in 1877, the Romanians' capture of the town in the Russo-Turkish War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Pente Pigadia (1897)
Draft card for Battle of Pente Pigadia (1897); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Petrich (1876)
Draft card for Battle of Petrich (1876); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Shipka Pass
Draft card for the battles of Shipka Pass in 1877, the Russo-Bulgarian defence of the pass against Suleiman Pasha's Ottoman army; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Simnitza (1877)
Draft card for the Battle of Simnitza in 1877, an action of the Russo-Turkish War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Smardan (1878)
Draft card for Battle of Smardan (1878); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Šumatovac
Draft card for the Battle of Šumatovac in 1876, the Serbian win over the Ottomans in the Serbian–Ottoman war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Svishtov
Draft card for the Battle of Svishtov in 1877, the Russian Danube crossing of the war with the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Tashkessen
Draft card for the Battle of Tashkessen in 1877, the Ottoman rear-guard victory in the Balkan war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Velestino
Draft card for the Battle of Velestino in 1897, the Ottoman victory in the Thessalian war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Voukolies (1897)
Draft card for Battle of Voukolies (1897); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Vučji Do
Draft card for the Battle of Vučji Do in 1876, Montenegro's victory over the Ottoman army in the independence war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Belovski Raid (1876)
Draft card for Belovski Raid (1876); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Deposition of Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
The 1909 deposition of Abdülhamid II — after the 31 March incident, CUP troops from Salonika entered Istanbul, a fetva was drafted and amended, and on 27 April a joint assembly of 240 members voted his removal, delivered by a committee including Emmanuel Carasso and Esad Toptani.
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Dersim Uprisings
Draft card for Dersim Uprisings; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Midhat Pasha's constitution, 1876
The 1876 constitution of Midhat Pasha — the first Western-modeled constitution put into effect in a state of Islam, capping the Tanzimat decrees.
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Greco-Turkish War of 1897
Draft card for the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, the Thirty Days' War over Crete that ended in Ottoman victory; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Hauran Druze Rebellion
Draft card for the Hauran Druze Rebellion of 1909–10, the Atrash revolt against the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Herzegovina Uprising
Draft card for the Herzegovina Uprising against Ottoman rule from 1875 to 1877, the spark of the great Eastern Crisis; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Herzl's Audience with Sultan Abdulhamid II
Herzl's 1901 Yıldız audience: a two-hour offer of Jewish banking relief on the Ottoman debt in exchange for Palestine settlement, which Abdülhamid heard out and declined — after already issuing the 1890 irades refusing Jewish immigration.
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Kresna–Razlog Uprising
Draft card for the Kresna–Razlog Uprising of 1878–79, the Macedonian-Bulgarian rising against Ottoman rule; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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1878 Macedonian rebellion
Draft card for the 1878 Macedonian rebellion, the Greeks' uprising against the Ottomans after Berlin; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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1896–1897 Macedonian Rebellion
Draft card for the 1896–97 Macedonian Rebellion against Ottoman rule; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Mansour bin Rashid al-Saadun Uprising (1880)
Draft card for Mansour bin Rashid al-Saadun Uprising (1880); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Montenegrin–Ottoman War
Draft card for the Montenegrin–Ottoman War of 1876–1878, the independence war that doubled Montenegro's territory; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Russian occupation of Edirne (1878)
The Russian occupation of Edirne in 1878-9 caused further devastation to the city: during their occupation the Russians stripped the Yıldırım mosque of its tiles and the two linked marble rings that gave it the name Küpeli Cami, and took away the tiles of the Selimiye's royal gallery.
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Sasun Uprising
Draft card for the Sasun uprising of 1904, the Armenian rising against the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Second Attack on Pleven (1877)
Draft card for Second Attack on Pleven (1877); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Serbian–Ottoman War
Draft card for the Serbian–Ottoman War of 1876–1878, Serbia's independence war closed by the Treaty of Berlin; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Serbian–Ottoman Wars
Draft card for the Serbian–Ottoman wars of 1352–1913, the centuries of Serb–Ottoman conflict; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Dryanovski Monastery (1876)
Draft card for Siege of Dryanovski Monastery (1876); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Plevna
Draft card for the Siege of Plevna in 1877, Osman Pasha's months-long stand against the Russian army in the war of 1877–78; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Vidin (1878)
Draft card for Siege of Vidin (1878); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Zeitun Rebellion
Draft card for the Zeitun rebellion of 1895–1896, the Armenian rising in Cilicia against the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.