TICARET (Trade) — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Cengiz Kallek)

التجارة — موسوعة TDV الإسلامية ⁦(جنكيز كالّك)⁩

The TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi entry 'Ticaret' (trade) by Cengiz Kallek (vol. 41, Istanbul 2012, pp. 134–144). It covers the definition of trade and of the merchant, the ethics of trade and the transactions it forbids, its history from pre-Islamic Mecca to the Ottoman period, commercial privileges, and al-Dimashqi's classification of merchants.

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islam.museum contributors. “TICARET (Trade) — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Cengiz Kallek)”. islam.museum, https://islam.museum/en/source/tdv-ticaret/. CC BY-SA 4.0. Last updated 2026-11-06.

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