Ahmad ibn Abi Khalid's Conquest of Ushrusana

The caliph al-Ma'mun sent the secretary Ahmad ibn Abi Khalid al-Ahwal to conquer Ushrusana with a great army. The matter ended with the surrender of its king, Kawus. ¹

When Kawus learned that the army was advancing toward him, he sent his son al-Fadl to the Turks to seek their help, and a large number of them came to his aid. ¹

Ahmad arrived at Ushrusana and halted before its city before al-Fadl arrived with the Turks. Kawus had reckoned that Ahmad would take the long road and did not know the short route. When he saw his error he surrendered and submitted. The account says that Haydar, the son of Kawus, guided the army along the route. ¹

When al-Fadl heard of his father's fate, he withdrew with the Turks into a desert, then left them and went on until he came to his father and entered his protection. The Turks died of thirst. ¹ Kawus came to Madinat al-Salam, professed Islam, and al-Ma'mun confirmed him as ruler of his lands. After him, his son Haydar, who was al-Afshin, ruled. ¹

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