What were the Crusades? · Islam Museum

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Scripture and its sciences

Overview

The Crusades were Latin military campaigns against al-Sham and Jerusalem from 1096 to 1291. They established Crusader kingdoms, and they ended when the Mamluks expelled them from Acre. ¹

People and things also explored

The abjad letters named for Madyan's kings· The seven ahruf· Hadith· Shama'il Muhammadiyya· The Prophetic sira· Command, prohibition and capacity· Bid'a (religious innovation)· Sacred hadith (hadith qudsi)

Sources

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islam.museum contributors. “What were the Crusades?”. islam.museum, https://islam.museum/en/questions/what-were-the-crusades/. CC BY-SA 4.0. Accessed 2026-10-18.

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The abjad letters named for Madyan's kings

al-Mas'udi's etymology of the abjad numeral letters — the 29 letters of the abjad order named after six kings of Shu'ayb's people: Abjad of Mecca and the Hijaz, Hawwaz and Hutti of Wajj (the Ta'if and Najd lands), and Kalamn, Sa'fas and Qursht of Madyan or Egypt.