محمود الثاني

Mahmud II, son of Abd al-Hamid I, was Ottoman sultan from 1223/1808 to 1255/1839, coming to the throne after the Bayrakdar coup and the killing of Selim III. The Encyclopaedia of Islam reports that he restored the centre's authority over the provinces, abolished the Janissaries in 1826, built a new Western-style army and reorganised the administration into ministries and councils, while the empire lost ground to Russia, Greece and Muhammad Ali, and that he died on 1 July 1839 after the defeat at Nizib. Its author judges that his reforms set Ottoman society irrevocably on the road to modernisation, while al-Salabi says he followed Western civilisation in dress.

Reign · Ottoman Empire · no. 22 in the chain · 1808–1839 CE

Ruled the caliphate

Events of the reign

Abaza Uprisings

Draft card for the nineteenth-century Abaza uprisings in Circassia against Ottoman taxation; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Al-Alusi begins Ruh al-Ma'ani, 1252/1836

After a dream on a Friday night in Rajab 1252 AH, in which God commanded him to fold the heavens and the earth, and which he took as a sign to write a commentary, Mahmud al-Alusi began Ruh al-Ma'ani on the night of 16 Sha'ban of that year, the thirty-fourth year of his life.
Anglo-Turkish War

Draft card for the Anglo-Turkish War of 1807–1809, the Napoleonic-era Mediterranean war that included the Alexandria attempt; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Babanzade Rebellions (1806–1812)

Draft card for Babanzade Rebellions (1806–1812); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle at Trikorfa (1825)

Draft card for Battle at Trikorfa (1825); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
The battle of Navarino

Navarino (1827): the allied British, French and Russian fleets entered the harbour unannounced, surprised the combined Ottoman-Egyptian fleet and destroyed it — after which the powers decreed Greece's separation under a ruler of their choosing.
Battle of Adrianople (1829)

In the Russo-Ottoman war of 1828-9 the Russians occupied Edirne, an occupation that deeply affected the city's Muslims, who began emigrating while Christians moved in from the surrounding villages.
Battle of Agionori (1822)

Draft card for Battle of Agionori (1822); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Agios Athanasios at Karytaina (1821)

Draft card for Battle of Agios Athanasios at Karytaina (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Agios Vlasios (1823)

Draft card for Battle of Agios Vlasios (1823); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Akhalzic

Draft card for the Battle of Akhaltsikhe in 1828, the Russian capture of the Ottoman Georgian fortress; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Alamana

Draft card for the Battle of Alamana in 1821, Athanasios Diakos's stand against the Ottomans at the Greek rising's start; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Andros

Draft card for the Battle of Andros in 1825, the Greek-Ottoman fleet clash in the revolution; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Aniforitos (1829)

Draft card for Battle of Aniforitos (1829); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Arachova

Draft card for the Battle of Arachova in 1826, Karaiskakis's victory over Mustafa Bey's army in the Greek war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Beilan (1832)

Draft card for Battle of Beilan (1832); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Dervenakia

Draft card for the Battle of Dervenakia in 1822, the Greek destruction of Dramali Pasha's army in the revolution; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Distomo (1827)

Draft card for Battle of Distomo (1827); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Diyala River (1822)

Draft card for Battle of Diyala River (1822); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Doliana

Draft card for the Battle of Doliana in 1821, the Greek revolution's check on the Ottoman army in the Morea; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Dragashani

Draft card for the Battle of Dragashani in 1821, the Sacred Band's defeat by the Ottomans at the Greek rising's start; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Erzurum

Draft card for the Battle of Erzurum in 1821, Abbas Mirza's victory over the Ottomans in the Ottoman-Persian war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Galatsi (1821)

Draft card for the Battle of Galatsi in 1821, an action of the Greek revolt against the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Hacıhasanlar (1828)

Draft card for Battle of Hacıhasanlar (1828); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Hebron

Draft card for the Hebron events of 1834, Ibrahim Pasha's subjugation of the city killing many townspeople in the peasants' revolt; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Hims (1832)

Draft card for Battle of Hims (1832); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Itea

Draft card for the naval Battle of Itea in 1827 during the Greek War of Independence; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Kakosalesi (1825)

Draft card for Battle of Kakosalesi (1825); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Kalamata

Draft card for the Battle of Kalamata in 1821, the Greek revolutionaries' capture of the town from the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Kastella (1827)

Draft card for Battle of Kastella (1827); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Katsaros (1821)

Draft card for Battle of Katsaros (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Kavkaria (1827)

Draft card for Battle of Kavkaria (1827); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Keratsini (1827)

Draft card for Battle of Keratsini (1827); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Khunzakh (1830)

Draft card for the Battle of Khunzakh in 1830, the Russian assault on the Avar capital in the Caucasian War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Kleisova (1825)

Draft card for Battle of Kleisova (1825); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Kompoti (1822)

Draft card for Battle of Kompoti (1822); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Konya (1832)

At the end of 1832 the Ottoman army of Grand Vizier Reshid Pasha was crushed under the walls of Konya by the Egyptian army of Ibrahim Pasha, son of Muhammad Ali, in the first Turko-Egyptian war — a defeat proving the city could still play a military role.
Battle of Koronisia (1829)

Draft card for Battle of Koronisia (1829); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Kremmydi (1825)

Draft card for Battle of Kremmydi (1825); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Kulevicha

Draft card for the Battle of Kulevicha in 1829, the Russian victory over the Ottomans in Bulgaria; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Lalas

Draft card for the Battle of Lalas in 1821, the Greek revolutionaries' fight against the Ottomans in the Morea; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Levidi (1821)

Draft card for Battle of Levidi (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Lezan

Draft card for Battle of Lezan; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Ljubić

Draft card for the Battle of Ljubić in 1815, the Serbs' victory over the Ottomans in the Second Uprising; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Maniaki

Draft card for the Battle of Maniaki in 1825, Ibrahim Pasha's victory over the Greeks; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Martino (1829)

Draft card for Battle of Martino (1829); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Mega Spilaio (1827)

Draft card for the Battle of Mega Spilaio in 1827, an action of the Greek War of Independence; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Midyat (1835)

Draft card for Battle of Midyat (1835); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Milin Kamak (1823)

Draft card for Battle of Milin Kamak (1823); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Nezib

Draft card for the Battle of Nezib in 1839, Ibrahim Pasha's victory over the Ottoman army that shook the sultanate; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Patraziki (1821)

Draft card for Battle of Patraziki (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Peta

Draft card for the Battle of Peta in 1822, the Ottoman rout of the Philhellene legion in Epirus; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Phaleron

Draft card for the Battle of Phaleron in 1827, the Greek defeat by the Ottomans at the Acropolis siege; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Plaka (1821)

Draft card for Battle of Plaka (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Samos

Draft card for the Battle of Samos in 1824, the Greek navy's victory over the Ottoman fleet; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Siluk (1829)

Draft card for Battle of Siluk (1829); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Splantza (1822)

Draft card for Battle of Splantza (1822); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of the Aetolian (1823)

Draft card for Battle of the Aetolian (1823); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of the Trench (1821)

Draft card for Battle of the Trench (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Thessalonica (1821)

Draft card for Battle of Thessalonica (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Valtetsi

Draft card for the Battle of Valtetsi in 1821, the Greek rebels' victory over the Ottoman army; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Battle of Varvarin (1810)

Draft card for Battle of Varvarin (1810); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Bosnian Battle of Kosovo (1831)

Draft card for Bosnian Battle of Kosovo (1831); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Capture of Bayburt (1829)

Draft card for Capture of Bayburt (1829); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Destruction of Psara

Draft card for the Destruction of Psara in 1824, the Ottoman fleet's devastation of the Greek island during the war of independence; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Fall of the Acropolis (1827)

Draft card for Fall of the Acropolis (1827); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
First Egyptian–Ottoman War

Draft card for the First Egyptian–Ottoman War of 1831–1833, Ibrahim Pasha's Syrian campaign ended by the Convention of Kütahya; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
First Serbian Uprising

Draft card for the First Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule under Karađorđe from 1804 to 1813; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
First Siege of Missolonghi

Draft card for the First Siege of Missolonghi in 1822, the town's stand against the Ottoman army; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
The Morea Revolt (Greece)

The Greek War of Independence in the Morea — an Easter-night rising that overran the peninsula except Tripolitsa, patriarch Gregory executed after incriminating papers were seized, and Ibrahim Pasha's Egyptian army called in to crush the revolt.
Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion

Draft card for Hadži-Prodan's rebellion of 1814, the failed Serbian rising; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
The Gülhane Rescript (Khatt-i Sharif)

The Gülhane decree (1839): Reshid Pasha's charter proclaiming equal rights for all Ottoman subjects regardless of faith — denounced by the ulema, and read by the source as the price paid to Britain for settling the Egyptian crisis.
Laz Rebellion (1832–34)

Draft card for the Laz Rebellion of 1832–34, the rising of Lazistan's aghas against Ottoman authority; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Mir Muhammed Rebellion

Draft card for the Mir Muhammed Rebellion of 1830–38, the Soran emir's revolt against the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Muhammad Ali's campaign on Syria

Muhammad Ali's Syrian war (1831–1840): Ibrahim Pasha conquered Syria on the pretext of Acre harbouring Egyptian draft-dodgers, beat the Ottoman army deep into Anatolia, forced the Porte into the Russian alliance of Hünkâr İskelesi (1833) — until the 1840 London convention confined Egyptian rule to Muhammad Ali's lifetime.
Naousa Massacre

Draft card for the Naousa massacre of 1822, the Ottoman destruction of the Greek town; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Ottoman-Soran War

Draft card for the Ottoman-Soran War of 1833–35, Reshid Pasha's campaign ending the Soran Emirate; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Ottoman-Soran War

Draft card for Ottoman-Soran War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812

Draft card for the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829

Draft card for the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Saudi–Mamluk of Iraq War (1790–1811)

Draft card for Saudi–Mamluk of Iraq War (1790–1811); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Second Battle of Doliana (1825)

Draft card for Second Battle of Doliana (1825); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Second Egyptian–Ottoman War

Draft card for the Second Egyptian–Ottoman War of 1839–1841, Ibrahim Pasha's second war ended by his withdrawal from Syria under the powers' pressure; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Second Serbian Uprising

Draft card for the Second Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule under Miloš Obrenović from 1815 to 1817; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Second Siege of Missolonghi

Draft card for the Second Siege of Missolonghi in 1823, the Greeks' repulse of the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Serbian–Ottoman Wars

Draft card for the Serbian–Ottoman wars of 1352–1913, the centuries of Serb–Ottoman conflict; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Shammar-Obaidi War

Draft card for Shammar-Obaidi War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Acre (1821–1822)

Draft card for Siege of Acre (1821–1822); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Acre (1831–1832)

Draft card for Siege of Acre (1831–1832); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Akka (1831–1832)

Draft card for Siege of Akka (1831–1832); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Al-Karak (1834)

Draft card for Siege of Al-Karak (1834); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Amedi

Draft card for the Siege of Amedi in 1831, the Ottoman subjugation of the Bahdinan emirate; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Atalanti (1821)

Draft card for Siege of Atalanti (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Baghdad

Draft card for the advance on Baghdad in 1821, Muhammad Ali Mirza Qajar's move against the Ottoman city in the war of 1821–23; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Brailov (1828)

Draft card for Siege of Brailov (1828); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Chlemoutsi (1821)

Draft card for Siege of Chlemoutsi (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Jerusalem

Draft card for the Siege of Jerusalem in 1834, Ibrahim Pasha's suppression of the peasants' revolt in Palestine; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Kars

Draft card for the Siege of Kars in 1828, the Russian capture of the Ottoman fortress; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Livadia (1821)

Draft card for Siege of Livadia (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Mendenítsa (1821)

Draft card for Siege of Mendenítsa (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Monemvasia (1821)

Draft card for the Siege of Monemvasia in 1821, the Greek rebels' capture of the Ottoman fortress; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Mpeki (1821)

Draft card for Siege of Mpeki (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Neokastro (1821)

Draft card for Siege of Neokastro (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Patras

Draft card for the Siege of Patras in 1821, the Greek revolution's assault on the city; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Salona (1821)

Draft card for Siege of Salona (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of the Acropolis

Draft card for the Siege of the Acropolis in 1821–22, the Greek siege of the Ottoman garrison in the revolution; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of the Acropolis

Draft card for the Siege of the Acropolis in 1826–27, Reshid Pasha's capture of Athens in the Greek war of independence; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Tripolitsa

Draft card for the Siege of Tripolitsa in 1821, the Ottoman city's fall to Greek insurgents and the massacre of its Muslims and Jews; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Varna

Draft card for the Siege of Varna in 1828, the Russian capture of the Ottoman fortress; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Siege of Varnakova (1826)

Draft card for Siege of Varnakova (1826); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Takovo Meeting

Draft card for the Takovo Meeting of 1815, the launch of the Second Serbian Uprising against the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Third Siege of Missolonghi

Draft card for the Third Siege of Missolonghi of 1825–26, the Greek city's fall after the long Ottoman-Egyptian blockade; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Uprising in Thrace (1829)

Draft card for Uprising in Thrace (1829); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
Treaty of Edirne (Adrianople), 1829

The peace treaty that ended the Russo-Ottoman war on 14 September 1829 (1245 AH), after General Diebitsch's army took Edirne. The Ottomans ceded the Danube delta in Europe and the province of Akhaltsikhe in Asia to Russia, paid a heavy war indemnity, accepted autonomy for Serbia, Moldavia, Wallachia and Greece under Russian protection, and lost the Black Sea ports of Anapa and Poti and their rights in Circassia.
Yanina–Ottoman War

Draft card for Yanina–Ottoman War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.

The museum record for this caliph

محمود الثاني

Events of the reign

Abaza Uprisings

Al-Alusi begins Ruh al-Ma'ani, 1252/1836

Anglo-Turkish War

Babanzade Rebellions (1806–1812)

Battle at Trikorfa (1825)

The battle of Navarino

Battle of Adrianople (1829)

Battle of Agionori (1822)

Battle of Agios Athanasios at Karytaina (1821)

Battle of Agios Vlasios (1823)

Battle of Akhalzic

Battle of Alamana

Battle of Andros

Battle of Aniforitos (1829)

Battle of Arachova

Battle of Beilan (1832)

Battle of Dervenakia

Battle of Distomo (1827)

Battle of Diyala River (1822)

Battle of Doliana

Battle of Dragashani

Battle of Erzurum

Battle of Galatsi (1821)

Battle of Hacıhasanlar (1828)

Battle of Hebron

Battle of Hims (1832)

Battle of Itea

Battle of Kakosalesi (1825)

Battle of Kalamata

Battle of Kastella (1827)

Battle of Katsaros (1821)

Battle of Kavkaria (1827)

Battle of Keratsini (1827)

Battle of Khunzakh (1830)

Battle of Kleisova (1825)

Battle of Kompoti (1822)

Battle of Konya (1832)

Battle of Koronisia (1829)

Battle of Kremmydi (1825)

Battle of Kulevicha

Battle of Lalas

Battle of Levidi (1821)

Battle of Lezan

Battle of Ljubić

Battle of Maniaki

Battle of Martino (1829)

Battle of Mega Spilaio (1827)

Battle of Midyat (1835)

Battle of Milin Kamak (1823)

Battle of Nezib

Battle of Patraziki (1821)

Battle of Peta

Battle of Phaleron

Battle of Plaka (1821)

Battle of Samos

Battle of Siluk (1829)

Battle of Splantza (1822)

Battle of the Aetolian (1823)

Battle of the Trench (1821)

Battle of Thessalonica (1821)

Battle of Valtetsi

Battle of Varvarin (1810)

Bosnian Battle of Kosovo (1831)

Capture of Bayburt (1829)

Destruction of Psara

Fall of the Acropolis (1827)

First Egyptian–Ottoman War

First Serbian Uprising

First Siege of Missolonghi

The Morea Revolt (Greece)

Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion

The Gülhane Rescript (Khatt-i Sharif)

Laz Rebellion (1832–34)

Mir Muhammed Rebellion

Muhammad Ali's campaign on Syria

Naousa Massacre

Ottoman-Soran War

Ottoman-Soran War