محمود الثاني
محمود ثانی بن عبدالحمید اول 1223ھ/1808ء سے 1255ھ/1839ء تک عثمانی سلطان رہے، اور بیرق دار کی بغاوت اور سلیم سوم کے قتل کے بعد تخت نشین ہوئے۔ انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف اسلام کے مطابق انہوں نے صوبوں پر مرکز کا اقتدار بحال کیا، 1826ء میں ینی چری ختم کیے، مغربی طرز کی نئی فوج بنائی اور انتظامیہ کو وزارتوں اور مجالس میں منظم کیا، جبکہ سلطنت روس، یونان اور محمد علی کے مقابل زمین کھوتی رہی، اور وہ نصیبین کی شکست کے بعد یکم جولائی 1839ء کو فوت ہوئے۔ مضمون نگار کا فیصلہ ہے کہ ان کی اصلاحات نے عثمانی معاشرے کو جدیدیت کی راہ پر ڈال دیا، جبکہ صلابی کہتے ہیں کہ انہوں نے لباس میں مغربی تہذیب کی پیروی کی۔
عہد · عثمانی سلطنت · سلسلے میں نمبر 22 · 1808–1839ء
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عہد کے واقعات
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ثورات الأبازة
Draft card for the nineteenth-century Abaza uprisings in Circassia against Ottoman taxation; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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آلوسی کا «روح المعانی» کا آغاز، 1252ھ/1836ء
رجب 1252ھ میں جمعے کی ایک رات کے خواب کے بعد، جس میں اللہ نے انہیں آسمانوں اور زمین کو لپیٹنے کا حکم دیا اور جسے انہوں نے تفسیر لکھنے کا اشارہ سمجھا، محمود آلوسی نے اسی سال 16 شعبان کی رات «روح المعانی» کا آغاز کیا، جو ان کی عمر کا چونتیسواں سال تھا ۔
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الحرب الأنجلو-عثمانية
Draft card for the Anglo-Turkish War of 1807–1809, the Napoleonic-era Mediterranean war that included the Alexandria attempt; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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ثورات بابان زاده (١٨٠٦–١٨١٢)
Draft card for Babanzade Rebellions (1806–1812); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة تريكورفا (١٨٢٥)
Draft card for Battle at Trikorfa (1825); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة نافارين
Navarino (1827): the allied British, French and Russian fleets entered the harbour unannounced, surprised the combined Ottoman-Egyptian fleet and destroyed it — after which the powers decreed Greece's separation under a ruler of their choosing.
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معركة أدرنة (١٨٢٩)
1828-29ء کی روسی عثمانی جنگ میں روسیوں نے ادرنہ پر قبضہ کیا جس کا شہر کے مسلمانوں پر گہرا اثر پڑا؛ مسلمان ہجرت کرنے لگے اور ارد گرد کے دیہاتوں سے مسیحی آ بسے ۔
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معركة أجيونوري (١٨٢٢)
Draft card for Battle of Agionori (1822); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة أغيوس أثاناسيوس (١٨٢١)
Draft card for Battle of Agios Athanasios at Karytaina (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة أغيوس فلاسيوس (١٨٢٣)
Draft card for Battle of Agios Vlasios (1823); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة أخالتسيخ
Draft card for the Battle of Akhaltsikhe in 1828, the Russian capture of the Ottoman Georgian fortress; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة الأمانة
Draft card for the Battle of Alamana in 1821, Athanasios Diakos's stand against the Ottomans at the Greek rising's start; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة أندروس (١٨٢٥)
Draft card for the Battle of Andros in 1825, the Greek-Ottoman fleet clash in the revolution; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة أنيفوريتوس (١٨٢٩)
Draft card for Battle of Aniforitos (1829); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة أراخوفا
Draft card for the Battle of Arachova in 1826, Karaiskakis's victory over Mustafa Bey's army in the Greek war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة بيلان (١٨٣٢)
Draft card for Battle of Beilan (1832); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة درفيناكيا
Draft card for the Battle of Dervenakia in 1822, the Greek destruction of Dramali Pasha's army in the revolution; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة ديستومو (١٨٢٧)
Draft card for Battle of Distomo (1827); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة نهر ديالى (١٨٢٢)
Draft card for Battle of Diyala River (1822); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة دوليانا
Draft card for the Battle of Doliana in 1821, the Greek revolution's check on the Ottoman army in the Morea; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة دراغاشاني
Draft card for the Battle of Dragashani in 1821, the Sacred Band's defeat by the Ottomans at the Greek rising's start; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة أرضروم (١٨٢١)
Draft card for the Battle of Erzurum in 1821, Abbas Mirza's victory over the Ottomans in the Ottoman-Persian war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة غالاتسي (١٨٢١)
Draft card for the Battle of Galatsi in 1821, an action of the Greek revolt against the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة حاجي حسنلار (١٨٢٨)
Draft card for Battle of Hacıhasanlar (1828); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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مجزرة الخليل (١٨٣٤)
Draft card for the Hebron events of 1834, Ibrahim Pasha's subjugation of the city killing many townspeople in the peasants' revolt; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة حمص (١٨٣٢)
Draft card for Battle of Hims (1832); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة إيتيا (١٨٢٧)
Draft card for the naval Battle of Itea in 1827 during the Greek War of Independence; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة كاكوساليسي (١٨٢٥)
Draft card for Battle of Kakosalesi (1825); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة كالاماتا
Draft card for the Battle of Kalamata in 1821, the Greek revolutionaries' capture of the town from the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة كاستلا (١٨٢٧)
Draft card for Battle of Kastella (1827); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة كاتساروس (١٨٢١)
Draft card for Battle of Katsaros (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة كافكاريا (١٨٢٧)
Draft card for Battle of Kavkaria (1827); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة كراتسيني (١٨٢٧)
Draft card for Battle of Keratsini (1827); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة خونزاخ (١٨٣٠)
Draft card for the Battle of Khunzakh in 1830, the Russian assault on the Avar capital in the Caucasian War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة كليسوفا (١٨٢٥)
Draft card for Battle of Kleisova (1825); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة كومبوتي (١٨٢٢)
Draft card for Battle of Kompoti (1822); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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قونیہ کی جنگ (1832ء)
1832ء کے آخر میں قونیہ کی فصیلوں کے نیچے صدرِ اعظم رشید پاشا کی عثمانی فوج کو محمد علی کے بیٹے ابراہیم پاشا کی مصری فوج نے پہلی مصری-عثمانی جنگ میں کچل دیا — یہ شکست ثابت کرتی ہے کہ شہر اب بھی فوجی کردار ادا کر سکتا تھا۔
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معركة كورونيسيا (١٨٢٩)
Draft card for Battle of Koronisia (1829); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة كريميدي (١٨٢٥)
Draft card for Battle of Kremmydi (1825); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة كوليفيشا
Draft card for the Battle of Kulevicha in 1829, the Russian victory over the Ottomans in Bulgaria; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة لالاس
Draft card for the Battle of Lalas in 1821, the Greek revolutionaries' fight against the Ottomans in the Morea; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة ليفيدي (١٨٢١)
Draft card for Battle of Levidi (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة ليزان
Draft card for Battle of Lezan; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة ليوبيتش
Draft card for the Battle of Ljubić in 1815, the Serbs' victory over the Ottomans in the Second Uprising; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة مانياكي
Draft card for the Battle of Maniaki in 1825, Ibrahim Pasha's victory over the Greeks; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة مارتينو (١٨٢٩)
Draft card for Battle of Martino (1829); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة ميغا سبيلايو (١٨٢٧)
Draft card for the Battle of Mega Spilaio in 1827, an action of the Greek War of Independence; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة مديات (١٨٣٥)
Draft card for Battle of Midyat (1835); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة ميلين كاماك
Draft card for Battle of Milin Kamak (1823); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة نصيبين (نزب)
Draft card for the Battle of Nezib in 1839, Ibrahim Pasha's victory over the Ottoman army that shook the sultanate; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة باترازيكي (١٨٢١)
Draft card for Battle of Patraziki (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة بيتا
Draft card for the Battle of Peta in 1822, the Ottoman rout of the Philhellene legion in Epirus; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة فاليرون
Draft card for the Battle of Phaleron in 1827, the Greek defeat by the Ottomans at the Acropolis siege; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة بلاكا (١٨٢١)
Draft card for Battle of Plaka (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة ساموس
Draft card for the Battle of Samos in 1824, the Greek navy's victory over the Ottoman fleet; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة سيلوك (١٨٢٩)
Draft card for Battle of Siluk (1829); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة سبلانتزا (١٨٢٢)
Draft card for Battle of Splantza (1822); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة الأيتولي (١٨٢٣)
Draft card for Battle of the Aetolian (1823); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة الخندق (١٨٢١)
Draft card for Battle of the Trench (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة سالونيك (١٨٢١)
Draft card for Battle of Thessalonica (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة فالتيتسي
Draft card for the Battle of Valtetsi in 1821, the Greek rebels' victory over the Ottoman army; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة فارفارين (١٨١٠)
Draft card for Battle of Varvarin (1810); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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وقعة كوسوفو البوسنية (١٨٣١)
Draft card for Bosnian Battle of Kosovo (1831); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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فتح بابيرت (١٨٢٩)
Draft card for Capture of Bayburt (1829); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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تدمير بسارا
Draft card for the Destruction of Psara in 1824, the Ottoman fleet's devastation of the Greek island during the war of independence; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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سقوط الأكروبوليس (١٨٢٧)
Draft card for Fall of the Acropolis (1827); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحرب المصرية العثمانية الأولى
Draft card for the First Egyptian–Ottoman War of 1831–1833, Ibrahim Pasha's Syrian campaign ended by the Convention of Kütahya; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الانتفاضة الصربية الأولى
Draft card for the First Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule under Karađorđe from 1804 to 1813; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار ميسولونغي الأول
Draft card for the First Siege of Missolonghi in 1822, the town's stand against the Ottoman army; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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ثورة المورة (اليونان)
The Greek War of Independence in the Morea — an Easter-night rising that overran the peninsula except Tripolitsa, patriarch Gregory executed after incriminating papers were seized, and Ibrahim Pasha's Egyptian army called in to crush the revolt.
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انتفاضة حاجي برودان
Draft card for Hadži-Prodan's rebellion of 1814, the failed Serbian rising; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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خط شريف كلخانة
The Gülhane decree (1839): Reshid Pasha's charter proclaiming equal rights for all Ottoman subjects regardless of faith — denounced by the ulema, and read by the source as the price paid to Britain for settling the Egyptian crisis.
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ثورة اللاز (١٨٣٢–١٨٣٤)
Draft card for the Laz Rebellion of 1832–34, the rising of Lazistan's aghas against Ottoman authority; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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ثورة مير محمد
Draft card for the Mir Muhammed Rebellion of 1830–38, the Soran emir's revolt against the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حملة محمد علي على الشام
Muhammad Ali's Syrian war (1831–1840): Ibrahim Pasha conquered Syria on the pretext of Acre harbouring Egyptian draft-dodgers, beat the Ottoman army deep into Anatolia, forced the Porte into the Russian alliance of Hünkâr İskelesi (1833) — until the 1840 London convention confined Egyptian rule to Muhammad Ali's lifetime.
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مذبحة ناؤسا
Draft card for the Naousa massacre of 1822, the Ottoman destruction of the Greek town; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحرب العثمانية السورانية (١٨٣٣)
Draft card for the Ottoman-Soran War of 1833–35, Reshid Pasha's campaign ending the Soran Emirate; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحرب العثمانية السورانية
Draft card for Ottoman-Soran War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحرب العثمانية الروسية (١٨٠٦–١٨١٢)
Draft card for the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحرب العثمانية الروسية (١٨٢٨–١٨٢٩)
Draft card for the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحرب السعودية العراقية (١٧٩٠–١٨١١)
Draft card for Saudi–Mamluk of Iraq War (1790–1811); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة دوليانا الثانية
Draft card for Second Battle of Doliana (1825); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحرب المصرية العثمانية الثانية
Draft card for the Second Egyptian–Ottoman War of 1839–1841, Ibrahim Pasha's second war ended by his withdrawal from Syria under the powers' pressure; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الانتفاضة الصربية الثانية
Draft card for the Second Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule under Miloš Obrenović from 1815 to 1817; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار ميسولونغي الثاني
Draft card for the Second Siege of Missolonghi in 1823, the Greeks' repulse of the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحروب الصربية العثمانية
Draft card for the Serbian–Ottoman wars of 1352–1913, the centuries of Serb–Ottoman conflict; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حرب شمر العبيدي
Draft card for Shammar-Obaidi War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار عكا
Draft card for Siege of Acre (1821–1822); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار عكا (١٨٣١–١٨٣٢)
Draft card for Siege of Acre (1831–1832); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار عكا (١٨٣١–١٨٣٢)
Draft card for Siege of Akka (1831–1832); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار الكرك (١٨٣٤)
Draft card for Siege of Al-Karak (1834); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار العمادية
Draft card for the Siege of Amedi in 1831, the Ottoman subjugation of the Bahdinan emirate; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار أتالانتي (١٨٢١)
Draft card for Siege of Atalanti (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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جبهة بغداد (١٨٢١)
Draft card for the advance on Baghdad in 1821, Muhammad Ali Mirza Qajar's move against the Ottoman city in the war of 1821–23; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار برايلوف (١٨٢٨)
Draft card for Siege of Brailov (1828); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار كليموتسي (١٨٢١)
Draft card for Siege of Chlemoutsi (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار القدس (١٨٣٤)
Draft card for the Siege of Jerusalem in 1834, Ibrahim Pasha's suppression of the peasants' revolt in Palestine; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار قارص (١٨٢٨)
Draft card for the Siege of Kars in 1828, the Russian capture of the Ottoman fortress; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار ليفاديا (١٨٢١)
Draft card for Siege of Livadia (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار مندينيتسا (١٨٢١)
Draft card for Siege of Mendenítsa (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار مونمفاسيا (١٨٢١)
Draft card for the Siege of Monemvasia in 1821, the Greek rebels' capture of the Ottoman fortress; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار مبيكي (١٨٢١)
Draft card for Siege of Mpeki (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار نيوكاسترو (١٨٢١)
Draft card for Siege of Neokastro (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار باتراس (١٨٢١)
Draft card for the Siege of Patras in 1821, the Greek revolution's assault on the city; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار سالونا (١٨٢١)
Draft card for Siege of Salona (1821); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار الأكروبوليس
Draft card for the Siege of the Acropolis in 1821–22, the Greek siege of the Ottoman garrison in the revolution; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار الأكروبوليس (١٨٢٦)
Draft card for the Siege of the Acropolis in 1826–27, Reshid Pasha's capture of Athens in the Greek war of independence; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار تريبوليتشا
Draft card for the Siege of Tripolitsa in 1821, the Ottoman city's fall to Greek insurgents and the massacre of its Muslims and Jews; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار فارنة
Draft card for the Siege of Varna in 1828, the Russian capture of the Ottoman fortress; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار فارناكوفا (١٨٢٦)
Draft card for Siege of Varnakova (1826); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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مجلس تاكوفو
Draft card for the Takovo Meeting of 1815, the launch of the Second Serbian Uprising against the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار ميسولونغي الثالث
Draft card for the Third Siege of Missolonghi of 1825–26, the Greek city's fall after the long Ottoman-Egyptian blockade; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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ثورة تراقيا (١٨٢٩)
Draft card for Uprising in Thrace (1829); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معاہدۂ ادرنہ (١٨٢٩ء)
وہ صلح نامہ جس نے 14 ستمبر 1829ء/1245ھ کو روسی عثمانی جنگ ختم کی، جب جنرل ڈیبیچ کی فوج نے ادرنہ پر قبضہ کر لیا تھا۔ عثمانیوں نے یورپ میں ڈینیوب کا ڈیلٹا اور ایشیا میں اخالتسیخہ کا صوبہ روس کو دے دیا، بھاری جنگی تاوان ادا کیا، روسی سرپرستی میں سربیا، افلاق، بغدان اور یونان کی خودمختاری مانی، اور بحیرۂ اسود کی بندرگاہیں انابا اور پوتی اور چرکس علاقے پر اپنے حقوق کھو دیے ۔
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الحرب العثمانية اليانينية
Draft card for Yanina–Ottoman War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.