Abu Ishaq al-Fazari

أبو إسحاق الفزاري

Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Fazari, Abu Ishaq, jurist of the frontier and author of the Kitab al-Siyar; in al-Baladhuri: Abd al-Malik ibn Salih wrote consulting him on the people of Cyprus, and he with Makhlad ibn al-Husayn answered that they had seen nothing more like Cyprus's case than that of Arabasus and Umar's ruling in it — they were offered double their wealth to leave or a year's grace after denunciation, refused, were given the year, and it was ruined; he transmitted from al-Awza'i that Cyprus was compounded at fourteen thousand dinars, seven to the Muslims and seven to the Byzantines on condition they conceal nothing of the Muslims' affairs from the Byzantines, and that their treaty cannot rightly be annulled save for an act in which their treachery is known.

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Dhimma (the covenant of protection)

Dhimma in al-Baladhuri is the written covenant of security granted to treaty peoples of the Book: its formula in the Prophet's letter to Najran runs 'they have God's protection and the protection of His messenger over their persons, religion, lands, wealth, absent and present', and its stipulated terms in the Najran peace include that they not be seduced from their religion or its ranks, nor levied nor tithed, and in the letter's text that no bishop be removed from his bishopric, no monk from his monasticism, no right of theirs or their images — crucifixes and icons — be altered, and no army tread their land, while whoever of them took usury the Prophet's protection was quit of him; the letter of the people of Maqna grants 'God's protection and His messenger's' with security and pardon for every blood; and the dhimma was renewed under the caliphs — Abu Bakr wrote to the people of Najran on the model of the Prophet's letter, and Uthman called them 'a people who have a dhimma' when he remitted two hundred of their hullas.

Abu Ishaq al-Fazari

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Dhimma (the covenant of protection)