Error and forgetfulness

الخطأ والنسيان

Error and forgetfulness in Ibn Abbas's hadith — the thirty-ninth of the Forty — are among what God lifted from this community: 'God has pardoned for my sake on behalf of my community error, forgetfulness, and what they were coerced into' — error being the doing of the prohibited without intent, and forgetfulness the omitting of a command or doing of a prohibition through the heart's heedlessness, both lifting accountability on the commentators' prevailing reading since culpable intent is absent, while worldly consequences may still attach to error, such as the blood-money and expiation rulings for accidental killing (Jami' al-Ulum wal-Hikam pp. 796–797).

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Compulsion (ikrah)

Compulsion in Ibn Abbas's hadith — the thirty-ninth of the Forty — is the third thing God lifted from the community: 'and what they were coerced into' — another's forcing one, by credible threat, into a deed or utterance; its rulings in the commentary differ by subject: in the word of unbelief it was excepted by His saying 'except one compelled while his heart is at rest in faith', and in transactions and utterances it affects validity and bindingness, the unifying principle being that compulsion removes deliberate assent so the ruling does not settle upon its subject as it settles on the willing actor (Jami' al-Ulum wal-Hikam p. 796).

Error and forgetfulness

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Compulsion (ikrah)