For the conquest of Mecca (January 630 CE) the Prophet ﷺ Muhammad left Medina on the tenth of Ramadan, 8 AH, with ten thousand Companions 1. Its cause was that Quraysh broke the peace of al-Hudaybiyya by helping Banu Bakr with weapons and men against Khuza'a, the Prophet's allies, at al-Watir 2 3. When the army camped at Marr al-Zahran, Abu Sufyan came out seeking news; al-Abbas met him and brought him to the Prophet, he accepted Islam, and the Prophet declared safe whoever entered Abu Sufyan's house 4 5.
The Prophet went on to Dhu Tuwa, his head bowed in humility before God, the hair of his beard almost touching the middle of the saddle, and there divided his army: Khalid ibn al-Walid to enter from lower Mecca, al-Zubayr from upper Mecca and Abu Ubayda along the valley floor 6; the banner of the Ansar had been handed to Qays ibn Sa'd ibn Ubada or, it is said, to al-Zubayr 7. The Prophet and his army entered Mecca, each column by its road, and at al-Khandama Khalid skirmished with men of Quraysh gathered with Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl and Safwan ibn Umayya; twelve polytheists were killed and the rest fled 6 8. The Prophet then circled the House and with his bow struck at the three hundred and sixty idols around the Ka'ba, reciting from the Qur'an 8. At the door of the Ka'ba he addressed Quraysh and pardoned them, saying: "Go, for you are free" 8 9. Al-Mubarakpuri counts it the conquest that ended idolatry as a power in Arabia 10.
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