سليمان القانوني
The tenth and most illustrious Ottoman sultan, who reigned 926–974 AH / 1520–1566 CE, the longest reign in Ottoman history. Born in Trabzon, he came to the throne without a rival and led thirteen imperial campaigns in person, ten of them in Europe, taking Belgrade and Rhodes, defeating the Hungarians at Mohács and besieging Vienna. Turkish tradition remembers him as Kanuni, the lawgiver, for ordering the sultanic kanun beside the shari'a with the help of the mufti Abu al-Su'ud, while the West called him the Magnificent; the architect Sinan built the Süleymaniye complex for him. He died in his tent during the siege of Szigetvár in 974 AH / 1566 CE.
Reign · Ottoman Empire · no. 2 in the chain · 1520–1566 CE
Ruled the caliphate
Events of the reign
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Ethiopian–Adal War
Draft card for the Ethiopian–Adal War of 1529–1543, Ahmad Gurey's conquests in Abyssinia and their reversal with Portuguese help; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Imam Ahmad Gran's Seizure of Harar and Abyssinian Conquests
934: Imam Ahmad took Harar, its sultan powerless to resist; his conquests across the Abyssinian lands grew till 'his conquests were said to resemble only the Companions' conquests'.
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Charles V's Algiers expedition (1541)
After the Truce of Nice (945/1538) Charles V landed before Algiers on 28 Jumada II 948/15 October 1541. Governor Hasan Agha al-Tushi answered his threat-letter — 'this land gives an invader only death' — then a storm tore up the siege camp, dashed the ships together and wrecked the powder; every assault failed and the emperor withdrew to Italy. Algiers' letter to Süleyman compared it to the rout of the People of the Elephant; a second letter asked for reinforcements and Khayr al-Din's restoration. João III's Ramadan 948 letter to Charles cited Ottoman-supplied Sa'di strength in evacuating Safi and Azemmour.
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The Arghuns take Multan into the Mughal orbit, 1526
The Langahs were defeated in 1526 by the Arghuns, who collaborated with the Mughals and made Multan a dependency of their empire; after the Sur interlude Multan became the capital of an important suba of the Mughal empire and enjoyed a long period of stability.
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Attack on Bintan
Draft card for Attack on Bintan; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Attack on Jeddah
Draft card for the Attack on Jeddah in 1541, the Ottoman repulse of the Portuguese assault; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Attack on Modon
Draft card for Attack on Modon; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Attack on Sousse (1537)
Draft card for Attack on Sousse (1537); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Sultan Bahadur Shah killed at Diu, 943
On 3 Ramadan 943 Sultan Bahadur b. Sultan Muzaffar of Gujarat was killed at the port of Diu; the chronogram of his death ran 'qutila sultanu-na bahadur'.
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Bakhchisarai War (1525)
Draft card for Bakhchisarai War (1525); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Balkan Campaign of 1529
Draft card for Suleiman's Balkan campaign of 1529, the great advance that first reached Vienna; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Bi'r 'Uqba (1536)
The 943/1536 battle near Wadi al-'Abid where the Sa'dis defeated Wattasid king Ahmad — the Khalut tribes who formed his vanguard deserted and spread chaos through his army; the defeat drove him into his eleven-year treaty with Portugal.
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The battle of Mohács and the conquest of Buda
The first battle of Mohács was fought on 21 Dhu 'l-Qa'da 932 AH, August 1526, between Suleiman's army and that of the Hungarian king Louis II. The Hungarian army was completely beaten in about an hour and a half and the king drowned. Suleiman then entered Buda without resistance; he did not annex Hungary but regarded it as his own. The defeat was a turning point, followed by long anarchy and the division of the country into three zones for over 150 years.
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Battle of Mostaganem (965/1558)
Seeing the Ottoman recovery of Tlemcen as a mortal threat, the Count of Alcaudete led twelve thousand men against Mostaganem — the Ottoman base against Oran — hoping to make it his own base against Algiers; the attempt failed, the Spanish force suffered heavy losses in Dhu'l-Qa'da 965/August 1558, and the count himself was among the dead.
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Battle of Amba Sel (1531)
Draft card for the Battle of Amba Sel in 1531, Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim's defeat of the Ethiopian army; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Antipaxos
Draft card for the Battle of Antipaxos in 1537, Hayreddin Barbarossa's naval clash with the Venetians; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Antukyah
Draft card for the Battle of Antukyah in 1531, Ahmad al-Ghazi's victory in the Adal-Ethiopian war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Baçente
Draft card for the Battle of Baçente in 1542, Imam Ahmad Gran's victory over the Portuguese in Ethiopia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Badeqe (1528)
Draft card for Battle of Badeqe (1528); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Beirut
Draft card for Battle of Beirut; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Đakovo
Draft card for the Battle of Đakovo in 1537, the Ottoman-Habsburg clash in Slavonia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of El Tor (1541)
Draft card for Battle of El Tor (1541); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Fatagar (1559)
Draft card for the Battle of Fatagar in 1559, Emperor Gelawdewos's victory over the forces of Adal; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Garisi
Draft card for the Battle of Garisi in 1556, the Georgian victory over the Ottoman force; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Ghaghra
Draft card for the Battle of Ghaghra in 1529, Babur's victory over the Afghan confederates; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Hazalo (1559)
Draft card for Battle of Hazalo (1559); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of the Hill of the Jews (1542)
Draft card for the Battle of the Hill of the Jews in 1542, an action of the Ethiopian–Adal war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Jarte
Draft card for the Battle of Jarte in 1542, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi's victory over the Portuguese in Ethiopia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Kaberten (1552)
Draft card for Battle of Kaberten (1552); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Karagak
Draft card for the Battle of Karagak in 1543, the Safavid victory in Georgia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Kemah (1548)
Draft card for Battle of Kemah (1548); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Massawa (1541)
Draft card for Battle of Massawa (1541); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Monastir (1540)
Draft card for Battle of Monastir (1540); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Otočac (1543)
Draft card for the Battle of Otočac in 1543, an Ottoman–Habsburg clash in Croatia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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First Battle of Panipat
At Panipat in 932/1526 Sultan Zahir al-Din Babur broke Ibrahim Lodi, sultan of Delhi, opening the road to Delhi and founding Mughal rule in India.
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Battle of Sahart
Draft card for the Battle of Sahart in 1541, Imam Ahmad Gran's victory over the Abyssinians; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Saint Monica (1561)
Draft card for Battle of Saint Monica (1561); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Saksanjak (1526)
Draft card for Battle of Saksanjak (1526); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Sânandrei (1552)
Draft card for Battle of Sânandrei (1552); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of the Sebou River (1554)
Draft card for Battle of the Sebou River (1554); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Sečany (1562)
Draft card for Battle of Sečany (1562); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Shimbra Kure
Draft card for the Battle of Shimbra Kure in 1529, Ahmad Gran's victory over Abyssinia's armies in his first campaign; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Sokhoista
Draft card for the Battle of Sokhoista in 1545, the Ottoman victory over the Safavids; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Suakin (1541)
Draft card for the Battle of Suakin in 1541, of the Ottoman–Portuguese struggle in the Red Sea; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Suez (1541)
Draft card for the Battle of Suez in 1541, the Portuguese raid on the Ottoman port and its repulse; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Szeged (1552)
Draft card for the Battle of Szeged in 1552, the Ottoman capture of the city in the Hungarian campaign; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Tadla
Draft card for the Battle of Tadla in 1554, the Saadian victory over the Wattasids; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Takht-e Soleyman (1554)
Draft card for Battle of Takht-e Soleyman (1554); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Talikota
Draft card for the Battle of Talikota in 1565, the victory of the Deccan sultanates' coalition over the Vijayanagara Empire; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Teleti
Draft card for the Battle of Teleti in 1522, the Safavid victory over the Kingdom of Kartli; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Tidore (1536)
Draft card for Battle of Tidore (1536); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Tsikhedidi (1561)
Draft card for Battle of Tsikhedidi (1561); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Ugentana (1536)
Draft card for Battle of Ugentana (1536); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Wadi al-Laban
Draft card for the Battle of Wadi al-Laban in 1558, the Saadian victory over the Ottomans near Fez; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Battle of Wofla
Draft card for the Battle of Wofla in 1542, Ahmad Gran's defeat of the Portuguese force and killing of Cristóvão da Gama in Ethiopia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Franco-Ottoman Capitulations
The Franco-Ottoman Capitulations of 1535 — born of Francis I's captivity at Pavia and his mother's letter to Sulayman: free navigation, consular jurisdiction, freedom of worship and protection from enslavement, sealed with joint fleets against Naples.
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Ottoman entry into Fez (964/1554)
After the Sa'di defeat near Badis, the fall of Taza, and the battle of Kadiyat al-Makhali before Fez, the Ottoman forces with Bu Hasun entered Fez on 3 Safar 961/8 January 1554 (the printed text reads 964); the imam preached in the Ottoman sultan's name and the Porte declared Morocco annexed. Salih Reis stayed four months before Fez later returned to the Sa'dis.
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Capture of Aden
Draft card for the Ottoman capture of Aden in 1548, Piri Reis's seizure of the Yemeni port from the Portuguese; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Capture of the Peñón of Algiers (1529)
In 1529 Khayr al-Din took the Spanish Peñón off Algiers after a twenty-day bombardment, storming it with troops landed by 45 ships and capturing its commander and senior officers — the founding act, in al-Salabi's account, of the Ottoman eyalet of Algiers.
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Capture of Baghdad (1524)
Draft card for the Capture of Baghdad in 1524 in the Ottoman–Safavid frontier struggle; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Capture of Baghdad
Draft card for the Capture of Baghdad in 1534, Suleiman's entry that took the city from the Safavids; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Capture of Béjaïa
Draft card for the Capture of Béjaïa in 1555, Salah Rais's recovery of the city from the Spanish; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Capture of Bizerte (1557)
Draft card for Capture of Bizerte (1557); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Capture of Mahdia
Draft card for the Capture of Mahdia in 1550, the Ottoman base's fall to Andrea Doria's fleet; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Capture of Muscat
Draft card for the capture of Muscat in 1552, Piri Reis's Ottoman seizure of the Omani port from the Portuguese; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Capture of the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1522)
Draft card for Capture of the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1522); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Sa'di capture of Santa Cruz (1541)
The Sa'dis took the fortress of Santa Cruz — their ruler now fielding Ottoman-supplied artillery, war engines and drilled troops that showed at the siege. On the news João III ordered Safi and Azemmour evacuated at once, telling his Madrid ambassador in a letter of 22 Ramadan 948/December 1541 — for Charles V's eyes — that Mazagan would be fortified instead.
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Coffee abolished at Damascus by sultanic decree, 953
Damascus's qadi Shams al-Din Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Awwal joined mufti Qutb b. Sultan and Yunus al-'Uthawi in ruling coffee unlawful, proclaimed its abolition, then raised the matter to Sultan Sulayman; the sultanic order abolishing it came down in Shawwal 953 and the cry was published.
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Siege of Belgrade (1521)
Draft card for the Siege of Belgrade in 1521, the city's fall to Suleiman the Magnificent at the opening of his conquests; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Conquest of Buda
Draft card for the Conquest of Buda in 1541, Suleiman's entry that annexed the city to the Ottoman state for a century and a half; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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The Ottoman Conquest of Rhodes
Sulayman's great war on Rhodes from mid-1522 ended with the island's fall; the Knights of St John were granted the right to depart and were resettled by Charles V on Malta.
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Conquest of Tripoli
Draft card for the Ottoman conquest of Tripoli in 1551, Sinan Pasha and Turgut Reis's capture of the city from the Knights of Malta; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Khayr al-Din takes Tunis (1534)
After receiving the vizier's robe at Aleppo, Khayr al-Din's fleet took Bizerte and La Goulette unopposed; the Hafsid sultan al-Hasan b. Muhammad fled to Spain, and Khayr al-Din installed his brother al-Rashid and declared Tunis annexed to the Ottoman dominions.
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Charles V's conquest of Tunis (1535)
Charles V chose Tunis for his riposte in North Africa, sailing from Barcelona with 30,000 men on 500 ships; in 942/1535 he retook the city and La Goulette — Khayr al-Din's 7,000 Ottomans and ~5,000 Tunisians could not hold it — and reinstalled al-Hasan b. Muhammad, bound to hand over Bône and Mahdia and to keep a 2,000-man Spanish garrison at La Goulette.
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Crimean–Circassian War (1539–47)
Draft card for the Crimean–Circassian War of 1539–47; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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The Frankish raid on al-Shihr, 929
In 929 the Franks entered al-Shihr on the Hadramawt coast killing, taking captives and looting; the jurist Shihab al-Din Ibn Balhaj al-Shafi'i was martyred in the assault after dawn Friday 10 Rabi' II.
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Habsburg–Ottoman War of 1551–1562
Draft card for the Habsburg–Ottoman War of 1551–1562, the long struggle over Hungary and the Mediterranean; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Humayun returns to Delhi, 962 AH
In 962/1555 Sultan Humayun recovered Delhi from the Sur sultans after fifteen years in exile, and the capital was Mughal once more.
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Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War
Draft card for the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War, the long chain of border wars between Croatia and the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Hungarian–Ottoman War (1521–1526)
Draft card for Hungarian–Ottoman War (1521–1526); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Hungarian–Turkish War (1521–26)
Draft card for the Hungarian–Turkish War of 1521–26, Süleyman's campaigns in Hungary; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Johorean invasion of Aru (1540)
Draft card for Johorean invasion of Aru (1540); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Kalender Celebi rebellion
Draft card for Kalender Celebi's rebellion of 1527, the Qizilbash Sufi rising against the Ottomans in Anatolia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Humayun reoccupies Lahore, Rabi' II 962/February 1555
After some fifteen years of Afghan rule under Shir Shah Suri and his successors, Humayun reoccupied Lahore in Rabi' II 962/February 1555, returning the city to Mughal rule and ushering in the era of its greatest prosperity.
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The Mughals occupy Lahore under Babur, 930/1524
Daulat Khan Lodi, the sultan's kinsman who governed the Punjab, encouraged Babur's designs on Hindustan, leading to the occupation of Lahore by the Mughals in 930/1524.
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The great Mecca flood, 971
In 971 floods — a great one among them — entered the Sacred Haram of Mecca and rose a cubit over the Yamani Corner; the chronogram ran 'it rose over the Yamani Corner a cubit'.
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Mir Muhammad’s conquest of East Anatolia
Draft card for Mir Muhammad’s conquest of East Anatolia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Renewal of the Mizab al-Rahma of the Ka'ba, 960
In 960 the Mizab al-Rahma of the Ka'ba was renewed; Abu Bakr al-Yaqim al-Makki coined its chronogram: 'The spout of God's house renewed — we took «rahma» as the date from your Lord'.
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Ottoman–Habsburg War of 1529–1533
Draft card for the Ottoman–Habsburg War of 1529–1533, Suleiman's Hungarian wars ended by the Peace of Constantinople; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Ottoman–Habsburg War of 1540–1547
Draft card for the Ottoman–Habsburg War of 1540–1547, the Hungarian struggle closed by the peace of Adrianople; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Ottoman–Habsburg War of 1551–1562
Draft card for Ottoman–Habsburg War of 1551–1562; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Ottoman-Habsburg War of 1565–1568
Draft card for the Ottoman-Habsburg War of 1565–68, Suleiman's last Szigetvár campaign; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Ottoman–Portuguese Conflicts of 1538–1560
Draft card for the Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts of 1538–1560, the Indian Ocean struggle over Diu, the Red Sea and Ethiopia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Piyale Pasha's attack on Djerba (967/1560)
The Ottoman fleet under Piyale Pasha attacked the island of Djerba in Ramadan 967/May 1560 and achieved its aims against the Spanish, who did not scruple to call in France; then, at Dragut's persuasion, he turned to Tripoli to crush the rising near Tajura, entering it like a conqueror with enemy flags drooping from his masts.
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Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555
Draft card for the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555, Suleiman's campaigns over Iraq and Azerbaijan ended by the Peace of Amasya; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Ottoman–Safavid War of 1548–1549
Draft card for Ottoman–Safavid War of 1548–1549; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Third Ottoman–Venetian War
Draft card for the Third Ottoman–Venetian War of 1537–1540, Suleiman's war that ended with Venice ceding Nauplia and Monemvasia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Qara Qadi killed in Aleppo's mosque, 933
In 933 Qara Qadi, Aleppo's waqf inspector, was killed inside its congregational mosque; Badr al-Din Ahmad b. al-Mawlawi — nazir of the Two Sanctuaries' endowments at Aleppo and his close lieutenant — was killed with him, and the mob sought to burn his body before his people rescued and buried it.
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Two men burned as rafidis at Damascus, 942
In 942 the Hanafi deputy judge Shams al-Din Muhammad b. Yusuf and a man named Husayn al-Baqsimati were convicted before Damascus's qadi as rafidis and burned beneath the citadel — bound to stakes, covered with kindling, burned to ash, the ash thrown into Barada — on Tuesday 9 Rajab; asked whether their killing was lawful, mufti Qutb al-Din b. Sultan said it was not: they should have been asked to repent.
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Recovery of Badis from Spain (964/1554)
During Salih Reis's stay in Fez he sent a detachment to the Moroccan Rif which recovered from Spain their great stronghold Badis — the rock they call Vélez.
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Russo-Kazan War
Draft card for Russo-Kazan War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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the Sa'di attack on Tlemcen (963/1556)
With the Ottoman fleet sailed for Istanbul, Muhammad al-Shaykh sent his armies on Tlemcen — whose men had joined the mujahidun in the attempt on Oran — and entered it unawares, setting over it the commander Ibn Ghannam, chief of Bani Rashid; but the Ottoman garrison under Mahmud Safa Bak held until the attack was contained.
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The Great Flood of al-Iklil, Hadhramaut, 970
On the second day of Shawwal 970 Hadhramaut saw 'the tremendous unheard-of flood' — Sayl al-Iklil — devastating the valley and its palms; they still date by it. 'A flood in Wadi Hadhramaut whose harm spread — while the stars' garland slept'.
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Second Siege of Diu
Draft card for the Second Siege of Diu in 1546, the Portuguese repulse of the Ottoman–Gujarati campaign; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Serbian–Ottoman Wars
Draft card for the Serbian–Ottoman wars of 1352–1913, the centuries of Serb–Ottoman conflict; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Agadir (1533)
Draft card for the Siege of Agadir in 1533, a Saadian–Portuguese clash on the Moroccan coast; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Bahrain
Draft card for the Siege of Bahrain in 1559, the Ottoman garrison's repulse of the Portuguese; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Benambre (1527)
Draft card for Siege of Benambre (1527); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Buda
Draft card for the Siege of Buda in 1529, the Habsburg attempt to retake the Hungarian capital; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Buda
Draft card for the Siege of Buda in 1530, Ferdinand's failed attempt to retake the Hungarian capital from the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Buda (1540)
Draft card for Siege of Buda (1540); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Campar (1543)
Draft card for Siege of Campar (1543); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Castelnuovo
Draft card for the Siege of Castelnuovo in 1539, Hayreddin Barbarossa's recapture of the fortress after a famed Spanish stand; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Corfu
Draft card for the 1537 Siege of Corfu, Suleiman's attempt on the Venetian island; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Coron
Draft card for Siege of Coron; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Diu
Draft card for the Siege of Diu in 1531, the Portuguese fleet's failed assault on the Gujarati fort; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Diu
Draft card for the Siege of Diu in 1538, the Portuguese repulse of Suleiman's and Gujarat's great armada in the Indian Ocean; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Dregely (1544)
Draft card for Siege of Dregely (1544); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Eger
Draft card for the Siege of Eger in 1552, the Hungarian castle's stand against the Ottoman campaign; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Esztergom
Draft card for the Siege of Esztergom in 1543, Suleiman's capture of Hungary's primatial see; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Güns
Draft card for the Siege of Güns (Kőszeg) in 1532, the little town's stand against Suleiman's army on the road to Vienna; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Hormuz (1552)
Draft card for Siege of Hormuz (1552); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Malacca
Draft card for the Siege of Malacca in 1551, the Johor-Jepara-Kayr al-Din coalition's attack on the Portuguese; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Great Siege of Malta (973/1565)
Süleyman resolved to take Malta, the greatest Christian stronghold in the central Mediterranean and seat of the Knights of St John; he sent Piyale Pasha with the fleet and ordered Dragut of Tripoli and Hasan b. Khayr al-Din to join — Hasan with twenty-five ships and three thousand men. The fleet stood off Malta on 18 May and pressed a tight siege until Christian relief under the Sicilian viceroy arrived with twenty-eight warships; the Ottoman fleet withdrew on 18 Rabi' I 973/8 December 1565.
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Siege of Mazagan (1562)
Draft card for the Siege of Mazagan in 1562, the Sa'adian attempt to retake the city from the Portuguese; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Nagykanizsa
Draft card for Siege of Nagykanizsa; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Oran (963/1556)
The campaign Salih Reis was preparing against Oran and Mers el-Kebir after Ottoman intelligence uncovered the Sa'di-Spanish talks; Süleyman sent forty ships, giving him about seventy ships and forty thousand men, but he died of plague in Rajab 963/1556. The commander Yahya carried on and sailed; en route the sultanic order arrived naming Hasan Corso beylerbey. Oran was closely besieged yet not taken, for Spain's continuous relief convoys.
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Siege of Perpignan
Draft card for the Siege of Perpignan in 1542, the Franco-Ottoman siege of the Spanish city; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Pest (1541)
Draft card for Siege of Pest (1541); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Pest
Draft card for the Siege of Pest in 1542, the Habsburg attempt to retake the city from the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Qatif (1551)
Draft card for the Siege of Qatif in 1551, part of the Ottoman campaigns against al-Hasa; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Sambhal (1526)
Draft card for the Siege of Sambhal in 1526, during Babur's conquest of India; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Szigetvár
Draft card for the Siege of Szigetvár in 1566, Suleiman the Magnificent's last campaign, during which he died and the defender Zrínyi fell; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Temesvár
Draft card for the Siege of Temesvár in 1552, the Ottoman capture of the Banat's capital from the Habsburgs; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Siege of Van
Draft card for the Siege of Van in 1548, Suleiman's capture of the fortress in his second Safavid war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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The first siege of Vienna
The first siege of Vienna, 1529 — Sulayman's army reached the Habsburg capital's walls but long supply lines and Charles V's new peace with France forced the withdrawal.
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Siege of Oran and Mers El Kébir (971/1563)
In 971/1563 Hasan b. Khayr al-Din marched from Algiers with fifteen thousand musketeers, a thousand Sipahi horse under Ahmad Muqran, and twelve thousand Zawawa and Bani Abbas, the fleet carrying supplies to the Mostaganem base; on 13 April he invested Oran and Mers el-Kebir — Spain's last holdings in Algeria. But Spanish and Portuguese relief kept converging in answer to the governor's call, mustering at Malta, with the beylerbey six stages away; Hasan raised the siege before the rest arrived.
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Jankiz Khan burns Sirt and kills Khudawandkhan, 968
In 968 Jankiz Khan came to Sirt, burned its houses, ruined it, dealt out killing and took all; its lord Khudawandkhan — 'a great, honoured amir, generous, beloved, a gatherer of the learned, under whom Sirt was a refuge for the virtuous' — was killed Tuesday at the end of Dhu'l-Qa'da at Jilanjan.
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Sulayman Pasha al-Khadim's Indian expedition (1538)
Al-Salabi records Sulayman the Magnificent's compact with the rulers of Calicut and Cambay against Portugal, and his firman to Sulayman Pasha al-Khadim of Egypt ordering a fleet fitted at Suez to sail for India and cut the Portuguese road to Mecca; reaching Jeddah in seven days, then Kamaran, he took Aden with a six-hundred-man garrison, besieged Diu without taking it — losing some four hundred men — and captured a forward castle with eighty prisoners before withdrawing, in the campaign the book dates 945/1538.
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Sulayman al-Khadim's expedition against India
The 1538 Ottoman India expedition: after a pact with the rulers of Calicut and Cambay, a royal firman ordered Egypt's governor Sulayman al-Khadim to sail from Suez, drive Portugal's flag from the sea and keep the Mecca routes open — he garrisoned Aden, besieged Diu, took eighty prisoners and fell back on reinforcements' arrival.
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Tekeli Rebellion (1531)
Draft card for Tekeli Rebellion (1531); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Temryuk War (1551–1556)
Draft card for Temryuk War (1551–1556); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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Treaty of Crépy-en-Laonnois (1544)
The treaty Charles V concluded with the king of France at Crépy-en-Laonnois on 18 September 1544 — after, in al-Salabi's phrase, his star sank with the Algiers disaster and the Protestant rising pressed him in Germany; by it Khayr al-Din's forces evacuated Toulon for Istanbul.
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Truce of Nice (1538)
The ten-year truce between Charles V and France, Muharram 945/June 1538, whose calm let Charles turn to the 1541 Algiers campaign. The printed text reads '1358', plainly a misprint for 1538.
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The Ottoman Entry into Yemen
The first Ottoman entry into Yemen: Sulayman's 1538 expedition under Salman Pasha with 74 ships and 20,000 men took Aden, Taiz and finally Sanaa by 1547, closing Bab al-Mandab to the Portuguese — yet Yemen stayed contested with the Zaydi imams until 1635.