سليمان القانوني
آلِ عثمان کے دسویں اور سب سے نامور سلطان، جن کا دور 926 سے 974ھ/1520 تا 1566ء رہا اور یہ عثمانی تاریخ کا طویل ترین دور ہے۔ وہ طرابزون میں پیدا ہوئے اور بغیر کسی حریف کے تخت پر بیٹھے، اور تیرہ شاہی مہمات کی خود قیادت کی جن میں دس یورپ میں تھیں؛ انہوں نے بلغراد اور رودس لیے، موہاکس میں ہنگری کو شکست دی اور ویانا کا محاصرہ کیا۔ ترک روایت انہیں قانونی یاد کرتی ہے کیونکہ مفتی ابو السعود کی مدد سے سلطانی قانون کو شریعت کے ساتھ ترتیب دیا گیا، جبکہ مغرب نے انہیں عظیم کہا؛ معمار سنان نے ان کے لیے سلیمانیہ مجمع بنایا۔ وہ 974ھ/1566ء میں سیگیتوار کے محاصرے کے دوران اپنے خیمے میں فوت ہوئے۔
عہد · عثمانی سلطنت · سلسلے میں نمبر 2 · 1520–1566ء
خلافت پر حکمرانی کی
عہد کے واقعات
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الحرب العدلية الحبشية
Draft card for the Ethiopian–Adal War of 1529–1543, Ahmad Gurey's conquests in Abyssinia and their reversal with Portuguese help; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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أخذ الإمام أحمد جران هرر وفتوحاته بالحبشة
934: Imam Ahmad took Harar, its sultan powerless to resist; his conquests across the Abyssinian lands grew till 'his conquests were said to resemble only the Companions' conquests'.
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حملة شارل الخامس على الجزائر (٩٤٨هـ/١٥٤١م)
After the Truce of Nice (945/1538) Charles V landed before Algiers on 28 Jumada II 948/15 October 1541. Governor Hasan Agha al-Tushi answered his threat-letter — 'this land gives an invader only death' — then a storm tore up the siege camp, dashed the ships together and wrecked the powder; every assault failed and the emperor withdrew to Italy. Algiers' letter to Süleyman compared it to the rout of the People of the Elephant; a second letter asked for reinforcements and Khayr al-Din's restoration. João III's Ramadan 948 letter to Charles cited Ottoman-supplied Sa'di strength in evacuating Safi and Azemmour.
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أخذ الأرغون الملتان ودخولها في مُلك المغول ١٥٢٦م
لنگاہوں کو 1526ء میں ارغونوں نے شکست دی، جنھوں نے مغلوں سے تعاون کیا اور ملتان کو اپنی سلطنت کا تابع بنا دیا؛ سور دور کے خاتمے کے بعد ملتان مغلیہ سلطنت کی ایک اہم صوبہ کی دارالحکومت بنا اور اسے استقرار کا طویل دور نصیب ہوا ۔
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غارة بنتان
Draft card for Attack on Bintan; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الهجوم على جدة
Draft card for the Attack on Jeddah in 1541, the Ottoman repulse of the Portuguese assault; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الهجوم على مودون
Draft card for Attack on Modon; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الهجوم على سوسة (١٥٣٧)
Draft card for Attack on Sousse (1537); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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مقتل السلطان بهادر شاه بديو 943هـ
On 3 Ramadan 943 Sultan Bahadur b. Sultan Muzaffar of Gujarat was killed at the port of Diu; the chronogram of his death ran 'qutila sultanu-na bahadur'.
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حرب باخشيساراي (١٥٢٥)
Draft card for Bakhchisarai War (1525); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حملة البلقان (١٥٢٩)
Draft card for Suleiman's Balkan campaign of 1529, the great advance that first reached Vienna; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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موقعة بئر عقبة (٩٤٣هـ/١٥٣٦م)
The 943/1536 battle near Wadi al-'Abid where the Sa'dis defeated Wattasid king Ahmad — the Khalut tribes who formed his vanguard deserted and spread chaos through his army; the defeat drove him into his eleven-year treaty with Portugal.
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موقعة موهاكس وفتح بودا
موہاچ کی پہلی جنگ ٢١ ذوالقعدہ 932ھ، اگست 1526ء کو سلیمان کے لشکر اور ہنگری کے بادشاہ لوئی ثانی کے لشکر کے درمیان لڑی گئی۔ ہنگری کا لشکر تقریباً ڈیڑھ گھنٹے میں مکمل طور پر شکست کھا گیا اور بادشاہ ڈوب کر مارا گیا۔ سلیمان پھر بغیر مزاحمت کے بودا میں داخل ہوا؛ اس نے ہنگری کو شامل نہیں کیا مگر اپنی ملکیت سمجھا۔ یہ شکست ہنگری کی تاریخ کا موڑ تھی، جس کے بعد طویل انتشار رہا اور ملک ڈیڑھ سو سال سے زیادہ تین حصوں میں بٹا رہا۔
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معركة مستغانم (٩٦٥هـ/١٥٥٨م)
Seeing the Ottoman recovery of Tlemcen as a mortal threat, the Count of Alcaudete led twelve thousand men against Mostaganem — the Ottoman base against Oran — hoping to make it his own base against Algiers; the attempt failed, the Spanish force suffered heavy losses in Dhu'l-Qa'da 965/August 1558, and the count himself was among the dead.
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معركة أمبا سل (١٥٣١)
Draft card for the Battle of Amba Sel in 1531, Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim's defeat of the Ethiopian army; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة أنتيباكسوس (١٥٣٧)
Draft card for the Battle of Antipaxos in 1537, Hayreddin Barbarossa's naval clash with the Venetians; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة أنطوكيا (١٥٣١)
Draft card for the Battle of Antukyah in 1531, Ahmad al-Ghazi's victory in the Adal-Ethiopian war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة باسنتي
Draft card for the Battle of Baçente in 1542, Imam Ahmad Gran's victory over the Portuguese in Ethiopia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة بادقة (١٥٢٨)
Draft card for Battle of Badeqe (1528); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة بيروت
Draft card for Battle of Beirut; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة دياكوفو
Draft card for the Battle of Đakovo in 1537, the Ottoman-Habsburg clash in Slavonia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة الطور (١٥٤١)
Draft card for Battle of El Tor (1541); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة فطغر (١٥٥٩)
Draft card for the Battle of Fatagar in 1559, Emperor Gelawdewos's victory over the forces of Adal; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة غاريسي
Draft card for the Battle of Garisi in 1556, the Georgian victory over the Ottoman force; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة غاغرة
Draft card for the Battle of Ghaghra in 1529, Babur's victory over the Afghan confederates; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة هازالو (١٥٥٩)
Draft card for Battle of Hazalo (1559); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة جبل اليهود (١٥٤٢)
Draft card for the Battle of the Hill of the Jews in 1542, an action of the Ethiopian–Adal war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة جارتي
Draft card for the Battle of Jarte in 1542, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi's victory over the Portuguese in Ethiopia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة كابرتن (١٥٥٢)
Draft card for Battle of Kaberten (1552); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة قره غاك
Draft card for the Battle of Karagak in 1543, the Safavid victory in Georgia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة كماخ (١٥٤٨)
Draft card for Battle of Kemah (1548); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة مصوع (١٥٤١)
Draft card for Battle of Massawa (1541); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة المنستير (١٥٤٠)
Draft card for Battle of Monastir (1540); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة أوتوتشاتس (١٥٤٣)
Draft card for the Battle of Otočac in 1543, an Ottoman–Habsburg clash in Croatia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة باني بت الأولى
پانی پت میں 932ھ/1526ء میں سلطان ظہیر الدین بابر نے دلی کے سلطان ابراہیم لودی کو شکست دی، دہلی کا راستہ کھلا اور ہندوستان میں مغل راج قائم ہوا.
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معركة سحارت
Draft card for the Battle of Sahart in 1541, Imam Ahmad Gran's victory over the Abyssinians; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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وقعة سانتا مونيكا (١٥٦١)
Draft card for Battle of Saint Monica (1561); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة سكسانجاق (١٥٢٦)
Draft card for Battle of Saksanjak (1526); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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وقعة ساندري (١٥٥٢)
Draft card for Battle of Sânandrei (1552); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة نهر سبو (١٥٥٤)
Draft card for Battle of the Sebou River (1554); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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وقعة سيتشاني (١٥٦٢)
Draft card for Battle of Sečany (1562); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة شيمبرا كوري
Draft card for the Battle of Shimbra Kure in 1529, Ahmad Gran's victory over Abyssinia's armies in his first campaign; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة سوخويستا
Draft card for the Battle of Sokhoista in 1545, the Ottoman victory over the Safavids; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة سواكن (١٥٤١)
Draft card for the Battle of Suakin in 1541, of the Ottoman–Portuguese struggle in the Red Sea; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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وقعة السويس (١٥٤١)
Draft card for the Battle of Suez in 1541, the Portuguese raid on the Ottoman port and its repulse; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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وقعة سيغيد (١٥٥٢)
Draft card for the Battle of Szeged in 1552, the Ottoman capture of the city in the Hungarian campaign; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة تادلة
Draft card for the Battle of Tadla in 1554, the Saadian victory over the Wattasids; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة تخت سليمان (١٥٥٤)
Draft card for Battle of Takht-e Soleyman (1554); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة تاليكوته
Draft card for the Battle of Talikota in 1565, the victory of the Deccan sultanates' coalition over the Vijayanagara Empire; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة تيليتي
Draft card for the Battle of Teleti in 1522, the Safavid victory over the Kingdom of Kartli; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة تيدور (١٥٣٦)
Draft card for Battle of Tidore (1536); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة تسيخديدي (١٥٦١)
Draft card for Battle of Tsikhedidi (1561); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة أوجنتانا (١٥٣٦)
Draft card for Battle of Ugentana (1536); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة وادي اللبن
Draft card for the Battle of Wadi al-Laban in 1558, the Saadian victory over the Ottomans near Fez; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة وفلة
Draft card for the Battle of Wofla in 1542, Ahmad Gran's defeat of the Portuguese force and killing of Cristóvão da Gama in Ethiopia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معاهدة الامتيازات العثمانية الفرنسية
The Franco-Ottoman Capitulations of 1535 — born of Francis I's captivity at Pavia and his mother's letter to Sulayman: free navigation, consular jurisdiction, freedom of worship and protection from enslavement, sealed with joint fleets against Naples.
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دخول العثمانيين فاس (٩٦٤هـ/١٥٥٤م)
After the Sa'di defeat near Badis, the fall of Taza, and the battle of Kadiyat al-Makhali before Fez, the Ottoman forces with Bu Hasun entered Fez on 3 Safar 961/8 January 1554 (the printed text reads 964); the imam preached in the Ottoman sultan's name and the Porte declared Morocco annexed. Salih Reis stayed four months before Fez later returned to the Sa'dis.
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الفتح العثماني لعدن
Draft card for the Ottoman capture of Aden in 1548, Piri Reis's seizure of the Yemeni port from the Portuguese; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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أخذ حصن بينون (١٥٢٩م)
In 1529 Khayr al-Din took the Spanish Peñón off Algiers after a twenty-day bombardment, storming it with troops landed by 45 ships and capturing its commander and senior officers — the founding act, in al-Salabi's account, of the Ottoman eyalet of Algiers.
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أخذ بغداد (١٥٢٤)
Draft card for the Capture of Baghdad in 1524 in the Ottoman–Safavid frontier struggle; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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فتح بغداد (١٥٣٤)
Draft card for the Capture of Baghdad in 1534, Suleiman's entry that took the city from the Safavids; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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أخذ بجاية
Draft card for the Capture of Béjaïa in 1555, Salah Rais's recovery of the city from the Spanish; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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فتح بنزرت
Draft card for Capture of Bizerte (1557); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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أخذ المهدية (١٥٥٠)
Draft card for the Capture of Mahdia in 1550, the Ottoman base's fall to Andrea Doria's fleet; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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فتح مسقط (١٥٥٢)
Draft card for the capture of Muscat in 1552, Piri Reis's Ottoman seizure of the Omani port from the Portuguese; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الاستيلاء على بنيون دي فيليز (١٥٢٢)
Draft card for Capture of the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1522); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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فتح السعديين حصن سانتا كروز (٩٤٨هـ/١٥٤١م)
The Sa'dis took the fortress of Santa Cruz — their ruler now fielding Ottoman-supplied artillery, war engines and drilled troops that showed at the siege. On the news João III ordered Safi and Azemmour evacuated at once, telling his Madrid ambassador in a letter of 22 Ramadan 948/December 1541 — for Charles V's eyes — that Mazagan would be fortified instead.
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إبطال القهوة بدمشق بأمر سلطاني 953هـ
Damascus's qadi Shams al-Din Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Awwal joined mufti Qutb b. Sultan and Yunus al-'Uthawi in ruling coffee unlawful, proclaimed its abolition, then raised the matter to Sultan Sulayman; the sultanic order abolishing it came down in Shawwal 953 and the cry was published.
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فتح بلغراد (١٥٢١)
Draft card for the Siege of Belgrade in 1521, the city's fall to Suleiman the Magnificent at the opening of his conquests; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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فتح بودا (١٥٤١)
Draft card for the Conquest of Buda in 1541, Suleiman's entry that annexed the city to the Ottoman state for a century and a half; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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فتح رودس العثماني
Sulayman's great war on Rhodes from mid-1522 ended with the island's fall; the Knights of St John were granted the right to depart and were resettled by Charles V on Malta.
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فتح طرابلس الغرب
Draft card for the Ottoman conquest of Tripoli in 1551, Sinan Pasha and Turgut Reis's capture of the city from the Knights of Malta; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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دخول خير الدين بربروسة تونس (١٥٣٤م)
After receiving the vizier's robe at Aleppo, Khayr al-Din's fleet took Bizerte and La Goulette unopposed; the Hafsid sultan al-Hasan b. Muhammad fled to Spain, and Khayr al-Din installed his brother al-Rashid and declared Tunis annexed to the Ottoman dominions.
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استيلاء شارل الخامس على تونس (٩٤٢هـ/١٥٣٥م)
Charles V chose Tunis for his riposte in North Africa, sailing from Barcelona with 30,000 men on 500 ships; in 942/1535 he retook the city and La Goulette — Khayr al-Din's 7,000 Ottomans and ~5,000 Tunisians could not hold it — and reinstalled al-Hasan b. Muhammad, bound to hand over Bône and Mahdia and to keep a 2,000-man Spanish garrison at La Goulette.
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الحرب القرمية الشركسية (١٥٣٩–١٥٤٧)
Draft card for the Crimean–Circassian War of 1539–47; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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دخول الإفرنج الشحر 929هـ
In 929 the Franks entered al-Shihr on the Hadramawt coast killing, taking captives and looting; the jurist Shihab al-Din Ibn Balhaj al-Shafi'i was martyred in the assault after dawn Friday 10 Rabi' II.
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الحرب الهابسبورغية العثمانية (١٥٥١-١٥٦٢)
Draft card for the Habsburg–Ottoman War of 1551–1562, the long struggle over Hungary and the Mediterranean; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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عودة همايون إلى دلهي سنة ٩٦٢هـ
962ھ/1555ء میں سلطان ہمایوں نے پندرہ سالہ جلاوطنی کے بعد سوری سلطنت سے دلی واپس لے لی اور راجدھانی پھر مغلوں کی ہوئی.
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حرب المئة عام الكرواتية العثمانية
Draft card for the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War, the long chain of border wars between Croatia and the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحرب المجرية العثمانية (١٥٢١–١٥٢٦)
Draft card for Hungarian–Ottoman War (1521–1526); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحرب المجرية التركية (١٥٢١–١٥٢٦)
Draft card for the Hungarian–Turkish War of 1521–26, Süleyman's campaigns in Hungary; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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غزو جوهر لآرو (١٥٤٠)
Draft card for Johorean invasion of Aru (1540); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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ثورة كلندر جلبي
Draft card for Kalender Celebi's rebellion of 1527, the Qizilbash Sufi rising against the Ottomans in Anatolia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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ہمایوں کا لہور پر دوبارہ قبضہ، ربیع الثانی 962ھ/فروری 1555ء
شیر شاہ سوری اور اس کے جانشینوں کی تقریباً پندرہ سالہ افغان حکمرانی کے بعد ہمایوں نے ربیع الثانی 962ھ/فروری 1555ء میں لہور پر دوبارہ قبضہ کیا، جس سے شہر دوبارہ مغل حکمرانی میں آیا اور اس کے عروج کا دور شروع ہوا.
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بابر کی قیادت میں مغلوں کا لہور پر قبضہ، 930ھ/1524ء
سلطان کے رشتے دار اور پنجاب کے گورنر دولت خان لودی نے بابر کو ہندوستان پر حملے کی ترغیب دی، جس کا نتیجہ 930ھ/1524ء میں مغلوں کا لہور پر قبضہ نکلا.
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سيل مكة الكبير 971هـ
In 971 floods — a great one among them — entered the Sacred Haram of Mecca and rose a cubit over the Yamani Corner; the chronogram ran 'it rose over the Yamani Corner a cubit'.
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فتح مير محمد لشرق الأناضول
Draft card for Mir Muhammad’s conquest of East Anatolia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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تجديد ميزاب الرحمة بالكعبة 960هـ
In 960 the Mizab al-Rahma of the Ka'ba was renewed; Abu Bakr al-Yaqim al-Makki coined its chronogram: 'The spout of God's house renewed — we took «rahma» as the date from your Lord'.
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الحرب العثمانية الهابسبورغية (١٥٢٩-١٥٣٣)
Draft card for the Ottoman–Habsburg War of 1529–1533, Suleiman's Hungarian wars ended by the Peace of Constantinople; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحرب العثمانية الهابسبورغية (١٥٤٠-١٥٤٧)
Draft card for the Ottoman–Habsburg War of 1540–1547, the Hungarian struggle closed by the peace of Adrianople; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحرب العثمانية الهابسبورغية
Draft card for Ottoman–Habsburg War of 1551–1562; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحرب العثمانية الهابسبورغية (١٥٦٥)
Draft card for the Ottoman-Habsburg War of 1565–68, Suleiman's last Szigetvár campaign; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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النزاعات العثمانية البرتغالية (١٥٣٨-١٥٦٠)
Draft card for the Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts of 1538–1560, the Indian Ocean struggle over Diu, the Red Sea and Ethiopia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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هجوم بيالي باشا على جربة (٩٦٧هـ/١٥٦٠م)
The Ottoman fleet under Piyale Pasha attacked the island of Djerba in Ramadan 967/May 1560 and achieved its aims against the Spanish, who did not scruple to call in France; then, at Dragut's persuasion, he turned to Tripoli to crush the rising near Tajura, entering it like a conqueror with enemy flags drooping from his masts.
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الحرب العثمانية الصفوية (١٥٣٢–١٥٥٥)
Draft card for the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555, Suleiman's campaigns over Iraq and Azerbaijan ended by the Peace of Amasya; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحرب العثمانية الصفوية (١٥٤٨–١٥٤٩)
Draft card for Ottoman–Safavid War of 1548–1549; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحرب العثمانية البندقية (١٥٣٧–١٥٤٠)
Draft card for the Third Ottoman–Venetian War of 1537–1540, Suleiman's war that ended with Venice ceding Nauplia and Monemvasia; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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مقتل قره قاضي بجامع حلب 933هـ
In 933 Qara Qadi, Aleppo's waqf inspector, was killed inside its congregational mosque; Badr al-Din Ahmad b. al-Mawlawi — nazir of the Two Sanctuaries' endowments at Aleppo and his close lieutenant — was killed with him, and the mob sought to burn his body before his people rescued and buried it.
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حرق الرجلين بتهمة الرفض بدمشق 942هـ
In 942 the Hanafi deputy judge Shams al-Din Muhammad b. Yusuf and a man named Husayn al-Baqsimati were convicted before Damascus's qadi as rafidis and burned beneath the citadel — bound to stakes, covered with kindling, burned to ash, the ash thrown into Barada — on Tuesday 9 Rajab; asked whether their killing was lawful, mufti Qutb al-Din b. Sultan said it was not: they should have been asked to repent.
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استرجاع باديس من الأسبان (٩٦٤هـ/١٥٥٤م)
During Salih Reis's stay in Fez he sent a detachment to the Moroccan Rif which recovered from Spain their great stronghold Badis — the rock they call Vélez.
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الحرب الروسية القازانية
Draft card for Russo-Kazan War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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هجوم محمد الشيخ على تلمسان (٩٦٣هـ/١٥٥٦م)
With the Ottoman fleet sailed for Istanbul, Muhammad al-Shaykh sent his armies on Tlemcen — whose men had joined the mujahidun in the attempt on Oran — and entered it unawares, setting over it the commander Ibn Ghannam, chief of Bani Rashid; but the Ottoman garrison under Mahmud Safa Bak held until the attack was contained.
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سيل الإكليل بحضرموت 970هـ
On the second day of Shawwal 970 Hadhramaut saw 'the tremendous unheard-of flood' — Sayl al-Iklil — devastating the valley and its palms; they still date by it. 'A flood in Wadi Hadhramaut whose harm spread — while the stars' garland slept'.
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حصار ديو الثاني
Draft card for the Second Siege of Diu in 1546, the Portuguese repulse of the Ottoman–Gujarati campaign; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحروب الصربية العثمانية
Draft card for the Serbian–Ottoman wars of 1352–1913, the centuries of Serb–Ottoman conflict; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار أكادير (١٥٣٣)
Draft card for the Siege of Agadir in 1533, a Saadian–Portuguese clash on the Moroccan coast; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار البحرين
Draft card for the Siege of Bahrain in 1559, the Ottoman garrison's repulse of the Portuguese; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار بنمبره (١٥٢٧)
Draft card for Siege of Benambre (1527); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار بودا
Draft card for the Siege of Buda in 1529, the Habsburg attempt to retake the Hungarian capital; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار بودين (١٥٣٠)
Draft card for the Siege of Buda in 1530, Ferdinand's failed attempt to retake the Hungarian capital from the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار بودا (١٥٤٠)
Draft card for Siege of Buda (1540); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار كامبار (١٥٤٣)
Draft card for Siege of Campar (1543); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار كاستلنوفو
Draft card for the Siege of Castelnuovo in 1539, Hayreddin Barbarossa's recapture of the fortress after a famed Spanish stand; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار كورفو (١٥٣٧)
Draft card for the 1537 Siege of Corfu, Suleiman's attempt on the Venetian island; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار كورون
Draft card for Siege of Coron; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار ديو (١٥٣١)
Draft card for the Siege of Diu in 1531, the Portuguese fleet's failed assault on the Gujarati fort; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار ديو (١٥٣٨)
Draft card for the Siege of Diu in 1538, the Portuguese repulse of Suleiman's and Gujarat's great armada in the Indian Ocean; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار دريجلي (١٥٤٤)
Draft card for Siege of Dregely (1544); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار إيغر (١٥٥٢)
Draft card for the Siege of Eger in 1552, the Hungarian castle's stand against the Ottoman campaign; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار إسترغوم
Draft card for the Siege of Esztergom in 1543, Suleiman's capture of Hungary's primatial see; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار غونس
Draft card for the Siege of Güns (Kőszeg) in 1532, the little town's stand against Suleiman's army on the road to Vienna; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار هرمز (١٥٥٢)
Draft card for Siege of Hormuz (1552); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار ملقا (١٥٥١)
Draft card for the Siege of Malacca in 1551, the Johor-Jepara-Kayr al-Din coalition's attack on the Portuguese; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار مالطة الكبير (٩٧٣هـ/١٥٦٥م)
Süleyman resolved to take Malta, the greatest Christian stronghold in the central Mediterranean and seat of the Knights of St John; he sent Piyale Pasha with the fleet and ordered Dragut of Tripoli and Hasan b. Khayr al-Din to join — Hasan with twenty-five ships and three thousand men. The fleet stood off Malta on 18 May and pressed a tight siege until Christian relief under the Sicilian viceroy arrived with twenty-eight warships; the Ottoman fleet withdrew on 18 Rabi' I 973/8 December 1565.
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حصار مازاغان (١٥٦٢)
Draft card for the Siege of Mazagan in 1562, the Sa'adian attempt to retake the city from the Portuguese; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار ناديكانيشا
Draft card for Siege of Nagykanizsa; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار وهران (٩٦٣هـ/١٥٥٦م)
The campaign Salih Reis was preparing against Oran and Mers el-Kebir after Ottoman intelligence uncovered the Sa'di-Spanish talks; Süleyman sent forty ships, giving him about seventy ships and forty thousand men, but he died of plague in Rajab 963/1556. The commander Yahya carried on and sailed; en route the sultanic order arrived naming Hasan Corso beylerbey. Oran was closely besieged yet not taken, for Spain's continuous relief convoys.
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حصار بربينيان
Draft card for the Siege of Perpignan in 1542, the Franco-Ottoman siege of the Spanish city; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار بودا (١٥٤١)
Draft card for Siege of Pest (1541); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار بست
Draft card for the Siege of Pest in 1542, the Habsburg attempt to retake the city from the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار القطيف (١٥٥١)
Draft card for the Siege of Qatif in 1551, part of the Ottoman campaigns against al-Hasa; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار سمبهل (١٥٢٦)
Draft card for the Siege of Sambhal in 1526, during Babur's conquest of India; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار سيكتوار
Draft card for the Siege of Szigetvár in 1566, Suleiman the Magnificent's last campaign, during which he died and the defender Zrínyi fell; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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فتح تيميشوارا
Draft card for the Siege of Temesvár in 1552, the Ottoman capture of the Banat's capital from the Habsburgs; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار وان (١٥٤٨)
Draft card for the Siege of Van in 1548, Suleiman's capture of the fortress in his second Safavid war; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار فيينا الأول
The first siege of Vienna, 1529 — Sulayman's army reached the Habsburg capital's walls but long supply lines and Charles V's new peace with France forced the withdrawal.
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حصار وهران والمرسى الكبير (٩٧١هـ/١٥٦٣م)
In 971/1563 Hasan b. Khayr al-Din marched from Algiers with fifteen thousand musketeers, a thousand Sipahi horse under Ahmad Muqran, and twelve thousand Zawawa and Bani Abbas, the fleet carrying supplies to the Mostaganem base; on 13 April he invested Oran and Mers el-Kebir — Spain's last holdings in Algeria. But Spanish and Portuguese relief kept converging in answer to the governor's call, mustering at Malta, with the beylerbey six stages away; Hasan raised the siege before the rest arrived.
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جنكيز خان يحرق سرت ويقتل خداوند خان 968هـ
In 968 Jankiz Khan came to Sirt, burned its houses, ruined it, dealt out killing and took all; its lord Khudawandkhan — 'a great, honoured amir, generous, beloved, a gatherer of the learned, under whom Sirt was a refuge for the virtuous' — was killed Tuesday at the end of Dhu'l-Qa'da at Jilanjan.
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حملة سليمان باشا الخادم إلى الهند (945هـ/1538م)
Al-Salabi records Sulayman the Magnificent's compact with the rulers of Calicut and Cambay against Portugal, and his firman to Sulayman Pasha al-Khadim of Egypt ordering a fleet fitted at Suez to sail for India and cut the Portuguese road to Mecca; reaching Jeddah in seven days, then Kamaran, he took Aden with a six-hundred-man garrison, besieged Diu without taking it — losing some four hundred men — and captured a forward castle with eighty prisoners before withdrawing, in the campaign the book dates 945/1538.
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حملة سليمان الخادم على الهند
The 1538 Ottoman India expedition: after a pact with the rulers of Calicut and Cambay, a royal firman ordered Egypt's governor Sulayman al-Khadim to sail from Suez, drive Portugal's flag from the sea and keep the Mecca routes open — he garrisoned Aden, besieged Diu, took eighty prisoners and fell back on reinforcements' arrival.
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ثورة تكلي (١٥٣١)
Draft card for Tekeli Rebellion (1531); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حرب تيمروك (١٥٥١–١٥٥٦)
Draft card for Temryuk War (1551–1556); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معاهدة كريسبي دي فالوا (١٥٤٤م)
The treaty Charles V concluded with the king of France at Crépy-en-Laonnois on 18 September 1544 — after, in al-Salabi's phrase, his star sank with the Algiers disaster and the Protestant rising pressed him in Germany; by it Khayr al-Din's forces evacuated Toulon for Istanbul.
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هدنة نيس (٩٤٥هـ/١٥٣٨م)
The ten-year truce between Charles V and France, Muharram 945/June 1538, whose calm let Charles turn to the 1541 Algiers campaign. The printed text reads '1358', plainly a misprint for 1538.
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دخول العثمانيين اليمن
The first Ottoman entry into Yemen: Sulayman's 1538 expedition under Salman Pasha with 74 ships and 20,000 men took Aden, Taiz and finally Sanaa by 1547, closing Bab al-Mandab to the Portuguese — yet Yemen stayed contested with the Zaydi imams until 1635.