مستنصر باللہ منصور بن ظاہر
بغداد کے عباسی خلیفہ، جنہوں نے ۶۲۳ھ سے ۶۴۰ھ تک حکومت کی اور چار فقہی مذاہب کی تدریس کے لیے مدرسۂ مستنصریہ قائم کیا۔
عہد · عباسی خلافت · سلسلے میں نمبر 11 · 1226–1242ء
خلافت پر حکمرانی کی
عہد کے واقعات
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الخلع العباسية على ابن هود
Ibn Hud, having risen against the Almohads and taken al-Andalus, proclaimed the Abbasid caliph; the investiture document and black robes arrived from Baghdad, and the qadi Abu l-Mutarrif congratulated him that its day resembled the day the black banners came out of Khurasan — the Abbasid da'wa preached once more in al-Andalus.
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ملك الملك الأشرف مدينة دمشق
al-Ashraf took Damascus after his brother al-Mu'azzam's death, displacing the weak al-Nasir Dawud.
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الحرب بين عسكر الأشرف وعسكر جلال الدين
al-Ashraf's and Jalal al-Din's armies clashed in the Jazira.
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ملك الملك الأشرف دمشق من ابن أخيه داود
On Monday, 2 Sha'ban 626, al-Malik al-Ashraf ibn al-Malik al-Adil took Damascus from his nephew Salah al-Din Dawud ibn al-Mu'azzam. Dawud had sought the help of his uncle al-Ashraf against his uncle al-Kamil, and al-Ashraf entered Damascus and swore to assist him; then al-Ashraf and al-Kamil reconciled. While Dawud and al-Ashraf were sitting in a tent, Izz al-Din Aybak, a mamluk of al-Mu'azzam and the greatest of the amirs, came in together with his son and told Dawud: «Get up and leave, the seizure is now», since he had been told that al-Ashraf meant to seize his companion. So he took Dawud out, and al-Ashraf could not prevent it, because Aybak had mounted all his army and they marched on Damascus. Al-Ashraf went and besieged the city until al-Kamil arrived, and the siege grew tight. The greatest hardship for Dawud was lack of money, because his wealth was at al-Karak and, trusting his uncle, he had brought none of it; he was obliged to sell the jewellery and clothing of his women. He went out to his uncle al-Kamil and offered to surrender Damascus on condition that al-Karak, the citadel of Shawbak, al-Ghawr, Nablus and those districts remain his, and that Aybak keep the citadel of Salkhad and its districts. Al-Kamil handed over Damascus and set his deputy in the citadel until his brother al-Ashraf handed over to him Harran, al-Ruha, al-Raqqa, Sarudj and Ras al-Ayn of al-Jazira; when he received them, he handed the citadel of Damascus to al-Ashraf.
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معركة آمد (١٢٣١)
Draft card for Battle of Amid (1231); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة غزة (١٢٣٩)
Draft card for the Battle of Gaza in 1239, the Ayyubid defeat by the Barons' Crusade; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة حماة (١٢٣٠)
Draft card for Battle of Hama (1230); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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نوى میں امام نووی کی پیدائش، 631ھ/1233ء
محی الدین ابو زکریا یحییٰ بن شرف بن مری حزامی دمشقی، معروف بہ نووی، دمشق کے جنوب میں حوران کے علاقے جولان کے قصبہ نوى میں محرم 631ھ (اکتوبر 1233ء) کو پیدا ہوئے ۔ انہوں نے بچپن میں ہی اپنے گاؤں میں قرآن پڑھا اور لڑکے کی ابتدائی ذہانت پہلے ہی نمایاں تھی ۔
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غارة دقوقاء سنة 635هـ
In 635 the Tatars reached Daquqa plundering; the caliph's amir Biklik met them with seven thousand against ten, and the Muslims — having killed many and near victory — were routed, Biklik and a group of great amirs falling.
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وفاة الملك المعظم صاحب دمشق وملك ولده
al-Mu'azzam Isa of Damascus died; his son al-Nasir Dawud succeeded, and the Ayyubid balance shifted.
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وفاة الخليفة المستنصر بالله وبيعة المستعصم سنة 640
Caliph al-Mustansir Billah died Friday morning, 10 Jumada II 640; the people mourned greatly and his son Abdallah al-Musta'sim was proclaimed.
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مسير مظفر الدين صاحب إربل إلى الموصل وعوده عنها
Muzaffar al-Din Kokburi of Irbil marched on Mosul and returned without success.
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خروج الفرنج إلى الشام وعمارة صيدا
A Frankish expedition reached Syria and rebuilt Sidon's defenses while the Muslims were divided.
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دخول الكرج تفليس وإحراقها
The Georgians entered and burned Tiflis after its people defected from Jalal al-Din and called them in.
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ابن نفیس دمشق میں مہذب الدین دخوار سے طب کی تعلیم حاصل کرتے ہیں، 628ھ/1230ء سے پہلے
ابن نفیس نے دمشق میں شیخ مہذب الدین دخوار — جو دمشق کے شیخ الطب اور زرگرون کی قدیم محلہ میں اطباء کے مدرسے کے واقف تھے — سے طب پڑھی اور صنعت اور علاج میں مہارت حاصل کی ؛ دخوار کی وفات 628ھ/1230ء میں ہوئی، اس لیے یہ تحصیل اس سے پہلے کی ہے ۔ طارق سویدان کے پروگرام «المبدعون» کے مطابق 629ھ میں بائیس سال کی عمر میں ایک صحت کا بحران انھیں طب کی طرف لایا اور وہ دمشق کے نوری اسپتال میں داخل ہوئے جہاں انھوں نے مہذب الدین عبد الرحیم اور عمران اسرائیلی سے پڑھا ۔
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ابن الصلاح دمشق میں دار الحدیث اشرفیہ کی مشیخت سنبھالتے ہیں، پھر شامیہ صغریٰ، 630ھ/1233ء
630ھ/1233ء میں ابن الصلاح نے دمشق کی دار الحدیث اشرفیہ کی مشیخت سنبھالی: جب ملک الاشرف نے دار الحدیث بنائی تو اس کی تدریس انھی کے سپرد کی، پھر شامیہ صغریٰ — ست الشام کی مدرسہ جو نور الدین بیمارستان کے سامنے تھی۔ انہوں نے تینوں مناصب — رواحیہ، اشرفیہ اور شامیہ — کی ذمہ داریاں بغیر کسی کوتاہی کے ادا کیں ۔
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ابن خلکان دمشق میں ابن الصلاح سے ملازم ہوکر ان کی فتویٰ جمع کرتے ہیں، 632ھ/1235ء
ابن خلکان نے لکھا کہ ابن الصلاح اپنے زمانے کے ممتاز ترین افراد میں سے تھے تفسیر، حدیث اور فقہ میں، اور ان کے فتویٰ سدید تھے اور وہ 'ان شیوخ میں سے ایک جن سے میں نے فائدہ اٹھایا': انہوں نے 632ھ میں ان کے ہاں ٹھہر کر پڑھا اور ان کے فتویٰ ایک مجلد میں جمع کیے ۔ ابن خلکان شوال 632ھ/جون–جولائی 1235ء سے دمشق میں تھے ۔
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وصول جلال الدين إلى آمد وانهزامه عندها
Jalal al-Din reached Amid and was utterly routed by the Mongols; Ibn al-Athir reports a merchant's estimate of more than fifteen thousand Muslim dead.
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نهب جلال الدين بلاد أرمينية
Jalal al-Din plundered Armenia so hard that ruin spread across it.
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حصر جلال الدين خلاط وملكها
Jalal al-Din besieged Khilat until he took it — his greatest prize in the Rum-Armenian marches.
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حصر جلال الدين خلاط
Jalal al-Din besieged Khilat hard and withdrew — he returned and took it in 626.
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هلاك جلال الدين خوارزم شاه وخراب الجزيرة سنة 628هـ
In 628 the Tatars, learning of Jalal al-Din's weakness, rushed Azerbaijan; he would not face them, Maragha fell, his army scattered, and they surprised him by night — he escaped alone, and the Kurds and peasants plundered his followers; God took vengeance on them all. The Tatars then bore to Mardin slaying and enslaving, entered Amid killing over twenty thousand, repeated it in Azerbaijan, and settled their rule beyond the Oxus while Khurasan's cities lay desolate.
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كسر جلال الدين الخوارزمي سنة 627هـ
In 627 the Syrians and their allies combined against the Khwarazmians; meeting Jalal al-Din in Ramadan they broke him, plundered his army, and he fled to Khilat among seven men — his army shredded, his champions slain — thence to Azerbaijan, suing al-Ashraf for peace in abasement. Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi: 'God routed the Khwarazmians at the lightest cost, by an event beyond all reckoning — praise to Him who demolished that firm mountain in the blink of an eye'.
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فتح جلال الدين مدينة تفليس من الكرج
On 8 Rabi' I 623 Jalal al-Din b. Khwarazmshah took the city of Tiflis from the Georgians. He marched against them after they had mustered an uncounted host from neighbouring peoples, the Alans, the Lakz and the Qipchaq; he set ambushes in several places, and when the armies met the Georgians fled. He ordered his troops to spare no one, and they pursued until they nearly annihilated them. Some urged him to march on Tiflis, the seat of their kingdom, but he said: 'We have no need to kill our men beneath the walls; if the Georgians are wiped out, the land will be taken whole.' He set out against it with three thousand horsemen, most of his army hidden in ambush. When the Georgians came out, thinking him few, he drew back until they had passed into the ambushes; they fled into the city, the Muslims followed, its Muslim people called out the cry of Islam and Jalal al-Din's name, the Georgians laid down their arms, and the Muslims took the city by storm. Ibn al-Athir mentions that it was among the strongest cities on both banks of the Kur river, that the Georgians had seized it in 515 when Sultan Mahmud b. Muhammad b. Malikshah reigned, and that neither he nor his brother Mas'ud, nor al-Dukuz and al-Bahlawan after them, could take it, until Jalal al-Din came, when the land had first been weakened by the Georgians and then uprooted by the Tatars; and so he did these deeds to them.
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بناء جامع التوبة بالعقيبة سنة 632
In 632 al-Malik al-Ashraf began converting Khan al-Zanjari at al-Uqayba in Damascus — a khan known for debauchery, error and wine — into a mosque, naming it Jami' al-Tawba, the Mosque of Repentance, and endowing it richly.
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تسليم الكامل القدس للإمبراطور سنة 626هـ
In 626 al-Kamil surrendered Jerusalem to the Frankish emperor, who had written: 'you summoned me, the Pope and the kings know of my zeal, and if I return empty-handed my honour is broken — yet you have ruined Jerusalem and its revenue is slight, so grant me its keys that my head may rise among the kings and I will remit its income to you.' The cession passed; al-Kamil then besieged Damascus for months until the Sha'ban truce left al-Nasir only Karak and Nablus.
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ملك الملك الكامل مدينة حماة
al-Kamil took Hama and added it to his Syrian holdings.
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أخذ الملك الكامل آمد سنة 630
In 630 al-Kamil besieged Amid and took it from its lord al-Malik al-Mas'ud; battered by mangonels, al-Mas'ud came out with a kerchief round his neck and yielded the city. When he surrendered every fortress save Kayfa, al-Kamil tortured him for it — a prince he loathed, and justly infamous: they found five hundred free women seized as concubines in his palace.
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الحرب بين كيقباذ وصاحب آمد
War ran between Kayqubad I of Rum and the Artuqid lord of Amid.
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دخول التتر ديار بكر والجزيرة
In 628, after Jalal al-Din ibn Khwarazm-shah was routed by the Mongols at Amid, they plundered the countryside of Amid, Arzan and Mayyafariqin, then marched on the city of Sa'ird. Its people fought them until they were granted safe-conduct; they trusted and surrendered, and once the Mongols had them in their power they put them to the sword. Ibn al-Athir reports from a merchant that the dead were estimated at more than fifteen thousand. They did the same at Tanza, then went to the valley of al-Qurayshiyya, where a Kurdish group called the Qurayshiyya fought them, repelled them and held their ground, so the Mongols turned back without reaching their aim. They then marched unopposed to Mardin and plundered its countryside, while its people sheltered in the citadel; to Nusaybin of al-Jazira, where they stayed part of a day, plundered its environs and withdrew; to the mountains of Sinjar, the Khabur and 'Arabanan; and to the village of al-Mu'nisa, a day's march from Nusaybin on the way to Mosul, whose people took refuge in an inn, and the Mongols killed everyone in it. Ibn al-Athir also tells of a man who hid in a room full of straw and watched through a window: when they wished to kill someone, the victim said 'la billah' ('no, by God') and they killed him anyway. Later he saw them playing on horseback, laughing and singing in their own language, 'la billah'. He tells too of a man with seventeen companions who was met by a Mongol horseman ordering them to bind one another; none dared kill his companion until the man took a knife and killed him, and they escaped. They then went to Bidlis and burned the city after its people had fortified themselves in the citadel and the mountains; to Bakri, in the districts of Khilat, one of the strongest places, which they took by storm, killing all within; and to Arjish, where they did likewise in Dhu'l-Hijja. A group came from Azerbaijan into the districts of Irbil and on the way killed Turkmen of the Ayvā'iyya, Kurds and al-Jawzaqan, plundering the villages until they entered the land of Irbil. Muzaffar al-Din, lord of Irbil, marched out with his troops, seeking reinforcement from Mosul's forces; when he learned they had gone back to Azerbaijan, he stayed put and did not pursue them. The Mongols reached al-Karkhini and Daquqa and returned safely, no one having frightened them.
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وصول طائفة من التتر إلى إربل ودقوقا
A Mongol detachment reached Irbil and Daquqa, plundering and spreading terror into Iraq.
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دخول التتر ديار بكر والجزيرة وفسادهم في البلاد
The Mongols entered Diyar Bakr and the Jazira — killing, plundering, ruining the countryside, levying money.
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بناء المدرسة المستنصرية ببغداد
Al-Mustansir's madrasa on Tigris's east bank — 'none finer on earth', says Ibn Wasil — four chairs for the four madhhabs, a bimaristan, a fuqaha' kitchen, a cold-water chamber, stipends of mats, oil, paper, ink and a dinar a month, and a bath 'never done before'. Al-Dhahabi: its waqf yielded seventy thousand mithqals a year; built 625–631, stocked with a hundred and sixty camel-loads of choice books, two hundred and forty-eight jurists with masters of hadith, grammar, medicine and inheritance-law, thirty orphans; opened on a Thursday in Rajab before the judges and notables.
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قفطی نے یاقوت حموی کو حلب میں پناہ دی، تقریباً 625ھ/1228ء
قفطی نے اپنے بااثر منصب کو علم کی خدمت میں لگایا: حلب میں منگولوں سے بھاگے یاقوت حموی کو پناہ دی اور ان کے عظیم جغرافیائی معجم کی تصنیف میں کثیر معاونت کی ؛ یہ ان کے دیوان مال کے زمانے میں 628ھ کے عزل سے پہلے کا واقعہ ہے ۔
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قفطی اپنی خواہش سے معزول ہوئے اور تصنیف میں لگ گئے، 628ھ/1230ء
628ھ/1230ء میں اپنی ہی درخواست پر معزول ہوئے تو قفطی کو چند برس اپنی تحصیل کے لیے میسر آئے، یہاں تک کہ 633ھ/1236ء میں ملک عزیز نے انھیں وزیر مقرر کیا ۔
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ملک عزیز نے قفطی کو حلب کا وزیر بنایا، 633ھ/1236ء
ملک عزیز محمد نے 633ھ/1236ء میں قفطی کو وزیر مقرر کیا ؛ عزیز کا ربیع الاول 634ھ میں انتقال ہوا اور ان کے خوردسال بیٹے ناصر یوسف جانشیں ہوئے ۔
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نهب أربيل (١٢٣٦)
Draft card for Sack of Erbil (1236); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الصالح إسماعيل يأخذ دمشق والصالح أيوب يتملك مصر سنة 637
Safar 637: al-Salih Isma'il b. al-Adil storms Damascus and takes its citadel; al-Salih Ayyub, released from Karak by al-Nasir Dawud, reaches Egypt where the Kamiliyya arrest al-Adil II and make him sultan — al-Nasir returns empty-handed.
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تسليم قلعة الشقيف للفرنج سنة 638
In 638 al-Salih Isma'il surrendered Beaufort castle to the Franks for his own purpose; the Muslims hated him for it — Ibn Abd al-Salam and Ibn al-Hajib denounced him and were jailed, Ibn Abd al-Salam removed from Damascus's minbar.
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حصار دمشق (١٢٢٩)
Draft card for the Siege of Damascus in 1229, an episode of the Ayyubid succession war between al-Ashraf and al-Nasir Dawud; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار تفليس (١٢٢٦)
Draft card for Siege of Tbilisi (1226); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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أخذ التتار أربل بالسيف سنة 634
In 634 the Tatars descended on Arbil, besieged it and took it by the sword until the city was choked with corpses, departing with countless spoils — the Begteginid capital overrun.
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غارة التتار إلى شهرزور سنة 629
In 629, with Jalal al-Din dead, the Tatars raided as far as Shahrazur; the caliph al-Mustansir spent on armies sent with Qushtumur al-Nasiri, who joined Muzaffar al-Din Kokburi of Arbil, and the Tatars fell back.
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یاقوت کا دوسرا تجارتی سفر مصر اور دمشق، 624ھ/1227ء
حلب میں قفطی کی سرپرستی میں یاقوت نے کافی مال جمع کیا اور کچے کپڑے کی بضاعت لے کر مصر گیا، اور وہاں سے دوسری بضاعت لا کر نفع کمایا. یہ اس کا دوسرا حلب–مصر–دمشق سفر تھا، 624ھ/1227ء ۔
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یاقوت نے قفطی کے کتب خانے کے لیے معجم البلدان کی حتمی تدوین شروع کی، 21 محرم 625ھ/1 جنوری 1228ء
21 محرم 625ھ/1 جنوری 1228ء کو یاقوت نے معجم البلدان کی حتمی تدوین شروع کی جو سرپرست قفطی کے کتب خانے کے لیے تھی؛ اس آخری نظرثانی میں وہ مادہ «رصافہ بغداد» تک نہ پہنچ سکا. ان برسوں وہ حلب کے باہر خان میں رہتا تھا، قفطی کی آغوش میں، مطالعے کی مکمل آزادی کے ساتھ ۔
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تسلطن بدر الدين لؤلؤ بالموصل وانقراض البيت الأتابكي سنة 631
In 631 Badr al-Din Lu'lu' was formally sultan at Mosul and the Atabegid (Zangid) house was extinguished — ten years after he had seized the city in 621 and strangled his master's son, ruling meanwhile in the Atabegid name.