مقام · اسلام میوزیم

اس پہلو کے مقامات کا خاکہ نقشہ (وقت کے سلائیڈر کے ساتھ تعاملی نقشہ منصوبہ بند ہے)۔

† ہجری تاریخ عیسوی/جولین تاریخ سے حساب کے ذریعے نکالی گئی ہے؛ یہ منتقل شدہ تاریخ سے ایک یا دو دن مختلف ہو سکتی ہے۔

عمارت
أبو الهول
The colossal statue beside the Great Pyramid in a sunken depression eastward — al-Umari's eyewitness description: only its head and neck show above the ground, like a tonsured Abyssinian monk's head, its face painted red to the ears, unchanged through the ages; standing it would be a good twenty cubits — held to be a talisman keeping the sand off the tilled land.
عمارت
المسجد الأقصى
The Aqsa mosque on Jerusalem's south-east corner as al-Muqaddasi saw it: Davidic foundations of ten-cubit carved blocks, Abd al-Malik's superstructure 'finer than the Damascus mosque' until an Abbasid-era earthquake felled the roofed part save the mihrab; too costly for the treasury, the caliph had each provincial amir rebuild one arcade — leaving a visible 'seam' — and Abdallah ibn Tahir added fifteen marble arcades; twenty-six doors, the greatest plated in gilded brass, the domes of the Chain, the Ascension and the Prophet on its platform.
عمارت
الجامع الأزهر
Al-Azhar at Cairo: founded by the Fatimids as the mosque of their da'wa, then turned by the vizier Ya'qub ibn Killis in 378 into a university teaching the sciences and letters — from a pulpit reserved for the Fatimid call into one of Egypt's foremost centres of learning beside the mosques of Amr, Ibn Tulun and al-Hakim.
عمارت
الحرم الإبراهيمي
The great walled sanctuary over the Machpelah cave at Hebron; al-Umari records Abraham buying the plot from Habri for fifty dirhams, then Sarah, Abraham, Rebecca, Isaac, Jacob and Leah buried within, and Solomon raising the enclosure where a pillar of light touched down. It had no door until the Muslims opened one after the conquest; its masonry holds stones thirty-seven spans long. From a door in the qibla, steps descend to a cramped underground passage the author himself crawled through, ending at a chamber with three grave-markers said to be Abraham, his wife and Isaac; the shrine tombs above stand paired — Isaac and Rebecca in the qibla, Abraham and Sarah under facing domes to the north, Jacob under a lone dome. Al-Harawi tells that in King Baldwin's day a spot collapsed in 513 and Franks entered to find the three prophets' bodies leaning against a wall in worn shrouds with lamps at their heads; the king renewed the shrouds and sealed it. Behind the sanctuary lies a grave ascribed to Joseph, kept outside since a voice cried 'he bears Egypt's tribute'. Every afternoon a simat feeds all comers — over thirteen thousand loaves in one night of 745 — the Crusaders having kept and even enlarged the endowment.
عمارت
الجامع الكبير بسامراء
The world's largest mosque of its age (851) with the spiral 'Malwiya' minaret in Abbasid Samarra.
عمارت
سوق المدينة (حلب)
The world's longest historic covered souq (13 km) in old Aleppo; a large part burned in the 2012 fighting and has been restored.
عمارت
المدرسة البيهقية بنيسابور
The Bayhaqiyya of Nishapur, the earliest madrasa whose report is preserved in Islam: al-Maqrizi holds that the people of Nishapur were the first recorded as building a madrasa; al-Subki and al-Suyuti cited it to rebut al-Dhahabi's claim that Nizam al-Mulk founded the first madrasas, for it stood before Nizam al-Mulk was born.
عمارت
المدرسة النظامية ببغداد
The Nizamiyya of Baghdad, first and most famous of the madrasas founded by the vizier Nizam al-Mulk al-Tusi: building began in 457 and sisters rose at Nishapur, Isfahan, Herat, Basra, Mosul and Amid; the Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwayni then Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi taught in it, and it mothered the Sunni institutional model that the later madrasas of Baghdad followed — the caliphs prayed there and Nizam al-Mulk himself visited to inspect its library.
عمارت
المدرسة السعدية بنيسابور
The Sa'diyya of Nishapur, built by the amir Nasr ibn Sabuktegin, brother of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna — cited with the Bayhaqiyya by al-Subki and al-Suyuti as proof that madrasas stood before Nizam al-Mulk.
عمارت
القليس (الكعبة اليمانية)
The church Abraha built in Yemen to divert the Arabs’ pilgrimage from Mecca — the ambition that led to the elephant campaign. Al-Hamdani's native tradition names it, with Ghumdan, the twin monument of Sana'a and ascribes its building to Bilqis.
عمارت
قصر الحمراء
The Alhambra of Granada: Ibn al-Ahmar built the fortress as his residence when he took the city in 635, and it became the Nasrids' seat — the elegant palaces raised by Yusuf 'al-Ghani billah' — until the last sultan surrendered it to the Christians on 2 Rabi I 897 after five hundred hostages secured the entry.
عمارت
عمود الصواري
The lofty column outside Alexandria, a base beneath it and a base above, said to have no equal among columns for height or roundness; tales about it are written in books and current on every tongue.
عمارت
مسجد بادشاهي
A mosque in Lahore, dated to 1671 CE.
عمارت
بيت الحكمة (خزانة الحكمة)
The House of Wisdom at Baghdad, the greatest library whose report survives from the first Abbasid age: al-Rashid laid its nucleus and al-Ma'mun enlarged and strengthened it. Al-Rashid put Yuhanna ibn Masawayh over the translation of the ancient medical books found in Byzantine lands with skilled scribes writing before him; Abu Sahl al-Fadl ibn Nawbakht rendered Persian wisdom-books into Arabic in its khizana, and Allan al-Shu'ubi copied for al-Rashid, al-Ma'mun and the Barmakids. Al-Ma'mun widened it, sending to the Byzantine emperor for the ancient sciences an embassy of al-Hajjaj ibn Matar, Ibn al-Bitriq and Salm the master of the House, and making Sahl ibn Harun keeper of its treasuries — though its precise organisation and site remain wrapped in obscurity.
عمارت
بازار إصفهان الكبير
Isfahan's bazaar around Naqsh-e Jahan square — the city's trading heart since Safavid times.
عمارت
بازار تبريز
Tabriz's covered bazaar — the world's largest interconnected market complex, a UNESCO-listed Silk Road site.
عمارت
جامع بيبي خانم
Timur's great mosque in Samarkand (1404) — among the largest of the Islamic world in its day.
عمارت
دار الأنماط
A Fustat emporium where women's fabrics and luxury dress were sold, drawn from every land, its benches sat by the leisured and the pleasure-seekers — counted by al-Umari among the marvels of building.
عمارت
دار الأرقم
The house of al-Arqam ibn Abi al-Arqam on al-Safa at Mecca, which the Prophet made the centre of his call and his meetings with the Muslims in secret from the fifth year of prophethood.
عمارت
دار الحكمة بالقاهرة
The Dar al-Hikma of Cairo, founded by the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 395 — the most famous of the Fatimid 'madaris al-hikma' through which the Ismaili da'wa spread its doctrines among its adherents. The institution began with the da'wa-schools al-Mahdi Ubayd Allah opened at Mahdiyya, flourished at Mansuriyya under al-Mansur, then at Cairo from al-Mu'izz's reign, reaching the chief 'islands' of the da'wa beyond Egypt. Attached to it was the Dar al-Ilm library holding many works for reading and copying; the vizier al-Afdal closed it and the caliph al-Amir reopened it.
عمارت
دار الندوة
The council house founded by Qusayy on the north side of the mosque of the Kaaba, with its door into the mosque; Quraysh deliberated its grave matters and married off its daughters there.
عمارت
الدير الأبيض
The great white-built monastery west of the Nile opposite Akhmim — Shenoute's house — which al-Umari saw himself riding with the sultan: a long Nile canal ends at a broad pool east of it, a mound of canal-spoil overlooks the water, and in winter and spring its beauty, he says, has no peer.
عمارت
دير الكلب
The monastery near Ma'lunaya terraced up a mountainside with water descending on it, rich in olives, pomegranates, myrtle, vines, saffron and narcissus; Yaqut counted it among the three wonders of the world. It was famed for curing the bite of a rabid dog, and its yearly feast drew Christians to keep vigil and Muslims to sightsee.
عمارت
دير الناعقي
The monastery south of Busra where the monk Bahira dwelt and where, in the received account, he met the Messenger of God.
عمارت
دير الطور
The monastery on Mount al-Tur — a round mountain broad at its foot between Tiberias and al-Jun overlooking the Ghor and the meadow — stone-built with an abundant spring and many pressed vineyards; called Dayr al-Tajalli, for they hold that Isa was transfigured there before his disciples.
عمارت
دير فيق
A monastery said to be the Christians' first; Abu Nuwas named it in a poem addressed to a Christian youth he loved.
عمارت
دير هند
The monastery al-Nu'man ibn al-Mundhir built for his daughter Hind's devotion; she took a year to cross the farsakh from her father's palace, camping in pavilions for sport, and Bashir ibn Farwan cut her a canal from the Euphrates that ran until the monastery fell; five hundred gold and silver lamps hung in its sanctuary, and there unfolded the famous tale of al-Nu'man, Adi ibn Zayd and the wife of Hakam ibn Amr al-Lakhmi.
عمارت
دير هند الأقدم
The monastery of Hind al-Kubra daughter of al-Harith ibn Amr, king of Kinda, on the edge of al-Najaf; al-Rashid visited it, and wept at the verse inscribed on its wall mourning the Banu al-Mundhir.
عمارت
دير هزقل
A Syrian monastery given over to the mad; al-Mubarrad told how he entered it asking its monks for a lunatic of pleasant speech to laugh with his companions over, and was shown a raised iwan where they were graded each to the measure of his affliction; Di'bil ibn Ali named it in satire of Abu Ubbad, al-Ma'mun's secretary.
عمارت
دير مرسرجس
The monastery three farsakhs above Balad on a high summit visible for leagues; at its gate grew an unnamed tree whose leaves never fell and whose fruit resembled the almond — perhaps the unique tree of the world that Ibn Wahshiyya recorded — while starlings held its mountain untrapped, guarded by night-snakes.
عمارت
دير رُمانين
A great thriving monastery of Syria, in which runs the famous tale: young Umar ibn al-Khattab, fleeing after killing a Byzantine patrolman at Antioch, was sheltered by its monk, whose book foretold a man named Umar would rule most of the earth and drive Heraclius from Syria; he took Umar's written pledge on a strip of leather, and when the caliph later came to Jerusalem the old monk met him with it — Umar would not squander the Muslims' fay', but commuted the pledge into a gentle kharaj the monks' heirs still hold and governors still honour.
عمارت
ذو الخلصة (الكعبة اليمانية)
A pagan sanctuary venerated by Khath'am, Bajila and the neighbouring tribes of Tihama, who made pilgrimage to it; it was called the 'Ka'ba of Yemen' or the 'Ka'ba of the north' in contrast to the house of Mecca. In the Sahih the Prophet asked Jarir ibn 'Abdallah al-Bajali 'will you not relieve me of Dhu al-Khalasa?' — he rode out with a hundred and fifty horsemen of Ahmas, broke it and killed those he found there, and the Prophet prayed for them and for Ahmas.
عمارت
قبة الصخرة
The Dome of the Rock in the Aqsa's court as al-Muqaddasi saw it c. 375 AH: an octagon of four gilded doors facing the stairways — Qibli, Israfil, al-Sur, al-Nisa' — ringed by arcades on piers 'nobler than marble, peerless', a hundred-cubit dome sheathed in gilded brass built in three shells (painted boards, an iron lattice against the wind, timber plate), so that sunrise made it blaze; 'I saw nothing like this dome in all the East'. In the Mamluk age Ibn Fadl Allah al-Umari measured it again door by door — the eastern gate doubled with a gilded arch between, the northern called Bab al-Janna, the western like it, each leaf sheathed in chased yellow brass, with the cubit-survey of dome, drum and court.
عمارت
جامع أيوب سلطان
A mosque in Istanbul, dated to 1458 CE.
عمارت
مسجد فيصل
Islamabad's desert-tent-shaped mosque (1986) by Vedat Dalokay — the world's fourth-largest mosque.
عمارت
فاس الجديد
The New Town of Fes; when the rebellion's west subsided and Sultan Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Abd al-Haqq's kingship ran steady with a great retinue and many incomers, he chose to lay out a separate city for his residence and armies beside old Fes — Fes Jdid, the Marinids' royal seat — and afterwards ordered the qasba of Miknasa built.
عمارت
مسجد فرحات باشا
A mosque in Bosnia and Herzegovina, dated to 1579 CE.
عمارت
السوق المغطى الكبير
The world's oldest great covered market (1461) — 61 streets and four thousand shops in Ottoman Istanbul's heart.
عمارت
جامع قرطبة
The Great Mosque of Cordoba; al-Maqqari transmits the report of a brass candelabrum of a thousand lamps and three red-marble columns bearing the name of Muhammad, Moses' staff and Noah's raven — noting himself that the sound Andalusian historians did not mention it.
عمارت
الجامع الكبير النوري
A mosque in Mosul, dated to 1172 CE.
عمارت
جامع البصرة
Basra's congregational mosque; Utba ibn Ghazwan built it of reeds in 14 AH — its layout claimed for himself, Nafi' ibn al-Adhra' al-Bahzi, Nafi' ibn al-Harith, and al-Aswad ibn Sari' who first judged in it — Abu Musa rebuilt it in mud-brick with mushab roofing, then Ziyad enlarged and rebuilt it in fired brick and gypsum with teak roofing, a stone minaret, the first maqsura, and columns hauled from Ahwaz's mountain by al-Hajjaj ibn Utayk and his son; he had pebbles strewn lest hand-dusting pass for sunnah, and the enforcers' harshness bred the saying 'lovely the governorship, even over stones'. Al-Mahdi bought the houses of Nafi' ibn al-Harith, Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra and Rabi'a ibn Kallada into it, and the governor's palace was taken in under al-Rashid.
عمارت
المسجد الكبير
A mosque in Turkey, dated to 1091 CE.
عمارت
مسجد الكوفة
A mosque in Kufa.
عمارت
المسجد الكبير (قلعة بني حماد)
A mosque in Algeria, dated to 1008 CE.
عمارت
آيا صوفيا
A building in Istanbul, dated to 532 CE.
عمارت
مسجد الحسن الثاني
Casablanca's ocean-front mosque (1993) — the world's third-tallest minaret (210 m) and a 25,000-person prayer hall.
عمارت
هيكل أقاصي الصين
A temple in farthest China as Abu Ubayd al-Bakri describes: a round curtained house holding a vast seven-sided dome and a seven-mouthed well that swallows whoever leans over it; on its rim, in the Sindhind script, an inscription declares it leads to the storehouse of the first books, the history of the world, the sciences of heaven, and the treasuries of this world's marvels.
عمارت
بيت كأوسان بفرغانة
The house King Kawus built at Farghana, visited by planet-worshippers devoted to the Sun; Abu Ubayd al-Bakri says al-Mu'tasim demolished it, its demolition's tale told in the Book of Time.
عمارت
جامع القيروان
The Great Mosque of Qayrawan, on the Simat al-Kabir amid the markets; al-Muqaddasi saw it c. 375 AH and reckoned it bigger than Ibn Tulun's mosque — marble columns, marble paving, a marble brazier and lead gutters, with named gates: Bab al-Sarraf in, Bab al-Rahadiyya, Bab al-Mi'da and Bab al-Khassa.
عمارت
الكعبة
The House whose foundations Ibrahim and Ismail raised at Mecca; it was a raised mound before the building, then the sanctuary toward which Arabia’s tribes came — custodied successively by Ismail’s line, Jurhum, Khuzaʾa and finally Quraysh under Qusayy.
عمارت
الكهف بقاسيون (كهف جبريل)
The mosque raised inside the cave of Mount Qasyun by Abu al-Faraj Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Mu'allim beginning in 370, after a dream in which Jibril bade him build a mosque where God's name would be remembered — he called it Jibril's Cave; a broad prayer-hall floored in white marble, its columns all marble, never empty of the pious at remembrance.
عمارت
خان الخليلي
Cairo's Mamluk market (1382) — coppersmiths', goldsmiths' and coffee lanes around al-Husayn; the most famous living eastern bazaar.
عمارت
خربة المفجر
عمارت
خزانة السروج الفاطمية
The khizanat al-suruj of the Fatimid state — a dedicated saddle treasury attesting the state's care for the craft: Egyptian saddlers excelled in gold- and silver-mounted saddles priced between one and seven thousand dinars, with pure gold or silver bits and chains and collars for the horses' necks.
عمارت
كور أمير (ضريح تيمور)
Timur's ribbed-blue-domed mausoleum in Samarkand (1404) — the Timurid prototype that inspired Mughal building in India.
عمارت
سد مأرب
The great dam of the Sabaean kingdom whose construction began in the Mukarrib era; its repeated breaches, and final burst around 450 CE, are the Sayl al-Arim of Surat Saba in the sira’s account.
عمارت
مشهد خالد خارج حمص
The shrine outside Homs popularly ascribed to Khalid ibn al-Walid; al-Umari rejects the ascription decisively — Khalid was dismissed by Umar, taken to Medina and died there — and assigns the tomb to Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mu'awiya.
عمارت
المسجد الحرام
The mosque in Mecca. Al-Muqaddasi's eyewitness portrait c. 375 AH — marble columns carried by the Mahdi's order from Alexandria to Jeddah by sea, three marble-pillared arcades clad in mosaics made by Syrian and Egyptian craftsmen whose names he could still read, nineteen gates including Bab Bani Shayba and Bab al-Nadwa, brass lamp-rings around the tawaf fed with candles by the kings of Egypt and Yemen, and three basins filled by Zubayda's channel. Four centuries on, Ibn Fadl Allah al-Umari measures the Kaaba cubit by cubit — four cubits from door to Black Stone, the Multazam; the sealed door in its back called 'the refuge from sins'; its gilded door renewed under the Nasiri sultans after the old plates were valued at eighteen thousand dinars.
عمارت
مسجد القبلتين
The Banu Salama mosque of Medina, named 'of the two qiblas' because the qibla was turned in it: Ibn Zabala reports that a man of Banu Salama reached them at dawn prayer with word of the change and they turned mid-prayer to the Kaaba — while al-Zamakhshari and the sira tradition make the change fall at zuhr when the Prophet had prayed two rak'as with his Companions, then turned to face the Mizab, the men and women exchanging places; Ibn Hajar reconciles the reports, and al-Majd notes that on Ibn Zabala's version Quba mosque would better deserve the name. Ibn Zabala ascribes the mosque to Banu Sawad ibn Ghanm of Banu Salama by al-Midhad, against al-Matari's ascription to Banu Haram.
عمارت
مسجد عمرو بن العاص
The great mosque of Fustat built by Amr ibn al-As on his camp's ground — its mihrab and minbar stand where his tent stood — and some eighty Companions prayed in it.
عمارت
مسجد الضرار
A mosque near Medina built by twelve men named by Ibn Ishaq; they asked the Prophet, then preparing for Tabuk, to pray in it, and he put them off until his return. On his way back he stopped at Dhi Awan and ordered it demolished and burned, and Qur'an was revealed about them. It is also called Masjid al-Shiqaq.
عمارت
جامع ابن طولون
Cairo's oldest intact mosque (879) — the famous spiral minaret in Samarran Abbasid style.
عمارت
مسجد قباء
A mosque in Quba, dated to 622 CE.
عمارت
مسجد ومدرسة السلطان حسن
Cairo's four-school madrasa (1363) with the tallest Mamluk minaret — chroniclers called it 'the pyramid of Islamic architecture'.
عمارت
سوق التوابل (المصرية)
Istanbul's spice market (1664) beside the New Mosque — clove and cardamom since Ottoman days.
عمارت
مسجد عمر
A mosque in Jerusalem, dated to 1193 CE.
عمارت
سوق مطرح
Muscat's old corniche souq — frankincense, spices and daggers since the maritime-trade centuries.
عمارت
يني جامع
A mosque in Istanbul, dated to 1597 CE.
عمارت
المسجد النبوي
The mosque the Prophet founded in Medina after the Hijra; his camel knelt at the spot and he said 'this is the lodging, God willing', and it was the date-drying yard (mirbad) of two orphans, Sahl and Suhayl ibn 'Amr, in the care of As'ad ibn Zurara — he refused it as a gift until he bought it, ten dinars paid by Abu Bakr in al-Waqidi's account. They built it of mudbrick on a stone foundation of about three cubits; its measure is reported as seventy by sixty cubits, or a hundred square, or less than a hundred; its qibla first faced Jerusalem, and when it was turned the rear door was sealed and its opposite opened; of its three doors Bab 'Atika — the Door of Mercy — and Bab Al 'Uthman are named; it stood unroofed until the heat drove them to shade it with palm trunks and fronds then clay, the Prophet saying 'no — a shelter like the shelter of Moses'.
عمارت
مجمع قلاوون
Sultan Qalawun's Cairo complex (1285) — madrasa, hospital and domed tomb, the richest Mamluk ensemble on al-Mu'izz street.
عمارت
قصر العباس بن عمرو الغنوي
The palace between Sinjar and Nasibin built by al-Abbas ibn Amr al-Ghanawi of Tall Sayyar — builder of Raqqa and Ra's al-Ayn for Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, governor of al-Yamama and Bahrayn, and the sole survivor when al-Mu'tadid sent him against the Qarmatians with ten thousand horse. Its wall became a chronicle of mutability: Sayf al-Dawla inscribed an elegy on it in 331, Ghadanfar ibn al-Hasan ibn Hamdan in 362, al-Muqallad ibn al-Musayyib in 388, and his son Qurwash in 401, who resolved to raze it as ill-omened, then spared it.
عمارت
قصر الكوفة
Kufa's governor's palace, demolished without remains; famed for Abd al-Malik ibn Umayr's tale — in this very hall he had seen Husayn's head before Ibn Ziyad, Ibn Ziyad's before al-Mukhtar, al-Mukhtar's before Mus'ab, and now Mus'ab's before Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, who rose and ordered that arch torn down.
عمارت
قصر المشتى
عمارت
قصر الشاذياخ
The palace at Nishapur's gate that was the seat of rule for some of its kings, its building likened to Ghumdan itself — 'drink your crown's ease at al-Shadiyakh and leave Ghumdan to Yemen'; at its gate the poet Ali ibn al-Jahm was crucified.
عمارت
قصر قباذ (قصر الحجاج) بالبصرة
The Basran palace that was a Khosrow hunting-lodge before the city was founded, ruined until al-Hajjaj rebuilt it and gave it his name — earlier it was Qubadh's. In it ran the famous boasting match when al-Hajjaj bade Jarir and al-Farazdaq appear in their fathers' jahiliyya dress: al-Farazdaq came in brocade under a dome, Jarir in mail and spear with forty horsemen of Banu Yarbu.
عمارت
قصر هرقل (شمس الملوك)
The palace on Damascus's northern Height ascribed to Heraclius, known in al-Umari's day as Qasr Shams al-Muluk; only the jawsaq and bath survived — the jawsaq turned into a khanqah for the poor — yet it still lodged kings and pleasured the townsfolk above the Barada river, and Sultan Salah al-Din once stayed there.
عمارت
قصر سنداد
The palace of Iraq near al-Nil on the Sindad river in al-Uzayr's land, seat of the Al Muharriq; for it al-Aswad ibn Ya'fur made his famous elegy — 'what can I hope for after the house of Muharriq left their dwellings, and after Iyad? — the folk of al-Khawarnaq and al-Sadir, of Marib and the balconied palace of Sindad'.
عمارت
قصر زيدان
The famous palace of Zafar in Yemen, capital of Yuhasib — al-Umari says the city itself was anciently named for it; likely the Raydan palace al-Idrisi records at Zafar.
عمارت
قبة المظالم للمهتدي
al-Muhtadi's Dome of Redress — the four-doored dome he built at Samarra where he sat for commoner and notable alike to hear petitions of injustice, part of his austere reform programme in 255-256 AH.
عمارت
قصير عمرة
عمارت
ساحة ريغستان
Samarkand's square ringed by three Timurid madrasas (15th–17th c.) — Central Asia's most famous tile-covered scholastic ensemble.
عمارت
جامع سليمية
Sinan's masterpiece at Edirne (1575) — a 31.5-metre dome, for centuries the widest in Islam; the architect himself called it his masterwork.
عمارت
شامة وطامة
Two great stone statues on pedestals in Upper Egypt in al-Umari's wonders register — the editor identifies them as the colossi of Memnon or Ramses the Great.
عمارت
مسجد الشيخ لطف الله
Shah Abbas's private mosque in Isfahan (1619) — a minaret-less dome that shifts colour with the day; the most refined Safavid monument.
عمارت
جامع الشيخ زايد الكبير
Abu Dhabi's grand mosque (2007) — 82 domes and the world's largest hand-knotted prayer carpet; contemporary Islamic architecture's landmark.
عمارت
سوق الحميدية
Damascus's covered souq running straight to the Umayyad Mosque — the main market of the oldest living city.
عمارت
سوق واقف
Doha's heritage souq on the old wadi bank — spices, perfumes, falcons and traditional cafés.
عمارت
جامع السليمانية
Sinan's mosque for Suleiman the Magnificent in Istanbul (1557) — dome, four minarets and a full social complex; the classical Ottoman pinnacle.
عمارت
جامع السلطان أحمد (الجامع الأزرق)
Istanbul's six-minaret mosque (1616) facing Hagia Sophia — 'blue' for the twenty thousand Iznik tiles lining its walls.
عمارت
تاج محل
Shah Jahan's mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal at Agra (1632–53) — the most famous building of the Islamic world and the pinnacle of Mughal architecture.
عمارت
مسجد تونغشين الكبير
A mosque in China, dated to 1573 CE.
عمارت
الجامع الأموي بدمشق
Begun by al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik in year 87 — among the greatest works of his reign; Ibn Abi Abla names it beside the conquests of India and al-Andalus.
تصور
أدلة القبلة: النجوم والرياح والجبال والأنهار
Al-Umari devotes the fourth gate of Masalik al-Absar to the qibla and its proofs: determination by stars, then winds, then mountains, then rivers — the field methods by which the lands' people fixed the Kaaba's bearing before precision astronomy.
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الهجنة
Al-hajna, the Arab stigma of impure lineage: Lisan al-Arab defines it as speech that disgraces you, the hajin being an Arab son of a slave-mother — 'for he is marked'. Ibn Abd Rabbih reports the Umayyads would not appoint the sons of slave-mothers, saying the Arabs do not fit them; al-Asma'i explained it astrologically — they saw their rule ending at a slave-mother's son's hands — but Ahmad Amin favours the popular explanation of sheer disdain. A Bedouin asking the qadi Suwar about his inheritance grew furious when told the hajin shared equally; Khalid al-Qasri, governor of Iraq, was lampooned because his mother was a Greek slave.
تصور
الصك والحوالة
The sakk, near-kin to the modern cheque: al-Khwarizmi in Mafatih al-Ulum says it gathered the names and number of those entitled and what was owed them, and the caliph or sultan or amir signed at its foot authorising payment of these stipends; its word lives on in the European languages, and Arabic hawala survives as 'awal' in Urdu. Proof of their reach: the boatmen who ferried Sultan Malikshah's army across the Oxus received hawalas from Nizam al-Mulk redeemable from the Seljuk tax-agent at Antioch, so they might grasp the breadth of the sultan's domains.
تصور
زي أهل الأندلس وتدبيرهم
Ibn Sa'id's ethnography of Andalusi dress: turbans rare in the east and reserved in the west for qadis and fuqaha', rulers and soldiers dressed and armed like their Christian neighbours — scarlet cloaks, long spears, Frankish crossbows, no maces or Arab bows — the taylasan for everyone but set on the head only by venerable elders, wool caps red and green while yellow was reserved for Jews who might not wear the turban at all, the scholar's sidelocks, and a scrupulous cleanliness for which a poor man would fast to buy soap.
تصور
إمرة الأمراء
The office that swallowed the vizierate: according to Miskawayh, first conferred on Harun ibn Gharib in 316 under al-Muqtadir; when al-Radi handed all affairs to Muhammad ibn Ra'iq the amir al-umara appointed and dismissed governors, farmed kharaj and estates, had khutba and kunya and banner — the caliph holding nothing of rule — the title passing to Bajkam then to Ahmad ibn Buya, Mu'izz al-Dawla, who ran Baghdad for the Buyids nearly a century.
تصور
موقع العرب وأقوامها قبل الإسلام
The opening chapter of al-Raheeq al-Makhtum: the word 'Arab', the peninsula's borders, size and position between the continents, the historians' threefold division (extinct, original and Arabized Arabs), the Kahlani migrations from Yemen, the Adnani descent from Ismail, and the tribes' distribution across Arabia.
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الأتاوة
The atawa, money a king or country pays the ruling power under sulh — as Rutbil's to al-Hajjaj, nine hundred thousand yearly after the truce-years; refusing the Umayyad agents he said they never spend a dirham but they hope for ten in return.
تصور
البيوت المعظمة على أسماء الكواكب
The report that seven great houses were raised to the planets — the Ka'ba named Saturn's for its endurance, Isfahan's Maris, India's magnet-shrine Mandusan, Manushihr's lunar Nawbahar at Balkh whose wardens took the title Barmak, and al-Dahhak's Venus-temple Ghumdan at San'a' — each idol-house built when the stars were seen to hide.
تصور
بيوت النيران
The first fire-temple builder, in al-Mas'udi's telling, was Afridun — told the flame was a link to God of the luminous kind, he took a share to Khurasan: the houses of Tus, Bukhara's Bard-Sura, Bahman's Karakir in Sijistan, the Shiz house whose idols Anushirwan cast out or whose fire he moved to al-Baraka, Kaykhusraw's Kawsaja, Qumis's Jarish spared by Alexander, Siyawush's Kanjadha toward China, and Arjan's — the animals' rush at flame glossed by moth and by Basra's lamp-fished waters.
تصور
أسباب سرعة الفتح العربي
Arslan surveys European explanations for how fast the Arab conquests moved: the warlike character of the Arabs, the Bedouin love of raiding and plunder, and the weariness of subject peoples with their rulers. He finds these insufficient and argues that the decisive force was moral: the Qur'an, its memorisation and the authority of its readers, together with a social and political order he says was fairer than the despotic governments it replaced. He notes the battles of Yarmuk, al-Qadisiyya and Nahavand and the reach of the state beyond the Oxus. This is the author's own explanation, and other historians disagree.
تصور
الدول المستعمرة والإسلام
A short chapter in which Arslan argues that the Allied powers in the First World War refused alliances with Muslim states such as Persia, Egypt and the Hijaz (the Sharif Husayn's alliance came only in 1915). In his reading they would not bind themselves to reward Muslim governments after victory. He concludes that colonial powers would accept no friendship from Islam and that Muslims paid in lives and money for their cause without return. This is his interpretation of wartime events, not a settled account of the powers' intentions.
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داعي الدعاة
The da'i al-du'at, the great official to whom the headship of the Ismaili da'wa was entrusted under the Fatimids: ranking just below the qadi al-qudat and wearing his dress, the two offices often held by one man. Twelve nuqaba' assisted him in spreading the doctrine and deputies represented him in the provinces — the link between caliph and adherents — administering the oath to initiates directly or by proxy and overseeing the lectures delivered in the majlis al-da'wa, which were submitted to the caliph for approval before being taught; he also collected the najwa of 'believing men and women' at three and a third dirhams, and whoever paid thirty-three dinars received a Fatimid chit bearing the caliph's signature.
تصور
ديوان الماء
The Abbasid Diwan of Water — the office charged with irrigation water: cutting canals, maintaining dams, and organising irrigation across Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, north-eastern Persia and Transoxiana, as al-Khwarizmi lists it in Mafatih al-Ulum.
تصور
ديوان الزمام والخاتم
Ibn al-Muqaffa' described the Persian chancery: a royal command stood before the sahib al-tawqi', his servant entered it in a monthly tadhkira which the king sealed and stored; the tawqi' passed to the sahib al-zimam — keeper of the seal — then to the sahib al-'amal, who wrote it as a royal letter, copied it into the register, returned it through the sahib al-zimam to be read against the tadhkira and sealed before the king or his most trusted. Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan was the first Arab to take a zamam-diwan and a seal, imitating the Persians. The Persian king kept a seal for secrets, for envoys, for perpetuities — sijillat and iqta's and tashrif-letters — and a seal for the kharaj, all with the sahib al-zimam save the seal of secrets sometimes held by a royal intimate; and Khusraw Aparviz, bothered by the smell of the white sheets of accounts, ordered his kharaj-diwan's returns yellowed with saffron and rosewater.
تصور
مسألة الحضارمة في جاوى
Arslan describes how the Dutch restricted Hadrami Arab migrants in the Dutch East Indies, limiting their movement and residence although many had settled and become local. He quotes the orientalist Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, who called the exclusion unjust but favoured limiting Islamic influence, including avoiding Sharia-based legislation and leaving only family law to Muslims. Arslan reads the policy as an attempt to weaken links between Javanese Muslims and the wider Islamic world. This is his reading of Dutch sources, which others may dispute.
تصور
الحمام
The public bathhouse; Basra's first was Abdallah ibn Uthman ibn Abi al-As's, the second Fil's (Ziyad's mawla), the third Muslim ibn Abi Bakra's at Bilalabadh — and for an age the town had only these, since baths were built only by the governors' leave until a wave of permissions multiplied them.
تصور
حرم المدينة
The Prophet's declaration of Medina as a sanctuary, as Abraham sanctified Mecca, with defined bounds — 'between 'Ayr and Thawr' or, in the reading preferred by al-Hazimi and Abu 'Ubayd, 'to Uhud', and 'between its two lava fields' east and west; within it hunting and tree-cutting are forbidden save specified exceptions, the bloodwit for unintended killing is made heavier, and innovation or harbouring an innovator is proscribed. Samhudi credits the sanctity of the boundary with diverting the fire of 654 as it reached the haram.
تصور
لماذا راق الإسلام بذاته
In chapters titled 'Islamic civilisation' and 'Why Islam rose by its own merits' Arslan rebuts the claim, made by some European writers and missionaries, that Islam caused backwardness. He argues that older Eastern civilisations had declined before Islam, that Arab-Islamic learning built on inherited knowledge while adding to it, and that the great centres of learning welcomed students of many faiths. He admits that later centuries took a different course but puts the cause on political and social factors rather than the religion. This is his argument.
تصور
اليقظة الإسلامية
Arslan's first chapter describes the Muslim world of the eighteenth century as at its lowest point, then surveys the reform movements that followed: a religious revival in Najd whose influence spread through the pilgrimage, a liberal reform current in India, reformers such as Muhammad Abduh in Egypt, and the Young Turk movement after 1908. He separates gradual reformers who work within Islam from radical nationalists who stir religious feeling against everything Western. This division is the author's own classification.
تصور
الجائزة
The ja'iza, a prize a commander offers for a feat of daring; its first naming: al-Hajjaj's governor Qatn ibn Qabisa reached a river his men could not cross — 'who crosses, a thousand dirhams' — they crossed, he paid, and al-Ja''af sang 'they first established the jaw'iz among Ma'add'.
تصور
اليابان وآمال المسلمين بعد 1904
In the Pan-Islamic chapter Arslan records how Muslims cheered Japan's victory over Russia in 1904, quoting an Egyptian newspaper and a Chinese Muslim scholar who thought Japanese conversion might change the course of Islamic politics. He reports that Japan welcomed a Muslim delegation warmly but showed no interest in converting, and he sees the lasting result as friendlier ties between Muslim peoples and non-Muslim Asian nations. This is drawn from the press and gatherings as Arslan reports them, not evidence of Japan's intentions.
تصور
نداء الجهاد سنة 1914
After the Ottoman sultan declared jihad in late 1914, Arslan says the Allies portrayed the call as a cry in the wilderness, while in his view the response was greater than reported, though slower to appear in public. He links this to how Muslim leaders saw the Ottoman state's limits and its alliance with Germany. This is his reading of the evidence and needs checking against Ottoman, British and French documents.
تصور
أحكام أراضي الخراج
Baladhuri's digest of the jurists on 'anwa land like the Sawad and al-Sham: Abu Yusuf — if the imam divides it among the conquerors it is 'ushr-land and its folk raqiq; if he leaves it for the Muslims as Umar did the Sawad, jizya on their necks and kharaj on the land — Abu Hanifa's view, ascribed also to Sufyan al-Thawri. Malik and Ibn Abi Dhi'b: a convert keeps his land, working it and paying kharaj. On kharaj-plus-zakah they split (Abu Hanifa forbids the union; Malik, Ibn Abi Dhi'b, Sufyan, Ibn Abi Layla, al-Awza'i allow it), likewise on repeated crops (one kharaj vs Ibn Abi Layla's per-harvest), on a year's neglect (replant or yield it), blight and drowning (kharaj drops), mawat revived ('ushr if rain- or spring-fed, kharaj if fed by kharaj-water), and on old Persian customs (Abu Sa'd preserves what Islam did not annul; Malik and al-Shafi'i abolish them however old).
تصور
المدارس الحربية الموحدية
Abd al-Mu'min's war-schools for cadre and soldier: he gathered the youth of the Maghrebi tribes, Masmuda above all; beside martial arts they taught Ibn Tumart's books and the pupils learnt his counsels by heart — weapons drill, riding, swimming, siegecraft by land and sea; near Marrakesh the Almohads dug a basin holding skiffs and small 'training ships' where the cadets practised rowing and command of vessels. The schooling ran at state expense with horses and arms granted, and out of it graduated many of the commanders, senior officers and castle-governors.
تصور
مدرستا البصرة والكوفة في النحو
The quarrel began quietly between al-Ru'asi at Kufa and al-Khalil at Basra, then flared between al-Kisa'i at Kufa and Sibawayh at Basra, each school gaining a standard the partisans rallied to — scholarly asabiyya founded, it seems, on the two towns' political rivalry. The core difference: the Basrans held that general rules must be laid for the language and kept with rigour — an attested anomaly was 'kept, not analogised', and they dared fault even al-Farazdaq's speech when it broke the rule — prizing qiyas and its sovereignty; the Kufans honoured everything transmitted from the Arabs and licensed its use even against the rules, making the anomaly itself the basis of new rules — whence al-Suyuti's charge that al-Kisa'i 'heard what is only permissible from necessity and made it a principle and analogised on it, corrupting grammar', and the Andalusi's jibe that a Kufan who heard one verse licensing what breaks the norms would make it a principle and build a chapter on it.
تصور
مشروع المعتضد لدور الصنائع والعلوم
Al-Maqrizi reports that the caliph al-Mu'tadid (279-289), planning his palace at al-Shammasiyya in Baghdad, ordered an extra measure of ground: he meant to build houses, dwellings and chambers appointing in each the masters of every craft and every school of the speculative and practical sciences, assigning them ample stipends so that whoever chose a science or craft would come to its master and learn from him — an early vision of a state academy of sciences and trades that was never carried out.
تصور
حركة التبشير في بلاد الإسلام
Arslan's chapter on the missionary writer Samuel Zwemer reports the Christian missionary movement in Muslim lands as he reads it in Zwemer's book. He says a missionary conference in Cairo in 1906 brought together missionaries from dozens of societies in Europe and America, and that Zwemer saw the weakening of Muslim states after the First World War as an opening. Arslan reports the figures Zwemer gave for conversion in Africa and Asia, and notes that the societies had less success in the Arab lands than in India and Java. He replies that Muslims believe in the Gospel and the mission of Jesus, and that if the aim is to reach the unbelieving, the mission should go to pagans first. This describes what Arslan reports of the movement. The judgement about the intentions of its members is Arslan's, not the museum's.
تصور
الطريقة النقشبندية والثورات في آسيا
In the Pan-Islamic chapter Arslan says the Naqshbandi order spread east from Central Asia as far as China, where Muslims in Chinese Turkestan and Yunnan rose in major revolts, and that the Dutch East Indies had a sequence of revolts in the same period. He argues that these movements shared hostility to the West and a common aim but lacked organisation and coordination. He describes scattered uprisings and does not examine the causes of each. The judgement that they lacked organisation is his.
تصور
الجامعة الإسلامية
In the second chapter Arslan treats Pan-Islamism as a religious and political movement grounded in a shared feeling among Muslims against European expansion. He traces its roots to the Wahhabi call and to Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, mentions propagandists such as Ali Pasha, and describes how religious movements from India to Central Asia, East Asia and North Africa were linked. He records the wave of Muslim pride at Japan's victory in 1904, and argues that the bond is social and moral as much as religious. He notes that the movement's influence declined as nationalism grew. This is the author's account, not a neutral assessment.
تصور
الحركة العامية في الحضارة العربية
Arslan's chapter describes the spread of learning beyond a narrow class in early Arab-Islamic civilisation. He reports that schools in Basra, Kufa, Baghdad, Cairo and Cordoba admitted students of different social rank, that some rulers paid living costs for poor pupils, that non-Muslim teachers sometimes ran schools, and that many students in Cordoba were Christian. He sees this openness as rooted in the tolerance of the early Umayyad and Abbasid periods, and points to al-Ma'mun's translation of Ptolemy and the astronomy that followed. This is the author's broad account, not a study of each school.
تصور
القطيعة
The qati'a in Basra and the Sawad: land the ruler grants a man to reclaim and cultivate — Ziyad would grant a tract, allow two years, then seize it if unimproved ('I execute only what is brought to life'); he was the first to clear the thorn-land and grant folk the villages emptied by the plagues and the salt-flats. Grants ran to thousands of jarib — Hilal ibn Ahwaz's eight thousand, Ibn Umayr's eight thousand — and al-Mansur's surveyors, measuring the Abu Bakra family's hundred-jarib holding at a thousand, left them their hundred and seized the rest.
تصور
أثر الروسيا في الشرق
Arslan surveys European and Russian writings on how Tsarist Russia affected the Middle East and Asia, then the Bolshevik period. He argues that Tsarist policy mainly oppressed the East and weakened the Ottoman state for Western benefit, and that the fall of the Russian state opened the way for Asia's liberation. He reports that Western powers armed anti-Bolshevik forces and warned against any Muslim force joining against the Soviet government. This is the author's assessment, drawing on newspapers and quotations he did not verify here.
تصور
خطة السنوسية للجامعة الإسلامية
Arslan describes what he presents as the Sanusi order's programme in North Africa: prepare religious and moral reform first, then open the African lands, then the wider Muslim world, aiming at a single Muslim state under one caliph. He says the Sanusi leader held that spiritual renewal and moral discipline had to precede political liberation. He also notes Ottoman unease in Tripoli that led the order to move to Jaghbub, and that the Sanusi declined to back the Mahdist revolt in Sudan. This is the plan as Arslan reports it; the wording was not checked here and should not be taken as settled Sanusi doctrine.
تصور
التشيع في الشام وجبل عامل
Arslan debates whether Shi'ism is older in Syria or in Persia. He reads the Abu Dhar al-Ghifari traditions as evidence of early pro-Ali sentiment in Syria, but does not treat them as enough to explain the origin of Shi'ism in Jabal Amil. He notes that Shi'a there practised taqiyya for long periods, and that many historians named their scholars as Shi'a only reluctantly. He also records that the Jerusalem Islamic Congress was led in prayer by a Shi'i mujtahid. This is his debate with other writers, not a settled historical verdict.
تصور
مدائن قوم لوط
Five cities in the Jordan and Palestine country whose chief and seat was Sodom — each king of them surnamed 'the Excellent' — as al-Mas'udi reports with reference to the Torah.
تصور
حيازة أمكنة السوق
In al-Baladhuri: Ali went out to the market, saw its people had seized their places, and said 'that is not theirs — the Muslims' market is like their prayer-place: whoever first reaches a spot holds it for his day until he leaves it'; under al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba they raced to the market, first-sitter holding his spot till nightfall, and Ziyad ruled the sitter keeps it while he remains.
تصور
الثغور
The Thughur — in al-Baladhuri: the Muslims' Syrian marches in Umar's and Uthman's days were Antioch and the cities al-Rashid later called the 'Awasim, the Muslims raiding beyond them as they now raid beyond Tarsus; between Alexandretta and Tarsus lay Byzantine forts and watchposts that their people sometimes abandoned in flight or filled with fighters, Heraclius reportedly removing their people with him on leaving Antioch so the Muslims could not settle the land between; the Umayyads raided the Byzantines with the people of Syria and the Jazira summer and winter, posting coastal watchmen and keeping raiding ships, then Abu Ja'far al-Mansur went through the coastal fortresses and cities, restoring, fortifying and building what needed building and doing likewise for the march cities, al-Mahdi completed what remained and reinforced them, Harun carried fortification and raiding to a pitch unmatched before him and disbursed funds through the marches, and al-Mutawakkil in year 247 ordered ships stationed on every coast manned with fighters; among its famous strongholds are Masisa, Tarsus, Mar'ash, al-Hadath, Sis and Qanqara.
تصور
أخبار الأخباريين في استيطان الأندلس
The akhbaris' legendary succession of al-Andalus's settlers retold by al-Maqqari: the Andalush who named the land and perished in a drought, the Africans landed at Cadiz under Abtariqus whose kingdom at Talica lasted 157 years, then Ishban b. Titish of the Rum whose name gave Hispania/Ishbiliya and who razed Talica — plus the tradition that the Table of Solomon and Musa's pearl flask came from an Andalusi king's share in Jerusalem's spoils.
تصور
آطام يثرب
An utm is a high fortified tower; pre-Hijra Yathrib was a town of separate towers rather than contiguous houses — Ibn al-Najjar counts fifty-nine utum for the Jews and thirteen for the Arabs settled among them before the Aws and Khazraj, and Ibn Zabala names many. Al-Samhudi names several: the Shab'an tower of Banu 'Ukka in Thamgh of 'Umar's endowment, the Shar'i tower of the Shawt folk below Dhubab, the Walij tower by its end toward Qanat, the two 'Shaykhan' towers held by Jews at the depression of the mosque where the Prophet prayed marching to Uhud, and the two towers of the Zabala folk by Abu'l-Hurra's mound. Among the Aws–Khazraj towers after the Jews' subjugation: 'Waqim', built by Banu Abd al-Ashhal for Hudayr ibn Simak and giving its name to the quarter; 'al-Ra'l' of Sakhra umm Banu Abd al-Ashhal, their battle-pride at Bu'ath; 'al-Musayyir' of Banu Haritha, in which they were besieged; and 'al-Rayyan' of Banu Mujadhdhi'a ibn Haritha by their mosque in their second quarter.
تصور
وصل بحر القلزم ببحر الروم
The ancient canal-joining dossier: a Roman king's failed cut between Qulzum and the Mediterranean at the Crocodile's Tail bridge, the silted al-Zabr canal that once let boats relay goods between the seas, Harun al-Rashid's two attempts — abandoned when Yahya ibn Khalid warned that Roman squadrons would then land near Jeddah and snatch pilgrims from the Haram — and Umar's veto on Amr ibn al-As for the same reason.
تصور
الزيوف وقطع الدراهم
The zuyuf were Ajam-struck dirhams, adulterated — Ibn Mas'ud ordered them broken and sold his own baqiyya at a discount till Umar forbade it and he lent it out; Umar and Uthman melted whatever zuyuf the bayt al-mal held into silver. Umar II jailed a man striking off the sultan's die and threw his iron in the fire; Abd al-Malik took another and meant to cut his hand before punishing otherwise — Medina's elders approved. Marwan ibn al-Hakam had cut a dirham-cutter's hand — Zayd ibn Thabit: 'he punished him' — and Aban ibn Uthman at Medina lashed the cutter thirty and paraded him, that for one who hollowed dirhams and salted them with counterfeits. On cutting full-weight dirhams the jurists split: Malik and Ibn Abi Dhi'b disliked and forbade it as corruption; al-Thawri and Abu Hanifa saw no harm where it did not injure Islam and its people — and Ibn Ka'b read Shu'ayb's people's claim to do as they would in their wealth (Hud) as the cutting of dirhams.
واقعہ
فتح عباد بن زياد قندهار والقلانس العبادية
Abbad ibn Ziyad raided from Sijistan — Sanarudh, Kish, across the mafaza — and took Qandahar after hard fighting and Muslim dead; seeing the folk's tall caps he had them copied, whence the 'Abbadiyya — and Ibn Mufarrigh's line: 'how many a corpse of your troops by Qandahar unburied'.
واقعہ
ولاية عبد العزيز بن عبد الله بن عامر سجستان
Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdallah ibn Amir came governing Sijistan for al-Quba' — al-Harith ibn Abdallah ibn Abi Rabi'a al-Makhzumi — in Ibn al-Zubayr's days; they brought him into Zaranj and warred on Rutbil, whom Abu Afra'a Umayr al-Mazini killed as the unbelievers routed. Abdullah ibn Nashira al-Tamimi counselled Abd al-Aziz to take all the treasury and leave — then came himself and entered Zaranj; Waki' ibn Abi Sud alone stood by Abd al-Aziz, got him back in when the gates opened to the Khatiban, and expelled Ibn Nashira, who gathered a host and fought — his horse stumbled and he was killed, mourned in Abu Huzaba's (or Hanzala ibn Arada's) elegy 'no youth after Ibn Nashira the youth'.
واقعہ
توحيد النقود في عهد عبد الملك
Heraclius's dinars and the Persian Baghliyya dirhams reached Jahiliya Mecca and traded only as bullion: their mithqal twenty-two qirats less a fraction, ten dirhams seven mithqals, the ratl twelve uqiyyas of forty dirhams — weights the Prophet confirmed, and Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali, and Mu'awiya after him. Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr struck a few dirhams under Ibn al-Zubayr, later broken; then Abd al-Malik asked and tested, wrote al-Hajjaj to strike dirhams at fifteen qirats of the dinar-qirats, and struck the Damascene dinars — which came to Medina with Companions and Followers there and none objected. Al-Hasan ibn Salih: the Ajam dirhams ran great and small — twenty, twelve, ten qirats — and when Islam needed the mean for zakah they summed forty-two and struck the third, fourteen qirats, so ten Arab dirhams weigh seven mithqals. Quraysh's weights: the dirham for silver, the dinar for gold, ten dirham-weights to seven dinar-weights, the sha'ira a sixtieth of a dirham, the uqiyya forty dirhams, the nashsh twenty, the nawa five — all confirmed when the Prophet entered Mecca. And Sa'id ibn al-Musayyab, asked who first struck engraved dinars, said 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan — dinars came Byzantine, dirhams Kisrawi and few Himyari'.
واقعہ
دخول عبد الرحمن الداخل الأندلس
تقریباً 756 عیسوی · 138 ھIn year 138 Abd al-Rahman ibn Muawiya ibn Hisham the Umayyad entered al-Andalus and seized it; his days extended and al-Andalus remained in his descendants' hands past the year 400. A man of learning and justice whose mother was Berber, they said: 'The world is ruled by two sons of Berber women — al-Mansur and Abd al-Rahman ibn Muawiya.' By year 148 nothing lay outside al-Mansur's sway but al-Andalus, held by Abd al-Rahman, who did not take the title Commander of the Faithful but only amir — as did his sons.
واقعہ
استقلال عبد الرحمن بن حبيب بثغر المغرب
743 اور 752 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: when al-Walid ibn Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik rose, Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri opposed him — beloved in that frontier for his grandfather Uqba ibn Nafi's traces there — and prevailed over it, Hanzala withdrawing; Yazid ibn al-Walid sent no governor to the Maghreb, and when Marwan ibn Muhammad rose, Abd al-Rahman corresponded with him, showed obedience and sent gifts — his scribe being Khalid ibn Rabi'a al-Ifriqi, between whom and Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahya ran friendship and letters — so Marwan confirmed him over the frontier; then Ilyas ibn Habib ruled after him, then Habib ibn Abd al-Rahman, then the Berbers and the Ibadis of the Khawarij prevailed.
واقعہ
غزوة عبد الرحمن بن حبيب للسوس وأرض السودان
720 اور 741 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Abdallah ibn al-Habhab, mawla of Banu Salul, was employed over Ifriqiya, and he sent raiding Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib ibn Abi Ubayda ibn Uqba ibn Nafi' al-Fihri to Sus and the Sudan lands — he triumphed as none had ever seen, taking among their women two girls each with but a single breast, they being called Tarajan — a copy's margin noting them of a race called al-Barbarwajan.
واقعہ
شأن عبد الله بن سوار بالقيقان
Abdallah ibn Sawar al-Abdi held the frontier, raided Qiqan, and gifted Mu'awiya Qiqani horses; back there the people summoned the Turks who killed him. So open-handed that none lit a fire but his — once, told a strange fire was a lying-in woman's khabis, he fed the whole camp khabis three days.
واقعہ
صلح عبد الله بن أمية ورتبيل الثاني
Abd al-Malik gave Khurasan to Umayya ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid, who sent his son Abdullah to Sijistan with covenant while at Kirman. The second Rutbil — king after the slain first — still feared the Muslims and truced Abdullah at Bust for a million; but when gifts and slaves were refused with 'fill this portico with gold or there is no peace', it proved a ruse: Rutbil emptied the land before him, then seized the defiles behind him and pressed him to withdraw taking nothing. Abdullah answered: 'rather take three hundred thousand as sulh, write us a deed, and never raid our land while I govern, nor burn nor ruin' — done; and Abd al-Malik, hearing, dismissed him.
واقعہ
قصيدة أبي المختار في عمال الأهواز
Abu al-Mukhtar Yazid ibn Qabs al-Sa'iq raised his poem against the Ahwaz officials to Umar: 'Tell the Commander of the Faithful, God's trustee in command and ban — leave not the rustaq-folk and villagers who gulp God's wealth; send to al-Hajjaj and learn his account, to Juzz and to Bishr, forget neither Nafi', nor Ibn Ghallab of Nasr's lords, nor al-Nu'man, nor the Banu-Ghazwan son-in-law, ask Shibl for the money and Ibn Muharrish.' Umar mulcted every named man of half his wealth — till he took a sandal and left a sandal — and when Abu Bakra objected 'I left you nothing' came 'your brother holds the treasury and Ubulla's tithes and lends you capital': ten thousand was taken, or half his estate.
واقعہ
خروج أبي بكر إلى نقع وإمرار خالد
Abu Bakr rode out with the Muhajirun and Ansar to Naq' facing Najd as the a'rab fled with their children; the people pressed him — 'return to Medina, to children and women, and set a man over the army' — till he returned and made Khalid ibn al-Walid commander, 'when they submit and give the sadaqa, whoever will may return'. Ibn Umar: as he sat his mount, Ali took its halter — 'where to, caliph of God's messenger? I tell you what he told you at Uhud: sheathe your sword, do not bereave us of yourself — by God, bereft of you, Islam has no order ever'. And his commission to Khalid: fight the people on the five — the testimony, the prayer, the zakah, the fast — one left out like all five; Khalid marched in Jumada II.
واقعہ
تخلف أبي ذر ولحاقه ماشياً
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھMan after man fell behind the Prophet on the march, and he would say: leave him; if there is good in him, God will bring him up to you. Then Abu Dharr was reported to have fallen behind, his camel slowing him, so he took his baggage on his back and set out on foot following the Prophet's tracks. When a watcher saw him the Prophet said: let it be Abu Dharr; and it was he. The Prophet prayed for him and said that he walks alone, dies alone and is raised alone.
واقعہ
غزو أبي دلف للديلم
Abu Dulaf al-Qasim ibn Isa raided Daylam in al-Ma'mun's reign and was governor under al-Mu'tasim in al-Afshin's Jibal command, taking fortresses — Iqlism whose people treated for tribute, Bumaj taken by force then brought to tribute-terms, al-Iblam and Andaq among others — while al-Afshin sent other raiders who took Daylami forts as well.
واقعہ
قتل بني أمية على نهر أبي فطرس
'Abd Allah ibn 'Ali's slaughter of eighty-odd Umayyads at Nahr Abi Futrus in Palestine — Wednesday, mid-Dhu'l-Qa'da 132.
واقعہ
لحاق أبي خيثمة بالنبي
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھDays after the Prophet had marched, Abu Khaythama returned to his family on a hot day and found his two wives in two bowers they had prepared for him with cold water and food. He refused to enter, saying he would not sit in cool shade while the Prophet was out in the midday wind and heat; he took his provisions and his camel and went after the Prophet until he caught up with him at Tabuk.
واقعہ
إسلام أبي قحافة عثمان بن عامر
جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھAt Dhu Tuwa or upon the entry into Mecca, Abu Bakr led his aged, blind father Abu Quhafa to the Prophet to profess Islam; the Prophet remarked with tenderness that he should have gone to the old man instead, and instructed that his white hair be dyed.
واقعہ
حديث أبي رهم عن المتخلفين من غفار وأسلم
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھIbn Ishaq relates from al-Zuhri, from Ibn Ukayma al-Laythi, from the nephew of Abu Ruhm al-Ghifari that Abu Ruhm Kulthum ibn al-Husayn — one of those who pledged under the tree — campaigned to Tabuk. Riding near the Prophet at al-Akhdar his mount jostled the Prophet's, and the Prophet asked him about the Ghifar men who had stayed behind, then about a party of their Aslam allies, and said that the dearest of his people to him were those who did not stay behind: the Muhajirun of Quraysh, the Ansar, Ghifar and Aslam.
واقعہ
إسلام أبي سفيان بن حرب بمر الظهران
جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھAt Marr al-Zahran on the eve of the Conquest, al-Abbas brought Abu Sufyan into the Muslim camp; after witnessing the ten thousand campfires and parading contingents, Abu Sufyan professed Islam, and the Prophet granted general sanctuary to whoever entered his house.
واقعہ
بعثة أبي سفيان إلى المدينة لتجديد العقد
629 عیسوی · 8 ھFrightened by what had been done at al-Watir, Quraysh sent Abu Sufyan ibn Harb to Medina to stiffen the pact and extend its term. The Prophet gave him no answer; Abu Bakr and Umar declined to intercede; Ali advised him to grant protection himself, which he did and returned home empty-handed.
واقعہ
قصة ابن الأهثم أبي طينة
Abdallah ibn al-Ahtham, Abu Haqan, Qutayba's Marw deputy during campaigns, wrote al-Hajjaj denouncing him. Bashir of the Ahtham warned Qutayba — 'you've opened to a treacherous envious man' — dismissed as cousin-envy, though Bashir begged it stand as his excuse. When al-Hajjaj forwarded the letter and the courier rode past the Sakka without stopping, Ibn al-Ahtham sensed the trap and fled to Syria: years peddling wine and flax round his neck, then rag and cotton over one eye, styled Abu Tutayna the oilman — until al-Walid died and Sulayman rose, when he cast off the disguise and preached congratulations to Sulayman with attacks on al-Hajjaj and Qutayba — 'Abu Tutayna the oilman, the most eloquent of men'. Reading the letter, Qutayba struck the Banu Ahtham, killing nine; Bashir said 'remember my excuse' — 'you put one foot forward and held the other back, enemy of God' — and killed them all. Waki' ibn Abi Sud, deposed from Tamim's command for a Dabbi, swore then, missed zhuhr and asr, and when asked answered: 'how should I pray to a Lord who killed our best as boys and was not angered for them?'
واقعہ
بعثة أبي عبيد إلى العراق
تقریباً 634 عیسوی · تقریباً 13 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: when Umar succeeded he sent Abu Ubayd ibn Mas'ud ibn Amr ibn Umayr ibn Awf ibn Uqda ibn Ghiyara ibn Awf ibn Thaqif — being Abu al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd — to Iraq in a thousand, writing al-Muthanna to receive, hear and obey him, and sent with him Salit ibn Qays ibn Amr al-Ansari, telling him 'but for the haste in you I'd have appointed you — war is cunning, only the patient man suits it.' Abu Ubayd came on urging every Arab tribe to jihad and booty till a host joined him; at al-Mudhayyib he heard Jaban the Persian was at Tustar in a great host — met him, routed his host and took captives; then to Durna whose Persian host he routed to Kaskar; then to the Jalinus at Barusma where Ibn al-Andarzghar made peace at four dirhams a head on withdrawing; he sent al-Muthanna to Zandaward — found repudiated, fought, prevailed and captured — and Urwa ibn Zayd al-Khayl al-Ta'i to al-Zawabi whose dihqan he pacified on Barusma's terms.
واقعہ
نار عدن سنة 652هـ
تقریباً 1254 عیسوی · 652 ھIn 652 a fire appeared in the mountains of Aden, sparks flying to the sea by night and great smoke rising by day; the people did not doubt it was the end-time fire foretold, and repented.
واقعہ
فتوح الأغالبة في صقلية
In al-Baladhuri: the house of al-Aghlab ibn Salim al-Ifriqi opened more than twenty cities of Sicily — in Muslim hands — and Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Aghlab opened of it in al-Mutawakkil's caliphate Qasr Yana and Hisn Ghalyana.
واقعہ
فتح أشروسنة على يد أحمد بن أبي خالد
Al-Ma'mun sent the katib Ahmad ibn Abi Khalid al-Ahwal in a great host; Kawus summoned the Turks through al-Fadl ibn Kawus — but Ahmad camped on the city by Haydar's short road before the Turks came, and Kawus, who had reckoned him bound to the long route, despaired and yielded. Al-Fadl drew the Turks into a waterless waste, slipped away to his father's aman, and the Turks perished of thirst. Kawus showed Islam at Baghdad and was re-kingdomed, then his son Haydar — al-Afshin — after him.
واقعہ
صلح بلخ ومسير الأحنف إلى خوارزم
Al-Ahnaf took Talaqan by sulh and Faryab — or Umair ibn al-Ahmar did — then marched on Balkh, the city of the Tukhara, whose people truced at four hundred thousand, or seven hundred on the sounder report; he left Asid ibn al-Mutashammis — some say his nephew — over it, then went against Khwarizm, all beyond the river with an eastern city, could not take it, and came back to a Balkh whose sulh Asid had already levied.
واقعہ
خطبة الأحنف لعمر في أهل البصرة
Al-Ahnaf ibn Qays came to Umar with the Basrans; Umar heard them one by one while al-Ahnaf sat silent in a corner till asked — then: 'our brothers of the garrison towns dwell between sweet waters and tangled gardens, and we in a reeking marsh whose dew never dries nor pasture grows, the briny sea eastward, the waste westward, no tillage no milk, our due reaching us like an ostrich's gullet; the weak man walks two farsakhs for sweet water and the woman miscarries her child going — lift our misery and mend our poverty or we are a people lost'. Umar joined Basra's children to the stipend and wrote Abu Musa to dig them a canal.
واقعہ
صلح الأحنف قصر الأحنف ومرو الروذ
Al-Ahnaf went toward Tugharistan to the place called Qasr al-Ahnaf — a fortress of Marw al-Rudh whose great rustaq bears his name, 'Shaqq al-Jarradh' — besieged it, and its folk truced at three hundred thousand; his condition: 'a man of ours enters the castle, gives the adhan in it, and stays among you till I return' — accepted, and the sulh covered the whole rustaq. At Marw al-Rudh they fought hard before being forced into the fort; its marzban, of Badhan of Yemen's line or kin, wrote that Badhan's Islam summoned him to peace — truced at sixty thousand, al-Mada'ini's sources say six hundred — after al-Ahnaf's horse had already taken Rustaq Bagh with its herds.
واقعہ
وقعة الأحنف بطخارستان
Tukharistan massed against the Muslims — Juzjan, Talaqan, Faryab and their neighbors to thirty thousand, with the Saghaniyan from the river's east bank. Back at his castle al-Ahnaf overheard by night a man tending his fire or kneading dough: 'the move is to camp between the Marghab and the mountain — river right, mountain left — and you face no more than your own number'. He took it, five thousand Muslims — four thousand Arabs, a thousand Ajam converts — waved his banner and charged; the Saghaniyan king drove his spear at al-Ahnaf, who wrenched it from his hand and fought on, killing three drum-bearers one after another; then the rout — slaughter wherever they found them, and the foe laid down arms in safety.
واقعہ
نظر المأمون في مزارعة الأهواز
Al-Rashid granted Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi the Ahwaz musarra'a lands; a doubt entered the grant, was raised to al-Ma'mun, who ordered review — the undisputed executed, the doubted marked 'al-mashkuk fihi' — a designation still current in al-Ahwaz.
واقعہ
فتنة خلاط وقتل أهلها
1207 عیسوی · 604 ھ604: the moment al-Awhad's back was turned, Akhlat's people expelled his garrison and cried a dead Shah-Arman's name; he returned with Jaziran reinforcements, breached the city on the people's own envy of one another, massacred many, and sent the notables to Mayyafariqin to be killed in daily batches — 'the fitiyan, who had made and unmade kings, were scattered and the people spared their evil'.
واقعہ
استيلاء العادل على دمشق
تقریباً 1196 عیسوی · 592 ھal-Adil's seizure of Damascus, 27 Rajab 592 — after the Asadiyya and Kurds defected from al-Aziz of Egypt to his brother al-Afdal, the Bilbays settlement gave al-Afdal Palestine while al-Adil stayed in Egypt beside al-Aziz; then uncle and nephew marched on Damascus, suborned al-Afdal's favoured amir Ibn Abi Ghalib of Homs who opened the Bab al-Sharqi at 'asr, entered while al-Afdal knew nothing, and read him the order to vacate the citadel.
واقعہ
مسير الفلاليج وطلب جابان بمستر
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: Khalid came to al-Falalij on his return from Baniqya — a Persian host there dispersed and he met no harm — then returned to al-Hira; hearing Jaban was at Tustar in a great host he sent against him al-Muthanna ibn Haritha al-Shaybani and Hanzala ibn al-Rabi' ibn Rabah al-Asadi of Banu Tamim — called Hanzala the Scribe — and when they reached him he fled.
واقعہ
غزو الحارث بن مرة القيقان ومقتله
Al-Harith ibn Murra al-Abdi went as a volunteer to the Indian frontier with Ali's leave — took booty and captives, divided a thousand heads in one day — then was killed with nearly all his men in al-Qiqan in 42h, that land of Sind adjoining Khurasan.
واقعہ
استئذان الجد بن قيس في التخلف
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھAl-Jadd ibn Qays of Banu Salima asked the Prophet whether he had any part in fighting the Banu al-Asfar, meaning the Byzantines, and excused himself as a man too fond of women who feared temptation; the Prophet turned away from him and gave him leave. Ibn Ishaq says a verse of Sura al-Tawba was revealed about him, explaining that his falling into temptation by staying behind was greater than what he feared.
واقعہ
ولاية الجرشي وفتح حصون السغد
Sa'id ibn Amr al-Jarashi came to Khurasan; his lettered 'ahd read with solecisms, he told the people 'the amir is innocent of this lahn'. He invited Sughd back to obedience, held off battle till his envoys reported defiance, then marched — some twelve thousand broke from their leader to submission — and he opened most of Sughd's fortresses with satisfying gain.
واقعہ
ولاية الجنيد بن عبد الرحمن خراسان وحربه الترك
In 112h Hisham gave Khurasan to al-Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri; his vanguard caught the Khaqan's son drunk hunting — sent to Hisham — and he fought on till the Turks were driven off. Reinforced by Amr ibn Muslim with ten thousand Basrans, Abd al-Rahman ibn Nu'aym with ten thousand Kufans, thirty thousand spears, thirty thousand shields, and an open stipend for fifteen thousand men, his raids prospered — while the Hashimi da'is spread and grew strong in his rule. He died at Marw; Hisham then gave Khurasan to Asim ibn Abdallah al-Hilali. Abu Ubayda notes the Tukharistan districts al-Junayd had breached were returned to their sulh.
واقعہ
حفر نهر المبارك وقنطرة دجلة
In al-Baladhuri: Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri dug al-Mubarak canal — al-Farazdaq praised it ('al-Mubarak, like its name, waters Sawad's ploughland and the tyrant's lush domain; Tigris at its flood seems a fang stretched out on a caravan rope'). Khalid wrote Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik asking leave to build a pontoon on the Tigris; Hisham answered 'if this were possible the Persians would have preceded us,' and when pressed, 'if you are certain it will hold, do it.' He built it at enormous cost; the water soon cut it, and Hisham made him repay all he had spent.
واقعہ
فتح المفرج بن سلام أربعة وعشرين حصناً
847 اور 870 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: after Khalafun rose a man called al-Mufarraj — one copy: al-Mufarrikh — ibn Sallam who opened twenty-four fortresses and seized them; he wrote the postmaster in Egypt his news and that he deemed the absentee prayer unlawful for himself and the Muslims with him, asking the imam to contract him over his district and appoint him, to leave the state of usurpers — and he built a congregational mosque. Then his companions mutinied and killed him; Sawran — also read Sudan — succeeded and sent his envoy to al-Mutawakkil asking patent and letter of appointment, but al-Mutawakkil died before the envoy reached him, and al-Muntasir died whose caliphate was six months; al-Musta'in Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Mu'tasim ordered his Maghreb agent Utamish — the caliph's mawla — to contract it for him, but before his envoy could leave Samarra Utamish was killed and Wasif the caliph's mawla took the district and contracted and dispatched it.
واقعہ
غارة النسير وحذيفة إلى تكريت
تقریباً 634 عیسوی · تقریباً 13 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: al-Tusayr ibn Daysam ibn Thawr was sent from Ayn al-Tamr against a water of Banu Taghlib — he surprised them by night, killed and captured; a captive freed for guiding him to a Rabi'a clan led him to night-strike them for booty and captives, then he went to Tikrit's landward side and the Muslims took booty. Via Abu Mas'ud al-Kufi: he came to Ukbara' — its people safe-conducted, bringing food and fodder for his men — then passed al-Baradan whose people ran before the Muslims; he told them 'no harm' and that was their safe-conduct; then to al-Mukharrim — not yet called Mukharrim, only named after some descendant of Mukarram ibn Hazn ibn Ziyad ibn Anas al-Dayyan al-Harithi settled it, per al-Kalbi — then they crossed a bridge bound at Qasr Sabur, known today as Qasr Isa ibn Ali; Khurzad ibn Mahibandadh its garrisoned warden fought them and was routed, and they withdrew to Ayn al-Tamr. Al-Waqidi said: al-Muthanna ibn Haritha sent al-Nusayr and Hudhayfa ibn Mihsan after the Day of the Bridge and his withdrawal with the Muslims to Khaffan, in Umar's caliphate, with horse — they fell on some of Banu Taghlib, crossed to Tikrit and took cattle and sheep. Attab ibn Ibrahim via Abu Mas'ud: al-Tusayr and Hudhayfa safe-conducted Tikrit's people and wrote them a document which Utba ibn Farqad al-Sulami enforced for them when opening al-Tirhan and Mosul; it is also said al-Nusayr was sent by Khalid ibn al-Walid raiding villages at Maskin and Qatarrabul for a fine booty.
واقعہ
حرب القمي لبلاد البجة
241 ھIn al-Baladhuri: al-Mutawakkil ordered sending a man called Muhammad ibn Abdallah — known as al-Qummi — to the mine of Egypt as its governor, giving him the Qulzum, the Hijaz road and with it Egypt's hajj command; reaching the mine he carried provisions by ships from the Qulzum to the Buja lands, met a coast called Aydhab where the ships joined him — strengthened by that supply he reached the Buja king's fortress and fought him in small number; the Buja king came out in the masses on armored camels, so al-Qummi took the bells and hung them on the horses — the camels heard their sounds and scattered the Buja through valleys and mountains, and the Buja master was killed. His sister's son succeeded — the original reads 'his brother' — his father one of the Buja kings, and sought truce; al-Mutawakkil refused unless he tread his carpet, so he came to Samarra and peace was made in year 241 on paying the tribute and baqt; he was returned with al-Qummi, the Buja entering truce, paying and not barring Muslims from working the gold mine — that being the condition on their master. In al-Maqrizi's version cited by the editors: al-Mutawakkil gave him the Buja war in 241 and wrote Anbasa ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi, Egypt's amir, to aid him; their land was a month's barren march of rugged mountains; their king was Ali Baba — when the provision ships arrived he fought in earnest, the camels panicked at the bells, the Muslims pursued killing and capturing; Ali Baba asked aman, granted on paying dues, he carried him four years' withheld kharaj; al-Qummi returned to Baghdad with Ali Baba — al-Mutawakkil robed him in brocade and gave Sa'd al-Khadim the Buja and the road to Mecca; Sa'd gave Muhammad al-Qummi that and he returned with Ali Baba still on his religion, carrying a stone idol like a boy he prostrated to; al-Qummi settled at Aswan and died there.
واقعہ
صلح الرور
Months besieged on its hill, al-Rur yielded by sulh — no killing, no laying hands on their budd, 'for the budd is as the churches of Christians and Jews and the fire-houses of Magians' — kharaj laid and a mosque built; then al-Sikka before Bayas fell, a ruin today.
واقعہ
استخراج السيبين وضياع مسلمة
In al-Baladhuri: when breaches burst in al-Hajjaj's days he wrote al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik that he had costed their damming at three million dirhams; al-Walid found it excessive. Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik said 'I will pay, if you grant me the lowlands that still hold water after the three million is spent by your trusted adviser al-Hajjaj.' Granted, Maslama acquired adjoining tasasij lands, dug al-Sibayn, drew peasants and cultivators, brought the lands under tillage and annexed many estates to fortify himself. When the blessed dawla came and Umayyad wealth was seized, all al-Sibayn was granted to Dawud ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas, then bought from his heirs with its rights and bounds — becoming caliphal estates.
واقعہ
حفر نهر الصلة
In al-Baladhuri: al-Mahdi ordered Nahr al-Sila dug; they dug it and revived the lands along it, assigning its revenue to the sila of the people of the two sanctuaries and their expenses there — the compact offered cultivators who joined it, which they remain on today, fifty years, after which they would sharecrop at half.
واقعہ
مناقلة حلب من الموصل إلى سنجار
تقریباً 1181 عیسوی · 577 ھ
واقعہ
استخلاف علي على أهل النبي وقول النبي له
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet left Ali in charge of his family and ordered him to stay with them. The hypocrites spread the rumour that he had found Ali a burden, so Ali took up his weapons and caught up with the Prophet at al-Jurf. The Prophet told him he had left him behind for what he had left behind him, and asked: are you not content to be to me as Aaron was to Moses, except that there is no prophet after me? Ali returned to Medina.
واقعہ
غلب العلافيين على ثغر مكران ووقعة سعيد بن أسلم
Under al-Hajjaj, Sa'id ibn Aslam al-Kilabi held Makran's frontier till the Allafi brothers Mu'awiya and Muhammad, sons of al-Harith, rose and killed him — Allaf being Rabban ibn Hulwan of Quda'a, Abu Jurm. Al-Hajjaj then gave the thaghr to Mujja'a ibn Si'r al-Tamimi, who raided, took plunder, and opened parts of Qandabil — finished later by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim — dying in Makran within the year. His successor Muhammad ibn Harun al-Namari received, for al-Hajjaj, the king of Jazirat al-Yaqut's gift of Muslim-born women orphaned of merchant fathers.
واقعہ
عزل عمرو بن العاص وتولية ابن أبي سرح
25 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Amr set his mawla Wardan over Alexandria and returned to al-Fustat, his dismissal came shortly after — Uthman appointing Abdallah ibn Sa'd, his milk-brother, in year 25; or, some say, Abdallah already held Egypt's kharaj and a quarrel ran between him and Amr, so on his complaint Uthman dismissed Amr, joined both offices to Abdallah, and wrote telling him Alexandria had been opened once by force and had twice revolted — ordering a ribat that never leaves it, provisions dealt out to them, and rotation every six months; in a third account, when the Romans descended on Alexandria Egypt's people begged Uthman to keep Amr until the fighting ended, for his war-knowledge and dread in the enemy's souls — he did till they were routed — then Uthman wished to put Amr over the war and Abdallah over the kharaj, which Amr refused saying 'I am like one holding the cow's horns while the amir milks her', so Uthman gave Ibn Sa'd Egypt. And the Abyssinians of al-Bayma kept fighting seven years after Egypt's conquest, uncatchable, never stirring from the waters amid the thickets.
واقعہ
كتبة الأوس والخزرج وأهل الكمال
Al-Waqidi: writing in Arabic was rare among Aws and Khazraj; some Jews had taught Arabic writing, and the boys learned it in early Medina. When Islam came, those who wrote were Sa'd ibn 'Ubada ibn Dulaym, al-Mundhir ibn 'Amr, Ubayy ibn Ka'b, Zayd ibn Thabit — who wrote Arabic and Hebrew — Rafi' ibn Malik, Usayd ibn Hudayr, Ma'n ibn 'Adi al-Balawi the Ansars' ally, Bashir ibn Sa'd, Sa'd ibn al-Rabi', Aws ibn Khawli and Abdallah ibn Ubayy. The kamil — who joined writing, archery and swimming — were Rafi' ibn Malik, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, Usayd ibn Hudayr, Abdallah ibn Ubayy and Aws ibn Khawli; and of Jahiliya Yathrib, Suwayd ibn al-Samit and Hudayr al-Kata'ib. Zayd ibn Thabit: 'the Prophet ordered me to learn the Jews' script — I do not trust the Jews with my correspondence — and before half a month passed I had learned it: I wrote his letters to the Jews, and when they wrote to him I read their letters'.
واقعہ
فتح الجوزجان على يدي الأقرع بن حابس
Fugitives reached Juzjan; al-Ahnaf sent al-Aqra' ibn Habis al-Tamimi with horse and the charge: 'sons of Tamim — love one another, give freely, set your affairs right, and open with the jihad of your bellies and loins; let your faith be sound and do not defraud, that your jihad prosper'. A first turn went against the Muslims; they wheeled back, routed the foe and stormed Juzjan — Ibn al-Ghariza's verses mourning the youths fallen between its two castles.
واقعہ
زلزلة المسجد الأقصى وإعمارته في الدولة العباسية
تقریباً 800 عیسوی · تقریباً 184 ھ†The Abbasid-era earthquake that felled the Aqsa's roofed part save the mihrab: when the treasury pleaded it could not restore it as before, the caliph ordered each provincial amir and commander to rebuild one arcade — raising it stronger and thicker, the repair still legible as a 'seam' in al-Muqaddasi's day — and Abdallah ibn Tahir added marble arcades.
واقعہ
حصار العرب للقسطنطينية في خلافة معاوية
Arslan's chapter on Arab sieges of Constantinople describes the first large attempt, under Mu'awiya, when a fleet sailed from Tripoli in Syria under Busr ibn Abi Artat, and a land army is thought to have begun the siege. He reports disagreement among Arab historians over the death of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari during the siege, and doubts the later legend of his grave. The same chapter notes a later siege under Harun al-Rashid that ended in a truce and tribute. This is Arslan's compilation of sources that disagree on the dates.
واقعہ
وضع الخط العربي وانتشاره
Al-Sharqi ibn al-Quttami: three Tayyi' men met at Baqqa — Muramir ibn Murra, Aslam ibn Sidra and Amir ibn Jadara — and devised the script, measuring Arabic's spelling against the Syriac. Men of al-Anbar learned it from them, al-Hira from al-Anbar; and Bishr ibn Abd al-Malik — brother of Ukaydir, the Christian lord of Dumat al-Jandal who sojourned at al-Hira — learned it there, came to Mecca, and taught its letters then its script to Sufyan ibn Umayya ibn Abd Shams and Abu Qays ibn Abd Manaf ibn Zuhra ibn Kilab. The three went trading to al-Ta'if; Ghaylan ibn Salama al-Thaqafi learned with them. Bishr went on to Mudar's lands where Amr ibn Zurara ibn Udas learned — he is called Amr the Scribe — then to al-Sham where men learned it; and a man of Tabukha learned from the Tayyi' three and taught a man of Wadi al-Qura, who settled there and taught its people.
واقعہ
نقل ديوان خراج العراق إلى العربية
In al-Baladhuri via al-Mada'ini from Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Sayf's shaykhs: the diwan of the Sawad's kharaj and all Iraq remained in Persian until al-Hajjaj governed Iraq and took as scribe Zadhanfarrukh ibn Biri, who had with him Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman — mawla of Banu Tamim whose father was among Sijistan's captives — writing before him in Arabic and Persian. Zadhanfarrukh presented Salih to al-Hajjaj who took to him, then confided his fear of displacement — Salih answering that the amir needed him more since none could keep his accounts but himself, and offering: by God, if you wished I could turn the accounts to Arabic. He converted half for display, then feigned illness; al-Hajjaj's physician found nothing wrong and Zadhanfarrukh ordered him to appear. When Zadhanfarrukh was killed in Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath's days, al-Hajjaj made Salih his scribe; told of the earlier exchange he resolved to make the diwan Arabic and charged Salih with it. Mardanshah ibn Zadhanfarrukh challenged: what will you do for dahwiya and shashwiya? — I write ushr and half-ushr; and wid? — likewise, the surplus being increased; whereupon: may God cut your root from this world as you have cut Persian's root. A hundred thousand dirhams were offered him to feign inability and desist — he refused and translated it. Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahya, Marwan ibn Muhammad's scribe, would say: God reward Salih — how great his favor to the scribes; and Sahl ibn Abi al-Salt said al-Hajjaj gave Salih a deadline until he turned the diwan over.
واقعہ
ولاية أسد بن عبد الله خراسان
Asad made al-Hasan ibn Abi al-Mammarta over Samarqand, where Turkish raids he could never catch drove him to pray in khutba 'cut their tracks, hasten their fates, take patience from them' — the Samarqandis cursed him back: 'rather send patience on us and shake their feet'. Asad took Ghurud's sulh and conversion in the Nimrud mountains; at Balkh he ordered the city rebuilt and the diwans moved there, gained nothing at al-Khattl amid famine, beat Nasr ibn Sayyar for reported talk and sent him to Khalid with three charged with shu'ubiyya — then left al-Hakam ibn Awana al-Kalbi in his place.
واقعہ
نزول الأساورة البصرة
At Tustar's siege the asawira showed no treachery; Abu Musa told Siyah 'you are not what we supposed' — Siyah answered 'our insight is not yours, and we hold no sacrality over you to fear for and fight: we entered this religion at its dawn seeking refuge, and it may be God's generous provision'. Granted top-tier stipends, they asked at Basra which clan was nearest the Prophet's kin — 'Banu Tamim' — so they allied them (the Azd having turned them away), took their plots, and dug the canal still called Nahr al-Asawira. Shirawayh had wished Bakr ibn Wa'il; Siyah refused, they settled with Tamim; the Sayabija and Zutt joined and Tamim contested for them — the asawira ending in Banu Sa'd, the Zutt and Sayabija in Banu Hanzala — fighting the polytheists and riding with Ibn Amir to Khurasan.
واقعہ
إسلام الأساورة وشروطهم
Siyah al-Uswari led Yazdgard's vanguard; sent to Ahwaz he camped at al-Kalbaniyya while Abu Musa besieged al-Sus — then seeing Islam's ascendancy he offered: we enter your religion, fight your enemies among the Persians, fight none of you in your internal disputes, you defend us if Arabs attack, we settle where we wish among you and rank in the highest stipend — compact sealed with the amir. Abu Musa countered 'you have what we have and owe what we owe'; they refused, so he wrote Umar, who wrote back: grant them all they asked.
واقعہ
فتح عسقلان وطبرية سنة 644هـ
تقریباً 1247 عیسوی · 644 ھIn Jumada II 644 the Muslims took Ascalon and Tiberias by storm, the conquest led by Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Shaykh.
واقعہ
أشرس والجزية عن أهل ما وراء النهر
Al-Ashras ibn Abdallah al-Sulami, swayed by his Nabati katib Umayra, raised Khurasan's levies, scorned the dahqans, summoned Transoxanians to Islam and dropped jizya from converts — they rushed to Islam and the kharaj collapsed — so he took musalama anyway, to their protest. Thabit 'Qutna' al-Azdi — cotton-plugged for his gouged eye — raged for them; al-Ashras scattered the gathering, jailed and bailed him, then sent him on a posting where the Turks killed him.
واقعہ
قضايا عطاء الورثة والموتى
Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam asked Uthman, after Abdallah ibn Mas'ud's death, for Abdallah's stipend — 'his dependents deserve it more than the bayt al-mal' — and took fifteen thousand, being Ibn Mas'ud's executor. Umar II gave an earned stipend to a dead man's heirs; Umar gave two-thirds of a year's stipend to a man who died eight months in. Three mamluks of Banu Affan who witnessed Badr drew three thousand each yearly; Ali enrolled an exposed infant at a hundred; Umar II enrolled Marwan ibn Shuja', still weaning, at ten dinars; and asked when a newborn's share falls due, al-Husayn (or al-Hasan) said 'when he cries out'.
واقعہ
بعد بدر: القتلى والأسرى والأنفال وأخبار المدينة ومكة
تقریباً مارچ 624 عیسوی · تقریباً رمضان 2 ھ†Fourteen Muslims were martyred, about seventy Meccans were killed and about seventy taken captive; the dead were thrown into a well, Mecca received the news of the rout, the Prophet sent two messengers to Medina, the spoils were divided after a dispute, the captives were ransomed, and fasting and zakat al-fitr were prescribed.
واقعہ
يوم بدر: الصف والمبارزة ونصر الله
تقریباً 17 مارچ 624 عیسوی · تقریباً 21 رمضان 2 ھ†On the Friday of 17 Ramadan in the second year of the Hijra the two armies met at Badr; the Prophet prayed to his Lord at the height of the fighting, the angels came down, God routed the Meccan army, and their chiefs fell after duels whose first were between Hamza, Ali and Ubayda and Utba, Shayba and al-Walid; Iblis fled in the form of Suraqa.
واقعہ
التعبئة قبل بدر: عير أبي سفيان ونفير مكة وخروج النبي
تقریباً مارچ 624 عیسوی · تقریباً رمضان 2 ھ†In Ramadan of the second year of the Hijra the Prophet set out to intercept Abu Sufyan's caravan returning from Syria; Quraysh mustered to defend it, and the two armies moved towards Badr; Abu Sufyan turned the caravan to the coast, Banu Zuhra withdrew under al-Akhnas ibn Shariq, and the Meccan army pressed on to Badr, where the Prophet learned their numbers from two water-carriers.
واقعہ
غرق بغداد سنة 654هـ
تقریباً 1256 عیسوی · 654 ھIn 654 Baghdad drowned in a flood the like of which had not been heard of: the Tigris rose beyond all precedent, crowds drowned, houses collapsed on their people, boats passed through the alleys and the caliph himself rode a boat while the people implored God.
واقعہ
فتن محلات بغداد سنة 601
اپریل 1205 عیسوی · شعبان 601 ھ601: Baghdad's quarters went to war over dead lions — Bab al-Azj's people killed a lion and meant to parade it triumphantly; the Ma'muniyya barred the procession and swords came out at the Great Orchard. Another lion sparked Qattafa against al-Qariyya; a quarrel set Suq al-Sultan against al-Ja'fariyya in the cemetery — until a great caliphal mamluk patrolled the city killing suspects and the quarters quieted.
واقعہ
ربع بجيلة من السواد وردّه
تقریباً 17 ھIn al-Baladhuri via Qays ibn Abi Hazim: Bajila were a quarter of the people at al-Qadisiyya, and Umar had granted them a quarter of the Sawad; when Jarir came on delegation Umar said 'were I not an accountable divider I would have kept you on your grant, but the people have grown many — return it to them,' and they did, Umar awarding Jarir eighty dinars — or, it is said, four hundred. A Bajila woman called Umm Kurzan said 'my father died and his share is fixed in the Sawad — I will not submit'; Jarir told her 'your people have agreed,' and she answered 'I will not submit unless you mount me on a docile she-camel with a red saddle-cloth and fill my hands with gold' — which was done. Via Jarir: Umar gave Bajila the Sawad's quarter and they took it three years. Via al-Waqidi from Juzayr ibn Yazid ibn Jarir from his father from his grandfather: Umar had made for him and his people a quarter of what they conquered of the Sawad; when Jalula's spoils piled up Jarir claimed his quarter, Sa'd wrote informing Umar, and Umar wrote back: if Jarir and his people wish to have fought only for a wage like the mu'allafa qulubuhum, give them their wage — but if they fought for God and reckoned on what is with Him, then they are of the Muslims, for them what is for them and on them what is on them. Jarir said: 'the Commander of the Faithful spoke truth and kept faith — we have no need of the quarter.'
واقعہ
صلح بانقيا والطيلسان
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: Khalid ibn al-Walid sent Bashir ibn Sa'd al-Ansari to Baniqya; Persian cavalry under Farrukhbandadh met him, shot his men, he charged, routed them and killed Farrukhbandadh, returning wounded — the wound relapsed at Ayn al-Tamr and he died of it, though it is said Khalid himself met Farrukhbandadh with Bashir beside him. Then Khalid sent Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali to Baniqya's people; Busbuhra ibn Saluba came out, excused himself from fighting and offered peace — Jarir made peace on a thousand dirhams and a taylasan, though it is said Ibn Saluba came to Khalid himself for this peace. When Mihran was killed and the day of al-Tukhayla passed, Jarir called them to account and collected their and al-Hira's peace-money, writing them a receipt — though some deny Jarir came to Iraq before Umar's caliphate, Abu Mikhnaf and al-Waqidi holding he came twice. Khalid wrote Busbuhra a document and sent the taylasan with Hira's money and the thousand dirhams to Abu Bakr — who gifted the taylasan to al-Husayn ibn Ali. And via Abu Nasr al-Tammar via Sharik al-Nakha'i via al-Hajjaj ibn Arta' via al-Hakam via Abdallah ibn Mughaffal al-Muzani: 'the Sawad's people have no covenant save al-Hira, Ulays and Baniqya.'
واقعہ
غزوة ملك الألمان وغرقه
تقریباً 1190 عیسوی · 586 ھ
واقعہ
إذن الحمامات بالبصرة
Muslim ibn Abi Bakra drew a thousand dirhams and much food daily from his bathhouse; sick, he willed it to his brother Abd al-Rahman and told him the yield — who disclosed it and asked the Sultan's leave to build his own, baths being built at Basra only by the governors' permission. Leave followed for Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra, al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As, Siyah al-Uswari, al-Husayn ibn Abi al-Hurr al-Anbari, Rayta bint Ziyad, Lababa bint Awfa al-Jarashi for two, and al-Munjab ibn Rashid; Muslim recovered to find his yield ruined and kept saying 'may God cut his mercy'.
واقعہ
صياح أهل البصرة بعبد الله بن علي
After al-Mughitha, al-Mansur meant to carve an estate from the batiha and ordered al-Subaytiyya — hateful to Sulayman and the Basrans, who massed at the door of Abdallah ibn Ali, then a fugitive from al-Mansur at his brother Sulayman's, crying 'Commander of the Faithful, come down, we give you bay'a'. Sulayman dispersed them and sent al-Mansur a delegation — Suwayd ibn Abdallah al-Tamimi, al-Anazi, Dawud ibn Abi Hind, Ali ibn Bashir, Sa'id ibn Abi Aruba — with a picture of the batiha, warning the water would turn brackish; al-Mansur held 'I see it otherwise' — then came to Basra and had al-Subaytiyya extracted.
واقعہ
وقعة أجنادين
تقریباً 16 جولائی 634 عیسوی · 12 ربیع الثانی 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: then came the battle of Ajnadayn — also Ajtadayn — attended by near a hundred thousand Romans, Heraclius chaining most of them and their bravest gathering from the districts, Heraclius then residing at Hims; the Muslims fought them fiercely, Khalid ibn al-Walid showing fine valour that day, then God defeated His enemies and scattered them utterly, killing many; martyred that day were Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-As ibn Umayya and his brother Aban (some say Aban died in year 29), Tulayb ibn Umayr ibn Wahb ibn Qusayy — a Byzantine champion challenged him and severed his right hand so his sword fell with his palm, then covered and killed him, his mother Arwa bint al-Muttalib the Prophet's aunt, his kunya Abu Adi — Salama ibn Hisham ibn al-Mughira (some say he fell at Marj al-Suffar), Ikrama ibn Abi Jahl ibn Hisham al-Makhzumi (some say at Mu'ta), Nu'aym ibn Abdullah al-Nahham al-Adawi (some say at the Yarmuk), Hisham ibn al-As ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi (some say at the Yarmuk), Amr ibn al-Tuqayl ibn Amr al-Dawsi (some say at the Yarmuk), Jundub ibn Amr al-Dawsi, and Sa'id, al-Harith and al-Hajjaj sons of al-Harith ibn Qays ibn Adi al-Sahmi — Hisham ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi placing al-Na'am at Mu'ta, Sa'id at the Yarmuk, Tamim at Ajnadayn and his brother Ubaydullah ibn Abd al-Asad at the Yarmuk — and al-Harith ibn Hisham ibn al-Mughira fell at Ajnadayn; when the report reached Heraclius his heart sank, his hand failed and he was filled with terror, fleeing from Hims to Antioch — some say his flight came at the Muslims' very arrival in Syria; the battle fell on Monday twelve nights remaining of Jumada I year 13 — some say two nights into Jumada II, some say two remaining of it; the Romans then massed at al-Yaqusa — a valley whose mouth is al-Fawwara — where the Muslims met, exposed and routed them killing many, their remnant reaching Syria's towns; Abu Bakr died in Jumada II year 13, his obituary reaching the Muslims at al-Yaqusa.
واقعہ
وقعة العربة
تقریباً 634 عیسوی · تقریباً 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, pursuing the patrician of Gaza, learned of a Roman gathering at al-Araba in the land of Filastin and sent against them Abu Umama al-Sudayy ibn Ajlan al-Bahili, who fell upon them, killed their chief and withdrew; Abu Mikhnaf reports of the day of al-Araba that six Roman commanders descended on al-Araba with three thousand, whereupon Abu Umama marched on them with a band of Muslims, defeated them and killed one of the commanders, then pursued them to al-Dabiyya and defeated them there, the Muslims taking good spoil; the elders of Syria hold the day of al-Araba was the Muslims' first engagement.
واقعہ
يوم مهران وهو يوم البويب
تقریباً 14 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the Muslims gathered at Dayr Hind in year 14, Shirawayh having perished and Buran daughter of Kisra ruling till Yazdgard ibn Shahriyar should come of age; she sent Mihran ibn Mihrbandadh al-Hamadhani against them in twelve thousand, and the Muslims gave him leave till he crossed the bridge to Dayr al-A'war's side. Sayf relates Mihran went on crossing to a place called al-Buwayb — where he was killed; al-Buwayb's flanks are said to have filled with bones till dust covered them in the civil-war time, and the stretch between al-Sakun and Banu Sulaym was the Euphrates' outflow into al-Jawf in the Khasraws' day. The Muslims camped at al-Nukhayla, Jarir ibn Abdallah over Bajila by some accounts and al-Muthanna over Rabi'a by others — or each over his own people. The armies met: Shurahbil ibn al-Simt al-Kindi fought well that day; Mas'ud ibn Haritha, al-Muthanna's brother, was killed, and al-Muthanna said 'let not my brother's fall dismay you — the falls of your best are such'; they charged as one man, steadfast, till God killed Mihran and routed the unbelievers, the Muslims pursuing with few escaping; Qurt ibn Jammakh al-Abdi fenced till his sword bent. Night fell and they crept back to camp, in year 14. Killing Mihran was claimed by Jarir ibn Abdallah and al-Mundhir ibn Hassan ibn Sirar al-Dabbi — each saying 'I killed him' — in a sharp dispute: al-Mundhir took his belt, Jarir the rest of his spoil; it is also said al-Husayn ibn Ma'bad ibn Zurara ibn Udas al-Tamimi was among his killers. Mihran and al-Qadisiyya are said to be eighteen months apart.
واقعہ
وقعة الري بين طاهر وعلي بن عيسى
Tahir's four thousand broke 'Ali ibn 'Isa's army by Rayy — the two-handed blow that named him Dhu'l-Yaminayn, 'his head before me and his seal on my finger'.
واقعہ
غزوة بدر الكبرى
13 مارچ 624 عیسوی · 17 رمضان 2 ھThe first major battle between the Muslims of Medina and the Quraysh of Mecca, fought at the wells of Badr on 17 Ramadan 2 AH.
واقعہ
وقعة باخمرى
Ibrahim ibn 'Abd Allah's stand at Bakhamra in the taff-land sixteen farsakhs from Kufa — dead with four hundred of his Zaydi followers.
واقعہ
وقعة بزاخة
تقریباً 632 عیسوی · تقریباً 11 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Abu Bakr, while at al-Qassa, gave the command of the army to Khalid ibn al-Walid and of the Ansar to Thabit ibn Qays, ordering Khalid to confront Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid al-Asadi — who had claimed prophecy and was then at Buzakha and Buzaha, the watering-place of Banu Asad ibn Khuzayma; Khalid marched on him sending ahead Ukasha ibn Mihsan al-Asadi, ally of Banu Abd Shams, and Thabit ibn Aqram al-Balawi, ally of the Ansar, whom Hibal ibn Khuwaylid met and killed — and Tulayha and his brother Salama then went out, met Ukasha and Thabit and killed them, Tulayha reciting his verse on it; the Muslims and their enemy then met in hard fighting, Uyayna ibn Hisn al-Fazari being with Tulayha in seven hundred of Banu Fazara, and when he saw the Muslims' swords had prevailed over the polytheists he asked Tulayha 'has Gabriel brought you anything?' — 'yes, he came and said you shall have a millstone like his and a day you will not forget' — whereupon Uyayna cried 'by God I see you shall have a day you will not forget! Banu Fazara — this man is a liar', wheeled his men away, the people routed and the Muslims prevailed; Uyayna was captured, brought to Medina, and Abu Bakr spared his blood and released him, while Tulayha fled, washed, entered ihram for an umra and then came to Medina.
واقعہ
وقعة داثن
تقریباً 634 عیسوی · تقریباً 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the first engagement between the Muslims and their enemy at a village of Gaza's district called Dathin, against the patrician of Gaza; they fought hard, then God gave victory to His friends, defeated His enemies and scattered their gathering — this before Khalid ibn al-Walid's arrival in Syria; Abu Hafs al-Shami reports from the elders of Syria that the Muslims' first engagement was rather that of al-Araba, they having fought nothing since leaving the Hijaz and subdued every land between the Hijaz and its site without battle.
واقعہ
حرب دير الأعور
Abu Muslim's months of trench warfare at Dayr al-A'war by Nisibis broke 'Abd Allah ibn 'Ali's Syrian bid for the caliphate.
واقعہ
وقعة دير الجاثليق
72 ھ
واقعہ
وقعة فخ
The Hasanid rising cut down at Fakhkh, six miles from Mecca on the day of Tarwiya — its survivors scattered to Daylam and worse.
واقعہ
وقعة فحل
تقریباً جنوری 635 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the battle of Fihl of al-Urdunn fell two nights remaining of Dhu al-Qa'da, five months after Umar ibn al-Khattab's accession, the people's commander being Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah — Umar having written to him investing him with Syria and the commanders concurring, together with Amir ibn Abi Waqqas, Sa'd's brother; some say Abu Ubayda's command reached him while the people were besieging Damascus and he concealed it from Khalid for days since Khalid commanded in war, telling him when asked 'I disliked to break you and weaken your standing while you were upon heights'; the battle's cause was Heraclius, come to Antioch, summoning the Romans and the people of the Jazira and setting over them a man of his intimates and trusted men, who met the Muslims at Fihl and fought them hardest until God gave them victory, their patrician and near ten thousand with him falling, the rest scattering through Syria's towns or joining Heraclius; Fihl's people fortified themselves and the Muslims besieged them until they asked safety on paying jizya for their heads and kharaj for their land, securing themselves and their wealth with their walls not to be demolished — Abu Ubayda concluding the compact, some say Shurahbil ibn Hasana.
واقعہ
وقعة حطين
تقریباً 4 جولائی 1187 عیسوی · 25 ربیع الثانی 583 ھ
واقعہ
وقعة حمص سنة 659هـ
تقریباً 1260 عیسوی · 659 ھIn Muharram 659 the Tatar remnants of Ayn Jalut and the Jazira raided Aleppo then bore down on Hims, where Husam al-Din the Jawkandar, al-Mansur of Hamah and al-Ashraf of Hims met them with 1,400 against 6,000; a single sincere charge put the sword among them until most were destroyed and their leader Bundar fled in the worst state — only one Muslim fell.
واقعہ
ملحمة أصبهان سنة 624هـ
تقریباً 1227 عیسوی · 624 ھIn 624 Jalal al-Din marched from Tabriz to relieve Isfahan; at the clash his brother Ghiyath al-Din deserted him, yet his right shattered the Tatar left and his left crushed their right — the people cheered victory — then the Tatars returned with their ambush in one flood-charge as night came on, the amirs fell, Jalal al-Din was ringed with a handful and fled on a war-mare taking a spear-thrust. A battle the like of which was unheard of, both hosts routed, in Ramadan.
واقعہ
غزوة خيبر
تقریباً مئی 628 عیسوی · محرم 7 ھIn Muharram 7 AH (May-June 628 CE), the Prophet marched with 1,400 companions of Hudaybiyya against the formidable Jewish oasis of Khaybar; following fierce assaults and the capture of eight major fortresses (including Na'im, al-Sa'b ibn Mu'adh, al-Zubayr, Ubayy, and al-Qamus), the Jewish leaders surrendered and agreed to cultivate the land for half of its produce.
واقعہ
وقعة الخازر
66 ھ
واقعہ
يوم مرج الصفر
تقریباً فروری 635 عیسوی · محرم 14 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the Romans massed a great gathering, Heraclius reinforcing them, and the Muslims met them at Marj al-Suffar as they made for Damascus at the new moon of al-Muharram year 14; they fought fiercely until blood ran in the water and drove the mill, some four thousand Muslims being wounded, then the unbelievers turned broken and scattered making for Damascus and Bayt al-Maqdis; martyred that day was Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As ibn Umayya, kunya Abu Sa'id, who had celebrated his wedding the night before the battle with Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham al-Makhzumiyya, the wife of Ikrama ibn Abi Jahl — when she heard of his fall she tore out the tent-pole and fought with it, said to have killed seven men that day with ragged clothes on her; in Abu Mikhnaf's report the battle of the Marj came twenty nights after Ajnadayn with Damascus's conquest after it and Fihl thereafter — al-Waqidi's ordering being sounder; on that day Khalid ibn Sa'id says 'who is the knight who hates the thrust, lending me a spear when they slip at Marj al-Suffar', and Hisham ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi records his martyrdom with the Samsama sword at his neck — the sword Amr ibn Ma'di Karib al-Zubaydi had given him when he was the Prophet's agent over Yemen — which Mu'awiya took from his neck when he fell, then Sa'id ibn al-As disputed it with him and Uthman judged it to him, the Umayyads inheriting it until Ayyub ibn Abi Ayyub sold it to al-Mahdi for eighty-odd thousand, al-Mahdi returning its ornament to him, Musa al-Hadi delighting in it and having the poet Abu al-Hawl describe it, then al-Wathiq calling for a sword-polisher who fattened it and changed it.
واقعہ
موقعة مرج راهط
64 ھ
واقعہ
معركة نيقوبوليس سنة 1396م
In Arslan's account of the Ottoman siege of Constantinople, Bayezid I, besieging the city in 1396, learned of a relief army led by Sigismund of Hungary, with French knights, and met it at Nicopolis in Bulgaria. Arslan gives 25 September 1396 as the date, reports a crushing defeat of the Christian army, and notes a French source that speaks of two battles. This is Arslan's report and has not been checked against the standard histories.
واقعہ
يوم نهاوند فتح الفتوح
In al-Baladhuri: when Yazdgard fled Hulwan in year 19, Persians of Rayy, Qumis, Isbahan, Hamadhan and the Mahayn gathered to him in year 20 under Mardanshah Dhu al-Hajib behind the Dirafsh-i Kabiyan — sixty thousand, some say a hundred thousand. Ammar had written Umar, who meant to march himself, then ordered two-thirds of Kufa out with a Basra detachment and charged al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin — 'not as tax-gatherer, but as ghazi' — with succession running Hudhayfa, Jarir, al-Mughira, al-Ash'ath; al-Hurmuzan had counseled 'Isbahan is the head, Adharbayjan the wings.' The Muslims chained themselves in tens and fives lest they flee; Persian arrows wounded some before battle. Al-Nu'man announced three banner-shakes — ablution, then swords and shoes, then charge with none turning to another — and fought, his armor heavy, the first martyr, the Persian splitting his mule's belly; Ma'qil found him breathing, washed his face, gave him the tidings of victory — 'praise God; write to Umar.' Hudhayfa took the banner and the conquest was named Fath al-Futuh. Abu Uthman al-Nahdi bore the news to Umar, who wept, hand on head. Al-Sa'ib ibn al-Aqra' held the spoils — 'raise no falsehood, withhold no right' — climbed the fortress on Dhu al-Muwaynatayn's word to the Nukhayrkan treasure, two baskets of unmatched jewels sold at Umar's order to the Qurashi youth Amr ibn Harith for the warriors' shares, who resold one at al-Hira for the whole price and kept the other — his first capital. The conquest fell a Wednesday of year 19, or 20, and via Abu Ma'shar 21; al-Nu'man had camped at al-Isbidhar, al-Ash'ath on the right, al-Mughira the left.
واقعہ
هزيمة صلاح الدين بالرملة
تقریباً نومبر 1177 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 573 ھ
واقعہ
وقعة ريشهر ومقتل شهرك
Shahrak, marzban of Fars, mustered a great host at Rayshahr near Tawwaj; al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As met him with Sawwar ibn Hammam al-Abdi on the vanguard — a fierce fight, with a warden posted at the wadi to kill any fugitive. An aswari champion fleeing begged him 'we fight a God-aided people — see this arrow split a stone, yet it could not have scratched them' — then word came of Shahrak's death: Sawwar had stabbed him off his horse and finished him, and Shahrak's son charged and killed Sawwar. The polytheists routed, Rayshahr fell by force — a day like al-Qadisiyya in its hardship and blessing; Amr ibn al-Ahtam bore the victory-verse to Umar.
واقعہ
وقعة طاهر بن الحسين مع علي بن عيسى
تقریباً 811 عیسوی · 195 ھIn year 195 al-Amin gave Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan the mountain lands — Hamadhan, Nihawand, Qum and Isfahan — and he left Baghdad in mid-Jumada II with forty thousand in unmatched array, carrying a silver shackle with which he meant, he boasted, to bind al-Ma'mun. Al-Ma'mun sent Tahir ibn al-Husayn with under four thousand; victory was Tahir's — Ali was slaughtered, his army routed, his head carried to al-Ma'mun and paraded through Khurasan, and men greeted al-Ma'mun as caliph. News reached al-Amin as he fished: 'Woe to you — leave me; Kawthar has caught two fish and I have caught nothing yet'.
واقعہ
يوم الجسر
تقریباً 30 رمضان 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the Day of Quss al-Natif, being the Day of the Bridge; the Persians sent against the Arabs Dhu al-Hajib Mardanshah — Anushirwan had named him Bahman for blessing, called Dhu al-Hajib for tying his brows up over his eyes in pride, though his name is said to be Rustam. Abu Ubayd ordered the bridge tied — Baniqya's people helping its knotting; it is said the bridge was old for Hira's people crossing to their estates, Abu Ubayd repairing it for it was broken. He and the Muslims crossed from al-Muzawwaha over the bridge and met Dhu al-Hajib in four thousand mailed men with an elephant — or several; they fought fiercely, wounds spreading through the Muslims. Salit ibn Qays said 'Abu Ubayd, I had forbidden you cutting this bridge to them and counselled withdrawing to some quarter and writing the Commander of the Faithful for reinforcement — you refused'; Salit fought till killed. Abu Ubayd asked where this beast's kill-spot was — 'its trunk' — charged and struck the elephant's trunk while Abu Muhjan ibn Habib al-Thaqafi struck its leg and hamstrung it; the polytheists charged and killed Abu Ubayd — or the elephant knelt on him and he died under it. His brother al-Hakam took the banner — killed; his son Jabr — killed; then al-Muthanna ibn Haritha held it a while and withdrew the people, each guarding another. Urwa ibn Zayd al-Khayl fought that day a fight worth a company's; Abu Zubayd al-Ta'i the poet fought hayya for the Muslims with the westerners — a Christian come to Hira on some affair. Al-Muthanna reached Ulays and wrote Umar the news with Urwa ibn Zayd. Killed at the Bridge per Abu Mikhnaf: Abu Zayd al-Ansari, one of those who collected the Qur'an in the Prophet's time. The Bridge battle was on Saturday at Ramadan's end, year 13.
واقعہ
غزوة الأحزاب (الخندق)
تقریباً فروری 627 عیسوی · شوال 5 ھIn Shawwal 5 AH (February-March 627 CE), a confederate army of 10,000 Meccans and Bedouin allies besieged Medina; upon Salman al-Farisi's advice the Muslims dug a protective trench on their northern boundary; the siege endured for nearly a month amidst cold, hunger, and the treachery of Banu Qurayza, until broken by Nu'aym ibn Mas'ud's stratagem and a violent night windstorm.
واقعہ
قتال الأبلة
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: Khalid ibn al-Walid came to Basra where Suwayd ibn Qutba al-Dhuhli — per other-than-Abu Mikhnaf, Qutba ibn Qatada al-Dhuhli — of Bakr ibn Wa'il had a band of his people, meaning to do to Basra what al-Muthanna did to Kufa — Kufa not yet existing, only al-Hira. Suwayd told Khalid: Ubulla's people have gathered against me and only desist for your presence. Khalid said: my judgment is I leave Basra by day then return by night into your camp with my men — if they attack at dawn we fight them. He did so, marching toward al-Hira, and when night fell wheeled back into Suwayd's camp; the Ubullans — told of Khalid's departure — approached Suwayd, saw the camp's numbers, and broke. Khalid said 'charge them — I see a people into whose hearts God has cast terror'; they charged, routed them, killed many, and drowned a party in Basra's Tigris.
واقعہ
وقعة اليمامة
تقریباً 634 عیسوی · 12 ھIn al-Baladhuri — who reports it in the first part of his book — Abu Bakr sent Khalid ibn al-Walid to al-Yamama ordering him to fight Musaylima the Liar; the first to meet the Muslims, al-Rajjal ibn Unfuwa, was killed, the foremost Muslims and the Quran-reciters fell as martyrs, then the Muslims returned and stood firm and God sent down His aid; Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr shot Muhakkim ibn al-Tufayl — called 'the arbiter of al-Yamama' — with an arrow and killed him, and the unbelievers were driven into the Garden, that day named the Garden of Death, formerly called Ubad; Musaylima was killed in the Garden and they disputed his slayer: Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy say Khidash ibn Bashir, some Ansar Abdullah ibn Zayd ibn Tha'laba who was shown the adhan, some Abu Dujana Simak ibn Kharasha who then fell, some Abdullah ibn Zayd ibn Asim brother of Habib ibn Zayd whose hands and feet Musaylima had cut off, Wahshi ibn Harb — Hamza's slayer — used to claim it saying 'I killed the best of men and the worst', some held they all shared in it, and Mu'awiya and the Umayyads claimed it for him until Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan told a Hanafi who described the killer 'by God I have judged it for Mu'awiya'; the Muslims' cry was 'O companions of Sura al-Baqara'; some Ansar reproached Khalid's lone resolve to butt Musaylima then followed him; al-Sa'ib ibn al-Awwam stood the men at their baggage: 'no man may flee beyond his saddle'; when the war wore the Muslims down Mujja'a ibn Murara told Khalid most of Yamama's people had not come out to fight and offered peace for half the captives and half the gold, silver, armour and mounts, then armed the old men, boys and women on the fortresses, returned claiming they refused, and beat the terms down to a quarter of the captives and half the wealth — settled thus, until Khalid entered, saw who remained and said 'you deceived me, Mujja'a'; the people of al-Yamama embraced Islam and the alms were taken from them, Abu Bakr's letter reached Khalid ordering him to aid al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami so he marched to Bahrain leaving Samura ibn Amr al-Anbari over al-Yamama; its conquest was in year 12; they disputed the martyrs' count — least said seven hundred, most seventeen hundred, some twelve hundred — among them Zayd ibn al-Khattab, Umar's brother (killed by Abu Maryam al-Hanafi or per Ibn al-Kalbi Labid ibn Burghuth), Thabit ibn Qays the Prophet's orator commanding the Ansar that day, Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utba and his mawla Salim, Abu Dujana, Abbad ibn Bishr and Salim; and Nusayba bint Ka'b — mother of Habib and Abdullah the sons of Zayd ibn Asim — fought that day and came away wounded, Musaylima having cut off her son Habib's hands and feet when the Prophet sent him with Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Aslami, whom he left unharmed.
واقعہ
افتتاح حصن الأكراد ومنازلة عكا سنة 669هـ
تقریباً 1271 عیسوی · تقریباً شعبان 669 ھIn Sha'ban 669 Baybars stormed Hisn al-Akrad by the sword, then invested Acre's castle and took it by treaty; Tripoli's lord bought a ten-year truce with all he demanded.
واقعہ
المعذّرون من الأعراب
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھBedouin came making excuses to the Prophet, and God did not excuse them, according to Ibn Ishaq; they were reported to him as a group of Banu Ghifar.
واقعہ
تخلف أربعة من المؤمنين عن غير شك
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھIbn Ishaq records that a number of Muslims whose resolve lagged stayed behind the Prophet without doubt or suspicion, naming among them Ka'b ibn Malik, Murara ibn al-Rabi', Hilal ibn Umayya and Abu Khaythama, and describing them as truthful men whose Islam was not to be questioned.
واقعہ
انسحاب عبد الله بن أبي بن سلول بثلث الجيش
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھThe withdrawal of Abdullah ibn Ubayy with about a third of the army (some 300 men) on the march to Uhud; al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's author reads it as an attempt to sow confusion in the Muslim ranks.
واقعہ
صلح البيرون وسدوسان
Al-Birun's folk, having already sent envoys who truced with al-Hajjaj, brought fodder and opened their city — and Muhammad let no town pass unconquered. Beyond the river before Mihran, the samaniyya of Sarbindis truced for those behind them at a set kharaj; Sahban fell; at Mihran Dahir prepared. Muhammad ibn Mus'ab al-Thaqafi rode on Sadusan with horse and donkey-men; the samaniyya brokered its aman — kharaj, hostages, and four thousand Zutt who joined the army.
واقعہ
عصيان بشر بن داود وولاية موسى بن يحيى البرمكي
Sind ran smooth till Bishr ibn Dawud rebelled under al-Ma'mun; Ghassan ibn Abbad of Kufa's sawad drew him out in aman and carried him to Baghdad, then left Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki over the thaghr — who slew Bala king of al-Sharqi despite his offered five hundred thousand for life, Bala having once courted Ghassan before the assembled kings. Musa ruled well and died in 215h; his son Imran succeeded.
واقعہ
مقاطعة الثلاثة المخلفين خمسين ليلة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھAfter his return the Prophet forbade the Muslims to speak to Ka'b, Murara and Hilal; people shunned them and their world changed for fifty nights. Two of them kept to their houses, while Ka'b went out to prayer and the markets and no one spoke to him.
واقعہ
إصلاح بُغا الكبير ثغر أرمينية
852 اور 855 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: al-Mutawakkil gave Armenia to Bugha al-Kabir, who at Badhlis seized Musa ibn Zurara — one who had favoured Yusuf's killing and aided it in anger for Buqrat — warred on the Khwaythiyya, slaying a great slaughter and taking many captives, then besieged Ashut ibn Hamza ibn Jajiq, patrikios of Busfurrajan, at al-Baq, brought him down from his fortress and carried him to Samarra, marched on Jurzan where Ishaq ibn Isma'il was overcome and killed in cold blood, opened Jurzan, and carried off the people of Arran and the Armenian surface-dwellers in Sisajan — the rebellious and disobedient, Christians and others — till that march stood sounder than ever it had been; then he came to Samarra in the year 241.
واقعہ
بناء المدينة الهاشمية بالكوفة
In al-Baladhuri: Yazid ibn Umar ibn Hubayra built a city at Kufa on the Euphrates and dwelt in it — save a little unfinished — when Marwan's letter came ordering him to shun the Kufans' neighborhood, so he left it and built the palace called Qasr Ibn Hubayra near Sura's bridge. When the Commander of the Faithful Abu al-Abbas rose he occupied that city, finished its pavilions, built in it and named it al-Hashimiyya; the people kept calling it Ibn Hubayra's out of habit, and he said 'I see Ibn Hubayra's name will not drop from it,' abandoned it, built the Hashimite City beside it and dwelt there, then chose al-Anbar where he built his famous city and was buried. Abu Ja'far al-Mansur, succeeding, dwelt in Kufa's Hashimiyya, finished what remained, added building and prepared it as he wished, then moved to Baghdad — founded it as Madinat al-Salam and repaired its old wall from the Tigris to al-Sarat. At al-Hashimiyya al-Mansur imprisoned Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib over his sons Muhammad and Ibrahim — his grave is there — and built al-Rusafa at Kufa, ordering his mawla Abu al-Khasib Marzuq to build the palace called Abu al-Khasib's on an old foundation — it is also said Abu al-Khasib built it for himself and al-Mansur would visit him there.
واقعہ
اتخاذ المغيثة
Basra's water came in a thin trickle, the batiha's mass draining to Nahr al-Dayr while folk drank from Ubulla — till Sulayman ibn Ali came, built al-Mughitha with its masnaniyyat on the batiha, dammed the water from Nahr al-Dayr into Nahr Ibn Umar and spent a million dirhams; and when the sea's intrusion brackened their water he dammed al-Qandal and it ran sweet.
واقعہ
بناء حصن المصيصة
703 عیسوی · 84 ھIn al-Baladhuri from al-Waqidi and others: in year 84 Abdullah ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan led the summer raid, entering by the pass of Antioch and coming to Masisa, where he built its fortress on the ancient foundation and settled garrison troops among them three hundred picked men of known valour and stoutness — the Muslims had never dwelt there before — and built a mosque atop the fortress hill; Abu al-Khattab al-Azdi says the first to build its fortress in Islam was Abd al-Malik through his son Abdullah in year 84, its building and garrisoning complete in year 85; the fortress held a church called Herya which the summer columns from Antioch would reach and winter at yearly, numbering a thousand five hundred to two thousand; Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz went out to Herya-Masisa meaning to demolish it and the forts between it and Antioch, saying 'I hate for the Byzantines to besiege its people', until the people showed him it was populated only to shield Antioch and that razing it would leave the enemy no barrier before it, so he held back and built them a congregational mosque by Kafarbayya with a cistern bearing his name — called the fortress mosque, ruined in al-Mu'tasim's caliphate; then Hisham built the rabad, Marwan ibn Muhammad built the suburb east of the Jayhan with a wall, timber gate and moat, and Abu al-Abbas set four hundred more men at Masisa, granting them estates.
واقعہ
بناء جامع دمشق
تقریباً 706 عیسوی · 87 ھIn year 87 al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik began building the congregational mosque of Damascus and ordered the enlargement and rebuilding of the Prophet's Mosque; Ibn Abi Abla couples the conquests of India and al-Andalus with 'he built the mosque of Damascus', and recalls the silver basins al-Walid gave him to distribute among the qurra' of the Jerusalem mosque.
واقعہ
إسكان أهل بخارى البصرة
Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad captive-took a body of Bukhara's people — or, as told, they came down on his aman and obligation, eager for it — and settled them at Basra; when al-Hajjaj built Wasit he moved many there, their descendants including Khalid al-Shatir, called Ibn Marquli.
واقعہ
حريق بولاق العظيم سنة 862هـ
تقریباً 1458 عیسوی · 862 ھIn 862 a fire the like of which had not been heard of broke out at Bulaq.
واقعہ
دفن عبد الله ذي البجادين بتبوك
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھIbn Ishaq relates from Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn al-Harith al-Taymi that Abdullah ibn Mas'ud told how he rose in the depth of night on the Tabuk campaign and saw a fire-brand at the edge of the camp: the Prophet, Abu Bakr and Umar were burying Abdullah Dhu al-Bijadayn al-Muzani, who had died; the Prophet was in the grave receiving the body, saying: bring your brother close to me. He then prayed for him, and Ibn Mas'ud said: would that I had been the man of that grave.
واقعہ
تحريق بيت سويلم
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھIbn Hisham reports from 'a trusted source' that the Prophet was told that some of the 'hypocrites' were gathering in the house of Suwaylim the Jew at Jasum, discouraging people from him on the Tabuk campaign, so he sent Talha ibn Ubaydullah with a party and ordered him to burn the house down on them; he did so, and al-Dahhak ibn Khalifa rushed out of the back of the house and broke his leg while his companions escaped.
واقعہ
مكاتبة قيصر لعمر في شجرة النخل
Caesar wrote to Umar ibn al-Khattab: my envoys came from your quarter claiming your land has a tree no creation equals — it puts out like donkey-ears, splits like pearls, greens like emerald, reddens like ruby, ripens to the sweetest faludhaj to eat, then dries to provision for the settler and wayfarer — 'if my envoys spoke true, I know this tree only as a tree of paradise'. Umar wrote back, from Abdallah Umar Commander of the Faithful to Caesar king of the Romans: your envoys spoke true — this tree with us is the tree God grew for Maryam when she bore Isa her son; fear God and take not Isa as a god beside Him.
واقعہ
طاعون القاهرة العظيم سنة 848هـ
تقریباً 1444 عیسوی · 848 ھIn 848 came the great plague at Cairo, more than a thousand carried out each day.
واقعہ
نزول المسلمين بالحجر ونهي النبي عن الماء
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھOn the road to Tabuk the Prophet stopped at al-Hijr, and the people drew water from its well. After they had rested he forbade them to drink its water, perform ablutions from it or eat dough kneaded with it, and ordered that no one go out at night without a companion; two men of Banu Sa'ida disobeyed — one was strangled and the wind carried the other to the mountains of Tayy.
واقعہ
أمان أهل ضمالو ونقلهم إلى بغداد
تقریباً 780 عیسوی · 163 ھIn al-Baladhuri: al-Mahdi sent his son Harun al-Rashid raiding in year 163 and he besieged the people of Damalu — which common speech calls Samalu — and they asked his aman, ten householders among them the qummis, which he granted on the condition that they not be separated, so they were settled in Baghdad at the Shammasiyya gate and named their quarter Samalu, which it is still known as; others say they came down on al-Mahdi's ruling — he spared them, gathered them at that spot and ordered it named Samalu; al-Rashid had those remaining in the fortress cried and sold, and an Abyssinian who used to curse al-Rashid and the Muslims was taken and crucified on one of its towers.
واقعہ
جمع القرآن في خلافة أبي بكر
Zayd ibn Thabit: Abu Bakr sent for me after the Yamama dead, Umar at his side — 'the killing ran through the people on Yamama's day; I fear it running through the reciters in the stations and much of the Qur'an going — you must compile it'. 'How do a thing the Prophet did not do?' — 'By God, it is good' — till God opened his breast. 'You are a young man of sense, unaccused, who wrote the revelation: follow the Qur'an and gather it' — 'were I tasked to carry a mountain it were no heavier'. So he gathered it from the riqa', the shoulder-bones, the palm-stems and the breasts of men, till he found Bara'a's two closing verses with Khuzayma ibn Thabit alone.
واقعہ
فتح القسطنطينية سنة 857هـ
تقریباً 29 مئی 1453 عیسوی · 857 ھMehmed Fatih took Constantinople the Great after the severest fifty-day siege — his ships running over land — opening Istanbul on Wednesday 20 Jumada II 857 and praying the Friday prayer in Hagia Sophia, the dome that 'rivals the sky's dome and emulates the pyramids in strength'.
واقعہ
فتح الأنبار وغارة سوق بغداذ
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: Khalid marched to al-Anbar whose people fortified; a guide told him of Baghdad's market — the old market at Qarn al-Sarat — so he sent al-Muthanna ibn Haritha raiding on it and the Muslims filled their hands with gold, silver and light goods, then overnighted at al-Saylahin and came to al-Anbar where Khalid was; they besieged its people and burned through its outskirts — al-Anbar being named for the Persians' granaries there, from which al-Nu'man's retainers and clients drew their rations — so when they saw what befell them they made peace with Khalid on terms he accepted from them. It is also said Khalid sent al-Muthanna ahead to Baghdad then marched after and himself led the raid — not established. Via al-Sha'bi: Anbar's people have a covenant and contract. Shaykhs of Anbar told al-Baladhuri they were pacified in Umar's caliphate on their canals: four hundred thousand dirhams and a thousand Qatawani cloaks yearly, Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali conducting the peace — or, it is said, on eighty thousand; God knows best.
واقعہ
صلح الحيرة
12 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Khalid ibn al-Walid passed Zandaward of Kaskar which he opened, opened Durna and her daughter-towns by aman, came to Hurmuzjird whose people he safe-conducted and opened, came to Ulays where a great-Jaban host met him — al-Muthanna ibn Haritha met it at Nahr al-Damm — and made peace with Ulays's people to be the Muslims' eyes on the Persians, guides and helpers; at the rivers' confluence Azadhbih, lord of Khosrow's frontier posts facing the Arabs, met him, fought and was routed; then Khaffan, then marching on al-Hira there came out Abd al-Masih ibn Amr ibn Qays ibn Hayyan ibn Buqayla — Buqayla's name being al-Harith, of Azd — Hani ibn Qabisa ibn Mas'ud al-Shaybani and Iyas ibn Qabisa al-Ta'i — or, it is said, Farwa ibn Iyas — who made peace on a hundred thousand dirhams a year, it is said eighty, on being the Muslims' eyes on Persia and no church or palace demolished. Via Abu Mikhnaf via al-Walid ibn al-Qatami: the aged Abd al-Masih met Khalid, who asked 'whence is your farthest origin, old man?' — 'from my father's back'; 'whence did you come out?' — 'from my mother's belly'; 'what are you in?' — 'my clothes'; 'what are you on?' — 'the earth'; 'are you sane?' — 'yes, and I wear anklets'; 'I only speak to you men's speech' — 'and I only answer you men's answers'; 'are you peace or war?' — 'peace'; 'then what are these fortresses?' — 'we built them for the fool until the wise man comes.' They agreed on a hundred thousand yearly — the first money carried to Medina from Iraq — on condition of no treachery and being eyes on Persia, in year 12. Via Yahya ibn Adam: Hira's people were six thousand men, each liable fourteen dirhams weight-five, making eighty-four thousand weight-five — sixty thousand weight-seven — a document he had read. Via Yazid ibn Nubaysha: we reached the Mudhayyib frontier post then came to Hira whose people fortified in the White Palace, the Palace of Ibn Buqayla and the Palace of the Madyasis — we exhausted stratagems in their courts, then they sued peace. Khuraym ibn Aws ibn Haritha ibn La'm al-Ta'i had told the Prophet 'if God opens Hira for you give me Buqayla's daughter'; at the peace he claimed her, Bashir ibn Sa'd and Muhammad ibn Maslama al-Ansari testified for him, she was excepted and delivered to him; her people bought her back for a thousand dirhams — she being old — and told him he sold cheap, they would have paid multiples; he said 'I did not think a number could exceed a thousand'; a hadith variant has the asker a man of Rabi'a — the first account is firmer.
واقعہ
فتح الإسكندرية
تقریباً 21 ھIn al-Baladhuri on Ibn Lahia's chain from Yazid ibn Abi Habib: the Muqawqis compounded with Amr ibn al-As — that those Romans who wished might depart, those wishing to stay remain on a stated footing, and two dinars be laid on the Copts; when word reached the king of the Romans he grew most wroth, sent hosts who shut Alexandria's gate and declared war on Amr, whereupon the Muqawqis came out to him saying 'I ask three things of you: offer the Romans nothing like what you offered me, for they have deceived me; do not break with the Copts, for the breach came not from them; and if I die, have me buried in a church in Alexandria that he named' — and Amr answered 'it is yours'. Amr then took Alexandria by force, writing to Umar ibn al-Khattab: 'To proceed — God has opened Alexandria to us by force, violently, with neither covenant nor contract' — though in Yazid ibn Abi Habib's reading it was all treaty.
واقعہ
فتح أنطاكية
تقریباً 637 عیسوی · تقریباً 16 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Abu Ubayda went from Aleppo to Antioch, where a body of the people of the Qinnasrin jund had fortified themselves; at Haruba — near two farsakhs from the city — an enemy gathering met him and he scattered them back into the city, besieging it at all its gates, the bulk of the army at Bab Faris and the gate called Bab al-Bahr; they then compounded for jizya and evacuation, some departing and some staying, and he secured them setting on each adult a dinar and a jarib; when they broke the covenant he sent Iyad ibn Ghanm and Habib ibn Maslama, who retook it on the first treaty — others say they broke it after he returned to Filastin and Amr ibn al-As was sent from Iliya' to take it; Umar wrote to Abu Ubayda to station at Antioch a company of Muslims of right intent and scruple as murabita, withholding no mounts from them, and Mu'awiya received the same when in office while Uthman ordered him to settle men there and grant land — which he did; Mu'awiya transferred to Antioch in year 42 companies of Persians and people of Ba'labakk, Hims and the two Misrs, and al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik granted troops land at Saluqiyya by the coast rating the filthir at a dinar and two mudds of wheat — they cultivated it and he built Hisn Saluqiyya; among the transferees was Muslim ibn Abdullah — grandfather of Abdullah ibn Habib ibn al-Nu'man al-Antaki — whom a Byzantine killed with a stone on the wall, a gate of Antioch being named Bab Muslim after him.
واقعہ
فتح أرواد
54 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Janada ibn Abi Umayya opened Arwad in year 54 and Mu'awiya settled the Muslims in it; among its openers were Mujahid and Tubay' ibn imra'at Ka'b al-Ahbar — there Mujahid taught Tubay' the Qur'an, though it is said he taught it to him at Rhodes — and Arwad is an island near Constantinople.
واقعہ
فتح صلاح الدين أيلة
تقریباً دسمبر 1170 عیسوی · ربیع الثانی 566 ھ
واقعہ
فتح أذربيجان
Al-Mughira came to Kufa as Umar's governor carrying a letter appointing Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman to Azerbaijan; he marched to Ardabil — the province's city, seat of its marzban and its kharaj — where the marzban had gathered fighters from Bajirwan, Maymadh, al-Narir, Sarat, al-Shiz, al-Miyanij and beyond; they fought the Muslims hard for days, then the marzban treated for all Azerbaijan at eight hundred thousand dirhams weight-eight — no one killed, none captive, no fire-temple razed, and no exposure to the Kurds of Balasajan, Sabalan and Satrudan, nor barring the people of al-Shiz from their feast-music and wonted display; he then raided Muqan and Jilan to tribute. Umar dismissed him for Utba ibn Farqad, who found Ardabil on the covenant but its borderlands in breach — he campaigned, won and plundered. Variants: Waqidi has al-Mughira storm it in 22, Abu Mikhnaf in 20 then al-Ash'ath ibn Qays re-conquering on the same terms, and al-Zuhri gives a hundred-thousand treaty. Umar wrote them to eat only dhabiha and wear only pure fur in that carrion-mixed land. Al-Walid ibn Uqba's dismissal of Utba brought another breach, his 25 AH campaign restoring Hudhayfa's terms; when it rose against al-Ash'ath ibn Qays he hunted it 'meadow by meadow' — the han of their speech — resettled Arab stipendaries to preach Islam, and Sa'id ibn al-As's raids on Muqan and Jilan ended with Jarir al-Bajali crucifying the Armenian-Azerbaijani chief on Bajirwan's keep.
واقعہ
فتح بارة
تقریباً 847 عیسوی · تقریباً 232 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: in the Maghreb lies a land known as the Great Land, fifteen days' march from Barqa — or a little less or more — with a sea-shore city called Barah whose people were Christians though not Romans; Jabala, al-Aghlab's mawla, raided it but could not take it, then Khalafun al-Barbari — said to be a mawla of Rabi'a — raided it and opened it at the start of al-Mutawakkil's caliphate.
واقعہ
فتح بصرى
تقریباً 634 عیسوی · تقریباً 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Khalid ibn al-Walid reached the Muslims at Busra — the city of Hawran — they joined upon it and commissioned Khalid for its war, then pressed against it and fought its patrician until they forced it (some say Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan was the one undertaking the war, its governorship being his as it belonged to Dimashq); its people then made terms to be secured for their lives, wealth and children upon paying the jizya — some transmitters say they compounded for a dinar and a jarib of wheat per adult; the Muslims conquered all the land of the Hawran district and mastered it; Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah then went with a dense company of the commanders' men joined to him and came to Ma'ab in the land of al-Balqa' holding a gathering of the enemy, and conquered it by treaty on the like of Busra's terms — some say Ma'ab's conquest preceded Busra's, others that Abu Ubayda took it as commander of all Syria in Umar's days.
واقعہ
فتح قيسارية
تقریباً اکتوبر 640 عیسوی · شوال 19 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the conquest of Caesarea is disputed — some ascribe it to Mu'awiya, others to Iyad ibn Ghanm after Abu Ubayda's death, others to Amr ibn al-As or his son Abdullah; what the scholars agree is that the first to besiege it was Amr ibn al-As, camping against it in Jumada I year 13 and staying as long as he did, marching off whenever the Muslims massed against an enemy — attending Ajnadayn, Fihl, the Marj, Damascus and the Yarmuk — then returning to Filastin to besiege it after Iliya', before leaving from Caesarea for Egypt; Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, succeeding Abu Ubayda, charged his brother Mu'awiya with the siege and went plague-stricken to Damascus, dying there at the end of year 18, leaving Mu'awiya over Caesarea, who took it and wrote of it to Yazid who wrote to Umar; al-Waqidi reports that when Umar gave Mu'awiya Syria he besieged it until he took it — it had been besieged near seven years — its conquest falling in Shawwal year 19, some say the opening of year 20; the cause of its fall was a Jew named Yusuf who came to the Muslims by night and guided them to a way through a conduit with water to a man's waist, on condition of safety for himself and his house — Mu'awiya carried it out and the Muslims entered by night and magnified God, the Byzantines fleeing toward the conduit finding the Muslims upon it, and the gate being opened Mu'awiya entered with his men; it is said he found in it seven hundred thousand apostates, thirty thousand Samaritans and two hundred thousand Jews, three hundred functioning markets and a hundred thousand guarding its wall each night; its captives reached four thousand heads whom Mu'awiya sent to Umar, who had them quartered at al-Jurf and divided among the orphans of the Ansar, putting some to the script and the Muslims' labours — Abu Bakr had given the daughters of Abu Umama As'ad ibn Zurara two servants of Ayn al-Tamr's captives who died, and Umar gave them their like of Caesarea's; Mu'awiya sent the victory news with two men of Judham, then fearing their weakness sent a man of Khath'am who outpaced them and came to Umar, who magnified God; in it is said to have been Shaqa'iq, of whom Hassan ibn Thabit says 'Shaqa'iq says: had you woken from the wine you would have risen enriched in number'.
واقعہ
فتح دمشق
تقریباً 19 مارچ 635 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 14 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when the Muslims finished fighting those who had gathered at the Marj they stayed fifteen nights, then returned to Damascus fourteen nights remaining of al-Muharram year 14, taking the Futa and its churches by force while the townsfolk fortified themselves and shut their gate; Khalid camped at the eastern gate with some five thousand joined to him by Abu Ubayda (some say Khalid was commander and his deposition reached them while besieging), the monastery at his side being named Dayr Khalid; Amr ibn al-As camped at Bab Tuma, Shurahbil at Bab al-Faradis, Abu Ubayda at Bab al-Jabiya, and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan at the small gate to Bab Kaysan, Abu al-Darda' posting Uwaymir ibn Amir al-Khazraji on a watch at Barza; the bishop who had hosted Khalid would call and converse with him, saying one day 'Abu Sulayman, your affair ascends — I hold a pledge over you, so make terms with me for this city', and Khalid wrote his famous charter: 'In God's name, this is what Khalid ibn al-Walid grants the people of Damascus when he enters it: safety for themselves, their wealth, their churches and their city wall — it shall not be demolished nor any of their houses dwelt in; they have for it God's covenant and the protection of His messenger, the caliphs and the believers, and nothing but good shall befall them if they pay the jizya'; one of the bishop's men then told him it was a feast-night for the town, the eastern gate being blocked with stones, and advised a ladder — men of the monastery brought two ladders and a company of Muslims climbed the wall, descended on the gate held by a man or two, overpowered it and opened it at sunrise; Abu Ubayda meanwhile had struggled at Bab al-Jabiya, raised men on its wall, the Roman fighters inclining to him until they broke — he forced it open and entered, and he and Khalid met at the Maqsilat, the coppersmiths' quarter, the Baris of Hassan ibn Thabit's verse 'they give to drink whoever comes to Baris — Barada clapping with sweet wine'; Maytham ibn Adi claimed Damascenes compounded for half their houses and churches, but al-Waqidi says he read Khalid's charter and found no halves in it; many Damascenes joined Heraclius at Antioch leaving surplus houses the Muslims occupied; al-Waqidi dates the conquest to Rajab year 14, Khalid's charter being dated Rabi' al-Akhir 15 because he wrote it undated and it was renewed at the Yarmuk; the volume's editor judges the sound account to be Khalid entering the eastern gate by force and Abu Ubayda entering peacefully by Bab al-Jabiya, reasoning that the Muslims held only the mosque's eastern side before its rebuilding and the church stood west of it until al-Walid demolished it; afterwards the Muslims chose churches for which no jizya was paid and kept the church of John until the Christians surrendered all the churches of the Futa, Mu'awiya writing to Umar who was pleased and ratified it.
واقعہ
فتح الدينور وماسبذان ومهرجانقذف
In al-Baladhuri: Abu Musa al-Ash'ari returned from Nihawand — where he had marched personally on the Basra levy to reinforce al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin — to al-Dinawar, staying upon it five days and fighting one; its people accepted jizya and kharaj and asked quarter for themselves, their wealth and children, and he granted it, leaving his agent with horse. Then to Masabadhan — its people did not fight him; the people of al-Sirwan made peace on al-Dinawar's terms, paying jizya and kharaj, and he loosed squadrons through them and mastered its land — some say Abu Musa took Masabadhan before Nihawand's battle. Abu Musa sent Abdallah ibn Qays al-Ash'ari — al-Sa'ib ibn al-Aqra' al-Thaqafi, his son-in-law through his daughter, mother of Muhammad ibn al-Sa'ib — to al-Saymara, city of Mihrajanqadhaf, which he took by treaty on sparing of blood, abandoning of captives and the pardoning of the safra' and bayda' treasures, on jizya and the land's kharaj; he conquered the whole kura of Mihrajanqadhaf, the stronger report being that al-Sa'ib was sent from al-Ahwaz.
واقعہ
فتح همذان
In al-Baladhuri: al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba — Umar's Kufa agent after Ammar ibn Yasir's dismissal — sent Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali to Hamadhan in year 23; its people fought him and held him off, and his eye was struck by an arrow — 'I have counted it with God who beautified my face with it, lit what He willed for me, then took it from me in His cause.' He then took Hamadhan on Nihawand's treaty terms, late in year 23; its people fought and resisted again, and he mastered their land, taking it by force. Al-Waqidi dates Jarir's conquest of Hamadhan to year 24, six months after Umar's death; some relate that al-Mughira himself marched with Jarir on the vanguard, annexing Hamadhan to Kathir ibn Shihab al-Harithi. When Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas governed Kufa for Uthman he made al-Ala ibn Wahb ibn Abd ibn Wahban, of Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy, governor of Mah and Hamadhan — Hamadhan's people broke faith; he fought them until they submitted to his judgment, and he made peace on their paying the land's kharaj and the heads' jizya plus a hundred thousand dirhams for the Muslims, with no trespass on wealth, honor or children.
واقعہ
فتح حران
تقریباً 639 عیسوی · تقریباً 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Iyad marched on Harran, halting at Ajda and sending his vanguard ahead — its people shut the gates against them, and when he invested it the Harranian faction among them sent word that they held part of the city and asked him to make for al-Ruha so they could compound with him secretly and leave him and the Christians apart; the Christians heard, consented to what the Harranians offered and outbid it, so he went to al-Ruha whose people had gathered, shot at the Muslims a while, sent out their fighters whom the Muslims routed back into the city, and soon sued for peace and aman; another report has Iyad finding Harran empty — its people removed to al-Ruha — so when al-Ruha fell they compounded for their city from within it on the like of its treaty; he compounded with Harran on the like of al-Ruha's terms, they opened its gates, he set a man over it and went on to Sumaysat where Safwan ibn al-Mu'attal and Habib ibn Maslama held villages and forts, its people compounding likewise — Sumaysat later apostatised and he returned and besieged it till he took it — and he came to Saruj, Ra's Kayfa and the White Land, mastering its land and compounding with its fort-dwellers on al-Ruha's terms.
واقعہ
فتح حمص
تقریباً 635 عیسوی · تقریباً 14 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah finished with Damascus he put before him Khalid ibn al-Walid and Milhan ibn Zayyar al-Ta'i, then followed them; passing Ba'labakk, whose people sought safety and terms, he compounded with them securing themselves, their wealth, churches and houses inside and outside the city and their mills, the Byzantines to graze their flocks between them and fifteen miles without settling a peopled village, free to depart where they would after Rabia and Jumada I passed, whoever converted having our rights and duties, their merchants free to travel through the treaty lands, and jizya and kharaj upon whoever stayed; per al-Waqidi, while the Muslims stood at Damascus's gates a dense cavalry of the enemy approached and a company met them between Bayt Lahya and al-Thaniyya, routing them toward Hims on the Qara road and pursuing them to find they had passed it by — the people of Hims, already shaken by Heraclius's flight and by reports of the Muslims' might, offered their hands and sued for safety, which was granted, bringing out supplies and food while the Muslims stayed on the Asi under al-Simt ibn al-Aswad al-Jundi; when Abu Ubayda finished with Damascus he left Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan over it and came to Hims by way of Ba'labakk, camping at Bab al-Rastan, and its people compounded for safety of themselves, wealth, city wall, churches and mills, a quarter of the church of John being excepted for the mosque — compounding for a hundred and seventy thousand dinars; afterwards Hims and Qinnasrin became one.
واقعہ
فتح هيت وحصون الفرات
تقریباً 640 عیسوی · تقریباً 20 ھIn al-Baladhuri through Abu Ayyub the Raqqa tutor from Ali ibn Abdullah al-Qarqisani from his shaykhs: Umayr ibn Sa'd, after taking Ra's al-Ayn, worked the Khabur and its reaches until he came to Qarqisiya — whose people had broken faith — re-compounding with them on their first treaty, then took the Euphrates forts one by one on Qarqisiya's terms with little fighting, some throwing stones; finishing with Talbus and Anat he reached al-Na'usa, al-Lusa and Hit, where he found that Ammar ibn Yasir — then Umar's governor of Kufa — had sent an army raiding above al-Anbar under Sa'd ibn Amr ibn Haram al-Ansari, and the people of these forts had come to him seeking aman, which he granted, reserving half of Hit's church — whereupon Umayr returned to al-Raqqa; some scholars say the one who went against Hit and the forts beyond from Kufa was Midlaj ibn Amr al-Sulami, a confederate of Banu Abd Shams and a man of companionship, who took it and built al-Haditha on the Euphrates, his descendants at Hit including a man known as Abu Harun still remembered there — or, it is said, Midlaj acted under Sa'd ibn Amr ibn Haram; God knows best.
واقعہ
فتح حلوان وقرماسين
In al-Baladhuri: when the Muslims finished the affair of Jalula's battle, Hashim ibn Utba joined heavy horse to Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali, stationed at Jalula as a screen between the Muslims and their enemy; Sa'd then sent some three thousand, ordering him to rise with them and his men for Hulwan. As he neared it Yazdgard fled toward Isbahan; Jarir took Hulwan by treaty — staying his hand, securing their blood and wealth, and letting whoever wished flee go unmolested. He left Uzra ibn Qays ibn Ghaziyya al-Bajali at Hulwan, marched on al-Dinawar which he did not take, and conquered Qarmasin on Hulwan's terms; he then stayed governing at Hulwan until Ammar ibn Yasir came to Kufa — Umar having ordered him to reinforce Abu Musa al-Ash'ari — leaving Uzra over Hulwan and marching to Abu Musa in year 19; a group of Jarir's descendants settled Hulwan, whose posterity remain there.
واقعہ
فتح إقريطش
تقریباً 824 عیسوی · تقریباً 209 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: Janada raided Crete; in al-Walid's time part of it was opened then it closed; Humayd ibn Ma'yuf al-Hamdani raided it in al-Rashid's caliphate and opened part; then in al-Ma'mun's caliphate Abu Hafs Umar ibn Isa al-Andalusi — known as al-Iqritishi — raided it, opened a single fortress and settled it, then kept opening bit by bit until no Romans remained in it and he ruined their fortresses.
واقعہ
فتح أصبهان
In al-Baladhuri: Umar sent Abdallah ibn Budayl ibn Warqa' al-Khuza'i to Isbahan in year 23 — or wrote Abu Musa ordering his dispatch — and Abdallah took Jayy by treaty after fighting: its people to pay kharaj and jizya, secured in their persons and wealth save the arms in their hands; al-Ahnaf ibn Qays of his army was sent to al-Yahudiyya, which treated on the same terms, and Ibn Budayl mastered Isbahan's land and tasasij, governing until a year of Uthman's caliphate passed, when Uthman made al-Sa'ib ibn al-Aqra' governor. Ibn Ishaq relates that Isbahan's marzban, an old man called al-Fadhusfan, was besieged and the cityfolk betrayed him; choosing thirty trusted archers he slipped out toward Kirman to join Yazdgard. Word reached Ibn Budayl who pursued with heavy horse; the Persian turned on a height: 'hold yourself — not one of you drops without an arrow; charge and we shoot; or grant us a champion and we will duel.' They duelled — a blow fell on his saddle-bow breaking it and cutting the girth-straps — then Ibn Budayl said: 'I would not love your death, for I see you wise and brave; what say you to returning with me that I treat with you for your townspeople's jizya — who stays is dhimmi, who flees is unmolested — and you surrender the city?' He returned, opened Jayy and kept his word, saying 'O people of Isbahan, I saw you slackening for days — you earned what I did to you.' Ibn Budayl traversed Isbahan's plain and mountain, mastering it, treating its kharaj as al-Ahwaz had been treated — the conquest falling in parts of years 23 and 24. Another version has Umar sending Ibn Budayl to join Abu Musa — Qumm and Qashan taken — and together raiding Isbahan, al-Ahnaf on Abu Musa's vanguard, both taking al-Yahudiyya then Jayy, mastering the land — the soundest report being Abu Musa took Qumm and Qashan and Ibn Budayl Jayy and al-Yahudiyya. Isbahan's nobles held strongholds at Jafrabadh in Greater al-Thaymara rustaq at Bahjawarsan and a fortress called Marbin; when Jayy fell they entered obedience paying kharaj, and scorning the jizya, they embraced Islam.
واقعہ
فتح الجزيرة
تقریباً جولائی 639 عیسوی · رجب 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri through the Raqqa judge Dawud ibn Abd al-Hamid's family from Maymun ibn Mihran: 'the whole Jazira is Iyad ibn Ghanm's conquest, after Abu Ubayda's death — Umar appointed him to it, Abu Ubayda having left him over Syria; Umar gave Syria to Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan then Mu'awiya after him and ordered Iyad to raid the Jazira'; Sulayman ibn Ata says Abu Ubayda dispatched him to the Jazira and died while he was there, Umar then confirming him; al-Waqidi's report — the soundest they had on him — is that Abu Ubayda died in the Amwas plague of year 18 having appointed Iyad, and Umar's letter reached him giving him Hims, Qinnasrin and the Jazira, so he marched for the Jazira on Thursday the middle of Sha'ban year 18 in five thousand, Maysara ibn Masruq al-Absi on the vanguard, Sa'id ibn Amir ibn Hudhaym al-Jumahi on the right wing and Safwan ibn al-Mu'attal al-Sulami on the left — some say Khalid ibn al-Walid held his left wing, some that Khalid marched under no banner after Abu Ubayda, staying at Hims till his death in year 21, or dying at Medina.
واقعہ
فتح جور
Jur, Ardashir-Khurra's city, where Harim ibn Hayyan stood — the Muslims besieged it and came away to besiege Istakhr, raiding the countryside as if broken. When Ibn Amir sat before it they fought then fortified, and he took it by the sword in 29h; another telling: raided for years until they entered by a hidden way they held to till the city fell. Ibn Amir also took al-Karyan and Fashjan of Darabjird — neither had joined the Hirbadh's sulh, and both had breached.
واقعہ
فتح حصن كَمْخ
تقریباً 678 عیسوی · 59 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Habib ibn Maslama raided the fortress of Kamkh after taking Shimshat without success, as did Safwan; then in year 59 — the year he died — Safwan raided it with Umayr ibn al-Habab al-Sulami, who scaled the wall and fought alone until the Byzantines gave way and the Muslims climbed — it fell to Umayr ibn al-Habab, his lasting glory; the Byzantines retook it, Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik took it again, and it kept changing hands until year 149, when al-Mansur marched from Baghdad to Hadithat al-Mawsil, sent al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba then Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath, and set al-Abbas ibn Muhammad over the expedition against Kamkh — Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath remaining at Amid — al-Abbas and al-Hasan reached Malatya, took provisions, camped on Kamkh, and al-Abbas ordered mangonels set; the defenders hung juniper wood over their fort so the stones would not bite, and stoned the Muslims killing two hundred men, whereupon the Muslims employed armoured shelters and fought bitterly until they took it — Matar al-Warraq was with al-Abbas; the Byzantines re-seized it, and in year 177 Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Amr al-Ansari — Abd al-Malik ibn Salih's governor of Shimshat — took it, entering on the fourteenth of Rabi' II; it stayed Muslim until Muhammad ibn al-Rashid's time when its people fled — or, it is said, Ubaydallah ibn al-Aqta' handed it over — then Abdallah ibn Tahir took it in al-Ma'mun's caliphate, and it remained in Muslim hands until a group of Shimshat's Christians conspired with Yiqala and Baqrat ibn Ashut by way of Khilat to deliver it to the Byzantines over estates in the Shimshat district.
واقعہ
فتح اللاذقية
تقریباً 635 عیسوی · تقریباً 14 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Abu Ubayda left Ubada ibn al-Samit al-Ansari over Hims, and he came to al-Ladhiqiyya whose people fought him — it had a great gate a host of men could not open; seeing the difficulty he camped at a distance, ordered trenches dug like souterrains each hiding a man and his horse, the Muslims labouring at guarding them till finished, then feigned withdrawal to Hims; under cover of night they returned to their camp and trenches while the Ladhiqiyyans went out each morning thinking them gone, and at dawn opened their gate and sent out their flocks — whereupon the Muslims surprised them and entered through the city gate, taking it by force; Ubada entered the citadel, climbed its wall and magnified God upon it; a group of its Christians fled to al-Yasayid, then asked safety to return to their land, being cut a kharaj to pay few or many, their church left them, and the Muslims built a congregational mosque at al-Ladhiqiyya at Ubada's order, enlarged afterwards; the Byzantines later raided its coast from the sea, demolishing the city and taking captives in Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's caliphate in year 100, and he ordered it rebuilt and fortified, sending to the tyrant to ransom the Muslim prisoners — it was unfinished when he died in 101, and Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik completed and garrisoned it; Ubada and the Muslims also took Antartus, a fortress its people abandoned, which Mu'awiya built and made an amsar with land-grants, doing likewise with Maraqiyya and Bulunyas, and they took the town called Balda two farsakhs from Jabala by force — it fell ruined and its people left, and Mu'awiya founded Jabala and garrisoned it.
واقعہ
فتح مرعش وعمارتها
تقریباً 637 عیسوی · تقریباً 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah — he being at Manbij — sent Khalid ibn al-Walid to the Mar'ash region, and he took its fortress on condition its people evacuate, then demolished it; when Sufyan ibn Awf al-Ghamidi raided the Byzantines in year 30 he set out from before Mar'ash and ranged their lands; Mu'awiya built the city of Mar'ash and garrisoned it, but at Yazid ibn Mu'awiya's death Byzantine raids multiplied and its people left, and Abd al-Malik — after his father Marwan ibn al-Hakam's death — compounded with the Byzantines for tribute while seeking the caliphate; in year 74 Muhammad ibn Marwan raided and the truce broke, and in year 75 he again led the summer expedition, the Romans coming out in Jumada I by way of Mar'ash into the depths, where the Muslims under Aban ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt — with him Dinar ibn Dinar, mawla of Abd al-Malik and governor of Qinnasrin and its districts — met them at Amq Mar'ash in a hard battle, routed them and pursued killing and capturing — Dinar having that same year met a Roman body at Jisr Yaghra, some ten miles from Shimshat, and overcome them; then al-Abbas ibn al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik went to Mar'ash, rebuilt and fortified it, transferred people to it, built its congregational mosque and levied an annual contingent on Qinnasrin; in Marwan ibn Muhammad's days — he busy fighting Hims — the Romans besieged Mar'ash until its people compounded to evacuate toward the Jazira with the Qinnasrin troops and their families, then demolished it — Marwan's governor being al-Kawthar ibn Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi, the tyrant being Constantine son of Leo; when Marwan had finished with Hims and razed its wall he sent an army to rebuild Mar'ash, and built it was and made a city — but in his civil war the Romans wrecked it again; Salih ibn Ali rebuilt and fortified it in al-Mansur's caliphate, calling people to it with increased pay, and al-Mahdi enlarged its garrison and strengthened its people.
واقعہ
فتح ميسان
Al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba stormed Maysan after hard fighting and mastered its land; when Abar Qubadh's people broke faith he retook it by force — al-Mada'ini notes folk called Maysan, Dastumaysan, al-Furat and Abar Qubadh all 'Maysan'. Among Maysan's captives were Abu al-Hasan al-Basri and his brother Sa'id, sons of Yasar once named Qayruz; they fell to an Ansari woman — al-Rabi' bint al-Nadr, Anas's aunt, or Jamila of Salima, Anas's wife — who freed them, so 'our wala' is hers'.
واقعہ
فتح مكة (الفتح الأعظم)
تقریباً 11 جنوری 630 عیسوی · 20 رمضان 8 ھIn Ramadan 8 AH (January 630 CE), following Banu Bakr and Quraysh's breach of the Hudaybiyya peace at al-Watir, the Prophet mobilized 10,000 Muslims and entered Mecca in triumphant humility; dividing the army into four columns, the city was taken almost without resistance; the 360 idols around the Kaaba were shattered, and the Prophet announced a general amnesty to the populace: 'Go, for you are free'. وخطب يوم الفتح فأعلن حرمة البلد إلى يوم القيامة «لم يحل القتال فيه لأحد قبلي ولم يحل لي إلا ساعة من نهار» واستثنى الإذخر لقينهم وبيوتهم.
واقعہ
فتح الموصل
Umar made Utba ibn Farqad al-Sulami governor of Mosul in year 20; Nineveh's people fought, he took its eastern fort by force, crossed the Tigris, and the other fortress treated for jizya with leave to quit; Mosul's monasteries treated likewise, then al-Marj, Bahadhra, Hibtun, al-Hiyana, al-Ma'alla, Damir and every Kurdish stronghold, Banu Ata of Hizza, Tall al-Shaharija and al-Salaq — Salih ibn Ubada holding Mosul's ribat — with Urmiya, al-Hawr, Khuway and Salamas paying Mosul a while. Umar dismissed him for Harthama ibn Arfaja al-Bariqi, who made it a misr, settled the Arabs in their plots and built the congregational mosque; Ibn Tulayd paved it with stone and Sa'id ibn Abd al-Malik built the wall al-Rashid later razed.
واقعہ
فتح قاليقلا وبدء فتوح أرمينية
تقریباً 645 عیسوی · تقریباً 25 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Uthman ibn Affan acceded he wrote to Mu'awiya — his governor over Syria, the Jazira and their frontier — ordering him to send Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri to Armenia, Habib having a fine record in Syria's conquests and the Roman wars known to Umar then Uthman and after — or, it is said, and it is the sounder, Uthman wrote to Habib directly ordering the raid — so he marched with six thousand, or eight, of the Syrians and Jazirans to Qaliqala, camped on it, fought its sallying people and drove them into the city, whereupon they sought aman on evacuation and jizya, many departing for Roman lands; Habib stayed months with those with him until word came that the patrikios of the Armeniakoi had gathered a great host joined by auxiliaries of the Alan, the Abkhaz and Samandar of the Khazars, so he wrote Uthman asking him to send men of Syria and the Jazira desiring jihad and spoils, and Mu'awiya sent two thousand men whom he settled in Qaliqala with land-grants as its garrison; the Romans and their allies had come and camped on al-Fudhat — the reinforcements slow to Habib — so the Muslims struck them by night, overran them and killed their great man; Umm Abdallah bint Yazid al-Kalbiyya, Habib's wife, that night asked him 'where is your tryst?' — he answered 'the tyrant's pavilion or Paradise', and when he reached the pavilion he found her there; in al-Waqidi's chain — from Abd al-Hamid ibn Ja'far from his father — Habib besieged Dabil's people, sat on it, and the Roman Maurian met him, night-attacked and killed him and spoiled his camp, whereupon Salman came up — the sounder version with them being that he met him at Qaliqala; and after Qaliqala Habib marched to Mariyala where the patrikios of Khilat came to him bearing Iyad ibn Ghanm's writ — Iyad having given him aman on himself, his wealth and his lands for a tribute — and Habib conveyed it to him.
واقعہ
فتح قزوين
When al-Mughira governed Kufa he made al-Bara' ibn Azib governor of Qazwin, ordering him to take it then raid Daylam from it; he marched with Hanzala ibn Zayd, reduced Abhar on Nihawand's terms, then moved on Qazwin's fortress — its people had begged Daylam's aid but the Daylamis stood on the mountain withholding a hand, so they sought terms, scorned the jizya and professed Islam — said to have come down on the asawira-of-Basra terms, settling in Kufa allied to Zuhra ibn Hawiyya as 'Hura' al-Daylam', though others say they Islamized in place on ushr land; al-Bara' posted five hundred Muslims with them under Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid and granted them unclaimed lands, then raided Daylam to tribute, Jilan, al-Babar and al-Taylasan, and took Zanjan by force; the fortress, 'Kashwin' in Persian — the watched bound — had been ribat-manned by Persian asawira who fended Daylam.
واقعہ
فتح قنسرين
تقریباً 636 عیسوی · تقریباً 15 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, after finishing with the Yarmuk, went to Hims and secured it, then came to Qinnasrin with Khalid ibn al-Walid on his vanguard; the people of the city fought him then took refuge in their fortress and sued for terms, which he granted on the like of Hims's treaty, the Muslims mastering its land and villages — its hadir (camp-town) belonging to Tanukh since their first settling in Syria, when they dwelt in hair tents before building houses, and he called them to Islam, some converting while Banu Salih ibn Hulwan of Quda'a remained Christian, some of their descendants converting in al-Mahdi's caliphate; as Abu Ubayda marched on Aleppo word came that Qinnasrin's people had broken faith, so he sent al-Simt ibn al-Aswad al-Kindi who besieged and took it; the hadir of Tayyi' was of old, settled after the war of corruption among them when those of the Jabalayn settled and the rest scattered through the lands, and near Aleppo stood the hadir called Hadir Halab gathering kinds of Arabs from Tanukh and others — Abu Ubayda compounded with them for jizya and they later converted, remaining there with their descendants until long after al-Rashid's death.
واقعہ
فتح قم وقاشان
In al-Baladhuri: when Abu Musa and Abdallah ibn Qays al-Ash'ari returned from Nihawand they went to al-Ahwaz and settled it, then came to Qumm and stayed upon it days before taking it; al-Ahnaf ibn Qays — his name al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Tamimi — was sent to Qashan, took it by force, and joined them. It is also related that al-Ash'ari camped at Isbahan — or, Ibn Sa'd thinks, Qumm — offered them Islam which they refused, then jizya which they accepted by night, broke faith at morning, and he fought them until God gave him the mastery.
واقعہ
فتح الرقة
تقریباً 639 عیسوی · تقریباً 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Iyad ibn Ghanm camped on al-Raqqa and its people fought until some Muslims were wounded, so he drew back out of their stones and arrows, rode a circuit of the city posting guards on its gates and loosed raiding parties bringing captives and abundant provisions from the villages, the crops standing ripe; after five or six days of this the city's patrician sent to Iyad seeking aman, and he compounded on safety for all its people's lives, children, wealth and city — saying 'the land is ours, we have trodden and seized it' — leaving it in their hands on kharaj, what of it the dhimmis declined reverting to the Muslims at the tithe, laying jizya on their necks at a dinar a man yearly — women and boys exempt — with measures of wheat and portions of oil, vinegar and honey charged with it, which Mu'awiya later made their jizya; they opened the gates and kept a Muslims' market at the Ruha gate, and Iyad wrote them: 'In God's name — this is what Iyad ibn Ghanm gave the people of al-Raqqa the day he entered it: safety for their lives, wealth and churches, which shall not be ruined nor left uninhabited, provided they pay the jizya upon them and contrive no treachery, and that they raise no church or synagogue, display no clapper, paschal or cross; God witnesses and suffices as witness' — and he sealed it; some say he bound each adult at four dinars, the sounder report being that Umar later wrote to Umayr ibn Sa'd, his governor, to bind each man at four dinars like the gold-tier.
واقعہ
فتح رأس العين
تقریباً 640 عیسوی · تقریباً 20 ھIn al-Baladhuri through al-Hajjaj ibn Abi Mani' from his grandfather: Ra's al-Ayn — that is Ayn al-Warda — resisted Iyad ibn Ghanm and Umayr ibn Sa'd took it while Umar's governor over the Jazira, after its people fought the Muslims bitterly; the Muslims entered it by force then compounded with them, the land assigned them and jizya laid on their heads at four dinars each without captives of women or children; in al-Waqidi's report Umar wrote to Iyad ordering him to send Umayr against Ayn al-Warda — the advance guard took peasants and enemy herds, the citizens shut the gates and set up mangonels, Muslims were killed by stones and arrows, and a patrician mocked them 'we are not like those you have met' — then it fell afterwards by treaty; elders of the city recount that when Umayr entered he called 'no harm, no harm — to me, to me', and that was their aman; Haytham ibn Adi claimed Umar sent Abu Musa al-Ash'ari who took it with the Jazira's army after Iyad's death, but the sound report is Umayr took it by force without enslavement, laying kharaj and jizya — none but Haytham says otherwise; a body of Ra's al-Ayn's people departed and the Muslims worked their fields, sowing them by land-grants.
واقعہ
فتح الري وقومس
In al-Baladhuri via al-Kalbi from Abu Mikhnaf: two months after Nihawand's battle Umar wrote Ammar ibn Yasir, his Kufa agent, to send Urwa ibn Zayd al-Khayl al-Ta'i to Rayy and Dastaba with eight thousand; the Daylam gathered against him with Rayy's reinforcement, and God gave him victory — he killed and swept through them, left his brother Hanzala ibn Zayd, and came to Ammar asking to be sent to Umar — he having once borne the Bridge's ill news and wishing now to bring joy. Umar saw him and said 'we are God's and to Him we return'; Urwa answered 'rather praise God — we are victorious,' told his tale, and when asked why he did not send word answered 'I left my brother and wished to come myself' — so Umar named him al-Bashir. Urwa's verse: 'I stood forth a teacher to Qadisiyya's people — not every bearer of sorrow teaches.'
واقعہ
فتح رودس وهدم حصنها
53 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan sent Janada ibn Abi Umayya al-Azdi to Rhodes; he opened it by force — it being a thicket in the sea — and Mu'awiya ordered him to settle Muslim people in it, in year 53. Rhodes is among the most fertile islands, about sixty miles, with olives, vines, fruits and sweet waters. Via al-Waqidi and others: the Muslims stayed at Rhodes seven years in a fort taken for them; when Mu'awiya died Yazid wrote Janada ordering him to demolish the fort and return — Mu'awiya used to rotate the people there, and Mujahid ibn Jabr resided in it teaching the people Qur'an.
واقعہ
فتح الرها
تقریباً 639 عیسوی · تقریباً 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri through al-Nufayli from Sulayman ibn Ata: when Iyad ibn Ghanm took al-Ruha — Abu Ubayda had sent him — he stood at its gate on a chestnut horse and they compounded with him on the terms that their great church and its surroundings were theirs, that they raise no new church beyond what they had, and that they aid the Muslims against their enemy — any of these left unkept and they had no dhimma; and the people of the Jazira entered into what Edessa's people entered into.
واقعہ
فتح سابور
Uthman came to Sabur in 23 or 24h — its folk already dreading the Muslims and its marzban, Shahrak's brother, having dreamed an Arab stripped his shirt, which gripped his heart — after brief defiance he sought aman: no killing no captives, dhimma and prompt payment. The people later betrayed, and in 26h Abu Musa took it by force, Uthman ibn Abi al-As on his vanguard.
واقعہ
فتح شهرزور والصامغان ودراباذ
Uzra ibn Qays tried Shahrazur as Umar's governor of Hulwan and could not take it; Utba ibn Farqad stormed it after fighting on Hulwan's treaty terms — the approach-fever killing Muslims — while al-Samaghan and Darabadh treated for jizya and kharaj with no killing, no captives and no path barred. Utba fought the Kurds slaughtering many and wrote Umar 'my conquests reach Azerbaijan' — Umar gave him Azerbaijan and Harthama Mosul; Shahrazur's districts stayed joined to Mosul till late in al-Rashid's reign, each district-agent's 200-dirham salary making 600 for these.
واقعہ
فتح شمشاط
تقریباً 647 عیسوی · تقریباً 27 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Uthman ibn Affan acceded he wrote to Mu'awiya with Syria's governorship and gave Umayr ibn Sa'd al-Ansari the Jazira, then removed him and joined Syria, the Jazira and their frontier to Mu'awiya, ordering him to raid Shimshat — the fourth Armenia — so he sent Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri and Safwan ibn al-Mu'attal al-Sulami, who took it days after arriving on the like of al-Ruha's treaty; Safwan settled it and died there late in Mu'awiya's caliphate — some say Mu'awiya himself raided it with the two and appointed Safwan, who made it home; Constantine the tyrant later camped on it after alighting at Malatya in year 133, gained nothing there, raided its environs and withdrew; Shimshat stayed kharaj-land until al-Mutawakkil made it tithe-land like the rest of the frontier.
واقعہ
فتح سرق
Abu Musa took Surraq on Ramhurmuz's terms; they betrayed and Haritha ibn Badr's thick army failed to retake it — Abdallah ibn Amir took it by force, and Haritha governed it after. Abu al-Aswad satirized: 'Harith b. Badr, they gave you a charge — be a locust in it, betray and steal; your lot of the two Iraqs' wealth is Surraq' — and Haritha answered 'the God of folk repay you best — you spoke kindness and enjoined sufficiency; bid me decide and you would find me obedient — bid anything else, disobedient'.
واقعہ
فتح الشام
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Abu Bakr finished with the apostates he dispatched the armies to Syria, binding three banners — for Khalid ibn Sa'id (whom he deposed), Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Amr ibn al-As — directing them and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan by the Ayla and Tabuk roads until their number completed at twenty-four thousand; their first fighting came at Dathin and al-Araba, and al-Waqidi's account assigns Amr Filastin, Shurahbil al-Urdunn and Yazid Dimashq; Khalid ibn al-Walid then marched from Iraq reaching them in Rabi' al-Akhir year 13, and they made him commander in every battle; the great battle of Ajnadayn fell on Monday twelve nights remaining of Jumada I year 13, Busra fell by treaty, Shurahbil conquered al-Urdunn by force save Tabariyya, the battle of Fihl came five months into Umar's caliphate with Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah commanding by Umar's investiture, the day of Marj al-Suffar at the new moon of al-Muharram year 14, and then the conquest of Damascus and Bayt al-Maqdis.
واقعہ
فتح طبرستان
29 ھWhen Uthman made Sa'id ibn al-As governor of Kufa in 29 AH, the marzban of Tus wrote both him and Abdallah ibn Amir of Basra inviting them to Khurasan — whichever prevailed would hold it; Ibn Amir outstripped him, so Sa'id raided Tabaristan — with him, it is said, al-Hasan and al-Husayn the sons of Ali, though others say he raided on no writ at all — taking Tamisa and the village Namna and treating Jurjan's king for two hundred thousand dirhams.
واقعہ
فتح طنجة
89? ھIn al-Baladhuri on al-Waqidi's report: Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan sent Musa ibn Nusayr — a mawla of Banu Umayya whose origin was Ayn al-Tamr, or, some say, of Arasha of Bali, or of Lakhm — as governor over Ifriqiya; others say he held it in al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik's day in year 89. He opened Tangier and settled it — the first to lodge there — laying out khittas for the Muslims, and his cavalry reached Sus al-Adna — between which and Sus al-Aqsa lie some twenty-odd days — where he settled them, took captives, and they submitted to him.
واقعہ
فتح توج
When Umar gave Uthman ibn Abi al-As Bahrain and Uman, pacified and obedient, he sent his brother al-Hakam by sea to Fars with a great host of Abd al-Qays, Azd, Tamim and Najiya — taking the island Abr Kawan, then Tawwaj of Ardashir-Khurra's land. In Abu Mikhnaf's telling Uthman himself crossed, took Tawwaj, built its mosques, made it a Muslim settlement-house for Abd al-Qays and raided Arrajan from it till Umar's letter recalled him — others say al-Hakam opened it and settled the Muslims in 19h.
واقعہ
فتح أطرابلس
22 ھIn al-Baladhuri on Ali ibn Abi Talha's report: Amr ibn al-As marched until he camped at Tripoli in year 22 — it was fought for, then he opened it by force, seizing there many loads of baziyun cloth with some of its merchants, which he sold, dividing the price among the Muslims; and he wrote to Umar ibn al-Khattab 'we have reached Tripoli, and between it and Ifriqiya are nine days — if the Commander of the Faithful sees fit to give us leave to raid it, let him act', and Umar wrote back forbidding it, saying 'it is not Ifriqiya, but a schismatic, treacherous land oft betrayed' — its people paying Rome's king then betraying him often, and Andalus's king having compounded with them then betrayed them, news of which had reached Umar.
واقعہ
فتح طليطلة
تقریباً 93 ھIn the year 93 Musa dismissed Tariq and sent him against Toledo. In al-Baladhuri: Musa ibn Nusayr wrote Tariq ibn Ziyad a harsh letter — for his hazarding the Muslims and presuming on his own judgment in the raid — ordering him not to pass Cordoba; Musa marched to Cordoba of al-Andalus, Tariq appeased him and he was pleased, and Tariq opened the city of Toledo — the kingdom-city of al-Andalus on the Franks' side — seizing there a great table which Musa ibn Nusayr presented to al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik at Damascus when he returned in year 96, al-Walid being ill.
واقعہ
فتح الأبلة والفرات
Utba ibn Ghazwan stormed al-Ubulla and wrote Umar — borne by Nafi' ibn al-Harith — that it was the port of Bahrain, Uman, India and China; crossing to al-Furat its folk came out with their spades and were beaten, Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud taking the town by force; at al-Madhar its marzban came out, was routed with most of his men drowned, taken alive and beheaded; at Dastumaysan Utba struck pre-emptively 'to weaken their sides and embolden hearts', killing their dehqans; then Abar Qubadh fell — the tract from al-Fahraj to al-Furat being treaty-land, the rest of Ubulla by force. Utba's wife Arda bint al-Harith goaded the men 'if they rout you, you'll enter us uncircumcised', and the forelocked boy Ziyad divided the spoils at two dirhams a day.
واقعہ
المجلس الاستشاري لغزوة أحد
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھA military council where the Prophet and his companions discussed the defense plan, debating between fortifying Medina or exiting to face the enemy.
واقعہ
وقعة داهر ومقتله
Muhammad stole across the Mihwan by a contrived bridge near Rasal's land of Qissa while Dahir scorned the threat; they met — Dahir on his elephant ringed by elephants and the Kakira — in a battle like none heard of, till dismounted he fought and fell at evening, the mushrikun routed and cut down at will. Al-Mada'ini names his killer a man of Banu Kilab: 'the spears bore witness on Dahir's day, and praised al-Qasim ibn Muhammad'.
واقعہ
غلاء دمشق المفرط سنة 643هـ
تقریباً 1245 عیسوی · 643 ھIn 643 Damascus suffered extreme dearth: the load of grain sold at 1,600 dirhams, carrion was eaten and many notables perished.
واقعہ
حريق دمشق العظيم سنة 681هـ
تقریباً 1282 عیسوی · تقریباً 681 ھThe great fire of Damascus in 681 — three days and nights from the goldsmiths' quarter; al-Katti 'al-Fashusha' lost fifteen thousand volumes, yet no person burned; a wind-blown scrap carried verses of surrender.
واقعہ
احتراق شاربي الخمر بدمشق سنة 813هـ
تقریباً 1410 عیسوی · 813 ھOn the night of 21 Muharram 813 two commoners met in Damascus and drank wine; at dawn they were found burnt, no fire found between them nor trace of burning beyond their bodies and some of their clothes — one dead, the other with breath left — and the people came in throngs to see them and take warning.
واقعہ
غارة دقوقاء سنة 635هـ
تقریباً 1237 عیسوی · 635 ھIn 635 the Tatars reached Daquqa plundering; the caliph's amir Biklik met them with seven thousand against ten, and the Muslims — having killed many and near victory — were routed, Biklik and a group of great amirs falling.
واقعہ
قراصنة الديبل وصرخة يا حجاج
Pirates of Daybul seized the ship bearing the gifted women; one, of Banu Yarbu', cried 'ya Hajjaj' — 'ya labbayk' he answered, and wrote Dahir demanding their release: 'pirates beyond my power' came the reply. Al-Hajjaj's man Ubaydallah ibn Nabhan fell to Daybul, and Budayl ibn Tahfa al-Bajali, sent from Uman, was ringed and killed when his horse shied — some say the Zutt of al-Budha killed him. The island is called Jazirat al-Yaqut for its women's beauty.
واقعہ
فتح الديبل وكسر منارة البد
Muhammad reached Daybul on a Friday with the fleet behind him — trench, spears, banners, and the mangonel 'al-Arus' worked by five hundred men against the great budd whose tall mast bore a revolving red banner. Al-Hajjaj's letters, exchanged every three days, ordered the eastern arm shortened and the crew told to break the mast he described; broken, the kafirs' defiance sank, the sally was driven back, and ladders went up — a Muradi of Kufa first over — the city stormed, three days of killing, the temple's sadin slain, Dahir's agent fled; Muhammad marked out a Muslim quarter, built the mosque, and settled four thousand. Mansur ibn Hatim saw the broken mast, and al-Mu'tasim's governor Anbasa ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi razed the minaret's top for a prison before his removal; his successor Harun ibn Abi Khalid was killed there.
واقعہ
وفاة أبي بكر الصديق
Ibn Umar: the cause of Abu Bakr's death was the Prophet's death — grief wasted him till he died. And he had eaten with al-Harith ibn Kalada a gifted khazira — 'lift your hand: by God, a year's poison is in it, and you and I die in one day' — both sickened and died in one day at the year's end; al-Sha'bi: 'what do we expect of this low world — the Prophet was poisoned and Abu Bakr was poisoned'. Aisha: his illness began with a bath on a cold Monday, seven nights past of Jumada II; he fevered fifteen days without coming to prayer and died Tuesday night, eight nights remaining of Jumada II, year thirteen, aged sixty-three. At his death he told Aisha: 'look at the she-camel whose milk we drank, the bowl we breakfasted from, the wrap we wore — we used them while we held the Muslims' charge: when I die, return them to Umar' — 'may God mercy you, Abu Bakr: you have wearied who comes after you'.
واقعہ
وفاة أبي ذر بالربذة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھIbn Ishaq relates, through Burayda ibn Sufyan al-Aslami from Muhammad ibn Ka'b al-Qurazi from Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, that when Uthman exiled Abu Dharr to al-Rabadha and his death came there, he had with him only his wife and his servant. He charged them to wash and shroud him and lay him on the road; Ibn Mas'ud passed in a party of Iraqis and helped bury him, and recalled what the Prophet had said to Abu Dharr on the march to Tabuk.
واقعہ
مصرع الأغلب بن سالم بسهم ودحر حريش
785 اور 786 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri via Ahmad ibn Nafi', mawla of the Aghlab family: al-Aghlab ibn Salim al-Tamimi was of Marw al-Rudh's people among the Masawwida who came from Khurasan; Musa al-Hadi gave him the Maghreb, and Harish — a man of the frontier army of Tunis — gathered him a host and marched on him at Qayrawan of Ifriqiya, besieging him; al-Aghlab sallied and fought him, an arrow struck him in the battle and he fell dead, his companions not knowing of his fall nor Harish's companions knowing; then Harish and his army fled, al-Aghlab's men pursued three days and killed them, killing Harish at a place known as Suq al-Ahad — and al-Aghlab was called al-Shahid.
واقعہ
استشهاد الجرّاح بأردبيل
تقریباً 730 عیسوی · تقریباً 112 ھIn al-Baladhuri: al-Jarrah compounded with the people of Hamzin to transfer them to Khizan, giving them two of its villages, fell upon the people of Ghumik taking captives, returned to Shakki and wintered his army at Bardha'a and al-Baylaqan; the Khazars then surged across the Rass, and he gave them battle in the Warthan desert, whence they fell back toward Ardabil — he engaged them four farsakhs from Armenia's edge, they fought three days, and he was martyred with those with him; that river was named Nahr al-Jarrah, and a bridge upon it was likewise ascribed to him.
واقعہ
مقتل عبد الله بن الزبير
تقریباً نومبر 692 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 73 ھAbd al-Malik sent al-Hajjaj with forty thousand against Ibn al-Zubayr; he besieged him in Mecca for months and cast mangonels at him until his men deserted to al-Hajjaj, who took and killed him and crucified the body — Tuesday, 17 Jumada I or II of year 73. Muhammad ibn Zayd ibn Abdullah ibn Umar was atop Abu Qubays when the mangonel was planted and saw a lightning bolt like a red veil burn some fifty of its crew. Ibn al-Zubayr had been praying within the Hijr while mangonel stones clipped the edge of his garment and he never turned.
واقعہ
وفاة نور الدين محمود
تقریباً 1174 عیسوی · 569 ھDeath of Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zangi, lord of Syria, the Jazira and Egypt's overlord — Wednesday 11 Shawwal 569, of quinsy, in the small prayer-cell he kept in Damascus citadel; refusing cupping ('a man of sixty is not bled'), buried in the citadel then translated to his madrasa by Suq al-Khawwassin. He had been mustering armies from Mosul and the Jazira to take Egypt from Saladin when death overtook him. Ibn al-Athir's verdict: after the Rashidun and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz he read of no king's conduct finer or more scrupulous in justice.
واقعہ
وفاة صلاح الدين بدمشق
تقریباً مارچ 1193 عیسوی · صفر 589 ھ
واقعہ
قتل السلطان طغرل الثالث آخر سلاطين السلاجقة بالعراق
تقریباً مارچ 1194 عیسوی · 24 ربیع الاول 590 ھ
واقعہ
مقتل يزدجرد بن شهريار
In al-Baladhuri: Yazdgard ibn Shahriyar ibn Kisra Abarwiz ibn Hurmuz ibn Anushirwan fled al-Mada'in to Hulwan, then Isbahan, then — after Nihawand — Istakhr; Ibn Budayl pursued without catching him, Abu Musa tried Istakhr and could not take it, and Uthman ibn Abi al-As failed likewise, so that when Abdallah ibn Amir reached Basra in year 29 all Fars was conquered save Istakhr and Jur. Yazdgard meant for Tabaristan — its marzban having offered its strength — then fled to Kirman; Ibn Amir sent Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud al-Sulami and Harm ibn Hayyan after him, but the damaq struck his camp at Bimandh, destroying the army save a few — the fort named Qasr Mujashi'. Yazdgard, seated at Kirman, would not speak to its marzban for hauteur and had his leg dragged — 'you are not fit to govern a village, let alone a kingdom; had God known good in you He would not have brought you to this' — then went to Sijistan whose king honored him until, asked for kharaj, he feigned deafness, and moved on to Khurasan. At Marw's border the marzban Mahuwayh received him with honor, and Nizak Tarkhan lodged and robed him a month — then wrote asking his daughter in marriage; enraged, Yazdgard answered 'you are but my slave — what emboldens you?' and ordered Mahuwayh's accounts audited. Mahuwayh wrote Nizak inciting him: 'he came beaten and fugitive, you honored him, and this is his answer' — and together they moved to kill him. Nizak came with the Turks to al-Janabidh; the fight held even then turned — his companions were slain and camp plundered. Marw's city refused him entry; he dismounted and walked to a miller's house on the Arghab. It is said Mahuwayh's men slew him there; or he incited the miller, killed him, then had the miller killed since 'a king's slayer should not live'; or the miller fed him, plied him drink till drunken, spied his crown at evening, coveted it, and dropped a millstone on him — taking crown and robes and casting him in the water, whereupon Mahuwayh killed the miller and household; or, hiding in the water he bargained 'release me for my belt, seal and crown,' laughed when told bread cost four dirhams — 'I was told I would need four dirhams' — and when Mahuwayh's seekers came begged 'do not kill me; take me to the Arabs' king to treat for myself and you' — refused, they strangled him with a bowstring, sacked his clothes and cast his body in the water. His son Firuz fell to the Turks, it is said, who married him off among them.
واقعہ
هدم مسجد الضرار
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھWhen the Prophet stopped at Dhi Awan on his return from Tabuk, news of the mosque reached him; he summoned Malik ibn al-Dukhshum and Ma'n ibn Adi (or his brother Asim) and ordered them to demolish and burn it. They did so, its people dispersed, and Qur'an was revealed about them, according to Ibn Ishaq.
واقعہ
حفر نهر عدي
Adi ibn Arta'a, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's governor, consulted the Basrans on digging a canal — Wak'i ibn Abi Sud wrote 'no canal, no home'; some say Adi's aim was to spite Bahz ibn Yazid ibn al-Muhallab. Umar's permission came, the canal was dug from Butq Shirin, the people came out to watch, and Adi bore al-Hasan al-Basri on the dam as he pointed.
واقعہ
حفر نهر الأبلة
Dijlat al-Awra's tidal rain-channel ran a farsakh, its Basra-side basin called al-Ijana; Umar ordered Abu Musa to dig the Basrans a canal — he began at al-Ijana, led it three farsakhs to Basra, making the Ubulla canal four — then the reach toward al-Hayri silted up. Ziyad, on the diwan under Abdallah ibn Amir, urged completing the dig and was stalled till Ibn Amir left for Khurasan; he resumed Abu Musa's channel to Basra with Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakra in charge, who opened the water racing his horse as it nearly outran him. Ibn Amir returned angry — 'you meant to carry off the canal's fame' — and the estrangement held between their houses for life; before the canal, folk drank from Dayr Qawus on the Tigris, a spot the spirits haunted.
واقعہ
حفر نهر ابن عمر
Abdallah ibn Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, Yazid ibn al-Walid's governor, received the Basrans with two flasks — Basra water and batiha water — and saw the difference: 'dig us a canal and we drink this sweet'. He wrote Yazid, who answered 'if the canal's cost reaches Iraq's kharaj, spend what we hold on it'; Nahr Ibn Umar was dug, and when a man guessed the cost at three hundred thousand, Ibn Umar said 'were it Iraq's whole kharaj, I would spend it'.
واقعہ
حفر نهر معقل
Umar ordered Abu Musa to dig the second canal run by Ma'qil ibn Yasar al-Muzani — so it bore his name; others say al-Mundhir ibn al-Jarud asked Mu'awiya for the Tharr canal, he wrote Ziyad, who dug and ran it through Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakra or another — and when it was done he sent Ma'qil to open it for baraka as a Companion, so the people called it Ma'qil's canal. Ziyad gave a man a thousand dirhams: 'go down the Tigris and ask who owns this canal — if anyone says Ziyad's, the thousand is yours'; he returned — 'not one I asked said anything but Ma'qil's canal'.
واقعہ
قسمة غنائم حنين وعطايا المؤلفة بالجعرانة
فروری 630 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 8 ھAt al-Ji'rana the Prophet divided the vast spoils of Hunayn (twenty-four thousand camels, forty thousand sheep, and four thousand silver awqiya); he warned against the misappropriation of spoils, and bestowed major grants upon Meccan notables and Najdi tribal chieftains to reconcile their hearts to Islam. وعند البخاري جمع النبي الأنصار في قبة من أدم بعدما قالت فيهم نفسها حين أعطى قريشاً وتركهم «وسيوفنا تقطر من دمائهم»، فقال «أما ترضون أن يذهب الناس بالأموال وتذهبون بالنبي إلى رحالكم»، وقال «الأنصار شعار والناس دثار، إنكم ستلقون بعدي أثرة فاصبروا حتى تلقوني على الحوض» ،. وجاءه وفد هوازن يسأل رد الأموال أو السبي فخيرهم بينهما فاختاروا سبيهم فردّهم.
واقعہ
تدوين الديوان وفرض العطاء
Umar consulted the Muslims on writing a diwan — Ali: 'divide each year all you gather, keep nothing'; Uthman: 'much wealth — uncounted, who took and who did not will go unmarked'; al-Walid ibn Hisham ibn al-Mughira: 'I saw Syria's kings with a diwan and an army — write a diwan, raise an army'. He took the last, and called Quraysh's genealogists — Aqil ibn Abi Talib, Makhrama ibn Nawfal, Jubayr ibn Mut'im — 'write the people by their ranks'. They began with Banu Hashim, then Abu Bakr's folk, then Umar's by the caliphate — 'I would it were so,' said Umar, 'but begin with the Prophet's kin, nearest then nearest, till you set Umar where God set him'. Banu Adi came arguing for his primacy — 'bakh, bakh, Banu Adi: you would eat off my back and take my hasanat — my two companions walked a road and I will not differ; we won favour and reward only through Muhammad, our honour and the noblest Arabs, then nearest then nearest; by God, if the Ajam come with works and we without, they are worthier of him on the Last Day — the slow of deed is not sped by lineage'.
واقعہ
زلزلة سنة 597هـ
تقریباً 1201 عیسوی · تقریباً 597 ھThe famine of 597 in Egypt when human flesh was sold, then in Sha'ban the great earthquake that struck most of the world — Abu Shama: a tenth of mankind died beneath the rubble, Nablus was razed, and the year's dead were counted at a million and a hundred thousand.
واقعہ
الزلزلة العظمى بالشام سنة 565هـ
تقریباً اگست 1170 عیسوی · تقریباً شوال 565 ھIn Shawwal 565 the great earthquake struck Syria — most of Damascus and the Umayyad Mosque's porticoes fell, half Aleppo's citadel and its gate, eighty thousand of Hamah's people perished, and Hisn al-Akrad's castle collapsed leaving no trace of its wall.
واقعہ
حمل النجاشي مهاجري الحبشة إلى النبي في سفينتين
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 7 ھIbn Ishaq says: those of the Prophet's Companions who remained in Abyssinia stayed until the Prophet sent Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri to the Negus, who carried them in two ships and brought them to him at Khaybar after al-Hudaybiyya. The total who arrived in the two ships was sixteen men, and with them were carried wives of Muslims who had died there.
واقعہ
سرية أوطاس
تقریباً جنوری 630 عیسوی · شوال 8 ھA detachment sent by the Prophet under Abu Amir al-Ash'ari in pursuit of the routed Hawazin remnants encamped at Awtas; Abu Amir was struck by an arrow and martyred after routing nine enemy champions, whereupon Abu Musa al-Ash'ari took the banner and secured victory.
واقعہ
إجلاء نصارى نجران
640 عیسوی · 20 ھIn al-Baladhuri: under Umar the people of Najran took usury and multiplied, so he feared them for Islam and exiled them to al-Najraniyya by Kufa — the settlement named after them — buying up their estates and writing for them that wherever they settled in Syria or Iraq they were to be granted arable land in place of their land in Yemen; the Jews of Najran had entered the treaty with the Christians as their followers; in Salim ibn Abi al-Ja'd's report the people of Najran reached forty thousand, quarrelled among themselves, asked Umar 'exile us' — which he did, already fearing them for the Muslims — then regretted it and sought reversal which he refused, and when Ali ibn Abi Talib took office they came to him and he said 'Umar was of sound judgement and I dislike opposing him'; the rulings then ran on: Uthman remitted two hundred hullas by letter to his Kufa governor al-Walid ibn Uqba after Uthman ibn Hunayf told him their exile had harmed the dihqans by driving them off their land; Mu'awiya or Yazid completed them to four hundred hullas; al-Hajjaj restored eighteen hundred after Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt, accusing them of backing it; Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz set them at two hundred hullas worth eight thousand dirhams on finding them at a tithe of their former number — 'I see this treaty is a jizya on their heads, not a treaty on their lands, and the jizya of the dead and the Muslim lapses'; Yusuf ibn Umar restored them under al-Walid ibn Yazid out of solidarity with al-Hajjaj; Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah confirmed two hundred hullas after they scattered basil on his procession at Kufa and Abdullah ibn al-Rabi' al-Harithi interceded for their kinship claim through Banu al-Harith ibn Ka'b his maternal uncles, seconded by al-Hajjaj ibn Arta; and Harun al-Rashid confirmed it by a letter the transmitters saw, ordering them freed from dealing with the tax agents to pay directly to the treasury at the capital.
واقعہ
آل الفضل بن ماهان بسندان
Al-Fadl ibn Mahan, mawla of Banu Sama, took Sindan and held it — sent al-Ma'mun an elephant, wrote him, and prayed for him in a jami' mosque he built there. His son Muhammad sailed seventy bawarij to Mayd al-Hind, slew many and returned — to find his brother Mahan had seized Sindan; Mahan wrote al-Mu'tasim and gifted a teak plank unmatched for size. The Hind faction in his brother's affair turned, killed and crucified him, then took Sindan and broke its mosque where Muslims had prayed for the caliph.
واقعہ
سقوط قاليقلا سنة 133 وعمارتها
تقریباً 750 عیسوی · 133 ھIn al-Baladhuri from Muhammad ibn Bishr and Ibn Warz al-Qaliyan from the shaykhs of Qaliqala: the city had remained defiant with its folk since its conquest until the tyrant came out in year 133, besieged Malatya's people, razed its wall and evacuated its Muslims to the Jazira, then camped at Marj al-Hasa and sent Kusan the Armenian, who camped on Qaliqala and besieged it — its people then few and its governor Abu Karima — whereupon two Armenian brothers of the city undermined an earthwork in its wall, went out to Kusan and let him into the city; he took it, killed, captured, demolished, drove the spoil to the tyrant and divided the captives among his men; al-Waqidi says: in year 139 al-Mansur ransomed those of Qaliqala's captives still alive, rebuilt and resettled the city, returned the ransomed to it and levied for it a garrison of Jazirans and others; and the Roman tyrant had come out against Qaliqala in al-Mu'tasim's caliphate and battered its wall near collapse, whereupon al-Mu'tasim spent five hundred thousand dirhams on it until it was fortified.
واقعہ
ملك الفرنج عكا وقتل الأسرى
تقریباً 12 جولائی 1191 عیسوی · 17 جمادی الثانی 587 ھ
واقعہ
فتح عكا وإخراج الفرنج من الشام سنة 690هـ
تقریباً 1291 عیسوی · تقریباً 690 ھIn 690 — praise and thanks be to God — all that the Christians held of Syria's coast was taken and no fortress or refuge remained to them there.
واقعہ
فتح أصطخر عنوة
Ibn Amir marched on Istakhr in 28h — Mahak truced for its folk, he left for Jur, and they broke and killed his agent; Jur fallen, he returned and took Istakhr by storm after heavy fighting and mangonels — forty thousand Ajam killed, most house-holders and asawira chiefs who had sheltered there destroyed, some say near a hundred thousand. On his vanguard Ubaydallah ibn Ma'tar al-Taymi had met them at Bramjard and fallen, buried in Bramjard's garden; Ibn Amir hurried — Abu Barza al-Aslami right, Ma'qil ibn Yasar left, Imran ibn al-Husayn horse, Khalid ibn al-Mu'ammar foot — and drove them inside. In another telling they betrayed under Ibn Abbas's Iraq governorship for Ali and were reconquered.
واقعہ
سقوط ملطية وهدمها سنة 133
تقریباً 750 عیسوی · 133 ھIn al-Baladhuri from al-Waqidi: in year 133 Constantine the tyrant advanced deliberately on Malatya — Kamkh then being Muslim-held under a Sulami — and Kamkh's people sent the appeal to Malatya's, who rode out with two hundred horse and were beaten by the Roman cavalry; the Roman camped on Malatya and besieged those inside — the Jazira then in turmoil, its governor Musa ibn Ka'b at Harran, the messenger they sent him unable to relieve them — and when Constantine heard of it he told them: 'people of Malatya, I came only knowing your state and your sultan's distraction from you — come down on aman, evacuate the city for me to demolish, and I depart from you'; they refused, so he set mangonels on it, and when affliction ground them down and the siege hardened they asked him for sureties, which he gave; they prepared to march, loaded what they could, threw much of the weight into wells and caches, and went out — the Romans formed two files from the city gate to the end of their line with drawn swords held tip to tip like a bridge's arch, then escorted them to safety, whence they dispersed through the Jazira; the Romans demolished Malatya leaving but a tower they had partly wrecked, and demolished the fortress of Qaludhiya.
واقعہ
فتح نيسابور
Ibn Amir besieged Abarshahr — Naysabur's city — for months, each quarter under its own warden; one quarter-warden took aman to admit the Muslims by night, they opened the gate, and the marzban fortified in the qahandaz, then sought aman to compound for all Naysabur on a fixed wazifa — concluded at a million dirhams, some say seven hundred thousand. Qays ibn al-Haytham al-Sulami was made its governor at the conquest.
واقعہ
سقوط تستر وأسر هرمزان
Nine hundred fell in the battle and six hundred captives were beheaded after; then a Persian sought aman to show the Muslims the breach — converted, stipended for himself and his son — and led Ashras ibn Awf of Shayban across Dujayl on a stone weir, up the city, and pointed out Hurmuzan. Forty volunteers under Majza'a ibn Thawr with two hundred behind entered by night, killed the guard and cried takbir on the wall; Hurmuzan fled to his treasury-citadel, Abu Musa crossed at dawn and possessed the city — 'none taught the Arabs our weakness but one who saw their rising fortune and our waning' — while the defector killed his own family and cast them into Dujayl. Hurmuzan asked aman; Abu Musa gave it only on Umar's judgment, and he came down on that.
واقعہ
فتح أرجان وشيراز وبلاد فارس
Late in Umar's caliphate Abu Musa and Uthman ibn Abi al-As joined: Arrajan by sulh on jizya and kharaj; Shiraz of Ardashir-Khurra — dhimma paying kharaj, free exodus for who wished, no killing no enslaving; Siniz whose folk stayed land-workers; Uthman took Hisn Jannaba by aman, and Jarra, Kazarun and Nawbandajan of Sabur; Harim ibn Hayyan took Qal'at Shabir by force after siege and fighting.
واقعہ
تطهير الكعبة وتكسير الأصنام
جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھUpon entering the sacred precinct, the Prophet circumambulated the Kaaba on his mount, toppled three hundred and sixty lead-fastened idols with his staff while reciting Qur'an 17:81, opened the sanctuary with Uthman ibn Talha's key, effaced the wall frescoes inside while reciting Qur'an 3:67, and had Bilal deliver the adhan from atop the roof.
واقعہ
من أهدرت دماؤهم يوم فتح مكة
جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھPrior to entering Mecca, the Prophet ordered the army to fight only those who offered armed resistance, except for a small named group of individuals accused of apostasy combined with murder, severe physical harm, or treasonous incitement, ordered slain even if found under the Kaaba's curtains. Several were executed, while others were granted protection and returned to Islam.
واقعہ
خطبة النبي عند باب الكعبة والأمان العام
جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھStanding at the threshold of the Kaaba, the Prophet addressed the assembled people of Mecca, abolishing pre-Islamic blood feuds, reciting Qur'an 49:13 on human equality, returning the hereditary custodianship of the key to Uthman ibn Talha, and declaring a comprehensive general amnesty with the renowned words: 'Go, for you are the free ones' (al-Tulaqa').
واقعہ
حادثة فاس الكبرى سنة 813هـ
تقریباً 1410 عیسوی · 813 ھIn 813 came the great calamity of Fez in the Maghreb, until the city was ruined.
واقعہ
أول قطع الدرب
In al-Baladhuri: they differ on who first cut the Darb — the Baghras pass — some saying it was Maysara ibn Masruq al-Absi, sent by Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, who met a Byzantine gathering with musta'riba of Ghassan, Tanukh and Iyad making to join Heraclius, fell on them and killed a great slaughter, after which Malik al-Ashtar al-Nakha'i joined him as reinforcement from Abu Ubayda at Antioch; others say the first to cut it was Umayr ibn Sa'd al-Ansari when he went out on the matter of Jabala ibn al-Ayham; and Abu al-Khattab al-Azdi heard that Abu Ubayda himself led the summer raid, passing Masisa and Tarsus — their people having evacuated with the forts beyond — and crossed the pass reaching Zanda, while others say he merely sent Maysara ibn Masruq who reached Zanda.
واقعہ
أول جمعة في بني سالم بن عوف
24 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · 12 ربیع الاول 1 ھOn the Friday of his entry into Medina, prayer time overtook the Prophet among Banu Salim ibn Awf, and he led a congregation of a hundred men in the mosque in the valley bottom — counted in the sira as the first Jumu'a.
واقعہ
أول جمعة بيثرب قبل الهجرة
تقریباً 622 عیسوی · 1 ھThe first congregational Friday in Islam, on the account of 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ka'b ibn Malik: As'ad ibn Zurara gathered it at Naqi' al-Khadimat in the harra of Banu Bayada with forty men, and his father Ka'b used to pray for As'ad's forgiveness whenever he heard the Friday call, for he was the first to gather them; al-Zuhri's version that Mus'ab ibn 'Umayr gathered twelve men is reconciled in that As'ad held the prayer with the twelve and Mus'ab led it.
واقعہ
غزوة قبرس الأولى
تقریباً 648 عیسوی · 28 ھIn al-Baladhuri from al-Waqidi and others: Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan led the first sea raid on Cyprus — the Muslims had never before sailed the Byzantine sea; he had asked Umar's leave to raid by sea and was refused, and when Uthman took office he wrote asking leave for Cyprus, noting its nearness and ease; Uthman wrote back 'you witnessed what Umar replied when you consulted him about the sea', and when year 27 opened Mu'awiya again made light of the crossing, so Uthman wrote 'if you sail, take your wife with you — else do not'; he sailed from Acre with many vessels, carrying his wife Fakhita bint Qaraza the Qurashite, and Ubada ibn al-Samit carried his wife Umm Haram bint Milhan the Ansari — in year 28; when they reached its shore — an island some eighty farsakhs square, it is said — its archon sent seeking terms, its people consenting, and he compounded with them for seven thousand two hundred dinars paid yearly, while the Byzantines compounded with them for the like — so they pay two tributes — stipulating that the Muslims not bar them paying the Byzantines, and the Muslims stipulating that they not be made to fight those who came from beyond them and that they warn the Muslims of Byzantine movements; so when the Muslims sailed they did not trouble them, and Cyprus's people neither aided them nor fought them; on this raid went Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, Abu al-Darda', Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, Ubada ibn al-Samit, Fadala ibn Ubayd al-Ansari, Umayr ibn Sa'd al-Ansari, Wathila ibn al-Asqa', Abdullah ibn Bishr al-Mazini, Shaddad ibn Aws ibn Thabit — nephew of Hassan ibn Thabit — al-Miqdad, Ka'b al-Ahbar and Jubayr ibn Nufayr al-Hadrami; Umm Haram left the ship and was brought a mount which stumbled and killed her — her grave in Cyprus is called the grave of the righteous woman; Mu'awiya afterwards compounded with them a lasting peace at seven thousand dinars, upon good counsel to the Muslims and warning them of their Byzantine enemy.
واقعہ
غزوة إفريقية الأولى وقتل بطريقها
27? ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Uthman gave Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh Egypt and the Maghreb he sent out light cavalry squadrons that struck Ifriqiya's outskirts and took spoil, Uthman hesitating over its conquest until he resolved upon consultation and wrote to Abdallah in year 27 — or 28 or 29 by other reports — ordering the raid, reinforcing him with a great army in which were Mu'bad ibn al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Marwan ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As ibn Umayya and his brother al-Harith, Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, al-Musawwar ibn Makhrama ibn Nawfal ibn Uhayb ibn Abd Manaf ibn Zuhra ibn Kilab, Abd al-Rahman ibn Zayd ibn al-Khattab, Abdallah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab, Asim ibn Umar, Ubaydallah ibn Umar, Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr, Abdallah ibn Amr ibn al-As, Busr ibn Abi Artat ibn Uwaymir al-Amiri, and Abu Dhu'ayb Khuwaylid ibn Khalid al-Hudhali the poet — who died there, Ibn al-Zubayr attending him till he laid him in his grave; and many Arabs from around Medina rode out in this raid. Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr said: Uthman ibn Affan sent us raiding to Ifriqiya, where a patrikios held sultanate from Tripoli to Tangier; Abdallah ibn Sa'd marched till he halted at Sbejtla — Yaquba in one copy — fighting him some days till God killed him — and it was I who killed him — his army fleeing in rout; Ibn Abi Sarh scattered sariyyas through the land taking great spoil and driving off what herds they could, whereupon Ifriqiya's grandees gathered and begged Abdallah ibn Sa'd to take three hundred qintar of gold for staying his hand and quitting their land, which he accepted; on Ibn Ka'b's report he compounded with Ifriqiya's patrikios for two million five hundred thousand dinars — Qudama noting al-Waqidi put the treaty at two million five hundred and twenty thousand, which shows the qintar at eight thousand four hundred dinars. The treaty done, he returned to Egypt appointing no governor over Ifriqiya — it had then no Qayrawan nor garrison city; and at Ifriqiya Mu'bad ibn al-Abbas was martyred in this raid — some say he died in the days of fighting, the martyrdom being firmer.
واقعہ
أول غزوة لصقلية وسبي عبد الله بن قيس لها
660 اور 680 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Mu'awiya ibn Khudayj al-Kindi raided Sicily in Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan's days — the first to raid it — and it kept being raided thereafter. Al-Waqidi said: Abdallah ibn Qays ibn Mukhallad al-Dazzaqi plundered Sicily, taking gold and silver idols crowned with jewels which he sent to Mu'awiya, who forwarded them to Basra to be carried to India and sold there for their price.
واقعہ
حدوث البطائح
In al-Baladhuri: the Persians used to foretell their kingdom's end, relating earthquakes and floods among its signs; the Tigris had flowed into Basra's Tigris called al-Mawra' in branching channels. Under Qubad ibn Fayruz a great breach opened in lower Kaskar and was neglected until its waters drowned many cultivated lands — Qubad being weak and little attentive — until his son Anushirwan had it dammed with embankments and some lands returned to cultivation. Then in the year the Prophet sent Abdallah ibn Hudhayfa al-Sahmi to Khosrow Aparviz — year 7, some say 6 — the Euphrates and Tigris rose in a flood unseen before or after; great breaches burst. Aparviz strained to dam them but the water defeated him, spread to the Bata'ih's site, covered buildings and crops and drowned several tasasij. Khosrow rode out himself to plug the breaches, scattered money over the execution-hides, worked the laborers to death and crucified — it is said — forty diggers on one breach in a day; yet he found no device against the water. Then the Arabs entered Iraq, the Persians were consumed by war, the breaches burst unattended and the dihqans proved too weak to dam the greatest — so the Batayih widened and grew.
واقعہ
بناء مدينة الحدث
778 اور 785 کے درمیان عیسوی · تقریباً 162 ھIn al-Baladhuri: al-Hadath was among the conquests of Umar's days, taken by Habib ibn Maslama at Iyad ibn Ghanm's direction, and Mu'awiya kept it up thereafter; Banu Umayya called the Darb al-Hadath 'al-Salama' out of omen, for the Muslims had been smitten there — that calamity being 'the event' as some say — while others say a Byzantine youth (ghulam hadath) fought them on the pass so it was named Darb al-Hadath; in Marwan ibn Muhammad's civil war the Romans demolished Madinat al-Hadath and evacuated its people as they had Malatya; then in year 161 Michael came out to Amq Mar'ash, and al-Mahdi sent al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba ranging Byzantine lands — in this expedition were Mandal al-Anzi the Kufan and Mu'tayyir ibn Sulayman al-Basri — who chose his city-site there, and on return spoke to al-Mahdi of building it and Tarsus; al-Mahdi ordered al-Hadath built first, and Ali ibn Sulayman ibn Ali founded it while over the Jazira and Qinnasrin — it was named al-Muhammadiyya — and al-Mahdi died just as they finished, so it is called al-Mahdiyya and al-Hamadiyya; it was built of mud brick, his death falling in year 169, when his son Musa al-Hadi succeeded, removed Ali ibn Sulayman and gave the Jazira and Qinnasrin to Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Ali; Ali had finished the city, and Muhammad levied for it a contingent of Syrians, Jazirans and Khurasanis at forty dinars' pay, granted them house-lots and gave each man three hundred dirhams — completed in year 169; Abu al-Khattab says Ali ibn Sulayman levied four thousand for the city, settled them in it and transferred two thousand men from Malatya, Shimshat, Sumaysat, Kaysum, Duluk and Ra'ban; when built, winter struck with snows and heavy rain — its building not sound — and the city collapsed in ruin, the Romans occupied it and its garrison scattered; word reached Musa, who dispatched columns with al-Musayyab ibn Zuhayr, Rawh ibn Hatim and Hamza ibn Malik, but died before they could march; al-Rashid then ordered it rebuilt, fortified, garrisoned and its fighters granted houses and estates — another than al-Waqidi says a patrikios grandee camped on the city with a dense host just as it was built, the stacked mud brick ruined by snow, its governor and people fleeing while the enemy burned its mosque, wrecked it and carried off the people's goods — al-Rashid rebuilt it at his accession.
واقعہ
تأسيس مدينة السلام بغداد
In al-Baladhuri: Baghdad was ancient, and al-Mansur garrisoned it, beginning his city in year 145; when news of Muhammad and Ibrahim ibn Abdallah's rising reached him he returned to Kufa, then moved the treasury houses, coffers and diwans from Kufa to Baghdad in 146, naming it Madinat al-Salam; he finished the city wall and all its works, and the old Baghdad wall, in 147. He bought the city's ground from village-owners of Baduraya, Qatrabull, Nahr Buq and Nahr Bin, granted it in iqta' to his family, commanders, troops, companions and secretaries, made the markets' gathering at al-Karkh and ordered the merchants to build shops, obliging them their rents; he built Madinat al-Salam's two mosques and the new pontoon on al-Sarat, and built al-Rusafa for al-Mahdi on the east side — called Askar al-Mahdi from his camping there bound for Rayy — occupied on return in 151; earlier he had ordered Qasr al-Waddah built, named for an Anbar man who financed it, and Qasr al-Mahdi by Bab al-Karkh.
واقعہ
بناء مدينة موسى بقزوين
When Musa al-Hadi reached Rayy he came to Qazwin and ordered a city built in its ground known as Madinat Musa; he bought a tract called Rustamabadh and endowed it for the town's benefit, his mawla Amr al-Rumi administering it, then Muhammad ibn Amr; and al-Mubarak al-Turki built a fortress called Madinat al-Mubarak peopled by his own mawali.
واقعہ
بناء المحمدية بالري
774 عیسوی · 158 ھAl-Mahdi came to Rayy in the caliphate of his father al-Mansur and built the city the people inhabit today, dug a moat around it, built a congregational mosque carried out by Ammar ibn Abi al-Khasib whose name was written on its wall, dated its building 158 AH, girded it with a suburb-wall of fired brick and named it al-Muhammadiyya — Rayy's people call the inner town al-Madina al-Dakhila and the walled suburb al-Madina al-Kharija; Hisn al-Zaynabi lay inside al-Muhammadiyya, al-Mahdi ordered its repair and lodged there overlooking mosque and governor's palace, and on his first arrival he had lodged at a village called al-Sirwan.
واقعہ
تأسيس المتوكلية
In al-Baladhuri: al-Mutawakkil succeeded in Dhu al-Hijja 232, dwelt at al-Haruni and built much; he granted the people qati'as behind Sur man Ra'a in the preserve al-Mu'tasim had walled, and they spread through it; he built a congregational mosque at vast cost and had its minaret raised so the muezzins' voices would carry — visible from parasangs away — gathering the people who left the first mosque. Then he founded a city he named al-Mutawakkiliyya, between Karkh Fayruz and Qatul Kisra, absorbing the hamlet called al-Ma'huza, built its mosque, granted its qati'as and dwelt there in the first of 246 — a few months after founding it — dying there in Shawwal 247; al-Muntasir succeeded that night and moved back to Sur man Ra'a on Tuesday the tenth of Shawwal.
واقعہ
اختطاط القيروان
تقریباً 670 عیسوی · تقریباً 50 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Mu'awiya ibn Khudayj sent — or, some say, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan gave him the Maghreb — Uqba ibn Nafi' al-Fihri, who raided Ifriqiya with ten thousand Muslims, conquered it, and laid out its Qayrawan, whose site was a thicket of trees and thickets unapproachable for beasts, snakes and deadly vermin; Uqba being a righteous man whose prayer was answered, he prayed to his Lord and all that was removed — till the very beasts carried away their young in flight; and Musa ibn Ali said the first to build it was Uqba ibn Nafi', who laid it out then built — the people building houses and dwellings with him — and built its congregational mosque; and a body of Ifriqiya's people told from their shaykhs that when Uqba wished to make Qayrawan a misr he pondered where its mosque should be, and saw in a dream as though a man gave the call to prayer in the place where its minaret stood — so when morning came he built the minarets in the man's station, then built the mosque. Al-Waqidi said Abdallah ibn Sa'd stayed governor until Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa seized Egypt; then Mu'awiya gave Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari Egypt and the Maghreb, and he gave the Maghreb to his mawla Abu al-Muhajir; when Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ruled he restored Uqba to his office — who raided Sus al-Adna beyond Tangier, roaming unchallenged till he returned; Abu al-Abbas gave Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i Ifriqiya — he repaired Qayrawan's city and mosque — then al-Mansur dismissed him and gave his place to Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard.
واقعہ
بناء الرافقة
تقریباً 772 عیسوی · 155 ھIn al-Baladhuri: al-Rafiqa had no ancient trace — the commander of the faithful al-Mansur built it in year 155 on the model of his city at Baghdad and stationed a Khurasani army in it; works continued under al-Mahdi while heir apparent, then al-Rashid built its palaces, and between al-Raqqa and al-Rafiqa lay an open space of sown fields; when Ali ibn Sulayman ibn Ali came as governor of the Jazira he moved al-Raqqa's markets into that space — the city's great old market having been called Suq Hisham al-Atiq — and when al-Rashid later came to al-Raqqa he increased those markets, which have since been assessed with the crown lands; as for Rusafat Hisham, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik founded it, having previously dwelt at al-Zaytuna, dug the al-Hani and al-Mari canals and laid out Wasit al-Raqqa in it; that estate was seized at the dynasty's opening and passed to Umm Ja'far Zubayda bint Ja'far ibn al-Mansur, who built in it the estate named for her and added to its splendour.
واقعہ
تأسيس الرملة
تقریباً 715 عیسوی · تقریباً 96 ھIn al-Baladhuri: al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik gave his brother Sulayman command of the Filastin jund, and he settled at Lydda then founded the city of al-Ramla and made it an amsar — the first thing he built being his palace and the house known as Dar al-Sabbaghin with a central cistern, then he laid out the mosque's plan and built it, taking the caliphate before completing it and finishing it in his reign, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz completing it while reducing the plan, saying 'the people of al-Ramla are content with this measure'; when Sulayman built for himself he gave people leave to build and they did, digging the canal called Barada and wells for them, a Christian clerk of Lydda named al-Batriq ibn al-Nakka overseeing the expenditure on the works and the congregational mosque; the city of al-Ramla did not exist before Sulayman, its site being a sandy tract; the Umayyads spent on its wells and canal after him, then the Abbasids did likewise, the charge issuing yearly from caliph to caliph until al-Mu'tasim entered it in the register, whence it became a standing annuity reckoned to the claimants.
واقعہ
تمصير سر من رأى
In al-Baladhuri: al-Mu'tasim left Madinat al-Salam for al-Qatul, dwelling at Qasr al-Rashid which Harun had built while digging his Qatul canal — called Abu al-Jund for watering lands for his troops' stipends; al-Mu'tasim built at al-Qatul, gave that palace to his mawla Ashinas al-Turki, considered garrisoning there and began a city, then resolved to garrison Sur man Ra'a instead — moved the people to it, dwelt there, built the congregational mosque at the markets' edge, named it Sur man Ra'a ('he who sees it rejoices'), and settled Ashinas and his attached commanders at Karkh Fayruz.
واقعہ
بناء مدينة سيسر
In al-Baladhuri: Sisar was named for lying in the lows between thirty hilltops — 'thirty heads' — called Sisar Sadkhaniye, 'thirty heads and a hundred springs,' its springs forming a hundred. It and its environs were ever pastures for the Kurds' cattle, holding meadows for the caliph al-Mahdi's herd-beasts and flocks under his mawla Sulayman ibn Qayrat — owner of Sahrat Qayrat at Madinat al-Salam — and his partner Salam al-Tayfuri, Tayfur having been Abu Ja'far al-Mansur's mawla gifted to al-Mahdi. When brigands and robbers multiplied in al-Hadi's caliphate they made the tract their refuge — being the border of Hamadhan, al-Dinawar and Adharbayjan — cutting the roads and sheltering there unmolested; Sulayman and Salam wrote al-Mahdi complaining of the exposure of the beasts and flocks in their charge, and he sent a great army and ordered them to build a city to shelter themselves, their helpers and herdsmen, and to fortify the beasts and flocks within — so they built Sisar, fortified and peopled it, annexing the rustaqs of Manharaj from al-Dinawar, al-Jawdhama from Adharbayjan's Barza kura, Rustaf and Khabanjir, making it a kura under its own amil who received its kharaj. When brigands again multiplied under al-Rashid and wrecked Sisar he ordered its repair and fortification, stationing a thousand men of al-Khaqan's followers under the mawla al-Sufdi — descendants remain. In al-Rashid's last days Murra ibn Ali al-Rudhayni al-Ijli was set over it; Uthman al-Awdi failed to wrest it from him while Murra took most of Adharbayjan from him; Murra kept paying Sisar's kharaj under Muhammad ibn al-Rashid on a muqata'a until the fitna, and it was taken from Asim ibn Murra under al-Ma'mun, returning to the caliphal estates.
واقعہ
بناء طرسوس
تقریباً اپریل 788 عیسوی · ربیع الثانی 172 ھIn al-Baladhuri from al-Waqidi: al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba al-Ta'i raided Byzantine lands in year 162 with the men of Khurasan, Mosul and Syria, Yemenite reinforcements and the volunteers of Iraq and the Hijaz, setting out by way of Tarsus, and reported to al-Mahdi the great benefit for Islam in building, fortifying and manning it and the check and vexation it would give the enemy — al-Hasan having fought so well on that raid and harried the Byzantine land that they named him the Shaytan; coming out of Byzantine territory he camped at Tarsus's meadow and rode to the ruined city, circling it on every side and reckoning its capacity at a hundred thousand; he described it to al-Mahdi and likewise told him of al-Hadath, rousing him to build it, so al-Mahdi ordered him to build Tarsus beginning with al-Hadath city, which was built, and charged him with Tarsus; in year 171 al-Rashid heard the Byzantines had conspired to go to Tarsus to fortify and man it, so he sent the summer raid of year 171 under Harthama ibn A'yan ordering him to settle, build and fortify it, putting the work in the hands of Faraj ibn Sulaym the eunuch at his command, and Abu Sulaym marched him to Madinat al-Salam whence he mustered the first levy of Khurasanis — three thousand men — who entered Tarsus, then a second levy of two thousand — a thousand of Masisa's people and a thousand of Antioch's, each man on a ten-dinar increase over his pay — who camped with the first levy at al-Mada'in at the Jihad gate at the opening of Muharram year 172 until Tarsus's building, fortification and mosque were complete; Faraj surveyed from river to river four thousand lots, each twenty cubits square, granted the Tarsusis their lots, and the two levies settled it in Rabi' II year 172; Abd al-Malik ibn Salih had appointed Yazid ibn Makhlad al-Fazari over it, whom the Khurasanis expelled in resentment for the Hubayriyya, and Abu al-Fawaris replaced him, confirmed in 170-and-odd.
واقعہ
تأسيس واسط
In al-Baladhuri: al-Hajjaj founded the city of Wasit in year 83 or 84, building its mosque, palace and Green Dome — it was reed-land, whence 'Wasit al-Qasab', equidistant from al-Ahwaz, Basra and Kufa; Ibn al-Qirriyya quipped 'he built it in a land not his own and will leave it to sons not his own.' A Wasit shaykh related that when finished al-Hajjaj wrote Abd al-Malik: 'I have founded a city in a karsh of land between the mountain and the two garrison towns and named it Wasit' — hence the Wasitis are called al-Karshiyyin. Before founding it he had meant to move al-Sin's people from Kaskar and dug Nahr al-Sin, then reconsidered, founded Wasit, dug the Nil and Zabi canals, revived their lands and founded the city called al-Nil. He seized Abdallah ibn Darraj's estates — reclaimed deadland, stagnant waters, springs and reed-beds marked with milestones under his Kufa kharaj office with al-Mughira — cleared their reeds and took them for Abd al-Malik, cultivating them; and he stripped doors from Zantaward, al-Dawqara, Dar Awsat, Dayr Masarjasan and Sharabit for his palace and Wasit's congregational mosque — those cities protested 'you have preferred us over our own cities and wealth,' and he paid them no heed.
واقعہ
توجيهات عمرو الأربعة لقرى مصر
تقریباً 20 ھIn al-Baladhuri, from a group who witnessed Egypt's conquest: when Amr ibn al-As took al-Fustat he sent Abdallah ibn Hudhafa al-Sahmi to Ayn Shams, who gained its land and compounded its villages on Fustat's terms; sent Kharija ibn Hudhafa al-Adawi to al-Fayyum, al-Ashmunayn, Ikhmim, al-Bashrudat and the Sa'id's villages, who did likewise; sent Umayr ibn Wahb al-Jumahi to Tinnis, Dimyat, Tuna, Damira, Shata, Diqahla, Bana and Busir, who did likewise; and sent Utba ibn Amir al-Juhani — or, some say, his mawla Wardan, lord of Suq Wardan in Egypt — to all lower Egypt's villages, who did likewise; thus was Amr's conquest of Egypt completed and its land made kharaj-land.
واقعہ
سقوط دمياط بيد الفرنج سنة 647هـ
تقریباً جون 1249 عیسوی · تقریباً ربیع الثانی 647 ھIn Rabi' I 647 the Franks invested Damietta by land and sea — the garrison panicked and the city fell without a blow; the dying sultan al-Salih Najm al-Din hanged sixty of its notables, his death was concealed while his mamluk Aqtay raced to fetch Turanshah from Hisn Kayfa, and in Dhu l-Qa'da the Franks reached the sultan's vestibule at Mansura, killed Fakhr al-Din, routed the Muslims — then the Muslims rallied and slaughtered them.
واقعہ
ملك الكرج قرس وموت ملكتهم
تقریباً 1207 عیسوی · 604 ھ
واقعہ
ليالي غار ثور الثلاث
تقریباً 13 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · تقریباً 1 ربیع الاول 1 ھ†The Prophet and Abu Bakr hid in the cave of Thawr for the nights of Friday, Saturday and Sunday while Quraysh combed the country offering a hundred camels for each man; their pursuers reached the cave's mouth and turned back.
واقعہ
كتاب ملك غسان إلى كعب بن مالك
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھWhile Ka'b was walking in the market during the boycott, a Nabataean from the Nabataeans of al-Sham who had brought food asked after him and handed him a letter from the king of Ghassan, wrapped in a scrap of silk, inviting him to join him; Ka'b thrust it into a lit oven.
واقعہ
غزوة غازان للشام سنة 700هـ
تقریباً 1300 عیسوی · تقریباً 700 ھIn 700 Ghazan crossed the Euphrates for Aleppo; Ibn Taymiyya rode the barid post to Cairo rousing jihad while Damascus emptied at the crier's 'let him who can flee save himself' — then the fear eased as Ghazan turned back, worn by hardships and snows.
واقعہ
الزلزلة العظمى سنة 180
تقریباً 796 عیسوی · 180 ھIn year 180 came the great earthquake, from which the head of Alexandria's lighthouse fell.
واقعہ
دورة حبيب بن مسلمة في أرمينية
تقریباً 645 عیسوی · تقریباً 25 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Habib camped at Khilat, whose patrikios came with the tribute-money and a gift he would not accept, then marched to al-Sasana where the lord of Muks — a district of the Busfurrajan — met him and compounded for his lands, and Habib wrote him a peace and aman writ; he sent collectors to the villages of Arjish and Bajunays whose people he held, taxing the jizya on their heads and assessing their notables the kharaj — as for Lake al-Tarikh he did not touch it, and it stayed free until Muhammad ibn Marwan governed the Jazira and Armenia, annexed its fishery and sold it as revenue, whence it passed to Marwan ibn Muhammad and was seized; then he came to Azdisat, the village of al-Qirmiz, crossed the Kurds' river, camped at Marj Dabil grazing his horses, advanced to its gate where the people fortified themselves and shot at him, so he set a mangonel on it and battered them until they sought aman and peace — which he granted — while his cavalry ranged to Jurni, Ashush, Dhat al-Lujum, al-Jabal and Wadi al-Ahrar, taking all Dabil's villages; he sent to Siraj Tayr and Baghrawand whose patrikios compounded for a tribute and for loyalty to the Muslims, quartering them and aiding against their enemies; the writ of Dabil's peace ran: 'This is a writ from Habib ibn Maslama to the Christians of Dabil and its Magians and its Jews, present and absent: I have given you security on yourselves, your wealth, your churches, your houses of worship and the wall of your city — you are safe, and it is on us to keep the covenant while you keep it and pay the jizya and the kharaj; God witnesses, and God suffices as witness — sealed, Habib ibn Maslama'; then he took Nashwa on Dabil's terms, the Busfurrajan's patrikios compounded for all his lands on a yearly kharaj, and at Sisajan the people fought him — he routed them, took Ways and compounded with the castles' folk for kharaj, then marched for Jurzan; the shaykhs of Dabil, Barmak ibn Abdallah among them, told me: reaching Dhat al-Lujum they loosed some beasts' bridles, and a band of the Aluj came out, hurried them off the bridles and fought them — the Aluj prevailed and took the bridles and what beasts they could, then the Muslims wheeled on them, killed them and took back what was taken, whence the place is called 'of the bridles'; and the messenger of Jurzan's patrikios and people came to Habib as he marched on it, asking a writ of peace and aman, and Habib wrote: 'Your envoy's report reached me and the believers with me, saying of you that you desire our peace; I have assessed your matter and reckoned it of your jizya, and have written you an aman stipulating a condition — if you accept and fulfil it, well; else be warned of war from God and His messenger — and peace be on whoever follows guidance.'
واقعہ
حبيب بن المهلب بالسند وإسلام ملوكها ومقتل بني المهلب
Sulayman sent Habib ibn al-Muhallab to the Sind war as India's kings regained their thrones — Dahir's son Habsha back at Brahmanabadh — and Habib took obedience on Mihran's shore. When Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz followed, he wrote the kings inviting them to Islam with kingship kept and Muslims' rights and duties — his reputation had reached them — and Habsha and the kings converted, taking Arab names; Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili raided Hind and won. Under Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik the Banu al-Muhallab fled to Sind; Hilal ibn Ahwaz al-Tamimi cut them down at Tandabil — Mudrik, al-Mufaddal, Abd al-Malik, Ziyad, Marwan and Mu'awiya, with Mu'awiya ibn Yazid among others.
واقعہ
حفر نهر الأنبار
In al-Baladhuri: Anbar's dihqans asked Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas to dig them a canal they had already asked Persia's lord to dig; he wrote to Sa'd ibn Amr ibn Haram ordering it dug — the men dug until reaching a mountain that could not be cut, and left it. When al-Hajjaj governed Iraq he gathered labourers from every quarter and told his overseers 'see what a digger eats in a day — if it weighs what he hews out, do not hold back from digging,' and they spent on it till finished; that mountain was named for al-Hajjaj and the river for Sa'd ibn Amr ibn Haram. Al-Khayzuran, mother of the caliphs, ordered the canal called Mahdud dug — she named it al-Rayyan — her agent dividing it into sections, each section bounded and a crew assigned to dig it, whence 'Mahdud'; as for the river called Shayla, the sons of Shayla ibn Farrukhzadhan al-Marwazi claim Sapur dug it for their grandfather when he installed him as nighya of Anbar's tassuj — while others say it was named for a man called Shayla who contracted its digging and held a mabqala over it in al-Mansur's days, the canal having been long buried.
واقعہ
بعث الحجاج إلى الديلم
When the Kurds ravaged during Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt, al-Hajjaj sent Amr ibn Hani' al-Absi with Damascenes who routed and slaughtered them, then ordered him against Daylam with twelve thousand — among them eighty of Banu Ujul and their Kufan clients, including Muhammad ibn Sinan al-Ujli, who settled a Dastaba village then built a house in Qazwin's suburb; the frontier folk rebuked him for exposing himself and them, he ignored them, his household built with him outside the town, others followed, and so the suburb grew.
واقعہ
دار الضرب وسكك الحجاج
Al-Hajjaj struck dirhams at the end of 75h and ordered them struck in all regions in 76h. 'Awana ibn al-Hakam: he asked how the Persians struck dirhams, took a mint-house, gathered the minters, struck the sultan's money from bullion and the purifications of zuyuf, sattuqa and bahraja, then licensed merchants' sheets for a fee and sealed the minters' hands. He struck 'ali dirhams marked 'bismillah, al-Hajjaj', then 'God is one, God the eternal' — the jurists disliked them and they were called makruha, or so the Ajam called them for their short weight; the Sumayriyya were named for their first striker. Mus'ab had struck dirhams by Ibn al-Zubayr's order in 70h on the Kisra-type marked 'baraka wa-'afiya' — al-Hajjaj altered them — and, per Ibn al-Kalbi, dinars too; al-Harith ibn Abdallah ibn Abi Rabi'a struck wazn-sab'a in Ibn al-Zubayr's days. Abd al-Malik first struck gold after the Year of Union, 74h (some dinars in 72, then 75). Then Umar ibn Hubayra refined the silver beyond his predecessors and bore hard on the changers; Khalid al-Qasri harder; Yusuf ibn Umar hardest — cut hands and flogged backs — so the Hubayriyya, Khalidiyya and Yusufiyya were the best Umayyad coin, the only Umayyad dirhams al-Mansur accepted for kharaj, whence the first dirhams were called makruha.
واقعہ
عقوبة الحجاج للأساورة
The asawira stood aside at the Camel and Siffin and all the Muslims' civil wars till Yawm Mas'ud, then witnessed al-Rabadha and the Ibn al-Ash'ath affair — for which al-Hajjaj razed their houses, cut their stipends and exiled some, citing their own clause: 'it was in your compact not to aid one of us against another'.
واقعہ
ولاية الحكم بن عمرو الغفاري خراسان
Ziyad told his chamberlain Fayl 'bring me al-Hakam' meaning al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi — but Umm Abdallah bint Uthman ibn Abi al-As was with him, and he was brought al-Hakam ibn Amr al-Ghifari instead; seeing him Ziyad blessed the chance: 'a righteous man of the Prophet's companions' — and gave him Khurasan, where he died in 50h, the first to pray beyond the river. Long after, Ibn Mubarak asked a Saghaniyan hadith-seeker 'do you know who conquered your land? — al-Hakam ibn Amr al-Ghifari'.
واقعہ
تقرير حكيم بن جبلة عن ثغر الهند
Uthman had Abdallah ibn Amir send Hakim ibn Jabala al-Abdi to scout the Indian frontier; his report — 'its water is scant, its fruit worthless, its thief a nobody; few troops would perish, many would starve' — drew the caliph's 'are you a poet or a rhymester?', and no campaign followed.
واقعہ
غزوة حمراء الأسد
24 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 8 شوال 3 ھOn the morning of Sunday 8 Shawwal 3 AH the Prophet called the people to pursue Quraysh and said: only those who fought with us may come. The Muslims answered despite their wounds. They reached Hamra al-Asad, eight miles from Medina, and camped. The Prophet sent Ma'bad ibn Abi Ma'bad al-Khuza'i to Abu Sufyan, and at al-Rawha he waged a propaganda war of nerves on him: 'Muhammad has come out with a gathering I have never seen the like of, burning for you.' The Meccan army's resolve collapsed and they kept withdrawing to Mecca. Abu Sufyan sent riders of Abd al-Qays to threaten the Muslims, which only increased their faith. The Prophet stayed Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, then returned and executed Abu Azza al-Jumahi, who had broken his pledge.
واقعہ
الفداء العام وفتوحات سنة 190
تقریباً 805 عیسوی · 189 ھIn year 189 the Romans ransomed captives until no Muslim remained prisoner in their lands; in 190 Heraclea was conquered and al-Rashid spread his armies through Roman lands — Sharahil ibn Ma'n ibn Za'ida took the Saqaliba fortress, Yazid ibn Makhled took Malquniya, and Humayd ibn Ma'yuf sailed to Cyprus, demolishing and burning and carrying off sixteen thousand of its people.
واقعہ
غزوة حسان بن النعمان للكاهنة
698 اور 703 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Hassan ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani was appointed and raided the Berbers' queen al-Kahina, who routed him; he came to castles within Barqa's bounds and lodged them — a keep among them roofed in glass, whence they were named Qusur Hassan; then Hassan raided her a second time, killed her, and sent a captivity of Berbers to Abd al-Aziz — whereupon Abu Muhjan Nusayb the poet would say 'I was present at Abd al-Aziz's when a captivity of Berbers came: I never saw faces fairer than theirs'.
واقعہ
وفد هوازن واسترداد السبايا بالجعرانة
فروری 630 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 8 ھA delegation of Hawazin came to the Prophet at al-Ji'rana after professing Islam, invoking his foster-kinship among their clans; the Prophet relinquished his own share and that of Banu Abd al-Muttalib, and inspired the Muhajirun and Ansar to return six thousand captives to their families in a grand act of reconciliation.
واقعہ
صلح حيان مع الأصبهبذ
Yazid posted Abdallah ibn Ma'mar al-Yashkari over Dihistan and al-Biyasan with four thousand and sent his son Khalid and brother Abu Uyayna against the Ispahbadh, who routed them back to Yazid's camp and wrote the marzban to kill his Arabs — Abdallah and his men were slaughtered in their beds. Yazid sent Hayyan, Masmala's mawla of Daylami captivity, who told the Ispahbadh 'I am a man of yours to you, though religion parts us; you cannot stand Khurasan's armies, and I found Yazid quick to terms' — he worked him till Yazid treated for seven hundred thousand dirhams and four hundred qirats of saffron; the Ispahbadh demanded weight-six, Hayyan bore the difference — a noble and leading mawla, called Abu Ma'mar.
واقعہ
فتنة أهل السوقين بهراة
اگست 1205 عیسوی · محرم 602 ھMuharram 602: Herat's mob rose in a great fitna between the two market quarters — the blacksmiths and the coppersmiths — with killings, looting and ruined houses; the city's amir was struck by a stone, mobbed, and hidden in the Firuzi palace for days until the fitna subsided.
واقعہ
الهجرة النبوية
تقریباً 12 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · تقریباً 29 صفر 1 ھ†The migration of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, the event from which the Islamic calendar is counted.
واقعہ
ليلة الخروج في الهجرة
تقریباً 12 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · تقریباً 29 صفر 1 ھ†The night of 27 Safar when eleven Quraysh chiefs surrounded the Prophet's house to kill him at dawn; Ali slept in his bed wrapped in his green Hadrami cloak while the Prophet walked through the cordon unscathed and reached Abu Bakr's house. ويروي البخاري الليلة كاملة في حديث الهجرة الطويل عن عائشة — نوم علي على الفراش والخروج إلى الغار وطلب قريش — ويليه قصة سراقة بن مالك بلسانه حين تبعهما فساخت قوائم فرسه.
واقعہ
رحلة الهجرة من غار ثور إلى المدينة ودخولها
23 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · 11 ربیع الاول 1 ھ†The Prophet and Abu Bakr left the cave with the guide Abdullah ibn Uraykit and Amir ibn Fuhayra by the coast road; they passed the tent of Umm Ma'bad, Suraqa ibn Malik pursued them and his horse sank into the ground so that he asked for safe-conduct; they reached Quba on Monday 8 Rabi' I and stayed four days, then entered Medina on Friday.
واقعہ
فتوحات عهد هشام
تقریباً 726 عیسوی · 107 ھIn year seven of Hisham's reign Caesarea of the Romans was taken by the sword; in year eight Khanjara was conquered by the renowned champion al-Battal; in year twelve Kharshana in the district of Malatya was conquered.
واقعہ
ولاية هشام بن عمرو التغلبي السند
Al-Mansur gave Sind to Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi: he opened what resisted, sent Amr ibn Jamal's bawarij to Narand, took Qashayr with its crowds of captives, reopened Multan, expelled the Arab mutaghalliba from Qandabil, and came on Qandahar by ship — razed the budd and built a mosque on its site. The land flowered under him; then the thaghr passed to Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard, then Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim, whose mawla of Kinda Abu al-Summa is today's mutaghallib.
واقعہ
هرمزان بين يدي عمر
Carried to Umar, Hurmuzan was spared and stipended; Anas ibn Malik, his escort, narrates: 'Speak' — 'a living man's speech or a dead man's?' — 'no harm'. 'We Persians, so long as God left us between you, raided and killed you; when God was with you we had no hands against you.' Then 'what say you, Anas?' — 'I left a fierce force behind; count him a dog: kill it and the folk despair of life and grow fiercer, spare it and they hope.' Umar marvelled — Bara' and Majza'a had warned Anas not to kill him; doubting whether 'no harm' licensed the speech, Anas went out and al-Zubayr bore witness for him. Freed, Hurmuzan converted — then, accused of counselling Abu Lu'lu'a over Umar's murder, Ubaydallah ibn Umar drew him to see a horse and struck him dead unawares.
واقعہ
قول بعضهم: لا تنفروا في الحر
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھSome of the 'hypocrites', in Ibn Ishaq's account, said to one another: do not march out in the heat — in disdain for the campaign, doubt of the truth and to demoralise the Prophet's side; he says two verses of Sura al-Tawba were revealed about them.
واقعہ
سخرية رهط من المنافقين واعتذارهم
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھA party of the 'hypocrites', among them Wadi'a ibn Thabit and Makhshan ibn Humayr al-Ashja'i, were riding toward the Prophet as he set out for Tabuk and said that fighting the Banu al-Asfar was not like fighting the Arabs and that they would be tied up in ropes tomorrow. The Prophet sent Ammar ibn Yasir to question them; they excused themselves that they had only been jesting and playing, and God revealed a verse of Sura al-Tawba about them.
واقعہ
نهاية عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن الأشعث بسجستان
Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath renounced obedience and fled to Sijistan against Abd al-Malik and al-Hajjaj, allying with Rutbil — who then surrendered him in fear of al-Hajjaj's threatening letter. He threw himself from a mountain-top, or a rooftop, chained to his keeper who fell with him, and died; his head went to al-Hajjaj, who truced Rutbil for seven — some say nine — years, thereafter nine hundred thousand dirhams yearly in 'urud.
واقعہ
وثبة جند إفريقية بابن الأشعث في قصره
754 اور 758 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i entered Ifriqiya as governor at Abu al-Abbas's caliphate's end in seventy thousand — it is said forty — and governed it four years, repairing Qayrawan's city; then the province's army and others rose on him — al-Baladhuri heard from informants that the townspeople and resident troops rose on him and he fought them forty days in his palace until the obedient gathered to him of the Khurasanis who had come with him and others, and he prevailed over his foes and passed them over the names: whoever was named Mu'awiya or Sufyan or Marwan or a name matching the Umayyads' he killed, and whoever was named otherwise he spared — then al-Mansur dismissed him.
واقعہ
غزوة ابن الأشعث طبرستان
Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad made Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath ibn Qays al-Kindi governor of Tabaristan; he treated with them and bound a compact, they let him in, then seized the narrows, killed his son Abu Bakr and crushed his skull — Muhammad escaped, and the raiders of that frontier stayed wary of driving deep into enemy land.
واقعہ
عمارة ابن الزبير للكعبة
تقریباً 684 عیسوی · 64 ھIbn al-Zubayr renewed the Ka'ba's fabric, giving it two doors upon Abraham's foundations and restoring six cubits of the Hijr into it — following what his aunt Aisha had related of the Prophet: 'were your people not fresh from unbelief I would have razed the Ka'ba to the ground, made it an eastern and a western door, and added six cubits of the Hijr, for Quraysh scanted it when they built it'. One account makes him also the first to clothe it in dibaj, its coverings before having been hides and striped cloth.
واقعہ
عبور ابن عامر النهر وإحرامه شكراً
Abu Ubayda: Ibn Amir conquered this side of the river; when his fame reached Transoxania they sued for peace — he crossed to a place, or they came to him and truced — and collectors brought beasts, wada'if, silk and garments, whereupon he made ihram in thanks to God. No one else reports his crossing or his sulh with the east-bank people; he then performed umra and came before Uthman.
واقعہ
افتتاح ابن عامر خراسان
Ibn Amir invaded Khurasan in 30h — Ziyad over Basra, al-Ahnaf ibn Qays (or Ibn Khazim) on the van — confirmed the Tabasayn sulh, routed the Hayatila at Quhistan and took it by force, or reduced them to their fort and truced at six hundred thousand; Mu'ammar says the marcher was Umair ibn al-Ahmar, and it is Sukar ibn Wa'il's land. Yazid al-Jarrashi took Zam, Bakharz and Juwayn with captives; the ascetic al-Aswad ibn Kulthum — Adi al-Ribab — broke into Bayhaq through a wall-breach and fell with his band when the foe held it, Adham ibn Kathum then winning the town; al-Aswad, who had prayed to rise from the bellies of beasts and birds, was left unburied by his brother while his companions were buried. Ibn Amir took Basht, Ashband, Rukh, Zawa, Khuwaf, Asbara'in and Arghiyan.
واقعہ
ملك علي بن غانية بلاد إفريقية
تقریباً 1185 عیسوی · 581 ھ
واقعہ
مقتل عبد الله بن خازم
Tamim rose at Herat and killed Ibn Khazim's son Muhammad; the father took Uthman ibn Bashir ibn al-Muhtafiz and slew him in cold blood, with a Tamimi. Tamim conspired his deposition — Bujayr ibn Waraqa's party shifted to Abarshahr and renounced him as he sent his baggage with Musa to Tirmidh. Abd al-Malik's writ appointing him arrived; he fed the messenger the letter: 'I could not meet God having broken my bay'a to the son of the Prophet's hawari and given bay'a to the son of his exile'. Abd al-Malik gave it to Bukayr ibn Wishah — who had already deposed him, seized arms and treasury, and won Marw's bay'a. Marching for Tirmidh, Ibn Khazim was overtaken by Bujayr near Marw; Waki' ibn al-Dawraqiyya came out in arms and with Bujayr stabbed him, sat on his chest crying 'for Duwayla's vengeance' — his slain half-brother — as Ibn Khazim spat 'curse you: you kill Mudar's ram for a brother not worth a palm of date-stones', and Waki' answered in verse. His sons Anbasa and Yahya fell with him, his mawla Tahman — grandfather of the Mahdi's secretary Ya'qub ibn Dawud — was wounded; Bukayr sent his head to be displayed at Damascus and his severed right hand to Uthman ibn Bashir's sons.
واقعہ
عهد ابن خازم المفتعل على خراسان
Ibn Khazim contrived a covenant on Ibn Amir's tongue and took Khurasan; the Turkish masses gathered against him and he scattered them, then came to Basra before Uthman's killing.
واقعہ
حرب ابن خازم على ولاية خراسان
Ibn Khazim met the departing Salm at Naysabur and carried his covenant over Khurasan with a hundred thousand dirhams; Bakr ibn Wa'il's masses resented 'these men eating Khurasan over us' and raided his baggage before being fought off. Sulayman ibn Marthad told him the covenant was worthless — its issuer could not stay himself — and they agreed to let Ibn al-Zubayr arbitrate; six months on, Urwa ibn Qatiba brought Ibn Khazim the governorship — and Sulayman refused it: 'Ibn al-Zubayr is no caliph, only a man sheltering at the House'. Six thousand against fifteen thousand, cries 'humr la yunsarun' against 'ya nasr iqtarib' — Sulayman fell to Qays ibn Asim al-Sulami, who took his head; his remnant under Umar ibn Marthad at Talaqan was destroyed next. When Rabi'a gathered to Aws ibn Tha'laba at Herat, Ibn Khazim left Musa over Marw and marched — the Turks exploiting their strife to raid near Naysabur — had Aws poisoned, and before battle urged his men to stab the horses' nostrils, 'no horse ever endured that and stayed'; Aws, already ailing, took a wound and died days later.
واقعہ
فتح ابن سمرة وصنم الزور
Ibn Amir made Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura governor of Sijistan; he besieged Zaranj's marzban in his palace on their feast-day — truced for two million dirhams and two thousand wadif — then conquered between Zaranj and Kish on the India side, and by the Rukhkhaj road to the Dawar country, bottling them in Jabal al-Zur before truce. Eight thousand Muslims took four thousand each; he entered upon the Zur idol — gold, with ruby eyes — cut off its hand and took the rubies: 'yours, the gold and jewels — I meant only to show you it can neither harm nor benefit'. Bust and Zabil he took by compact.
واقعہ
معسكر عبد الله بن أبي وتخلفه
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھAbdullah ibn Ubayy pitched his own camp below the Prophet's camp toward Dhubab — as they claim, no smaller than the Prophet's own. When the Prophet marched on, Ibn Ubayy stayed behind with those of the 'hypocrites and doubters' who stayed.
واقعہ
تأسيس إبراهيم بن الأغلب العباسية
تقریباً 800 عیسوی · تقریباً 184 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: when the frontier army besieged Ibrahim at Qayrawan, al-Muradi and al-Mamrun came to him bearing money from Egypt's kharaj — when paid, they dispersed. Ibrahim then built the White Palace two miles in Qayrawan's qibla direction, laid out plots around it for the people who built and made it a misr, built a congregational mosque of gravel and brick on marble columns roofed with cedar, two hundred cubits by about two hundred; he bought slaves he freed — they reached five thousand — settled them around it and named that city al-Abbasiyya, inhabited and flourishing to al-Baladhuri's day.
واقعہ
تولية هارون إبراهيم بن الأغلب بلاد المغرب
795 اور 800 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab was of Egypt's army notables; he rose with twelve men who took from the treasury only the measure of their rations and fled, reaching a place called al-Zab over ten days' march from Qayrawan, the frontier's agent then being Harun's Harthama ibn A'yan; Ibrahim claimed the leadership over that district's troops, sending gifts to Harthama, courting him and writing that he had not left obedience nor embraced sin — only need and necessity had driven him — so Harthama gave him his district and sufficed him for it; when Harthama left the frontier Ibn al-Akki ruled after him and his conduct soured until the province rose on him, so al-Rashid consulted Harthama on a man to appoint and he counselled reconciling Ibrahim, cultivating him and giving him the frontier; al-Rashid wrote that he had pardoned his offence and seen fit to give him the Maghreb as a benefaction — Ibrahim ruled that frontier, stood over it and held it firm.
واقعہ
رحلات إبراهيم إلى مكة
تقریباً 2000 قبل مسیحIbrahim travelled to Mecca from time to time to see what he had left there; the number is unknown but the sources preserve four journeys: the dream and the ransom of Ismail, and three narrated by al-Bukhari from Ibn Abbas: finding Ismail's first wife complaining (change the threshold), his second wife grateful (keep the threshold), and finally meeting Ismail, when together they raised the Kaaba and Ibrahim proclaimed the pilgrimage.
واقعہ
ولاية عمران بن موسى السند وحربه الزط والميد
Al-Mu'tasim gave Imran ibn Musa the thaghr: he drove the Zutt of Qiqan, built al-Bayda and garrisoned it; took hill-top Qandabil from the mutaghallib Muhammad ibn al-Khalil and carried its chiefs to Qusdar; slew three thousand Mayd at Sikkar al-Mayd. On the Rur river he hand-stamped the Zutt, took their jizya, and bound each to keep a dog — till a dog fetched fifty dirhams — then raided the Mayd with Zutt chiefs, cutting a sea-channel that made their marsh water brackish. When Nizari-Yamani strife rose he leaned to the Yemenis, and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari — whose grandfather came with al-Hakam — killed him unawares.
واقعہ
بعث العلاء بن الحضرمي إلى المنذر بن ساوى وإسلامه
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 7 ھBefore the conquest of Mecca the Prophet sent al-Ala' ibn al-Hadrami to al-Mundhir ibn Sawa al-Abdi, lord of Bahrayn, who became a good Muslim; al-Ala' stayed as the Prophet's governor of Bahrayn until al-Mundhir died after the Prophet and before Bahrayn's apostasy. Later sources place it among the letters to the kings after al-Hudaybiyya.
واقعہ
دعوة إسماعيل بن عبد الله وعمر للبربر
717 اور 720 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: in Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's caliphate he gave the Maghreb to Isma'il ibn Abdallah ibn Abi al-Muhajir, mawla of Banu Makhzum, who walked the best of paths and called the Berbers to Islam — and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz wrote them letters summoning them to it besides, which Isma'il read out to them through the districts, until Islam mastered the Maghreb.
واقعہ
الإسراء والمعراج
تقریباً 621 عیسویThe miraculous nocturnal journey of Prophet Muhammad from al-Masjid al-Haram to al-Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, and his ascent through the seven heavens, where the five daily prayers were ordained. ونص رحلة المعراج كاملاً عند البخاري في حديث مالك بن صعصعة.
واقعہ
دخول إياد الدرب إلى خلاط
تقریباً جنوری 640 عیسوی · محرم 20 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Iyad took Amid without fighting on the like of al-Ruha's treaty, Mayyafariqin likewise, the fortress of Kafr Tuta, Nasibin after fighting on the like of al-Ruha's terms, Tur Abdin and the fortress of Mardin with Dara likewise, and Qarda and Bazabda on the like of Nasibin's terms — and the patrician of al-Zawzan came to him compounding for his land at a tribute, all in year 19 and days of Muharram year 20; then he marched to Arzan, taking it on Nasibin's terms, entered the pass to Badlis, crossed to Khilat and compounded with its patrician, reached al-Ayn al-Hamida of Armenia which he did not cross, and returning held Badlis's lord guarantor for the kharaj of Khilat, its dependencies and its patrician's lands, then withdrew to al-Raqqa and went to Hims — Umar having given it to him — where he died in year 20.
واقعہ
قدوم جعفر بن أبي طالب على النبي بخيبر
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 7 ھIbn Hisham, not Ibn Ishaq, transmits a report from Sufyan ibn Uyayna from al-Ajlah from al-Sha'bi: Ja'far ibn Abi Talib arrived to the Prophet on the day Khaybar fell; the Prophet kissed him between the eyes and embraced him, saying he did not know which gave him more joy — the conquest of Khaybar or the arrival of Ja'far.
واقعہ
هلاك جلال الدين خوارزم شاه وخراب الجزيرة سنة 628هـ
تقریباً 1231 عیسوی · 628 ھIn 628 the Tatars, learning of Jalal al-Din's weakness, rushed Azerbaijan; he would not face them, Maragha fell, his army scattered, and they surprised him by night — he escaped alone, and the Kurds and peasants plundered his followers; God took vengeance on them all. The Tatars then bore to Mardin slaying and enslaving, entered Amid killing over twenty thousand, repeated it in Azerbaijan, and settled their rule beyond the Oxus while Khurasan's cities lay desolate.
واقعہ
كسر جلال الدين الخوارزمي سنة 627هـ
تقریباً 1230 عیسوی · 627 ھIn 627 the Syrians and their allies combined against the Khwarazmians; meeting Jalal al-Din in Ramadan they broke him, plundered his army, and he fled to Khilat among seven men — his army shredded, his champions slain — thence to Azerbaijan, suing al-Ashraf for peace in abasement. Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi: 'God routed the Khwarazmians at the lightest cost, by an event beyond all reckoning — praise to Him who demolished that firm mountain in the blink of an eye'.
واقعہ
ملاحم جلال الدين وجنكيزخان سنة 618هـ
تقریباً 1221 عیسوی · 618 ھIn 618, 'the world boiling with Tatars', Jalal al-Din met Tolui's son and broke him — Genghis's first-ever defeat, at which his fury blazed — then Genghis himself marched to the Sind: at the Shawwal battle Jalal al-Din's army was again routed while he stood with a remnant, Genghis nearly beaten until a ten-thousand ambush crushed the Muslim right and captured the sultan's son; Jalal al-Din fell back to the Sind's edge. That year the Tatars took Maragha, burned it and slew most of its people, then rode to the Rus.
واقعہ
اشتراط جرير ربع ما غلب عليه
تقریباً 635 عیسوی · تقریباً 14 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: Umar went a year not mentioning Iraq for the disaster of Abu Ubayd and Salit, al-Muthanna stationed near Ulays calling the Arabs to jihad; then Umar summoned the people to Iraq and they kept dodging and declining until he meant to raid himself — when a party of Azd came wanting to raid Syria, he called them to Iraq and made Khosrow's house's spoils desirable, so they left the choice to him and he ordered their departure. Jarir ibn Abdallah came from al-Sarat among Bajila asking to go to Iraq on condition he and his people be given a quarter of what they conquered — Umar agreed, and he marched toward Iraq; some allege he passed by Basra's road and fought the Madhar marzban, defeating him, others that he fought the marzban while with Khalid ibn al-Walid, and some say he took the road over Fayd and al-Ta'labiyya to al-Mudhayyib.
واقعہ
ولاية الجرّاح بن عبد الله على أرمينية
717 اور 730 کے درمیان عیسوی · تقریباً 99 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik gave Armenia to Adi ibn Adi ibn Amira al-Kindi — Adi ibn Amira being one of those who settled al-Raqqa having parted with Ali ibn Abi Talib — then Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz appointed him, he being the owner of the Nahr Adi at al-Baylaqan, though some say Umar's governor was Hatim ibn al-Nu'man, which is unsound; then Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik appointed Mi'laq ibn Saffar al-Bahrani, removed him for al-Harith ibn Amr al-Ta'i, who raided the Lakz and took Rustaq Hamsadan; and al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami of Mudhhij governed Armenia, settling at Bardha'a, where its conflicting measures and weights were laid before him and he set them on justice and fulness, making a measure called al-Jarrahi which its people deal by to this day; then he crossed the Kurr and marched until he passed the river called al-Samur, reaching the Khazars and killing them in a great slaughter, and fought the people of Bilad Hamzin, then compounded with them to transfer them to a rustaq.
واقعہ
تسليم الكامل القدس للإمبراطور سنة 626هـ
تقریباً 1229 عیسوی · 626 ھIn 626 al-Kamil surrendered Jerusalem to the Frankish emperor, who had written: 'you summoned me, the Pope and the kings know of my zeal, and if I return empty-handed my honour is broken — yet you have ruined Jerusalem and its revenue is slight, so grant me its keys that my head may rise among the kings and I will remit its income to you.' The cession passed; al-Kamil then besieged Damascus for months until the Sha'ban truce left al-Nasir only Karak and Nablus.
واقعہ
خروج النبي إلى الطائف
تقریباً مئی 619 عیسویThe Prophet Muhammad's journey on foot with Zayd ibn Haritha to al-Ta'if in Shawwal of the tenth year of prophethood, seeking support from Thaqif, their rejection, the incident of Addas in the orchard, and the encounter with the Jinn at Nakhla on return.
واقعہ
قتل جفينة العبادي وابنيه
Jufayna al-'Ibadi, a Christian of al-Hira and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas's freedman — Ubaydallah ibn Umar accused him of abetting Abu Lu'lu'a in his father's killing, and killed him and his two sons.
واقعہ
حروب الجنيد بالسند
Al-Junayd came to Daybul and the eastern bank; Jaysha, refusing him, sent 'I have converted, the righteous man gave me my lands — I trust you not'. Hostages were exchanged for his country's kharaj, then returned as his people apostatized and fought — some say he never fought but al-Junayd wronged him. Gathering hosts and ships from Hind, he met al-Junayd's fleet at Batiha al-Sharqi, was taken captive, ship fleeing, and killed; Sasa ibn Dahir, fleeing to Iraq to charge al-Junayd's treachery, was cozened into a handclasp and slain. Breached al-Kiraj fell to his battering rams, walls cracked, stormed; agents went to Marmad, al-Mandal, Dahnaj and Barus. 'Killing in panic outweighs patience' he said; his armies raided Uzayn and burned Baharmad's rabad — and al-Baylaman and al-Jarz yielded forty million at home besides his zuwwar's share, as Jarir sang his open-handedness.
واقعہ
إسلام جند شاهنشاه وهم حمراء ديلم
تقریباً 16 ھIn al-Baladhuri via Musammar ibn Kiddam: with Rustam at al-Qadisiyya were four thousand called the Shahanshah's troops; they were granted safe-conduct to settle where they wished, ally with whom they wished, and be allotted stipends — they allied with Zuhra ibn Hawiyya al-Sa'di of Banu Tamim, Sa'd settled them where they chose and fixed a thousand-thousand for them, their naqib being called Dayl — whence 'Hamra' Daylam'. Ziyad later moved some to Syria at Mu'awiya's order — called al-Furs — and some to Basra joining its asawira; the Arabs call the 'ajam hamra', saying 'clan of Hamra' Daylam' as 'clan of Juhayna'. Abu Mas'ud heard these asawira had lived opposite Daylam and converted when the Muslims came to Qazwin, on the same terms as Basra's asawira, then came and settled at Kufa. Al-Mada'ini: Khusraw had sent to Daylam and brought four thousand — his servants and elite, remaining so after him — who witnessed al-Qadisiyya with Dustam; when he fell and the Magians routed they withdrew, saying 'we are not like these, we have no refuge, our standing with them is ugly — our view is to enter their religion and be mighty through them'; Sa'd asked what ailed them, al-Mughira went to them, they told him 'we will enter your religion' — he informed Sa'd, who safe-conducted them; they converted and witnessed al-Mada'in's conquest with Sa'd.
واقعہ
أمان جنديسابور
Abu Musa marched on panic-struck Jundishapur; they asked aman and he truced: no killing, no captives, no hands on wealth but weapons. A band of its folk went off to al-Kalbaniyya — al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad killed them and took it; and the asawira sought aman, were granted it, and converted.
واقعہ
كعب وأبو قتادة على جدار الحائط
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھDuring the boycott Ka'b climbed the wall of his cousin Abu Qatada's garden and greeted him; he did not answer. Ka'b adjured him three times: did he know that Ka'b loved God and His Messenger? On the third Abu Qatada said: God and His Messenger know best — and Ka'b's eyes welled up.
واقعہ
تأخر كعب بن مالك عن التجهز لتبوك
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھKa'b related that he had never stayed behind from any campaign except Badr, and that he was never stronger or better provided than when he stayed behind from Tabuk: he kept putting off his preparations day after day until the army left without him. When the Prophet asked about him at Tabuk, Mu'adh ibn Jabal spoke in his defence.
واقعہ
كعب يعرض ماله وينذر الصدق
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھKa'b told the Prophet that part of his repentance was to give up his wealth in charity; the Prophet said: keep some of your wealth, it is better for you, so Ka'b kept his share of Khaybar and vowed to speak nothing but the truth as long as he lived, counting his truthfulness to the Prophet the greatest blessing after Islam.
واقعہ
كعب يصدق النبي القول
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھWhen news of the Prophet's return from Tabuk reached Ka'b he resolved on honesty. When he greeted the Prophet in the mosque and was asked why he had stayed behind, he admitted he had no excuse; the Prophet said: you have told the truth — rise until God decides your case. Men of Banu Salima followed him out, blaming him.
واقعہ
فتح كابل وإسلام ملكها في أيام المأمون
The Mahdi's and Rashid's agents took Sijistan's atawa from Rutbil as strength allowed, posting their own men over the marches Islam had lost. Under al-Ma'mun at Khurasan the atawa came doubled, Kabul was opened, its king showed Islam and obedience, the governor's agent entered, the post-road was joined, and fresh myrobalan was sent him from it — and the land held steady for a time.
واقعہ
نكث أهل كابل ومقتل يزيد بن زياد
Kabul's folk broke and captured Abu Ubayda ibn Ziyad; Yazid ibn Ziyad marched on them at Junza and fell with many of his men — among the slain Zayd ibn Abdallah ibn Abi Mulayka al-Qurashi and Sila ibn Ashyam Abu al-Sahba' al-Adawi, husband of Mu'adha al-Adawiyya. Salm ibn Ziyad sent Talha ibn Abdallah ibn Khalaf al-Khuza'i — Talhat al-Talhat — who ransomed Abu Ubayda for five hundred thousand dirhams, then governed Sijistan for Salm, levying and rewarding his followers until he died there; a Yashkuri deputy was expelled by the Mudaris, factionalism broke out, each tribe seized its own town — and Rutbil took hope.
واقعہ
إذعان كابل شاه للمأمون
Al-Ma'mun loosed the troops on Sughd, Ushrusana and Farghana's breachers with incessant raids and daw'a letters; a force sent to Kabul Shah drew his tribute and submission — and the post-road ran till green myrobalan reached the caliph as fresh fruit.
واقعہ
شأن كاوس ملك أشروسنة ووقعة القهرمان
Kawus of Ushrusana bought peace from al-Fadl ibn Sahl, then broke it once al-Ma'mun reached Baghdad. His favored qahrman — married into al-Fadl ibn Kawus's line — exalted al-Fadl while demeaning Haydar ibn Kawus, al-Afshin-to-be, who leapt on him and killed him at the city gate, then fled to Hashim ibn Mahwayh al-Khuttali for intercession. Hearing worse from home, Haydar showed Islam, came to Baghdad, made Ushrusana's conquest sound easy to al-Ma'mun, and showed him a short road.
واقعہ
شخوص خالد إلى الشام
تقریباً ربیع الاول 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Khalid marched from Ayn al-Tamr to Syria, telling al-Muthanna ibn Haritha 'return, may God have mercy on you, to your command — unsparing, unwasting'; his departure was in Rabi' al-Akhir — or, it is said, Rabi' al-Awwal — of year 13; some say he came to Duma from Ayn al-Tamr, opened it, then returned to al-Hira and thence to Syria — the sounder being his march direct from Ayn al-Tamr.
واقعہ
بعث خالد إلى أكيدر دومة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet summoned Khalid ibn al-Walid and sent him to Ukaydir ibn Abd al-Malik al-Kindi, the Christian king of Duma, telling him he would find him hunting wild cows. Khalid set out, and on a moonlit night Ukaydir came out when the cows rubbed their horns against his palace gate; the Prophet's cavalry met him, captured him and killed his brother Hassan. Khalid took his brocade gown laced with gold and sent it to the Prophet.
واقعہ
قتل أكيدر وفتح دومة الجندل
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when the Prophet died Ukaydir withheld the sadaqa, broke the covenant and left Dumat al-Jandal for al-Hira, where he built a residence he called Dawma after Dumat al-Jandal, while his brother Hurayth ibn Abd al-Malik remained Muslim over what was in his hands; Abu Bakr then sent Khalid ibn al-Walid — who was at Mayn al-Tamr — ordering him to march on Ukaydir, so he went, killed him and conquered Dawma before proceeding to Syria; in al-Waqidi's report Khalid passed Dumat al-Jandal on his way from Iraq to Syria, took it and captured prisoners, among them Layla bint al-Judi al-Ghassani whom Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr later married.
واقعہ
مسير خالد بن الوليد إلى الشام
تقریباً جون 634 عیسوی · ربیع الاول 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Abu Bakr's letter reached him at al-Hira he left al-Muthanna ibn Haritha al-Shaybani over the Kufa side and marched in Rabi' al-Akhir of year 13 with eight hundred — some say five hundred — taking Ayn al-Tamr by force (others say the letter reached him there after its conquest), then Sandawda', held by Kinda, Iyad and Persians, whose people fought and were overcome — he left Sa'd ibn Amr ibn Haram al-Ansari over it, whose descendants dwell there today; hearing of an apostate gathering of Banu Taghlib at al-Mudayyih and al-Musayyid under Rabi'a ibn Bujayr he defeated them, took captives and spoil and sent them to Abu Bakr — among them Umm Habib al-Sahba' bint Habib ibn Bujayr, mother of Umar ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib; he raided Qaraqir, a Kalbi watering-place, then traversed the desert to Suwa, likewise Kalbi, where Bahra' were with them, killing Hurqus ibn al-Nu'man al-Bahrani of Quda'a and sweeping up their wealth; entering the waterless stretch he watered the camels, slit their lips and made them drool so they would not ruminate and thirst, carrying abundant water which ran out on the way — so he slaughtered the camels one by one, drinking with his men the water of their bellies, his guide Rafi' ibn Umayra al-Ta'i earning the poet's verse 'God bless Rafi' — how he guided, traversing from Qaraqir to Suwa'; from Suwa to al-Kawa'il, then Qarqisiya whose lord abandoned it for Byzantine lands, then Arak whose people he besieged until it fell by treaty for a payment to the Muslims, then Dumat al-Jandal which he took, then Qusam whose Banu Mashja'a ibn al-Taym of Quda'a made peace for a written aman, then Tadmur whose people resisted and fortified themselves then asked safety — granted on being dhimma, quartering the Muslims and submitting to them — then al-Qaryatayn whose people fought and were overcome with spoil, then Hawwarin of Sanir whose people fought with reinforcements from Ba'labakk and Busra and were overcome with captives and killing, then Marj Rahit where he raided the Ghassan on their Easter taking captives and killing; he sent Busr ibn Abi Artat al-Amiri of Quraysh and Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri to the Ghouta of Damascus to raid its villages, stood at the pass known as Thaniyyat al-Uqab by Damascus unfurling his banner — a black banner that had been the Prophet's — whence its name that day, camped at the eastern gate of Damascus — some say Bab al-Jabiya — whose bishop brought him hospitality and service receiving a promise to keep the covenant, then marched to join the Muslims at the canal of Busra.
واقعہ
وقعة الخندمة
جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھA sharp clash on the heights of al-Khandama where armed resisters from Quraysh and Banu Bakr under Safwan ibn Umayya, Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl, and Suhayl ibn Amr attempted to bar Khalid ibn al-Walid's entry; the resistance was quickly routed, leaving twelve to thirteen Meccan fighters dead, while Kurz ibn Jabir, Khunays ibn Khalid, and Salama ibn al-Mayla' fell on the Muslim side.
واقعہ
خروج الخزر على أرمينية
تقریباً 798 عیسوی · 183 ھIn year 183 the Khazars broke upon Armenia, slaughtering and carrying captive more than a hundred thousand souls — a calamity upon Islam the like of which had not been heard before.
واقعہ
مقتل ابن الأنوع وخطبة النبي في حرمة مكة
جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھAfter the general safety was proclaimed, Khirash ibn Umayya ambushed and killed Ibn al-Anwa' al-Hudhali to settle an old blood dispute; the Prophet strongly condemned the murder, paid the full wergild from his own funds, and the next day delivered a decisive sermon proclaiming the perpetual inviolability of Mecca's blood, trees, and game.
واقعہ
بناء أنوشروان سد الباب والأبواب
تقریباً 542 عیسویIn al-Baladhuri from those versed in Armenia's affairs: a general of Qubadh ibn Fayruz the king trod Arran's land with twelve thousand and took what lay between the river called al-Rass and Shirwan; Qubadh followed and built in Arran the city of al-Baylaqan, Bardha'a — the frontier's city entire — and Qabala, built the wall of al-Lubn between Shirwan's land and Bab al-Lan, and built upon it three hundred and sixty cities, ruined after the later building of Bab wa-l-Abwab; then his son Anushirwan Kisra ibn Qubadh ruled, built al-Shabiran and Masqat, then the city of Bab wa-l-Abwab and the Durzuqiyya, built in Jurzan's land the city of Sughdabil settling Sughdians and sons of Persians as a muslaha, built toward the Romans Bab Fayruzqubadh, Bab Ladhiqa, Bab Bariqa on the sea of Trebizond, Bab al-Lan and Bab Samsakhi, and the fortresses of al-Jardaman and Shamshalda, conquered all Armenia in Roman hands, settled and fortified Dabil, built Nashwa the city of Busfurrajan's district, built Hisn Ways and castles in Sisajan — among them Qal'at al-Kilab and Sahiyunis — and garrisoned these forts with the warlike and bold of the Siyasijiyya; Anushirwan wrote to the Turk king asking peace and sought his daughter's hand, sending him a slave-girl adopted by one of his wives as his daughter, then came and they met at al-Barshaliyya feasting for days; he ordered his intimates to night-raid and burn part of the Turk's camp, then denied and apologised, then had fire thrown into a part of his own camp where only straw huts stood, and in the morning complained to the Turk: 'your men nearly destroyed my army, and you have requited me with treachery' — the Turk swearing ignorance — so Anushirwan said: 'brother, your soldiers and mine hate our peace for the plunder lost in the raids and wars between us, and I fear they will make mischief to corrupt our hearts after our sincerity and friendship, returning us to enmity after kinship and affection — my counsel is that you let me build a wall between us with a gate through which none comes to you from us nor to us from you save whom we will'; he agreed and went home, and Anushirwan set to building the wall of rock and lead at the sea's edge, three hundred cubits wide, joined to the mountain-tops — ordering stones carried in ships and sunk until they rose above water to be built upon, so the wall ran three miles into the sea — and when finished hung iron gates at its entry, posted a hundred riders to guard where fifty thousand soldiers had once been needed, and set an armoured redoubt upon it; afterwards the Khaqan was told 'he deceived you — married you to one who is not his daughter, and fortified himself against you' — and he could contrive nothing.
واقعہ
خراسان في خلافة علي
Mahwiya, marzban of Marw, came to Ali in his caliphate at Kufa; Ali wrote the dahqans, asawira and dahshalarin to render him the jizya — whereupon Khurasan broke away. Ali sent Ja'da ibn Hubayra al-Makhzumi, his mother Umm Hani' bint Abi Talib, who could not recover it; Khurasan never wore cloth again till Ali's death. Abu Ubayda: Ali's first agent was Abd al-Rahman ibn Abra, Khuza'a's mawla, then Ja'da.
واقعہ
استغاثة خزاعة بالنبي
629 عیسوی · 8 ھAfter al-Watir, Amr ibn Salim al-Khuza'i stood before the Prophet in the Medina mosque and recited his plea invoking the pact of the fathers — 'and that was what stirred the conquest of Mecca' — then Budayl ibn Warqa' arrived with Khuza'i men reporting Quraysh's backing of Bakr.
واقعہ
القتال بين بني بكر وخزاعة على الوتير
629 عیسوی · 8 ھA night raid by Banu al-Dil of Banu Bakr — secretly armed and joined by men of Quraysh — on Khuza'a at their watering place al-Watir in lower Mecca. The breach of the Hudaybiyya truce it caused is the spark the tradition gives for the conquest of Mecca.
واقعہ
سنّ خزيمة بن خازم المساحة بدبيل والنشوى
775 اور 833 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Armenia's Abbasid governors ran in succession — Uthman ibn Umada ibn Khurathim, then Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi, then Khuzayma ibn Khazim, then Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani, then Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi, then al-Fadl ibn Yahya, then Sa'id ibn Salm, then Muhammad ibn Yazid ibn Mazyad; Khuzayma was the sternest of them in office, and it was he who instituted the land-survey at Dabil and Nashwa, which had not existed before. The Armenian patrikioses ever stayed in their lands, each guarding his district: when a march-governor arrived they surrounded him — if they saw continence and sternness in him while he had force and equipment, they paid him the kharaj and yielded obedience, but otherwise despised him and made light of his command; and Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mazyad governed them in al-Ma'mun's caliphate, accepting their gifts and mixing them with his own person — that deed corrupted them and emboldened them against al-Ma'mun's governors who came after.
واقعہ
أسر خوارزم شاه من الخطا وخلاصه
تقریباً 1207 عیسوی · 604 ھ
واقعہ
استدعاء ملك خوارزم قتيبة على أخيه
Khwarizm's king, weak, with his brother Khurrazad risen strong against him, sent Qutayba an offer: so much money and the keys, if Qutayba would make him king over his lands instead. Khwarizm is three cities ringed by Fariqin, Madinat al-Fil the strongest — Ali ibn Mujahid says Madinat al-Fil is Samarqand — where the king took his seat and sent on the money.
واقعہ
تدبير قتيبة أمر خوارزم
Qutayba sent his brother Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim against Khurrazad — killed, with four thousand prisoners slain — and restored the first king on the agreed terms; his own people, calling him weak, killed him, whereupon Qutayba gave Khwarizm to his brother Ubaydallah ibn Muslim.
واقعہ
قتل الأسود العنسي
تقریباً 632 عیسوی · تقریباً 11 ھIn al-Baladhuri: al-Aswad ibn Ka'b ibn Awf al-Ansi soothsaid and claimed prophecy, Ans and others followed him, and he styled himself Rahman of Yemen as Musaylima styled himself Rahman of al-Yamama; he had a trained donkey which would kneel and prostrate at his command whence he was called Dhu al-Mar — others say Dhu al-Khimar for being ever veiled and turbaned, and some Yemenis told al-Baladhuri his face was black, hence al-Aswad, his name being Ayhala; the Prophet sent Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali to him in the year of his death calling him to Islam — some transmitters deny the mission — and he came to San'a, took it and expelled the Prophet's agent Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As (al-Nu'man ibn Yazid of the Abna' says Aban ibn Sa'id), who withdrew toward Ziyad ibn Labid; he humiliated the Abna' — the sons of the Persians whom Kisra had sent to Yemen with Ibn Dhi Yazan under Wahriz — used them as labour and wronged them, and married the Marzbana, Badham their king's widow; the Prophet sent Qays ibn Hubayra al-Makshuh al-Muradi — so called for a cautery on his waist from an ailment — ordering him to win over the Abna', and sent with him Farwa ibn Musayk al-Muradi; reaching Yemen as the Prophet's death was reported, Qays feigned accord with al-Aswad until he entered San'a with a company of Madhhij, Hamdan and others, then won over Fayruz ibn al-Daylami of the Abna', who had embraced Islam, and the two came to Badham, chief of the Abna' — some say Badham was already dead and a successor named Dadhawayh converted and met Qays and won him over, spreading his missionaries among the Abna' until they converted; so they all agreed to kill and assassinate al-Aswad, and secretly informed his wife the Marzbana who, hating him, showed them a water-channel into his house — some say they pierced a hole in the wall of his chamber of vinegar — and entered on him at dawn while he lay drunk asleep, and Qays slaughtered him, his bellowing like a bull's startling the guards who asked 'what ails the Rahman of Yemen?' — his wife answered 'revelation descends on him' and they calmed; Qays cut off his head, stood on the city wall at dawn, magnified God and testified that al-Aswad was a liar and God's enemy, and when his followers gathered he cast the head to them and they scattered save a few, the sword falling on the remnant until none escaped but those who embraced Islam; some transmitters say Fayruz ibn al-Daylami killed him with Qays only striking off the head, and when Qays and Fayruz both claimed the killing in Medina Umar said 'this lion killed him' meaning Fayruz; some scholars date the killing five days before the Prophet's death — the Prophet saying in his illness 'God has killed al-Aswad al-Ansi; the righteous man Fayruz ibn al-Daylami killed him' — with the report reaching Abu Bakr ten nights into his caliphate; Qays was then accused of killing Dadhawayh and it reached Abu Bakr that he meant to expel the Abna' from San'a, which angered him, so he wrote to al-Muhajir his agent there to bring him, made him swear fifty oaths at the Prophet's minbar that he had not killed Dadhawayh, then released him and sent him to Syria.
واقعہ
غزوة عبد الله بن رواحة إلى خيبر ومقتل اليسير بن رزام
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 6 ھAl-Yasir ibn Rizam, also given as Ibn Razim, was at Khaybar gathering Ghatafan to attack the Prophet, who sent Abdullah ibn Rawaha with a party including Abdullah ibn Unays; they persuaded him that the Prophet would appoint and honour him, and he set out with them with a group of Jews. At al-Qarqara, six miles from Khaybar, he repented; Ibn Unays saw him reaching for the sword, struck him and cut off his leg, al-Yasir hit him on the head with a staff of shawhat wood, and each Muslim killed his Jewish companion except one who fled; the Prophet spat on Ibn Unays's wound and it did not fester.
واقعہ
غزوة عبد الله بن أنيس لقتل خالد بن سفيان بن نبيح الهذلي
تقریباً 625 عیسوی · تقریباً 4 ھNews reached the Prophet that Ibn Sufyan ibn Nubayh al-Hudhali was gathering men at Nakhla or Urana to attack him; he summoned Abdullah ibn Unays and ordered him to go and kill him, giving as the sign that he would shiver on seeing him. Ibn Unays went girded with his sword, found him with women in litters seeking a camping place at the afternoon hour, prayed by nodding his head as he walked toward him, told him he was an Arab who had heard of his gathering and come for it, walked with him until he could and struck him dead with the sword, leaving the women bent over him. On his return the Prophet said 'the face has prospered' and gave him a staff as a sign between them on the Day of Resurrection. Ibn Ishaq has it from Muhammad ibn Ja'far ibn al-Zubayr from Ibn Unays.
واقعہ
قتل كلثوم بن عياض بإفريقية
724 اور 743 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri on Ibn al-Kalbi's report: Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik gave Kulthum ibn Iyad ibn Wahwah al-Qushayri Ifriqiya, whose people rose against him so that he was killed there.
واقعہ
مقتل معن بن زائدة
Fearing winter's onset Ma'n withdrew to Bust; Kharijites who resented his rule slipped among the builders at his house, hid their swords in reed bundles at roofing-time, and entered his dome while he was being cupped — they butchered him, one splitting his belly with a dagger, Abu al-Ghulam al-Taqi striking his head. Yazid ibn Mazyad killed every one of them, then held Sijistan, bearing hard on its Arabs and Ajam until forged letters to al-Mansur — that the Mahdi's letters confused him — brought his dismissal, imprisonment and confiscation. Later released, he lay hidden in Madinat al-Salam until Kharijites met him on the bridge and he fought them; then he rose to Yusuf al-Barm in Khurasan.
واقعہ
قتل منصور بن جاونة بن الحارث
تقریباً 758 عیسوی · 141 ھIn al-Baladhuri from Abu Amr al-Bahili and others: Hisn Mansur is named for Mansur ibn Jamwana ibn al-Harith al-Amiri of Qays, who undertook its building and upkeep, being stationed there in Marwan's days with a dense Syrian and Jaziran host to repel the enemy; this Mansur was set over al-Ruha's people when they withheld in the dynasty's first days, whereupon al-Mansur besieged them — as al-Abbas's governor of the Jazira and Armenia — and when he took it Mansur fled, then was given aman and came out; when Abdallah ibn Ali deposed Abu Ja'far al-Mansur he made him chief of his police, and when Abdallah fled to Basra he went into hiding, was betrayed in year 141, brought before al-Mansur and killed at al-Raqqa as the caliph returned from Bayt al-Maqdis — others say he was amaned after Ibn Ali's flight, appeared, and was then found to have letters to the Romans betraying Islam, so when al-Mansur reached al-Raqqa from Bayt al-Maqdis in year 141 he sent for him and struck off his head there before departing for al-Hashimiyya at Kufa; al-Rashid had built and garrisoned Hisn Mansur in al-Mahdi's caliphate.
واقعہ
قتل محمد بن أبي بكر بمصر
تقریباً 658 عیسوی · تقریباً 38 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Uthman was killed and Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa seized Egypt — he had made it hostile to Uthman — Ali gave Qays ibn Sa'd ibn Ubada al-Ansari Egypt, dismissed him, employed Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Siddiq over it, dismissed him, gave it to Malik al-Ashtar who sickened at al-Qulzum, then gave Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr it a second time and sent him back to it — whereupon Mu'awiya ibn Khudayj killed him and burned him inside a donkey's belly.
واقعہ
مقتل مسلم بن عقيل بالكوفة
ذوالحجہ 60 ھ
واقعہ
قتل يزيد بن أبي مسلم بمصلاه
تقریباً 102 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik ruled he gave Yazid ibn Abi Muslim — al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf's mawla — Ifriqiya and the Maghreb; he came to Ifriqiya in year 102, his guard being Berbers, and he branded on each man's hand 'my guard' — so they blackened his path, whispered one to another, and conspired to kill him: he went out one evening for maghrib prayer and they killed him in his prayer-place. Yazid then gave it to Bishr ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, who struck off the neck of Abdallah ibn Musa ibn Nusayr — he being accused of the killing and of stirring the people against him.
واقعہ
قتل البطارقة يوسف المروزي
847 اور 861 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: al-Mu'tasim gave the march to al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Badhaghisi, known as al-Ma'muni, who neglected Armenia's patrikioses and freemen, going soft with them till they worsened in corruption against the sultan and in savaging the subjects beneath them; Ishaq ibn Isma'il ibn Shu'ayb, a mawla of Banu Umayya, mastered Jurzan, and Sahl ibn Sanbat the patrikios ambushed Haydar ibn Kawus al-Afshin's governor over Armenia, killed his scribe, and escaped by a hair; then governors came to Armenia who accepted pardon from its people and contented themselves with easy kharaj; then al-Mutawakkil gave Armenia for two years of his caliphate to Yusuf ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Marwazi — who at Khilat seized its patrikios Buqrat ibn Ashut and carried him to Samarra, estranging the patrikioses, freemen and warlords; then his agent called al-Mala' ibn Ahmad made for a monastery in Sisajan known as Dayr al-Aqdah, which Armenia's Christians had ever venerated and gifted, took everything in it and brutalised its people — the patrikioses held that enormity unbearable, wrote to one another urging breach and rupture, and sent to the Khwaythiyya — the Aztan — to ambush Yusuf, inciting them over his carrying off their patrikios Buqrat, each man of them and of the warlords sending horse and foot to back it; they ambushed him at Batrun while his men were dispersed among the villages, killed him and seized all that was in his camp.
واقعہ
فتح كرمان
Uthman ibn Abi al-As met Kirman's marzban at Abr Kawan by night and killed him — Kirman weakened and hearts dismayed. Ibn Amir sent Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud after Yazdgard to Bimand, where his army perished; left in charge when Ibn Amir marched for Khurasan, Mujashi' took Bimand by force — sparing its folk on aman; his Qasr Mujashi' stands there — took Burukharwa, then al-Shirjan, Kirman's chief city: days of siege, a horse-sally, taken by storm, a man left behind and many of its people exiled. Abu Musa had earlier sent al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad round al-Shirjan, trucing Bamm and the Andaghar — betrayed, Mujashi' retook them, took Jirraft by force, and rode Kirman till it was tamed.
واقعہ
فتح قتيبة مدينة الفيل
Qutayba took Madinat Fil — opened earlier by Umayya ibn Abdallah, then breached, and Yazid ibn al-Muhallab's assault failed — whence Ka'b al-Ashthari's verse: 'Fil gave itself to you with her own hands, and well she deserved'.
واقعہ
صلح نهاوند وماه دينار
In al-Baladhuri: when the Persian army was routed and Hudhayfa commanded, Nihawand was besieged — its people sallied and were beaten — until Simak ibn Ubayd al-Absi chased a man with eight riders, killing each as he turned, till the man alone sued for quarter, cast his weapon and was taken; speaking Persian he asked through a translator to be brought to the commander — 'I will make peace over this land, pay jizya, and give you what you wish for sparing me' — his name was Dinar. Hudhayfa made treaty with him on kharaj and jizya, securing the people of Nihawand in their wealth, orchards and homes — hence Nihawand was called Mah Dinar, and Dinar would visit Simak thereafter, giving gifts. Nihawand had been a Kufa conquest and al-Dinawar a Basra one; when Kufa's Muslims multiplied, al-Dinawar was made over to them and Nihawand compensated to Basra (being of Isbahan's kura), the kharaj differential going to Kufa — whence Nihawand 'Mah Basra' and al-Dinawar 'Mah Kufa' — under Mu'awiya's caliphate.
واقعہ
إقامة البريد من الحجاز إلى العراق
تقریباً 782 عیسوی · 166 ھIn year 166 al-Mahdi moved to Qasr al-Salam and ordered a barid relay established for him from the Prophet's Medina and from Yemen and Mecca to the capital, by mule and camel; per al-Dhahabi it was the first barid worked from the Hijaz to Iraq.
واقعہ
عمارة طريق مكة وإصلاح المنابر
تقریباً 778 عیسوی · 161 ھIn year 161 al-Mahdi ordered the hajj road to Mecca made good, building palaces and constructing pools along it; he ordered the maqasir in the mosques of Islam removed and the minbars shortened to the measure of the Prophet's minbar. In year 160 he performed hajj: the Ka'ba's custodians warned that the weight of hangings threatened to bring it down, so he had them stripped and limited it to his own kiswa — and snow was carried to him at Mecca, a thing, al-Dhahabi says, granted to no king before.
واقعہ
الزيادة الكبرى في المسجد الحرام
تقریباً 783 عیسوی · 167 ھIn year 167 al-Mahdi ordered the great enlargement of the Sacred Mosque, absorbing many houses into it.
واقعہ
بناء المحفوظة والمنصورة
With Hind apostatized save Qassa's folk and no refuge left, al-Hakam ibn Awana al-Kalbi built al-Mahfuza beyond the lake — Syrian Kalbi shaykhs naming it Dimashq or Hims till one said Tadmur and drew 'God destroy you, fool — it is al-Mahfuza'. Amr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, his trusted deputy, raided from it and built al-Mansura below the lake — the governors' seat today — while al-Hakam won back enemy holdings to general approval. Khalid marvelled: 'I gave them the Arabs' most generous youth and they rejected him — the most miserly, accepted' — and al-Hakam was killed there. At the da'wa's dawn Abu Muslim gave the frontier to Mughallis al-Abdi, who set out via Tukharistan.
واقعہ
غزوة المأمون أرض الروم
218 ھThe 218 campaign — al-Tawwana founded at the pass-mouth by Tarsus, the Byzantine king's three offers refused, fifteen fortresses taken, and the death-halt at al-Badhidhun.
واقعہ
دخول المأمون مصر
تقریباً 831 عیسوی · تقریباً 216 ھIn year 215 al-Ma'mun marched against the Byzantines, taking the fortresses Qurra and Majida, then went to Damascus; in 216 he returned and took several more. He then made for Egypt and entered it — the first Abbasid caliph ever to do so — before returning in 217 to Damascus and the frontier.
واقعہ
استمالة المأمون وجند المعتصم لأهل ما وراء النهر
Al-Ma'mun's Khurasan agents campaigned the unsubmitted while his envoys enrolled willing Transoxanians — their kings' sons included — in the diwan, honored and raised in stipend at court. Al-Mu'tasim kept the same till most of his army's standing troops were Sughdians, Faraghanis, Ushrusanis and Shashis, their kings attending his gate; Islam prevailed there and they raided the Turks beyond them. Abdallah ibn Tahir's son Tahir opened lands of al-Fuziyya none had reached before; and Ibn Ayyash holds Qutayba settled Arabs beyond the river as far as Farghana and al-Shash.
واقعہ
نقش معن بن زائدة على خاتم الخلافة
Ma'n ibn Za'ida engraved on the caliphal seal and took money from Kufa's kharaj. Umar's order to al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba: 'obey my messenger in him' — and before the seated assembly the messenger had a jami'a put on his neck and dragged hard, then jailed him in the reed-prison. Ma'n sent home for his she-camel, his jariya and his Qutwani abaya, rode out by night, lay hid till the search died, and came to Umar waking the tahajjud-men for dawn prayer — 'I come repentant' — 'You?!' After the prayer Umar put it to the assembly: 'cut his hand', said one; 'crucify him', said another; Ali said 'a man lied a lie — his punishment is in his skin', so Umar flogged him hard and jailed him. A Qurashi friend begged his release — 'you reminded me of the stabbing: bring Ma'n' — beaten again and returned to jail, till he told every friend 'do not mention me to the Commander'. Later Umar remembered, shared with him, and let him go.
واقعہ
حملة معن بن زائدة على رتبيل
Al-Mansur gave Sijistan to Ma'n ibn Za'ida al-Shaybani, who demanded of Rutbil the atawa al-Hajjaj had settled; Rutbil sent camels, Turkish tents and slaves, doubled in value — which enraged Ma'n. With Yazid ibn Mazyad on the van he marched on Rukhkhaj; Rutbil had left to summer in Zabulistan, which Ma'n took with mass captives, among them the boy Faraj al-Rukhkhaji — who told how a cloud of dust raised by wild asses' hooves looked to Ma'n like an army coming to wrest the captives, so he put them to the sword until he saw the donkeys and stopped; 'I saw my father bent over me saying: kill me, not my son'. The captives ran near thirty thousand. Mawand, Rutbil's deputy, sought aman to be borne to the Commander of the Faithful — sent to Baghdad with five thousand of their fighters, honored by al-Mansur, granted stipend and command.
واقعہ
حج منسا موسى
1324 عیسوی · 724 ھThe journey of Mali's king Mansa Musa to the Hijaz in 724 AH in a caravan that astonished Egypt and the Hijaz — over twelve thousand attendants in brocade and Yemeni silk, feasting every halt on rare foods and sweets — leaving Egypt retelling his munificence for generations, while he planned a lime-plastered guest house in his capital for his returning entourage.
واقعہ
مقتل مغلس وغلب موسى بن كعب السند
Mughallis al-Abdi reached Mansur ibn Jawhur al-Kalbi and was killed with his army; Abu Muslim then sent Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi, who met Mansur across the Mihran, routed him and slew his brother Mundhir — Mansur fled broken to die of thirst in the sands. Musa governed Sind, repaired al-Mansura, enlarged its mosque, and raided on.
واقعہ
سيرة ابن سمرة إلى كابل
Mu'awiya's appointment of Ibn Amir over Basra sent Ibn Samura back to Sijistan — Abbad ibn al-Husayn al-Habati over his shurta, and with him the ashraf Umar ibn Ubaydallah ibn Ma'mar, Abdullah ibn Khazim, Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a and al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra — reconquering town after town whose folk had apostatized, by force or sulh, until Kabul. Months of siege and mangonels opened a great breach; Abbad spent the night spearing the polytheists so they could not close it — al-Hasan: 'I never thought one man could stand for a thousand until I saw Abbad ibn al-Husayn'. At dawn the foe sallied; Ibn Khazim hamstrung their elephant which fell blocking the gate so they could not shut it — Abu Mikhnaf says it was al-Muhallab — and the Muslims entered by force. Victory-dispatch went with Umar ibn Ubaydallah and al-Muhallab; then Ibn Samura crossed Wadi Nasl, took Khawash and Quzan by force, Wazan whose folk fled, Khushak by sulh, al-Akhj by fighting, Zabulistan broken with captives, and Kabul again.
واقعہ
نزاع المرغاب
The Marghab tract — eight thousand jarib — was Hilal ibn Ahwaz al-Mazini's grant from Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik; Bashir ibn Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra dug its canals by force, named it Marghab Marw and claimed 'this qati'a is mine'. Humayri ibn Hilal sued; Bashir had already complained to Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri and won, so Khalid wrote Malik ibn al-Mundhir ibn al-Jarud on Basra's police: 'leave Bashir alone with the Marghab and its land' — while Amr ibn Yazid al-Usaydi sided with Humayri.
واقعہ
مهاداة السلطان أبي يعقوب والناصر محمد بن قلاوون
1304 عیسوی · 703 ھWhen Abu Ya'qub's Marinid kingship ran steady and the roads mended, he licensed the Maghrebis' first sea-hajj in years for 703 — having a splendid mushaf transcribed by Ahmad ibn Hasan the master scribe, bound with gold clasps set in ordered pearls and rubies and endowed to the Sacred Mosque — sent with the pilgrims a Zanata guard near five hundred under qadi Muhammad ibn Raghbush, and a gift of Barb horses and four hundred rare mounts to al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun; the Egyptian sultan, pleased, gathered marvels of his lands — garments, an elephant and a giraffe — and sent them by Amir al-Tilili, leaving Cairo at the end of 705 and reaching the sultan's court at the Mansura of Fes Jdid in Jumada II 706, and the sultan rejoiced at their coming and mounted.
واقعہ
استشهاد عمر بن حفص وخراب العباسية
759 اور 767 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: al-Mansur appointed Umar ibn Hafs ibn Uthman ibn Qubaysa ibn Abi Sufra al-Ataki — 'he who captured Hazarmard', whom al-Mansur admired, while elsewhere the text reads 'he appointed Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard in his place' — he entered Ifriqiya, raided to the farthest Berber lands and built there a city he named al-Abbasiyya; then Abu Khatim al-Saddrati al-Ibadi of Sadrata's people, a mawla of Kinda, fought him and he was martyred with a group of his household, the frontier rebelled, and the city he built was demolished.
واقعہ
غزوة مروان بن محمد في بلاد الخزر والجبال
732 اور 744 کے درمیان عیسوی · تقریباً 114 ھIn al-Baladhuri: after Maslama, Hisham gave the march to Sa'id al-Harashi, who held it two years, then to Marwan ibn Muhammad — who camped at Kisal, having built its city (forty farsakhs from Bardha'a, twenty from Tiflis), then entered the Khazar land by way of Bab al-Lan, Asid ibn Zafir al-Sulami Abu Yazid guiding him in with the mountain kings by way of Bab wa-l-Abwab; Marwan raided Slavs in the Khazar land, carrying off ten thousand households whom he settled in Khakhit — they later killed their amir and fled, and he overtook and slew them; when the Khazar great-king learned the numbers Marwan trod into his lands and their strength and array, it stung his heart and filled it with dread, and as Marwan drew near he sent a messenger summoning him to Islam or war — Marwan answered 'I accept Islam; send me one to present it', which was done, and the Khaqan showed forth Islam, Marwan making peace confirming him in his kingdom; with him Marwan settled a body of Khazars between al-Samur and al-Shabiran in the Lakz plain; then Marwan entered the land of al-Sarir, fell upon its people, took castles, and its king submitted and obeyed — he compounded with him for a thousand heads, five hundred lads and five hundred girls black of hair, brow and lash each year, and a hundred thousand mudd poured into Bab's granaries, taking hostages of him; Marwan compounded with Tuman's people for a hundred heads — fifty girls and fifty five-year-old boys black of hair, brow and lash — and twenty thousand mudd yearly to the granaries; then entered Zirikeran's land, whose king compounded for fifty heads and ten thousand mudd yearly; then came to Hamzin's land — Hamzin refusing peace — took their fortress after a month's siege, burned and demolished it, its treaty then being five hundred heads delivered in one payment, no further claim on him, and thirty thousand mudd borne yearly to Bab's granaries; then came to Sadan, which he opened by treaty for a hundred heads its lord delivered at once, no claim thereafter, and five thousand mudd borne yearly to Bab's granaries; and he assessed the people of Tabarsaranshah at ten thousand mudd borne yearly to the granaries, while assessing Filanshah nothing — for his fine service, handsome conduct and praiseworthy way; then Marwan camped on the fortress of al-Lakz — its lord having withheld the levy and gone out to join the Khazar king, whereupon a herdsman killed him with an arrow not knowing him — so the Lakz people compounded for twenty thousand mudd borne to the granaries, and he set Khashrama al-Sulami over them; and Marwan went to Shirwan's lord's fortress called Khirsh upon the sea — he submitted, was ordered down to the plain, and they were bound to ten thousand mudd yearly; on Shirwan's lord he laid it that he be in the van when the Muslims began raiding the Khazars and in the rear when they returned; on Filanshah, that he raid with them only; and on Tabarsaranshah, in the rear at the outset and the van at the return; and Marwan went to the Dudaniyya and fell on them — then word of al-Walid ibn Yazid's killing reached him.
واقعہ
حيلة مرزوق على الأصبهبذ
When Tabaristan's people breached under al-Mansur and killed Muslims he sent Khazim ibn Khuzayma al-Tamimi and Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi — with them Marzuq Abu al-Khasib, Khazim's mawla, namesake of Kufa's Qasr al-Khasib. As the siege dragged he begged them to beat him and shave his head and beard; done, he escaped to the Ispahbadh claiming 'these two betrayed me — see what they did — I have fled to you; accept my desertion and I will show you the Arabs' weaknesses'. The Ispahbadh clothed him, rewarded him and showed trust; Marzuq wrote the generals all they needed, contrived the gate till it opened, the Muslims took the city and subdued the land.
واقعہ
أصحاب المسجد يطلبون من النبي الصلاة فيه
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھShortly before marching to Tabuk, the people of the mosque they had built came to the Prophet saying they had built it for the sick and needy and for rainy and wintry nights, and asked him to pray in it for them; he put them off until his return.
واقعہ
غزوة مسلمة بن عبد الملك للخزر وفتح الباب
تقریباً 731 عیسوی · تقریباً 113 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik gave Armenia to Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik and sent ahead as his vanguard Sa'id ibn Amr ibn Aswad al-Harashi — with him Ishaq ibn Muslim al-Uqayli and his brothers, Jamwana ibn al-Harith ibn Khalid of Banu Amir ibn Rabi'a ibn Sa'sa'a, Dhufafa and Khalid the sons of Umayr ibn al-Habab al-Sulami, al-Furat ibn Salman al-Bahili and al-Walid ibn al-Qa'qa' al-Absi — who met the Khazars besieging Wartan, drove them off and routed them, coming to Maymadh of Adharbayjan; as he readied for battle, Maslama's letter reached him blaming him for fighting before his arrival and telling him Abd al-Malik ibn Muslim al-Uqayli had been given his army's command — when he handed the army over, Maslama's messenger seized him, bound him, carried him to Bardha'a and jailed him; the Khazars withdrew, Maslama pursued, and wrote of it to Hisham, who wrote back the verse 'leave them to waste — you see them — and chase them till the dust is cut off', ordering al-Harashi released from prison; Maslama compounded with the people of Khayzan, ordered its fortress demolished and took estates there known today as Hawz Khayzan; the mountain kings made peace with him, and to him came the Shirwanshah, the Liranshah, the Tabarsaranshah, the Filanshah, the Jarshanshah and the lord of Masmumat; he advanced on Madinat al-Bab and took it — in its citadel were a thousand Khazar households whom he besieged and stoned, then had a mantlet built in stone-shape which availed nothing, whereupon he went to the spring Anushirwan had led into their cistern, slaughtered cattle and sheep and threw in the offal and dung, so that by nightfall their water wormed, stank and fouled — and when night covered them they fled, abandoning the citadel; Maslama settled in the city of Bab wa-l-Abwab twenty-four thousand Syrians on mount-allowances — whence Bab's folk today admit no governor unless he brings money to share among them — built a granary for food, one for barley and an arms-storehouse, ordered the cistern sealed, and repaired and honoured the city; Marwan ibn Muhammad was with Maslama, engaging the Khazars at his side and fighting bitterly.
واقعہ
هلاك مصقلة بطبرستان
Mu'awiya made Masmala ibn Hubayra ibn Shabal of Tha'laba ibn Shayban governor of Tabaristan — all its people war — reinforced with ten, some say twenty, thousand; the enemy tricked him, showing dread till he drove deep into the land, then seized the narrows and rolled the mountains' rocks onto their heads — the whole army perished and Masmala with it, and the people made him a proverb: 'till Masmala returns from Tabaristan'.
واقعہ
مسح قطيعة المسروقانين
Al-Masruqanan, the Abu Bakra family's qati'a — originally a hundred jarib — was surveyed by al-Mansur's surveyors at a thousand; they confirmed a hundred in the family's hands and seized the rest.
واقعہ
خروج مازيار بن قارن
225 ھAl-Ma'mun gave Mazyar ibn Qarin Tabaristan, al-Ruwayan and Dumbawand, named him Muhammad and gave him the Ispahbadh's rank; al-Mu'tasim confirmed him, then he apostatized and broke faith six years into the caliphate. Abdallah ibn Tahir sent his uncle al-Hasan ibn al-Husayn with Khurasan's men and the caliph sent Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Mus'ab; Mazyar's brother Quhyar ibn Qarin, nursing slights, was secretly theirs. The ruse: al-Hasan hides, Quhyar tells Mazyar al-Hasan offers aman at another spot — marching there, Quhyar's signal brings the ambushers out of the thickets, he seizes Mazyar's belt, they take him unharmed, no pledge — carried to Samarra in 225, flogged to death before al-Mu'tasim, crucified beside Babak at the arch by the shurta-hall; Quhyar was killed by his brother's retainers, and Tabaristan, plain and mountain, was conquered for Abdallah ibn Tahir and Tahir after him.
واقعہ
سيل مكة العظيم 859هـ
1454 اور 1455 کے درمیان عیسوی · 859 ھ859: a great torrent struck Mecca, entering the Haram until it nearly reached the Black Stone.
واقعہ
سيل مكة 865هـ
تقریباً نومبر 1460 عیسوی · تقریباً صفر 865 ھSafar 865: a great flood at Mecca.
واقعہ
سيل مكة العظيم 867هـ
تقریباً جنوری 1463 عیسوی · تقریباً ربیع الثانی 867 ھRabi' II 867: a great flood at Mecca entered the Haram, the water rising near the lock of the Kaaba's door.
واقعہ
سيل مكة الهائل سنة 887هـ
تقریباً 1482 عیسوی · 887 ھIn mid-Dhu'l-Qa'da 887 came the tremendous flood of Mecca, the like unheard of: nearly a quarter of Mecca's houses ruined, the water passing the Kaaba's door inside the Sacred Mosque, and of God's creatures unnumbered dead.
واقعہ
إجراء عيون مكة 835هـ
1431 اور 1432 کے درمیان عیسوی · 835 ھ835: Mecca's springs were channeled into the city, filling the Bab al-Mu'alla pools and running past al-Safa and the Night Market — 'and the benefit spread'.
واقعہ
غارة ميخائيل على عمق مرعش سنة 161
تقریباً 777 عیسوی · 161 ھIn al-Baladhuri — Muhammad ibn Sa'd told me from al-Waqidi: Michael came out of the Darb al-Hadath with eighty thousand, reached Amq Mar'ash killing, burning and taking captives of the Muslims, and came to the gate of Mar'ash, where Isa ibn Ali was — he having raided that year — so Isa's mawalis, the city folk and their fighters went out and shot him with arrows and darts; he feigned flight until he had drawn them from the city, then turned on them and killed eight of Isa's mawalis, the rest holding fast in the city which they shut, whereupon he besieged them then withdrew to Jayhan; word reached Thumama ibn al-Walid al-Absi at Dayq — he having been placed over that year's summer expedition, year 161 — who sent dense cavalry against him that were destroyed save those who escaped, which so grieved al-Mahdi that he made ready to send al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba raiding the next year, year 162.
واقعہ
بعث خالد بن الوليد إلى بني الحارث بن كعب وإسلامهم وقدوم وفدهم
0631-07/0631-08 · تقریباً ربیع الثانی 10 ھIn Rabi' al-Akhir or Jumada al-Ula 10 AH the Prophet sent Khalid ibn al-Walid to Banu al-Harith ibn Ka'b at Najran with orders to invite them to Islam for three days before fighting; they converted without fighting, Khalid stayed to teach them and wrote to the Prophet, who told him to come with their delegation. He brought six of their chiefs; the Prophet asked who these men were who looked like men of India, asked four times whether they were the ones who advance when rebuked until Yazid ibn Abd al-Madan answered, told them that but for Khalid's letter he would have thrown their heads beneath their feet, and appointed Qays ibn al-Husayn over them. They returned at the end of Shawwal or the start of Dhu al-Qa'da, four months before the Prophet's death.
واقعہ
قطيعة معاوية السبخة
The marsh between the rivers was a salt-flat Mu'awiya granted one of his nephews; when the lad came to inspect it Ziyad had water released into it — 'the Commander of the Faithful granted me a waterfowl-marsh I have no use for' — so Ziyad bought it for two hundred thousand dirhams, dug its canals and parceled grants from it.
واقعہ
دعوة لا شبع الله بطنه على معاوية
Mu'awiya wrote for the Prophet in the Year of the Conquest; called to him one day while eating he delayed, and he said 'may God not fill his belly' — 'the Prophet's prayer caught me', Mu'awiya said, who ate seven meals a day, more and less.
واقعہ
قصة المغيرة بن شعبة وأم جميل
Al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba kept visiting Umm Jamil bint Yahjan of Hilal — wife of the Thaqafi al-Hajjaj ibn Utayk — till Abu Bakra ibn Masruh, Shibl ibn Ma'bad al-Bajali, Nafi' ibn al-Harith and Ziyad ibn Ubayda watched him enter and burst in on them naked; they testified before Umar, who told Abu Musa al-Ash'ari 'I am sending you to a town where Satan has nested' and made him governor with al-Bara' ibn Malik, Imran ibn al-Husayn and Awf ibn Wahb, recalling al-Mughira. Nafi', Shibl and Abu Bakra swore explicitly; Ziyad, fourth, said 'I saw an ugly sight and heard a high breathing — I know not whether he entered her'. Umar: 'I see the face of a man on whose word I hope no Companion is stoned' — he had the three flogged; Shibl cried 'you flog truth's witnesses?', Abu Bakra swore anew and was warned of the hadd — 'then it is a claim, your man is stoned' — and swore never to speak to Ziyad, his half-brother by Sumayya.
واقعہ
ولاية المهلب بن أبي صفرة خراسان
Al-Hajjaj, holding Khurasan with the two Iraqs, gave it in 99h to al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra — Zalim ibn Siraq ibn Subh of the Azd, Abu Sa'id — who campaigned widely: retook the breached Khattl and Khujanda, received Sughd's atawa, raided Kish and Nasaf, and died at Zaghul of Marw al-Rudh at al-Shawsa, his illness having begun in grief for his son al-Mughira.
واقعہ
غزو المهلب ثغر الهند وتحذيف الخيل
In 44h al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra raided the Indian frontier to Banna and the marshes between Multan and Kabul; at al-Qiqan eighteen Turkish riders on docked horses fought him and died — 'why are these Ajam readier to cut short than us?' — and he trimmed his own mounts, the first Muslim to do so.
واقعہ
خروج محمد بن البعيث
Marand was a small village settled by Halbas Abu al-Ba'ith, fortified by al-Ba'ith then his son Muhammad ibn al-Ba'ith who built palaces there; Muhammad broke away in al-Mutawakkil's caliphate, and Buna al-Saghir the caliph's mawla fought him till he took him, carried him to Samarra, and razed Marand's wall and that palace — the Ba'ithids descending from Utayb ibn Amr of Asad ibn Rabi'a, or Utayb ibn Awf ibn Sinan as the Utaybis tell it.
واقعہ
تجهيز محمد بن القاسم إلى السند
Al-Hajjaj gave Muhammad ibn al-Qasim the Sind frontier — recalled from a Rayy posting — with six thousand Syrian troops and outfitting down to threads and needles, ordered to muster at Shiraz; he even steeped carded cotton in wine-vinegar, dried in the shade, against Sind's vinegar-scarcity — 'soak it, cook with it, dye with it'. Muhammad marched through Makran, took Qanirbur and Arma'il — Muhammad ibn Harun joining him and dying near it, buried at Qanbal.
واقعہ
حمل محمد بن القاسم مقيداً ومقتله بواسط
Al-Walid dead, Sulayman put Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman over Iraq's kharaj and Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki over Sind; Muhammad was carried bound with Mu'awiya ibn al-Muhallab, reciting 'they wasted me — and what a youth they wasted, for the day of hardship and filling the gap'. Sind wept and painted him at al-Kiraj. Salih jailed him at Wasit — 'would that I were buried in Wasit's soil, pledged to iron, bound and shackled... had I not taken rest, mares and stallions bred for war would have been ridden; the Saksakis' horse had not entered our land, no amir of Akk over me, nor I follower of the Muzuni slave' — and tortured him among the Banu Abi Aqil till he died, avenging his brother Adam the Khariji killed by al-Hajjaj. Hazza ibn Bayd al-Hanafi praised him: 'he led armies at seventeen — how near a mastery to his birth'. Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha died eighteen days after reaching Sind.
واقعہ
ثورة المختار بن أبي عبيد بالكوفة
65 ھ
واقعہ
فتح الملتان وبيت الذهب
Across the Bayas, Multan's folk fought — Za'ida ibn Umayr al-Ta'i excelled — then shut themselves in. The Muslims ate their donkeys till a protected man showed the water-intake — the spring al-Balah fed from Basmad's river — and cut it, they yielded on terms: the fighters slain, six thousand temple sadins and offspring enslaved, and gold heaped in a ten-by-eight cubit house filled through a roof hole — whence 'Multan, Faraj Bayt al-Dhahab', the frontier of the House of Gold. Its budd drew offerings and vows; Sind's pilgrims shaved heads and beards there and claimed its idol was the prophet Ayyub.
واقعہ
فتح قصدار على يد المنذر بن الجارود
Ziyad gave Abu al-Ash'ath al-Mundhir ibn al-Jarud the frontier; he campaigned Buqan and Qiqan, spread his squadrons, took Qusdar and made captives — Sinan had first opened it before its breach and died there. Some say Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad appointed Sinan with Ibn Harri over his saraya. Buqan's folk are Muslims today, and Imran ibn Musa al-Barmaki built its city al-Bayda under al-Mu'tasim.
واقعہ
مقتل موسى بن عبد الله بن خازم
Al-Mufaddal sent Uthman ibn Mas'ud with fifteen thousand, who camped on the island still called Jazirat Uthman, pressed Musa, and summoned Tarkhun. Seeing the forces arrive, Musa left the city charging his men: 'if I am killed, yield it to Mudrik ibn al-Muhallab, never to Ibn Mas'ud'. Turks and Sughd cut him off, his horse stumbled, he mounted behind a mawla crying 'death is bitter'; Uthman marked him — 'Musa's leap, by the Lord of the Ka'ba!' — drove him down, and they surrounded and slew him and his company save Irqiya ibn al-Harfana, spared to Khalid ibn Abi Barza. Wasil ibn Taysala al-Anbari struck the final blow; the city went to Mudrik — it was the end of 85h — and the man who struck dead Musa's leg was himself killed by Qutayba.
واقعہ
استيلاء موسى بن عبد الله بن خازم على الترمذ
Musa ibn Abdallah ibn Khazim was at Tirmidh; he came to Samarqand where king Tarkhon honored him — until one of his men killed a Sughdian and he was expelled — then to Kish's lord, then back to Tirmidh the fortress. Its dahqan lodged and fed him; when Musa lay down to stay, the dahqan said 'leave', and he answered 'I know no home like this' — and fought its people.
واقعہ
حروب موسى من الترمذ
Tirmidh's dahqan and folk went to the Turks for help — refused: 'curse you, a man in a hundred comes, expels you, takes your city'. His father's old companions joined Musa; when the Turks finally aided, surrounding him, he night-attacked and took their camp — sixteen Muslims wounded. Thabit and Hurayth ibn Qutba, backed by Tarkhun's levies, became his army's real commanders — 'yours is the name, theirs the command'. Hayatila and Turks sallied and were beaten — al-Hajjaj: 'praise God who gave the hypocrites victory over the polytheists' — and Musa built two great mounds of his foes' heads. Hurayth fell to a stray arrow; the men pressed Musa against Thabit, who fled, won Tarkhun's aid, took the rabad, and besieged him in eighty thousand as Kish, Nasaf and Bukhara reinforced Musa. Yazid ibn Huzayl, sent against Ziyad al-Qasir, took a head-blow and died in seven days — Yazid himself escaped across the Saghaniyan river — and Musa's night-raid on Thabit's camp scattered the Ajam home. Khurasan's people said: never his like — two years unbeaten with his father, Tirmidh taken with a handful, its king expelled, Turks and Ajam routed.
واقعہ
خروج مسافر القصّاب بأرمينية
744 اور 754 کے درمیان عیسوی · تقریباً 126 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Thabit ibn Nu'aym al-Judhami rose against Marwan ibn Muhammad, and Musafir al-Qassab — one whom al-Dahhak al-Khariji had empowered at al-Bab — came agreeing with his view; al-Dahhak gave him Armenia and Adharbayjan, and he came to Ardabil in disguise, whence a body of Sharat (Kharijites) went out with him — among them Bajirwan — finding at... like-minded men who joined them, then Wartan whose folk accompanied them in numbers sharing their view, crossing to al-Baylaqan where a great crowd of like view attached itself, till they camped at Yunan; Marwan ibn Muhammad gave Armenia to Ishaq ibn Muslim, who fought Musafir ceaselessly, Musafir holding the fortress of al-Kilab in Sisajan; then when the blessed Dawla came and Abu Ja'far al-Mansur governed Jazira and Armenia under al-Saffah, he sent against Musafir and his fellows a commander of Khurasan's people who fought them till he overcame them and killed Musafir — the people of al-Baylaqan had fortified themselves in Qal'at al-Kilab under their chief Wadad ibn Asfar al-Baylaqani, and were brought down under aman.
واقعہ
انتقاض أهل أرمينية على الحسن بن قحطبة
754 اور 775 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Armenia's people rose in revolt in the governorship of al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba al-Ta'i — after the removal of Ibn Asid and Bakkar ibn Muslim al-Uqayli — their chief being Mushay'il the Armenian; al-Mansur sent him reinforcements under Amir ibn Isma'il, and al-Hasan met Mushay'il, who was killed, his hosts scattered, and matters settled for him — it is he after whom Nahr al-Hasan at al-Baylaqan, the garden called Bagh al-Hasan at Bardha'a, and the estates known as al-Hasaniyya were named.
واقعہ
تجهيز الجيش الإسلامي لأحد
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھThe departure of the Muslim army of 1,000 fighters, divided into three battalions (Muhajirun, Aws, and Khazraj).
واقعہ
غزو مسلم بن سعيد فرغانة والهزيمة
Umar ibn Hubayra gave Khurasan to Muslim ibn Sa'id, who took al-Afshin's sulh on six thousand heads plus his fortress. When word came that Asad ibn Abdallah had been given Khurasan, Muslim campaigned Farghana — cut the trees and ruined the buildings — till the Khaqan descended and he fled three marches in a day, beasts collapsing under Turkish raids: 'you marched us out to disobey for fear of dismissal — this flattering world did not save you'.
واقعہ
استخبارات المدينة عن جيش أحد
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھAl-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib sending a detailed message to the Prophet regarding Quraysh's army movements.
واقعہ
توقف الجيش بمعان وخطبة ابن رواحة
تقریباً ستمبر 629 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 8 ھThe Mu'tah army camped at Ma'an in Syria; news reached them that Heraclius had encamped at Ma'ab in al-Balqa' with a hundred thousand Romans, joined by equal numbers from Lakhm, Judham, al-Qayn, Bahra' and Bali under Malik ibn Zaflah. When the men debated sending for reinforcements, Abd Allah ibn Rawaha urged them forward with a speech about the two good outcomes.
واقعہ
قيادة خالد بن الوليد وانسحاب الجيش
تقریباً ستمبر 629 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 8 ھAfter the three commanders' deaths, Thabit ibn Aqram picked up the standard and declined command; the men chose Khalid ibn al-Walid. Khalid maneuvered defensively and withdrew the army intact. Ibn Hisham cites al-Zuhri with a divergent tradition that God granted victory under Khalid.
واقعہ
استشهاد عبد الله بن رواحة بعد تردده
تقریباً ستمبر 629 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 8 ھWhen Ja'far was killed, Ibn Rawaha took the standard and hesitated; he exhorted his soul in verse then dismounted. His cousin brought him a bone of meat; he bit from it, heard the battle roar and threw it down, advancing to fight until killed. The Prophet reported seeing Ibn Rawaha's throne in Paradise tilted slightly relative to the thrones of Zayd and Ja'far because he had hesitated.
واقعہ
استشهاد جعفر بن أبي طالب وعقره فرسه
تقریباً ستمبر 629 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 8 ھAfter Zayd's death Ja'far took the standard, dismounted and hamstrung his chestnut horse — the first such act in Islam — then fought until killed. Ibn Hisham adds (from a trusted source) that he gripped the banner with his right hand (cut off), then his left (cut off), then clasped it between his arms, dying at thirty-three. Ibn Hisham also records (ويقال) that a Roman cut him in two.
واقعہ
استشهاد زيد بن حارثة قائدًا أول
تقریباً ستمبر 629 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 8 ھAt Mu'tah, Zayd ibn Haritha carried the Prophet's standard and fought until he was killed. The Prophet announced his martyrdom in Medina before news arrived, and reported seeing him raised on a golden throne in a vision.
واقعہ
عودة جيش مؤتة إلى المدينة وتلقي النبي لهم
تقریباً 629 عیسوی · تقریباً 8 ھWhen the army neared Medina, the Prophet and Muslims went out to meet it; boys ran ahead. The Prophet asked for Ja'far's son and carried Abd Allah ibn Ja'far on his mount. Some people threw dust and called the army 'deserters'; the Prophet replied: 'They are not deserters; they are the ones who will charge again, God willing.' Salama ibn Hisham hid at home in shame.
واقعہ
مقتل مطرف وثأر مكرم
Mus'ab made Mutarrif ibn Saydan al-Bahili his Basra police chief; he executed the highwayman al-Nabi ibn Ziyad ibn Zubyan and flogged his Tamimi partner. Transferred to al-Ahwaz, Mutarrif was met by Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad ibn Zubyan's avenging host across a river — he crossed and was stabbed dead. Mus'ab sent Mukram ibn Mutarrif on the blood-feud; he camped where Askar Mukram stands and missed him — Ibn Zubyan reached Abd al-Malik, fought at his side against Mus'ab, killed him and took his head; al-Ba'ith sang 'we spared you — the best affair is sufficiency — we gave Ibn Saydan a bitter cup'.
واقعہ
بعث موسى بن بغا إلى الديلم
253 ھIn 253 AH al-Mu'tazz sent his mawla Musa ibn Bugha al-Kabir against the Talibis risen in Daylam and the Tabaristan side, where the Daylamis had rallied to a man called al-Kawki; he raided Daylam deep into their land, fought them, struck them hard, and his burden and damage weighed heavy on them.
واقعہ
عهد أبي بكر للمثنى بن حارثة
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: al-Muthanna ibn Haritha ibn Salama ibn Damdam al-Shaybani raided the Sawad with men of his people; news reached Abu Bakr who asked about him, and Qays ibn Asim ibn Sinan al-Minqari said 'a man neither of hidden fame nor unknown lineage nor weak support — this is al-Muthanna ibn Haritha al-Shaybani.' Then al-Muthanna came to Abu Bakr saying 'O caliph of God's messenger, employ me over those of my people who have Islamized to fight these Persians'; Abu Bakr wrote him a patent for it, and he went to Khaffan, called his people to Islam and they Islamized. Then Abu Bakr wrote Khalid ibn al-Walid al-Makhzumi ordering him to march to Iraq — it is said he dispatched him from Medina — and wrote al-Muthanna ordering his hearing, obeying and supporting him.
واقعہ
قطيعة نافع ما مشى
Ziyad told Abd al-Rahman ibn Tubba' al-Himyari, master of his land-grants, to grant Nafi' ibn al-Harith 'what he walks'; Nafi' walked till his sandal-strap broke and sat — 'enough' — 'had I known, I would have walked to Ubulla' — 'let me throw my sandal' — and he threw it as far as al-Ijana.
واقعہ
نار الحجاز سنة 654هـ
تقریباً جون 1256 عیسوی · جمادی الثانی 654 ھA great earthquake followed by an eruption of fire in the land of Medina in Jumada II 654 AH, in fulfilment of the Prophet's report of a fire issuing from the Hijaz by whose light camels' necks would be lit at Busra; tremors began at the start of the month, intensified on the night of Wednesday the 3rd until eighteen shocks struck in a single day per al-Qastallani, then the fire appeared at Qarayza at the edge of the harra, flowing like a river red and blue with a thunderous roar that levelled hills, its boiling seen for days and reportedly sighted from Mecca and the mountains of Busra; yet a cool breeze still reached Medina until it was turned aside to the north on reaching the sanctuary boundary, and the dam it left is still called al-Habs by the people of Medina.
واقعہ
كتاب نقفور وغزوة هرقلة
تقریباً 802 عیسوی · 187 ھIn year 187 a letter reached al-Rashid from Nikephoros, king of the Romans, repudiating the truce made with Empress Irene: 'she set you as the rook and herself as the pawn, carrying you loads of her wealth from women's weakness — restore what reached you or the sword is between us.' Al-Rashid raged and wrote on the letter's back: 'from Harun, Commander of the Faithful, to Nikephoros, dog of the Romans: I have read your letter, son of the infidel woman — the answer is what you will see, not what you will hear.' He marched that day to Heraclea — a witnessed conquest — and Nikephoros sued for peace at yearly tribute; but on the caliph's return to Raqqa he broke faith, trusting winter, and al-Rashid turned back in hardship until he camped before his city and took his prize.
واقعہ
الأمر باعتزال نساء الثلاثة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھWhen forty nights had passed, the Prophet's messenger came to Ka'b ordering him to stay apart from his wife and not approach her, and the same was sent to his two companions. Ka'b sent his wife to her family, while Hilal ibn Umayya's wife was allowed to serve him without him approaching her.
واقعہ
فتح القسطنطينية على يد محمد الفاتح
In Arslan's commentary on Stoddard, the Ottoman siege begins under Bayezid I and resumes under Murad II before Mehmed II takes the city; the book describes three days of plunder and Friday prayer in Hagia Sophia on the fourth.
واقعہ
طاعون سنة 819هـ
تقریباً 1416 عیسوی · 819 ھ819 opened with dearth and plague still mounting in Egypt and Tripoli — it was said ten thousand died at Tripoli in ten days, that of Isfahan's people only the rare survived, and that Fez counted thirty-six thousand dead in a single month, the lands nearly emptied of their people. That year the sultan ordered the khatibs, when they reached the prayer for him in the sermon, to step down one step of the minbar in courtesy, so God's name and His Messenger's would stand higher than the spot where the sultan is named — and the custom endured.
واقعہ
استعدادات قريش لغزوة أحد
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھA large-scale military and financial mobilization by Quraysh to avenge their defeat at Badr.
واقعہ
احتراق المسجد النبوي سنة 654هـ
تقریباً 1256 عیسوی · 654 ھOn Friday night, the first of Ramadan 654, after tarawih, the Prophet's Mosque burned when the chamber-keeper Abu Bakr al-Maraghi dropped a candle-end: every roof caught, columns fell, the lead melted and part of the Hujra's roof fell into the chamber — before the people slept.
واقعہ
صاعقة المسجد النبوي سنة 886هـ
تقریباً 1481 عیسوی · 886 ھIn Ramadan 886 a lightning strike burned the Prophet's noble Mosque — its roof, stores, book-treasury and lodgings, little of its arches and pillars left standing; some recited over it: 'the Prophet's sanctuary burned for no suspicion feared upon him nor any stain — but the Rawafid's hands touched those traces and fire purified them'. On 17 Muharram of the same year a tremendous quake struck Mecca, the like unheard of.
واقعہ
صاعقة المسجد النبوي الثانية 898هـ
تقریباً 2 دسمبر 1492 عیسوی · 18 صفر 898 ھA second lightning strike on the Prophet's Mosque, Wednesday 18 Safar 898 — hitting the main minaret, shattering its crescent-helmet and felling its lower tier; the same year saw Bursa's wondrous plague and the burning of half the city.
واقعہ
مساجد النبي بين المدينة وتبوك
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھIbn Ishaq names seventeen places where the Prophet had known, named mosques between Medina and Tabuk — the first a mosque at Tabuk and the last a mosque at Dhi Khushub.
واقعہ
رجوع النبي واعتذار المتخلفين
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet reached Medina in the morning, began at the mosque where he prayed two rak'as and sat for the people. Those who had stayed behind came swearing oaths and making excuses — eighty-odd men by Ka'b ibn Malik's count; he accepted their outward professions and oaths, asked forgiveness for them, and left their inner thoughts to God.
واقعہ
خاتم النبي للمراسلة
Anas ibn Malik: when the Prophet meant to write to the Byzantine king he was told 'they do not read a letter unsealed', so he took a silver seal — 'as if I see its whiteness on his hand' — engraved 'Muhammad, Messenger of God'.
واقعہ
خطبة النبي للأنصار في الحظيرة بالجعرانة
فروری 630 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 8 ھAfter the Ansar felt grieved that newly reconciled Qurashi and Bedouin chieftains received large gifts while they received nothing, the Prophet gathered them in an enclosure at al-Ji'rana and delivered an impassioned, tearful address: 'Are you not pleased that people return with sheep and camels while you return with the Messenger of God to your dwellings?', moving the entire gathering to tears.
واقعہ
فتح قلعة بسر
670 اور 690 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Uqba ibn Nafi' sent Busr ibn Abi Artat to a castle of Qayrawan's which he opened, killing and taking captive — it is known today as Qal'at Busr, near a town called Majjana by the silver mine; and I have heard it told that it was Musa ibn Nusayr who sent Busr — then eighty-two years old — to this castle, which he opened, Busr having been born a year before the Prophet's death; and others than al-Waqidi claim he related of the Prophet — God knows best.
واقعہ
الوقعة التي أفنت الخطا
تقریباً 1207 عیسوی · 604 ھ
واقعہ
أمر القراطيس وضرب الدنانير
تقریباً 692 عیسوی · تقریباً 73 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: papyrus rolls entered Roman lands from Egypt and dinars came to the Arabs from the Romans; Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan was among the first to inscribe what was written at scroll-heads — 'Say He is God, One' and other mentions of God — so Rome's king wrote him: 'you have introduced an inscription on your papyri that we hate; if you leave it, we will put on the dinars of mention of you what you hate.' That weighed on Abd al-Malik — loath to abandon a good practice he had established — so he sent to Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mu'awiya, who said: 'set your heart at ease, Commander of the Faithful: forbid their dinars that they not be traded, strike coinage for the people, and do not relieve these unbelievers of what they hated in the scrolls.' Abd al-Malik said 'you have relieved me, may God relieve you' and struck the dinars. Awana ibn al-Hakam said: the Copts used to mention Christ at scroll-heads attributing divinity to him, placing the cross where the basmala was — hence Rome's king was galled and Abd al-Malik's change weighed on him. Al-Mada'ini via Maslama ibn Muharib: Khalid ibn Yazid counselled Abd al-Malik to forbid their dinars, prevent trading in them, and stop papyrus entering Roman lands — so for a time none was carried to them.
واقعہ
وثبة قتادة على ركب العراق بمنى سنة 608هـ
تقریباً 1211 عیسوی · 608 ھIn 608 Qatada the Husayni, amir of Mecca, fell upon the Iraqi pilgrimage caravan at Mina — 'and not a spear was dipped in it'. Ibn al-Athir gives the mechanism: a Batini killed one of Qatada's men at Mina mistaking him for the amir, whereupon Qatada mustered the ashraf, Arabs, slaves and Meccans, descended on the pilgrims from the mountain with stones and arrows — the boy pilgrim-amir panicking — and plundered the margins of the camp. The survivors joined the Syrian convoy and completed their hajj; Qatada sent his son to Baghdad with drawn swords and shrouds to kiss the threshold in apology.
واقعہ
حملة قيس على بلخ وخراب النوبهار
With Badghis, Herat, Bushanj and Balkh still on their breach, Ibn Amir sent Qays ibn al-Haytham against Balkh — its Nawbahar was ruined by Ata ibn al-Sa'ib, Banu al-Layth's mawla called al-Khashl, who also built the 'Qanatir Ata' over three rivers a farsakh out. Balkh sued for peace and return to obedience; Qays granted it — and Ibn Amir, when he presented himself, struck him a hundred lashes and imprisoned him. Ibn Khazim, appointed next, received Herat, Bushanj and Badghis's suit for aman, truced them, and bore their money to Ibn Amir.
واقعہ
سيرة قيس بن الهيثم بطخارستان
Left in charge, Qays ibn al-Haytham marched through Tukharistan; every land truced and yielded till Siminjan resisted — he besieged and stormed it. It is said Ibn Amir divided Khurasan among three: al-Ahnaf ibn Qays, Hatim ibn al-Nu'man al-Bahili and Qays ibn al-Haytham, the first the most established.
واقعہ
الإقامة بقباء
23 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · 8 ربیع الاول 1 ھThe Prophet's stay at Quba from Monday 8 Rabi' I 1 AH: hosted by Kulthum ibn al-Hidm, he founded the mosque of Quba — the first mosque 'upon taqwa' — before riding to Medina on Friday; the length of the stay is debated (four days per Ibn Ishaq, up to 24 nights in Bukhari).
واقعہ
حركة قم وإعادة فتحها
In al-Baladhuri: when Qumm's people defied, withheld kharaj and rebelled, al-Ma'mun sent Ali ibn Hisham al-Marwazi with armies ordered to punish them — he killed their chief Yahya ibn Imran, demolished the city wall flat to the ground, and levied seven million dirhams plus increments, though they had earlier appealed against two million; this fell due in al-Mu'tazz's caliphate, when Musa ibn Bugha, his Jibal agent fighting the Tabaristan Talibis, was sent against them — the city was stormed, many of its people killed, and al-Mu'tazz ordered a group of its notables deported.
واقعہ
تمويل جيش أحد
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھThe sale of a thousand camels by Quraysh to raise fifty thousand dinars to fund their war against Muslims.
واقعہ
كتبة قريش وأهل بيت النبي
Abu Bakr ibn Abdallah ibn Abi Jahm al-'Adawi counted the literate of Quraysh when Islam came — seventeen men: Umar, Ali, Uthman, Abu Ubayda, Talha, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Abu Hudhayfa ibn 'Utba, Hatib ibn 'Amr, Abu Salama ibn Abd al-Asad, Aban ibn Sa'id and his brother Khalid ibn Sa'id, Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh, Huwaytib ibn Abd al-'Uzza, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Mu'awiya, Juhm ibn al-Salt — and of Quraysh's allies al-A'la' ibn al-Hadrami. Al-Shifa' bint Abdallah, a Jahiliya scribe, was told 'teach Hafsa the ant-charm as you taught her writing'; Hafsa wrote, Umm Kulthum bint 'Uqba wrote, A'isha bint Sa'd said 'my father taught me', Karima bint al-Miqdad wrote — while A'isha and Umm Salama read the mushaf but did not write. First to write for the Prophet at Medina was Ubayy ibn Ka'b, and when absent Zayd ibn Thabit — both wrote revelation and correspondence before him; first Qurashi scribe was Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh, who then apostatized to Mecca having altered the dictation, and in his case al-An'am's verse came down on the one who claims to bring the like of the revelation.
واقعہ
وفاة قثم بن العباس بسمرقند
Qutham ibn al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib died with Sa'id's army at Samarqand — some say martyred; hearing it, Ibn Abbas said 'what a distance between his birthplace and his grave' and turned to prayer, citing the verse on seeking help in patience and prayer. Earlier, offered five booty-shares by Sa'id at Khurasan, Qutham had asked only for one share for himself and one for his horse.
واقعہ
فتوح قتيبة بيكند وبخارا وقتل نيزك
In 87h Qutayba marched on Baykand with Nizak, crossing from Zamm — nearest of Bukhara's towns to the river — and when they betrayed and summoned Sughd he fought, raided and besieged till they sued: he took it by force. In 88h he campaigned Tumushkat and Karminiya, leaving brother Bashshar over Marw, then Bukhara, opened on sulh — Abu Ubayda's telling: they warded him till he begged 'let me enter and pray two rak'as', admitted, his hidden men overwhelmed the gate, he took great wealth and betrayed its folk. He struck the Sughd, killed Nizak in Tukharistan and crucified him, and opened Kish and Nasaf — Nakhshab — by sulh.
واقعہ
مقتل قتيبة بن مسلم
Khurasan held forty thousand Basran fighters, seven thousand Kufans, seven thousand mawali. Waki' feigned sickness, shins painted with ochre, sending 'I cannot stir'; those sent to fetch him slipped to his side. He called for spear and his son's-mother's veil as banner — 'Idris, Iblis' messenger, met him: Qutayba swore by God he would not come till he brought his head — and closed on the fustat. Salih called for his bow — 'not a bow day' — a Dabbi's arrow struck Qutayba's throat, he was dragged in and finished; Hayyan called the Ajam to Tamim's side; the tent-cords were cut and the faza's pole fell on his skull. Abdallah ibn Alwan took the head — Hisham ibn al-Kalbi says Jahm ibn Zahr al-Jumhi killed him and Sa'd ibn Majd struck him — brothers, household, the deaf umm-walad died with him; Dirar ibn Muslim alone Tamim spared. The Azd took head and seal; Waki' sent it to Sulayman by Salit ibn Atta, forbade Bahila's plunder, and confirmed Lahiq ibn Humayd on Marw. Qutayba was fifty-five.
واقعہ
افتتاح قتيبة ما وراء النهر
Al-Hajjaj gave Qutayba ibn Muslim al-Bahili Khurasan; marching on Akharun he was met at Talaqan by Balkh's dahqans bridging the river, and at the crossing by the Saghaniyan king bearing gifts and a golden key, yielding obedience and inviting him into his land — pressed by Akharun and Shuman's king — and Kafiyan's king came likewise, both surrendering their lands. Qutayba left his brother Salih beyond the river, who took Kasan and Urusht of Farghana — Nasr ibn Sayyar in his army — and Sakhr and Akhsikath, Farghana's old city; Kasan and Urusht, breached later, were last reopened by Nuh ibn Asad under al-Mansur. Juzjan's king truced on coming in person, came, returned, and died at Talaqan.
واقعہ
فتح قتيبة سمرقند
Qutayba besieged Samarqand — the old seat of Sughd's kings before Ishtikhan — through repeated battles, while the Shash king came from Tarband with his fighters for the fiercest fighting, broken and routed. Ghurak truced at two hundred and two thousand dirhams yearly with leave to pray in the city — entered, ate the food Ghurak prepared, built a mosque, and left a Muslim colony including the exegete al-Dahhak ibn Muzahim — or, some say, seven hundred thousand and three days' hospitality. The pact covered the idol- and fire-houses: the idols were taken out, stripped, and burned — the Ajam swore whoever touched them perished — and when Qutayba burned them with his own hand many embraced Islam. Abu Ubayda counts the conquest by force, Sa'id's unbroken sulh deemed too small; and he opened Baykand, Kish, Nasaf, al-Shash, Bum of Farghana, Sughd and Ushrusana.
واقعہ
قدوم قتيبة سجستان
Qutayba ibn Muslim, holding Khurasan and Sijistan under al-Walid, gave Sijistan to his brother Amr; when Amr pressed Rutbil for arrears, Rutbil answered he owed only the 'urud agreed with al-Hajjaj. Amr wrote to Qutayba, who came in person; Rutbil sent: 'we have not left obedience — we only agreed on 'urud, so do not wrong us'. Qutayba told the army 'accept his 'urud — it is an accursed frontier', and they did. Before returning he sowed a crop at Zaranj so the enemy would despair of his leaving and submit; when locusts ate it he had it burned, leaving Ibn Abdallah ibn Umayr al-Laythi — Ibn Amir's maternal half-brother — over Sijistan.
واقعہ
استيحاش قتيبة من سليمان بن عبد الملك
Qutayba dreaded Sulayman, having backed Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Walid for the succession. When al-Walid died Sulayman took the pulpit and railed at Habanqa al-'A'ishi — Yazid ibn Tazwan, who prized fat camels saying 'I do not mend what God has corrupted' — then at Tamim ('not Banu Tamim but Banu Dhamim'), Bakr ibn Wa'il, and the Azd, 'ya ahl al-safila — I will not say ahl al-'aliya — may He set you where He set you'. His letter granting Qutayba the governorship came with orders to free prisoners, pay stipends and permit departures — broadcast by the messenger — and Qutayba called it his design, telling the people 'Sulayman has made you great as mosquitoes' marrow, and you will yet be asked bay'a to Anwar, a boy whose slaughter is unlawful'. Stung by his curses they heard his apology — 'I was angry, knew not what I said' — and answered: if he lets us go home, good; if not, he blames only himself.
واقعہ
نقل الربيع بن زياد خمسين ألفاً إلى خراسان
In 51h Ziyad gave Khurasan to al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad al-Harithi, who moved near fifty thousand folk of the two misrs with their families — among them Burayda ibn al-Husayb al-Aslami, who died at Marw under Yazid ibn Mu'awiya, and Abu Barza al-Aslami, who died there too — settling them short of the river; he was the first to order the troops' garrison-settling. News of Hujr ibn Adi's killing grieved him; he prayed for death, fell that day, and died in 53h. His son Abdallah succeeded, fought Amul and Zamm into sulh, and died at Marw two months on.
واقعہ
غزوة غالب بن عبد الله الليثي بني الملوح بالكديد
تقریباً 629 عیسوی · تقریباً 8 ھThe Prophet sent Ghalib ibn Abdullah al-Laythi with a detachment to raid Banu al-Mulawwah at al-Kudayd; Jundab ibn Makith al-Juhani, who was in it, tells it: at Qudayd they seized al-Harith ibn Malik ibn al-Barsa' al-Laythi, who claimed he was going to embrace Islam, and bound him; Jundab served as lookout on a hill and a man of the camp shot him with two arrows, but he kept still; before dawn they raided, killed and drove off the herds, and when the pursuers reached Wadi Qudayd God sent a flood without a cloud that cut them off. The Muslims' watchword that night was 'amit, amit'.
واقعہ
غزوة زيد بن حارثة بني فزارة ومقتل أم قرفة
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 6 ھZayd ibn Haritha raided Wadi al-Qura and met Banu Fazara; some of his men were hit, he was carried off wounded from among the dead, and Ward ibn Amr ibn Madash was killed, so Zayd swore no water would touch his head from major impurity until he raided Fazara. When he recovered the Prophet sent him with an army; he slaughtered them at Wadi al-Qura, Qays ibn al-Musahhar al-Ya'muri killed Mas'ada ibn Hakama ibn Malik ibn Hudhayfa ibn Badr, and Umm Qirfa, Fatima bint Rabi'a ibn Badr, an old woman married to Malik ibn Hudhayfa, was captured with a daughter and Abdullah ibn Mas'ada. Zayd ordered Qays to kill Umm Qirfa, 'and he killed her violently', and they brought her daughter and Ibn Mas'ada to the Prophet; the daughter fell to Salama ibn al-Akwa', the Prophet asked for her and gave her to his maternal uncle Hazn ibn Abi Wahb. The episode is contested and carries perspectives.
واقعہ
غزوة زيد بن حارثة إلى جذام وردّ النبي ما أُخذ منهم
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 6 ھWhen Dihya ibn Khalifa al-Kalbi returned from Caesar, al-Hunayd ibn Us and his son of the Dula' of Judham robbed him in the valley of Shinar; men of the Dubayb, Rifa'a ibn Zayd's clan who had converted, recovered his goods. When Dihya complained to the Prophet and asked for al-Hunayd's blood, the Prophet sent Zayd ibn Haritha with an army, which raided from al-Awlaj at al-Maqis, took property and people, killed al-Hunayd and his son and three others, and captured converts among them. A party of the Dubayb with Hassan ibn Milla rode to Zayd, who had Umm al-Kitab recited and proclaimed their quarter inviolable; they then rode to Rifa'a and three nights on to Medina, where the Prophet read his own letter to Rifa'a, asked three times what he should do about the dead, and sent Ali with his sword to Zayd, who restored everything down to a woman's cushion. Ibn Ishaq has it from men of Judham learned in it.
واقعہ
المطر بعد دعاء النبي بالحجر
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe people woke with no water and complained to the Prophet; he prayed, and God sent a cloud that rained until they were quenched and carried away what they needed. In Mahmud ibn Labid's account, a man known for hypocrisy said on seeing it: a passing cloud.
واقعہ
نقض رامهرمز وفتحها
Abu Musa truced Ramhurmuz; they broke it, so Abu Maryam al-Hanafi re-truced them for eight hundred — or nine hundred — thousand dirhams; they betrayed again and it was taken by force in Abu Musa's last days.
واقعہ
فتح راور وبرهمباذ
Muhammad stormed Rawar, where a wife of Dahir, fearing capture, burned herself, her maids and her wealth; then Brahmanabadh al-Atiqa — two farsakhs from the later al-Mansura, then mere thicket — where Dahir's remnant fought and fell, eight thousand dead or twenty-six thousand by the larger count, and today ruins. Sawandra's folk won aman on hosting and guiding the Muslims — Muslims today — and Basmad truced the same. Ibn al-Kalbi names Dahir's killer al-Qasim ibn Tha'laba al-Ta'i.
واقعہ
بناء المنصور لملطية
تقریباً 757 عیسوی · تقریباً 140 ھIn al-Baladhuri: in year 139 al-Mansur wrote to Salih ibn Ali ordering Malatya rebuilt and fortified, then resolved to send Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ibrahim al-Imam as governor of the Jazira and its frontier — he set out in year 140 with al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba among the Khurasani armies, proclaiming a levy on the people of Syria and the Jazira until seventy thousand converged, and camped on Malatya having gathered labourers from every land; al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba would carry stone to hand the builder, and a camel of his went round feeding the people from his own purse with field-kitchens deployed — Abd al-Wahhab envied this and wrote to Abu Ja'far accusing him of out-feeding the state in a bid to prolong and corrupt the work by extravagance and vainglory, and of having callers summon people to his food; Abu Ja'far wrote back: 'O boy! Al-Hasan feeds from his own money, and you feed from mine — nothing comes of you but smallness of worth, littleness of ambition and foolishness of opinion,' and wrote to al-Hasan: feed, but keep no caller — so al-Hasan would say 'whoever reaches my awning first gets such-and-such'; the men worked hard and finished Malatya and its mosque in six months; for the garrison each 'arafa — ten to fifteen men — received two lower houses, two upper chambers and a stable; he built a muslaha thirty miles out and another on the river called Qubaqib that feeds the Euphrates; al-Mansur settled four thousand Jaziran fighters in Malatya, it being of their frontier, with ten dinars added to every man's pay and a hundred-dinar allowance besides the camel the tribes engaged between them; he deposited its armoury, granted the soldiers farms and built the fortress of Qaludhiya — and Constantine the tyrant came on with over a hundred thousand as far as Jayhan, heard of the Arabs' numbers and held back.
واقعہ
استرداد محمد بن مروان لأرمينية
تقریباً 692 عیسوی · تقریباً 73 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Ibn al-Zubayr's civil strife came, Armenia broke away, its nobles and their followers swearing league; when Muhammad ibn Marwan governed Armenia for his brother Abd al-Malik he fought and overcame them, killing and capturing, and mastered the land; then he promised the survivors he would lay before them in honour, and they gathered for it in churches of the Khilat district — whereupon he shut them in and posted guards at the doors, then terrified them; in that campaign Umm Yazid bint Usid of the Sisajan — a daughter of its patrikios — was taken captive; before this had run a chain of governors: Uthman gave al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba Adharbayjan and Armenia, then removed him for al-Qasim ibn Rabi'a ibn Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt al-Thaqafi — or, it is said, Amr ibn Mu'awiya ibn al-Mutaffiq al-Muqayli governed it, and some say a man of Banu Kilab held it fifteen years after al-Mughira, then al-Uqayli — al-Ash'ath ibn Qays held Armenia and Adharbayjan for Ali ibn Abi Talib, then Abdallah ibn Hatim ibn al-Nu'man ibn Amr al-Bahili for Mu'awiya until he died there, whence his brother Abd al-Aziz ibn Hatim ibn al-Nu'man — who built the city of Dabil, fortified it, enlarged its mosque, built the city of Nashwa, repaired Bardha'a — or, they say, renewed its building — dug the two Fariq moats about it soundly, and renewed the city of al-Baylaqan, these cities having been ruined and decayed; some say Muhammad ibn Marwan renewed Bardha'a's building in Abd al-Malik's days, and al-Waqidi says Abd al-Malik built Bardha'a by the hand of Hatim ibn al-Nu'man al-Bahili or his son — Abd al-Malik also appointing Uthman ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt over Armenia.
واقعہ
غارة الفرنج على بحر عيذاب وساحل الحجاز
تقریباً 1182 عیسوی · 578 ھ
واقعہ
قبول توبة الثلاثة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھAt dawn on the fiftieth night Ka'b heard a caller on Mount Sal' bringing him good news and fell prostrate. After the dawn prayer the Prophet announced God's acceptance of their repentance and people congratulated them; Talha ibn Ubaydullah rose to Ka'b and congratulated him, and the Prophet told him this was the best day that had come upon him since his mother bore him.
واقعہ
قدوم مهاجري الحبشة مع جعفر بن أبي طالب
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 7 ھAfter Hudaybiyya, the Prophet sent Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri to the Negus, who transported the remaining Muslim emigrants in two ships to the Prophet at Khaybar after the conquest. The Prophet received Ja'far with a kiss between the eyes, saying 'I do not know which gives me greater joy — the opening of Khaybar or the arrival of Ja'far.' Sixteen men came on the two ships; thirty-four others came later or died in Abyssinia; sixteen women emigrated in all, counting those who came back and those who died there, apart from daughters born there.
واقعہ
نقض الإسكندرية واستردادها من منويل
23? ھIn al-Baladhuri: the Romans wrote to Constantine son of Heraclius — then king — telling how few the Muslims among them were and of their humiliation in paying jizya, whereupon he sent one of his men called Manuel with three hundred ships laden with fighters; he entered Alexandria and slew the Muslim ribat there save those God shielded in flight — in year 25. Amr ibn al-As heard and marched on them with fifteen thousand, finding their fighters out ravaging the villages below Alexandria; the Muslims met them, loosed arrows an hour behind their shields, then charged home, battle joining bitterly, till the unbelievers broke and fled — no halting nor turning short of Alexandria — where they fortified and set up the arrada-engines; Amr fought them hardest, planted mangonels that took the walls, pressed the war till he entered by the sword by force, slew the fighters, captured the offspring — some Romans fleeing to Rome — and Manuel was killed; Amr and the Muslims demolished Alexandria's wall, which Amr had vowed to do should he take it. Some narrators put this raid in year 23, others the breach in 23 or 25 — God knows best. Amr laid kharaj on Alexandria's land and jizya on its people; it is also told that the Muqawqis had withdrawn from Alexandria's folk when they broke, so Amr confirmed him and those with him on their first terms — and also that he had died before this raid. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz used to say: we opened no village of the Maghreb on treaty save three — Alexandria, Kafr Tis and Sultays — saying whoever of these places' people embraced Islam, his person and property were left free; and Alexandria's jizya was eighteen thousand dinars until in Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik's governorship it reached thirty-six thousand dinars.
واقعہ
حرب رتبيل والربيع بن زياد
The Kabul Shah mustered and expelled every Muslim in Kabul; Rutbil came and took Zabulistan and Rukhkhaj as far as Bust. Al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad rode out with the people, fought Rutbil at Bust and routed him, pursued him to Rukhkhaj and fought him there, then went on to conquer the Dawar country.
واقعہ
امتناع رتبيل عن أتاوة العمال
To Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik's men Rutbil paid nothing. Asked what had become of the folk who used to come 'hollow-bellied, faces blackened by prayer, sandals of palm-fibre' — 'they are gone' — 'those were your betters in covenant and might, though you have fairer faces'. And why he paid al-Hajjaj but not them: 'al-Hajjaj never looked at what he spent once he won his purpose, though not a dirham returned; you never spend a dirham unless you hope ten come back for it'. Neither Umayyad nor Zubayrid governors of Sijistan took that atawa from him.
واقعہ
ملحمة تينملل وقطع دابر بني عبد المؤمن
1275 عیسوی · 674 ھIn 674 the Almohad remnant, who had sworn to Ishaq brother of Umar al-Murtada in 669, stood to their last refuge at Mount Tinmel — cradle of their da'wa, their imam's house and their Mahdi's mosque; Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Mahalla, Abu Yusuf's governor of Marrakesh, stormed the height, killed their puppet caliph and the vizier Ibn Attush in the battle, beheaded and crucified the captives at Marrakesh, scattered the Almohad caliphs' tombs and exhumed the bodies of Yusuf and his son Ya'qub al-Mansur to cut off their heads — the work of Abu Ali al-Milyani whom the sultan had enfeoffed with Aghmat; the sultan disowned the deed for its enormity yet pardoned it for the man's fealty — and the seed of Banu Abd al-Mu'min was cut off.
واقعہ
خراب زبطرة وغزوة المعتصم
تقریباً 838 عیسوی · تقریباً 223 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Zibatra was an old Roman fortress taken with the old fortress of al-Hadath by Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri, standing until the Romans wrecked it in al-Walid ibn Yazid's days; rebuilt unsoundly, the Romans camped on it in Marwan ibn Muhammad's civil war and demolished it; al-Mansur rebuilt it, they damaged it, and al-Rashid rebuilt and garrisoned it through Muhammad ibn Ibrahim; in al-Ma'mun's caliphate the Romans raided it and its people's pasturage, driving off livestock, and al-Ma'mun ordered its repair and fortification; when the Byzantine tyrant's embassy came in year 210 seeking peace he refused and wrote to the frontier governors, who ranged Byzantine lands killing and subduing with handsome success, only Yaqzan ibn Abd al-A'la ibn Ahmad ibn Yazid ibn Asid al-Sulami being hit; then in the caliphate of al-Mu'tasim — Abu Ishaq ibn al-Rashid — the Romans came to Zibatra, killed the men, captured the women and wrecked it, which grieved and angered him so that he raided them as far as Amorium — having destroyed forts before it — camped on it, took it, killed the fighters, captured the women and children, then demolished it and ordered Zibatra rebuilt, fortified and garrisoned, which the Romans afterwards attempted and failed to take.
واقعہ
شكوى أهل الكوفة سعداً وتعاقب الولاة
In al-Baladhuri via Jabir ibn Samura: the Kufans maligned Sa'd to Umar claiming he prayed poorly; Sa'd answered he led them the Messenger's prayer unabridged — lingering in the first two, light in the last — and Umar's mosque-by-mosque inquiry praised him everywhere until a man of Banu Abs called Abu Sa'da testified he neither divided equally nor judged justly; Sa'd's counter-prayer for a liar befell him, Abd al-Malik ibn Umayr later seeing him in the alleys saying 'an old man tried — Sa'd's prayer struck me'. Amr ibn Ma'dikarib testified for Sa'd with 'a gnat's gathering and a goodly mother's tenderness', gave Umar his famous appraisals of war and weapons — the spear 'your brother though he may betray', arrows 'death's messengers', mail 'a burden for horseman and weariness for footman yet a strong fortress', and for the sword 'there your mother bewailed you' met by Umar's 'nay, your mother bewailed you' — whereupon 'the fever drove me to you'. Umar deposed Sa'd for Ammar ibn Yasir, whom they then called weak and unknowledgeable — deposed after a year and nine months — and Umar cried 'who will excuse me from the Kufans? Appoint the strong they make him a sinner, the weak they slight him', finally giving it to al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba on his pledge not to return to his former accusation, which he held till Umar's death; Uthman then appointed Sa'd, replaced him with al-Walid ibn Uqba — Sa'd greeting him 'either you measured after me or I grew senile after you' — then with Sa'id ibn al-As.
واقعہ
اتخاذ الأنبار دار الخلافة
تقریباً 751 عیسوی · 134 ھIn year 134 Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah moved to al-Anbar and made it the seat of the caliphate.
واقعہ
فتح حصن الصفصاف
تقریباً 797 عیسوی · 181 ھIn year 181 the fortress of al-Safsaf was taken by storm — al-Rashid himself its conqueror; in year 176 the city of Dabasa was conquered under the amir Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Salih al-Abbasi.
واقعہ
سعيد بن عثمان وموقف بخارا
Mu'awiya gave Khurasan to Sa'id ibn Uthman ibn Affan — the first to cross the river with his whole army, and with him Rufay' Abu al-Aliya al-Riyahi ('Rufay' Abu al-Aliya: elevation and height'). The Khatun, hearing of his crossing, sued for peace; yet the Sughd, Turks, Kish and Nasaf — that is Nakhshab — came against him at a hundred and twenty thousand, meeting at Bukhara as the Khatun regretted her tribute and broke covenant. A slave of Sa'id's detached part of the host, the rest broke, and the Khatun gave hostages and renewed the peace — and Sa'id entered Bukhara's city.
واقعہ
ولاية سعيد حذيفة خراسان وهزيمة سورة
Under Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik, Maslama gave Khurasan to his son-in-law Sa'id ibn Abd al-Aziz — nicknamed 'Hudhayfa' when a dahqan saw him saffron-dyed with combed hair and called him effeminate. His man Sawra ibn al-Hurr retook Ishtikhan from the Turks and routed them, then lost the second battle with heavy loss; the obscene lampoon on Sa'id survives. Khurasan's notables complained to Maslama and he was deposed — al-Jarrah meanwhile had kept weighed silver and gold pieces under his carpet, tossing each visitor his due.
واقعہ
قتل رهن السغد سعيد بن عثمان
Sa'id carried his Sughd hostages to Medina, gave their clothes and belts to his mawali, dressed them in wool, and set them to water-carrying, wells and labour — they entered his majlis, butchered him, then killed themselves. Malik ibn al-Rayb and Khalid ibn Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt each have verses on him.
واقعہ
بعثة سلام الترجمان إلى سد يأجوج ومأجوج
تقریباً 842 عیسوی · تقریباً 227 ھ†Al-Wathiq dreamt that Dhu'l-Qarnayn's barrier had loosened, and found none fit to inspect it save Sallam the Interpreter of thirty tongues: equipped with fifty men, five thousand dinars, two hundred mules and cold-weather gear, he passed by letters of introduction from the governor of Armenia to the lord of Sarir, the Alan king, Filan Shah and the Khazar Tarkhan, then crossed the black stinking land and the cities ruined by Gog and Magog to the forts near the mountain cleft — seeing the iron gate with leaves fifty by seventy-five cubits, a lock two men cannot embrace, a twelve-toothed key, and the ritual of knocking on it each Monday and Thursday so those beyond know guards remain; he dictated the whole report to Ibn Khurdadhbih.
واقعہ
ولاية سلم بن زياد خراسان
Yazid ibn Mu'awiya gave Salm ibn Ziyad Khurasan; the Khwarizmians truced at four hundred thousand borne to him. He crossed the river with his wife Umm Muhammad bint Abdallah ibn Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi — the first Arab woman across — came to Samarqand whose folk gave him a thousand-fold bloodwit; a son born to him was named al-Sughdi; his wife borrowed the Sughd lord's wife's jewels, wore and returned them. From Sughd he sent an army to Khujanda — with A'sha Hamdan among them — defeated; then back at Marw he campaigned again across the river and killed Bandun the Sughdi, whose people had mustered for him.
واقعہ
محنة سلم بن زياد مع ابن الزبير
At Yazid's death the people turned on Salm — 'ill did Ibn Sumayya think to command us in community and strife', as had been said to his brother Ubaydallah at Basra — and he left Khurasan to Ibn al-Zubayr, who fined him four million dirhams and imprisoned him. Salm would say 'would I had gone to Syria and stayed in my brother Ubaydallah's service — washing his foot — rather than come to Ibn al-Zubayr'. At Mecca until al-Hajjaj's siege, he tunneled from prison to al-Hajjaj, then Abd al-Malik — 'by God, had you stayed at Mecca she would have no governor but you' — who gave him Khurasan; reaching Basra, he died there.
واقعہ
غزوة سلمان الخيل لأران والقوقاز
تقریباً 646 عیسوی · تقریباً 26 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Salman ibn Rabi'a al-Bahili marched when Uthman ordered him to Arran, taking the city of al-Baylaqan by treaty — securing their blood, wealth and city walls on condition of jizya and kharaj — then came to Bardha'a, camping on the al-Tharthur river less than a farsakh out; its people shut their gates against him, and he strove against it days, launching raids into its villages while its crops stood harvested, until they compounded on the like of al-Baylaqan's treaty, opened the gates, and he entered and stayed; he sent his cavalry who took Shafshin, al-Masfuwan, Awz, al-Misriyyan, al-Harhilyan and Tabar — these being rustaqs — and other forts of Arran, and called the Kurds of al-Lasjan to Islam — they fought him, he overcame them, some submitting to jizya and a few paying sadaqa; then Salman marched to the confluence of the al-Rass and the Kurr beyond Bardha'a, crossed the Kurr, took Qabala, and the lord of Shakkan and al-Qamiran compounded for tribute, as did the people of Khizan, the king of Shirwan, the rest of the mountain kings, and the people of Masqat, al-Shabiran and the city of al-Bab.
واقعہ
صلح سرخس
Ibn Khazim fought Sarakhs; its marzban Zadhuya sought peace on aman for a hundred men and the surrender of its women — his own daughter fell to Ibn Khazim's lot, who took her and named her Maysha' — and he ruled Sarakhs's land. Another telling: he truced on aman for a hundred souls, named the hundred, omitted himself — and was killed, and the town entered by force. From Sarakhs Ibn Khazim sent his mawla Yazid ibn Salim to take Kif and Yabina.
واقعہ
قتل السيايجة حراس بيت المال
A body of Sayabija — forty or four hundred — stood watch over Basra's treasury; when Talha and al-Zubayr came to Basra, held for Ali by Uthman ibn Hunayf, they refused to surrender the treasury till Ali's arrival — so they were fallen upon at dawn and killed, Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr leading that party; over the Sayabija then was Abu Salama al-Zutti, a righteous man.
واقعہ
ضياع خاتم الخلافة في بئر أريس
The Prophet's silver seal, engraved 'Muhammad, Messenger of God', passed to Abu Bakr's sealing, then Umar's, then Uthman's — and slipped from his hand into the well mid-caliphate; it was emptied and the seal not recovered, so he had a seal made engraved 'Muhammad, Messenger of God' in three lines. Variants: all silver, fass and ring, or a silver ring with an Abyssinian stone; and his word, 'I have made a seal — let no one engrave upon its engraving'.
واقعہ
غزوة قبرس الثانية
تقریباً 653 عیسوی · 33 ھIn al-Baladhuri: in year 32 the people of Cyprus aided the Byzantines against the sea-raiders, giving them vessels, so Mu'awiya raided them in year 33 with five hundred ships, taking Cyprus by force — killing and making captives — then restored them to their treaty, sending there twelve thousand men all of the diwan who built its mosques, and transferring companies from Ba'labakk; he built a city there and they dwelt drawing stipends until Mu'awiya died and his son Yazid succeeded, who disbanded that force and ordered the city demolished — some transmitters place the second raid in year 35, and Muhammad ibn Musaffa was told Yazid was bribed with great wealth to withdraw the Cyprus garrison, whose people then demolished their city and mosques once they had gone; al-Walid ibn Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik exiled a body of them to Syria on a charge which the people disapproved, and Yazid ibn al-Walid returned them to their land; Hayy ibn Ma'yuf al-Hamdani raided them in al-Rashid's caliphate for an offence and took captives, and when they straightened to the Muslims al-Rashid ordered the captives returned; the people of Cyprus remained on Mu'awiya's treaty until Abd al-Malik added a thousand dinars, which ran until Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz remitted it, Hisham restored it, and Abu Ja'far al-Mansur declared 'we are worthier of being just to them and did not profit by wronging them', returning them to Mu'awiya's treaty.
واقعہ
أمان العبد بشهريج
Shahrij held a full month's siege; one day a Muslim slave lagged behind — taken for a defector — and wrote the garrison an aman on an arrow he shot in. Next day they came out: 'here is your aman'; the Muslims wrote Umar, who answered 'the Muslims' slave is of the Muslims — his dhimma is as theirs: honor it', and they did. In another telling the fort was at Siraf, the garrison saying 'we know not freeman from slave', and Umar's answer the same.
واقعہ
حصار النجير
تقریباً 632 عیسوی · تقریباً 11 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the apostasy of Banu Wali'a and al-Ash'ath ibn Qays al-Kindi — Ziyad ibn Labid al-Bayadi, the Prophet's agent over Hadramawt with Kinda joined to him, took a young she-camel from some Kindis for the alms and branded it with the alms-brand, and when they asked him to take another he refused, saying 'I will not return what the brand has fallen on', whereupon all Kinda rose against him save al-Sukun who stood firm with him; Banu Amr ibn Mu'awiya massed against him and he struck them by night, killing men including Mikhwas, Mishrah, Jamid and Abda'a sons of Ma'di Karib — called the four kings, who had come in delegation to the Prophet then apostatized — their sister al-Marada being killed by one who took her for a man; as Ziyad brought back the captives and goods al-Ash'ath's pride burned and he attacked with a company of his people, and Ziyad routed them, whereupon the chiefs of Kinda joined al-Ash'ath; seeing this Ziyad wrote to Abu Bakr for reinforcement and Abu Bakr ordered al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya to aid him, and they scattered his gathering and wrought a great slaughter, the remnant taking refuge in al-Nujayr, their fortress, which the Muslims besieged until they were exhausted; al-Ash'ath asked safety for a number of them, leaving himself out of the count — al-Khifshish al-Kindi, Ma'dan ibn al-Aswad, having held him to his claim saying 'include me in the count' — and came down to Ziyad and al-Muhajir, who sent him to Abu Bakr, who spared him and married him to his sister Umm Farwa bint Abi Quhafa (some say his sister Qurayba), who bore him Muhammad, Ishaq, Qurayba, Hubaba and Ja'da; the caliph asked the Muslims to let him share in al-Nujayr's booty and they did, and ordered the hands and feet cut of women of al-Nujayr who had gloated at the Prophet's death, among them al-Thabja' al-Hadramiyya and Hind bint Yamin the Jewess; al-Nujayr's captives were ransomed back at four hundred dirhams a head, al-Ash'ath borrowing from Medina's merchants to redeem them and then repaying it; Abu Bakr had reinforced them with Ikrama ibn Abi Jahl after his return from Oman, who arrived to find al-Nujayr already taken; among Abu Bakr's three regrets: 'I wish that the day al-Ash'ath ibn Qays was brought to me I had struck off his head, for it came to me that he sees no evil but he hastens to it and aids it'; Khawlan had also apostatized, and Abu Bakr sent Ya'la ibn Munya who fought them until they yielded and affirmed the alms — some say he met no fighting and they returned to Islam — leaving Yemen between three: al-Muhajir (San'a and its districts), Ziyad (what was in his hands) and Ya'la.
واقعہ
فتح السوس
Abu Musa besieged al-Sus till its food failed; its marzban bought aman for eighty named men — excluding himself — to open the gate; Abu Musa beheaded him, spared the eighty, killed the other fighters and took the wealth and children. In the citadel stood a curtained house: the body of the prophet Daniel, whom a drought had moved them to ask Babylon's people to bury among them for rain — Bukhtanasar had carried him captive to Babylon and he died there. Abu Musa wrote Umar, who answered 'shroud and bury him' — he dammed the river, buried him and released the water. Khalid ibn Zayd, who lost an eye there, tells the dahqan's hundred-man aman and the spared 'enemy of God' who cried 'wait, I give great wealth' — refused and beheaded.
واقعہ
حصار عين التمر وسبي كنيستها
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: Khalid ibn al-Walid came to Ayn al-Tamr, pressed against its fortress holding a great Persian garrison; its people fought then shut themselves in; Khalid besieged them till they asked safety — he refused to grant it, opened the fortress by force, killed and took captive, finding in a church there a band he took captive. Among that captivity: Humran ibn Aban ibn Khalid al-Tamri, Uthman's mawla; Sirin, father of Muhammad ibn Sirin, and his brothers Yahya, Anas and Ma'bad — the eldest — mawali of Anas ibn Malik; Abu Amra, grandfather of the poet Abdallah ibn Abd al-A'la; Yasar, grandfather of Muhammad ibn Ishaq author of the sira, mawla of Qays ibn Makhrama ibn al-Muttalib; Murra abu Ubayd, grandfather of Muhammad ibn Zayd ibn Ubayd ibn Murra and Nafis ibn Muhammad ibn Zayd, lords of the palace by al-Harra; and Nusayr, father of Musa ibn Nusayr the Maghreb's conqueror, mawla of the Umayyads. Al-Kalbi said Abu Farwa Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Aswad and Nusayr were two Arab men of Arasha of Bali captured in Abu Bakr's days from Syria's Jabal al-Jalil; Nusayr's name was Nasr, diminutivized — an Umayyad freed him, he returned to Syria and Musa was born to him at Kafr Mari village; he was lame. It was also said they were brothers of Ayn al-Tamr's captives whose wala' lay with Banu Dubba; al-Mada'ini: Na'im al-Asadi bought Abu Farwa, then Uthman bought him for grave-digging; when the people rose on Uthman he was with them against him, Uthman saying 'repel the wrongs' — he answered 'you are first among them: I bought you from alms-money to dig graves and you abandoned it'; Abu Farwa was named for the fur garment on him when captured. It was also said Khalid made peace with Ayn al-Tamr's fortress people and these captives were found in a church in some canal-district, and that Sirin was of Jarjaraya's people visiting kin when taken. Via al-Sha'bi: Khalid made peace with Hira's and Ayn al-Tamr's people and wrote Abu Bakr who approved — something on them, nothing on their lands. Hilal ibn Uqqa ibn Qays ibn al-Bushr al-Namiri was over al-Namar ibn Saqit at Ayn al-Tamr; he gathered for Khalid and fought him, was overcome, killed and crucified — al-Kalbi: it was Uqqa ibn Qays himself. Bashir ibn Sa'd al-Ansari's wound relapsed and he died, buried at Ayn al-Tamr, and beside him was buried Umayr ibn Ri'ab ibn Muhashshim ibn Sa'id ibn Sahm ibn Amr, martyred by an arrow there.
واقعہ
حصار بغداد في حرب الأمين والمأمون
تقریباً 812 عیسوی · تقریباً 196 ھThe siege of Baghdad lasted fifteen months; most Abbasids and the pillars of the state joined al-Ma'mun's army until none fought for al-Amin but Baghdad's rabble and harafish. His affairs rotted, the army collapsed, the treasuries ran dry, the people suffered, and ruin multiplied from the fighting and the mangonels and naphtha until Baghdad's beauties were effaced and laments composed over it. As year 198 opened Tahir ibn al-Husayn entered Baghdad by the sword, and al-Amin fled with his mother and household from the palace to Madinat al-Mansur.
واقعہ
حصار بغداد في فتنة المستعين والمعتز
تقریباً 865 عیسوی · 251 ھ
واقعہ
حصار الفرنج حماة
تقریباً نومبر 1177 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 573 ھ
واقعہ
حصار هراة وقتل ابن خرميل
تقریباً 1207 عیسوی · 604 ھ
واقعہ
حصار ابن الزبير بمكة
تقریباً اکتوبر 683 عیسوی · صفر 64 ھThe Harra army marched on Mecca to fight Ibn al-Zubayr — its commander dying on the road — and besieged him, fighting and casting mangonels in Safar 64; sparks from their fires burned the Ka'ba's curtains and roof and the horns of the ram ransomed for Ishmael which had been kept in the ceiling. Yazid perished in mid-Rabi' I of that year and the news came while the fighting ran on — 'people of Syria, your tyrant has perished', called Ibn al-Zubayr, and they broke away humbled and were plucked off one by one. Ibn al-Zubayr then summoned to his own bay'a and was titled caliph, while the Syrians pledged Mu'awiya ibn Yazid.
واقعہ
حصار الحجاج لابن الزبير سنة اثنتين وسبعين
al-Hajjaj closed on Mecca in Dhu'l-Qa'da 72 for a fifty-night siege; the takbir for the fall of Abu Qubays rolled through Damascus, while the thirty-one-year-old stood armoured at 'Arafa barred by Ibn al-Zubayr from the tawaf.
واقعہ
فتح مناذر
Abu Musa besieged Manadhir against fierce fighting; al-Muhajir ibn Ziyad, al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad's brother, meant to sell his life fasting — Abu Musa had sworn every faster break his fast or not fight, so he drank 'not from thirst' and fell martyred, his head raised on the citadel between two merlons — the poem 'راح المهاجر في حل بإجمال' mourns him. Al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad, left in charge, took Manadhir by force — killing the fighters, capturing the children — so both Manadhirs passed to the Muslims under Asim ibn Qays al-Sulami; in another telling Umar ruled it 'a Sawad village — return what you took'.
واقعہ
حصار سمرقند في أيام سعيد بن عثمان
Sa'id ibn Uthman marched on Samarqand with the Khatun's Bukhara levies, camped at its gate, and swore not to stir until it opened and he had thrown down its qahandaz. Three days' fighting — fiercest on the third — cost him an eye and cost al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra his (or the Muhallab's eye went at Talaqan); the foe slackened, wounds telling, when a man guided Sa'id to a castle holding their kings' sons and nobles — besieged, the city feared its storm and sued: seven hundred thousand dirhams, hostages of their nobles' sons — fifteen, or forty, or eighty — and his right to enter the city and leave by the other gate. He loosed a stone at the qahandaz and it lodged in its loophole; then he withdrew, and at Tirmidh the Khatun's suit won another sulh.
واقعہ
حصار تستر
Abu Musa marched on Tustar, the enemy's strength and edge — and wrote Umar for aid; Umar ordered Ammar ibn Yasir out of Kufa, putting Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali first. The wings: Abu Musa's right al-Bara' ibn Malik, Anas's brother; left Majza'a ibn Thawr al-Sadusi; horse Anas ibn Malik — Ammar's right al-Bara' ibn Azib, left Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman, horse Qaraza ibn Ka'b, foot al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin al-Muzani. The fighting ran to Tustar's gate where al-Bara' ibn Malik fought till martyred, and Hurmuzan went in.
واقعہ
حملة الربيع بن زياد إلى سجستان
Ibn Amir, bound for Khurasan in 30h, camped at Shaq al-Shirjan and sent al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad into Sijistan: al-Fahraj, then the seventy-five-farsakh mafaza, then Rustaq Zaliq raided on Mihrjan day — its dahqan ransomed himself by planting his spear and piling gold and silver over it — then Karkuya and Haysun surrendered unresisted. Guided to Zaranj across Wadi Nuq, he fought Zusht hard — Muslim dead — till they were forced inside the walls; Nashrudh fell with the father of Abu Salih, later al-Hajjaj's secretary — a Marra woman, Abla, bought him — and Shirwadh with Ibrahim ibn Bassam's grandfather. At Zaranj the marzban Aparwiz sought aman: al-Rabi' sat him on a corpse, leaned on another, seated his companions on corpses — dark, long-limbed, loud-voiced — and the awed marzban truced for a thousand slave-youths each bearing a gold cup. His governorship ran two and a half years, forty thousand captives, and al-Hasan al-Basri was his secretary.
واقعہ
فتنة الحبطات بسجستان
Ibn Samura left Umair ibn al-Ahmar al-Yashkuri over Zaranj when Uthman's affair unravelled — its people expelled him and shut the gates. After the Camel, Hasaka ibn Utab al-Habati and Imran ibn al-Fasil al-Burjumi rode out with Arab desperadoes: plundered Zaliq whose folk had broken, captured al-Bakhtari's grandfather al-Asamm ibn Mujahid, and entered Zaranj whose marzban truced. Ali's envoy Abd al-Rahman ibn Jaza' al-Ta'i was killed by Hasaka — 'I will kill four thousand of the Habata', and it was said 'the Habata are not even five hundred'; Abu Mikhnaf adds that Awn ibn Jamda al-Makhzumi, sent likewise, was killed by the bandit Buhadali al-Ta'i. Ali then had Ibn Abbas send Rubay'i ibn al-Kas al-Anbari with four thousand — with al-Husayn ibn Abi al-Hurr and Na'il ibn Dhi al-Hurra on the vanguard — who killed Hasaka and secured the country, their rajaz vow: 'we will not befriend the party of Ibn Affan — we found it in the Book of the Furqan'.
واقعہ
فتح مكران على يد سنان بن سلمة
Ziyad appointed the pious Sinan ibn Salama ibn al-Muhabbiq al-Hudhali — first to bind his troops with divorce-oaths — who took Makran by storm, garrisoned it, and held it firm; the poets mocked his swearing ('a divorce whose wife gets no dower'). Ibn al-Kalbi names Hakim ibn Jabala the conqueror. Ziyad's next man Rashid ibn Amr al-Judaydi won at Qiqan, fell at al-Mayd, and Sinan, left in command, held the thaghr two years.
واقعہ
حساب الحجاج في غزو السند وما بعد داهر
al-Hajjaj totted it up: sixty million spent on Muhammad ibn al-Qasim against a hundred and twenty million gained — 'we have sated our wrath, taken our revenge, gained sixty million dirhams — and Dahir's head'. Al-Hajjaj died while Muhammad fought on; back at al-Rur he gave stipends, took al-Baylaman's unresisted submission and Sursant's peace — today's Basran resort — then al-Kiraj, where Dahir's son Duhar sallied, fled or fell, and the city came down on terms amid killing and captives: 'we killed Dahir and Duhar, and horse fells knight after knight'.
واقعہ
صلح أهل مقنى
تقریباً 630 عیسوی · 9 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the Prophet made peace with the people of Maqna — Jews of Banu Habiba — during the Tabuk campaign for a quarter of the 'uruk catch (a wood used in fishing), a quarter of the women's spinning and a quarter of the fruits; he wrote them a letter a man reported seeing in the hands of the Jews of Egypt on red leather with a faded script — its text granting security, God's protection and His messenger's, pardon for every blood, reserving for the Prophet the buzza, the captives, the kira' and the armour except what he excused, lifting from them every jizya and corvée, with no commander over them but one of themselves or of the Prophet's household, written by Ali in year 9 per the copy — though the edition's editors reject its attribution to Ali, who was not with the Prophet at Tabuk, judging the document fabricated.
واقعہ
صلح النوبة
تقریباً 645 عیسوی · تقریباً 24 ھ†In al-Baladhuri via al-Walid ibn Kathir via Yazid ibn Abi Habib via Abu al-Khayr: when the Muslims opened Egypt Amr ibn al-As sent the cavalry to the villages around it to trample them, sending Uqba ibn Nafi' al-Fihri — Nafi' being al-As's maternal brother; their horses entered Nubia like the Romans' summer raids, the Muslims met fierce fighting and were showered with arrows till most were wounded, returning with many wounds and gouged eyes — called 'eye-bleeders' — until Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh governed Egypt; they asked him for peace and truce which he granted not on jizya but on a truce of three hundred heads yearly, the Muslims gifting them equal food. A Himyari shaykh who twice witnessed Nubia under Umar: no people sharper in war — one would ask a Muslim 'where would you like me to place my arrow?' and not miss; they lined up one day and shot till eyes were gone — a hundred and fifty gouged eyes counted — so they said nothing better than peace with them, their spoil little and their vexation severe; Umar never made peace with them and kept harassing them until he died, and Abdallah ibn Sa'd made peace with them. At Nubia Mu'awiya ibn Khudayj al-Kindi's eye was lost — he was one-eyed.
واقعہ
صلح أيلة
تقریباً 630 عیسوی · 9 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Yuhanna ibn Ru'ba, lord of Ayla, came to the Prophet while he was at Tabuk and made peace on a dinar yearly upon every hālim of his land's people, totalling three hundred dinars, stipulating hospitality for Muslims passing by them, and the Prophet wrote them a letter of safeguard and protection; Talha al-Ayli reported that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz never took from the people of Ayla a thing beyond the three hundred dinars.
واقعہ
صلح برقة وأنطابلس
تقریباً 21 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Amr ibn al-As had taken Alexandria he marched with his army seeking the Maghreb until he came to Barqa — that is, the city of Antabulus — whose people compounded for a jizya of thirteen thousand dinars, in which they might sell whom of their children they wished; in Abdallah ibn Hubayra's account, after he had besieged and fought them, on the jizya and that they might sell whom they wished of their children toward their jizya — and he wrote them a book of it. Barqa's people would send their kharaj to Egypt's governor with none to press or hasten them — the most prosperous folk of the Maghreb, no fitna entering it — and Abdallah ibn Amr ibn al-As used to say 'but for my property in the Hijaz I would have settled in Barqa; I know no abode safer nor more wholesome'.
واقعہ
صلح هراة وبادغيس وبوشنج
An army under Aws ibn Tha'laba ibn Raqqi — or Khulayd ibn Abdallah al-Hanafi — went to Herat; its great came out to Ibn Amir and truced for Herat, Badghis and Bushanj, save Taghun and Baghun taken by force. Ibn Amir's writ, penned by Rabi' ibn Nahshal and sealed by himself, charged the great with piety, sincere counsel to the Muslims and righting his lands, compounded Herat's plain and mountain on the agreed jizya divided justly — 'whoever withholds what is on him has no covenant nor dhimma'. Another telling: Ibn Amir marched on Herat in strength, fought, and the marzban truced for a million.
واقعہ
صلح مرو
Kanazbak, marzban of Tus, compounded Tus at six hundred thousand; Marw's marzban sent al-Shahijan suing for peace, and Hatim ibn al-Nu'man al-Bahili truced Marw at a million two hundred thousand — others say a million dirhams and two hundred thousand jarib of wheat and barley, or a million one hundred thousand uqiyya — on terms that they widen the Muslims' housing while the tax-division rested on them, the Muslims only collecting. All Marw was sulh save the village called al-Sanj, taken by force. Abu Ubayda has it in wada'if, beasts and goods — no cash then — the whole kharaj on that basis till Yazid ibn Mu'awiya made it money.
واقعہ
صلح فدك
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 7 ھIn al-Baladhuri: on his return from Khaybar the Prophet sent Muhayyisa ibn Masud al-Ansari to the people of Fadak calling them to Islam — their chief then being a man of theirs called Yusha' ibn Nun the Jew — and they made peace for half the land with its soil, which he accepted; another report has a remnant of Khaybar's people fortify themselves and ask for their blood to be spared and safe passage, whereupon the people of Fadak came down on the like terms — so half of Fadak became the Prophet's alone, since it was not charged upon with horse or camel, and he used to spend its yield on wayfarers.
واقعہ
صلح عبيد الله بن أبي بكرة ورتبيل
Ziyad dismissed al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad and gave Sijistan to Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra, who campaigned; at Barzan, Rutbil sent seeking peace for his land and Kabul's at one million two hundred thousand. Ubaydallah consented, and when Rutbil asked that two hundred thousand be waived he agreed — the sulh concluded at a million dirhams. Ubaydallah reported to Ziyad, who ratified it, and he remained in Sijistan until Ziyad's death.
واقعہ
غزوة صرد بن عبد الله لجرش وإسلام أهلها
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · تقریباً 9 ھSurad marched at the Prophet's order to Jurash, a walled town sheltering Yemeni tribes and Khath'am, besieged it for about a month and withdrew; when at the mountain of Shakar its people pursued him thinking him beaten, he turned and slaughtered them. Jurash had sent two men to the Prophet, who told them after the afternoon prayer that God's sacrificial camels were being slaughtered at Shakar at that moment, then prayed at their request that it be lifted; they found their people struck that very day and hour. The delegation of Jurash then came and embraced Islam, and the Prophet set a protected reserve around their village for the horse, the mount and the plough-ox.
واقعہ
صلح الطبسين وفتح باب خراسان
Abu Musa al-Ash'ari sent Abdallah ibn Budayl ibn Warqa' al-Khuza'i raiding through Kirman to the Tabasayn — two fortresses, Tabas and Qurayn, a palm-bearing jurm that is the gate of Khurasan — where he took booty; men of the Tabasayn came to Umar ibn al-Khattab and truced for sixty thousand, some say seventy-five, and were given a writ. Another telling has Ibn Budayl going of his own accord from Isbahan.
واقعہ
خروج النبي من المدينة والاستخلاف عليها
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet pitched his camp at Thaniyyat al-Wada'. Ibn Hisham says he put Muhammad ibn Maslama al-Ansari in charge of Medina, and he reports from al-Darawardi from his father that he appointed Siba' ibn Urfuta.
واقعہ
أمر النبي الناس بالتهيؤ لغزو الروم
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھIbn Ishaq says the Prophet stayed in Medina from Dhu al-Hijja to Rajab, then ordered the people to prepare for the campaign against the Byzantines — in a time of hardship, fierce heat and drought, when the fruit had ripened. He rarely went on a campaign without concealing its destination, but for Tabuk he declared it plainly because the distance was far, the time harsh and the enemy many.
واقعہ
الإقامة بتبوك والرجوع إلى المدينة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet stayed at Tabuk a few nights, no more than a dozen, then turned back toward Medina.
واقعہ
ولاية تميم بن زيد السند والانسحاب من الهند
Tamim ibn Zayd al-Utbi — feeble successor — died near Daybul at the Buffalo-Water, named for herds fleeing the shore's blue flies. Of the Arabs' most open-handed, he spent eighteen million Tatari dirhams found in Sind's bayt al-mal. A Yarbu'i lad Khanis reached Hind, begged al-Farazdaq a letter for his manumission, swearing by Ghalib's grave; Farazdaq's verses asked 'Khaytis freed as my bounty' — and Tamim, unsure if the name was Habish or Khanis, freed every slave so lettered. In his days the Muslims quit the lands of Hind and abandoned their stations, not returning to this day.
واقعہ
ضلال ناقة النبي وقول زيد بن اللصيت
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet's she-camel strayed on the road and his Companions went out searching for her. With him was Umara ibn Hazm, and in his litter rode Zayd ibn al-Lusayt al-Qaynuqa'i, a hypocrite in Ibn Ishaq's account, who said mockingly: does Muhammad bring news of the heavens yet not know where his camel is? The Prophet announced what he had said and where the camel was; it was found where he described, and Umara drove Zayd from his litter.
واقعہ
الثلاثة الذين خُلّفوا بعد تبوك
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھAfter the Prophet returned to Medina he forbade speech with three Muslims who had stayed behind from Tabuk 'without doubt and without hypocrisy' in Ibn Ishaq's words — Ka'b ibn Malik, Murara ibn al-Rabi' and Hilal ibn Umayya. People withdrew from them for fifty nights until their repentance was announced after the dawn prayer.
واقعہ
البكاؤون: سبعة طلبوا الحمل
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھSeven men of the Ansar and of Banu Amr ibn Awf, called the Weepers, needy men, came to the Prophet begging for mounts; he said: I find nothing to carry you on — and they turned away, their eyes overflowing with tears that they had nothing to spend. Ibn Yamin ibn Umayr al-Nadri gave one of them a camel and dates.
واقعہ
أخذ تيمور دلهي سنة 801هـ
تقریباً 1398 عیسوی · 801 ھIn 801 Timur raided India, took Delhi and carried off multitudes — on his return to Samarqand the Indian captives sold at the cheapest prices for their numbers.
واقعہ
كائنة تيمور بدمشق سنة 803هـ
تقریباً 1401 عیسوی · 803 ھIn 803 Timur, master of Transoxiana, Khurasan and Baghdad, took Aleppo in Rabi' I with unspeakable deeds, then turned to Damascus in Rabi' II and encamped from Darayya to Qatana, ringed the city, and trod captives beneath the mounts until the notables came out pleading quarter; he feasted, robed and honoured them, proclaimed safety, and hanged a soldier who looted the bazaar atop the Seed-Market — so the gates opened. He entered through Bab al-Saghir and prayed Friday at the Umayyad mosque, where his Mu'tazili imam Abd al-Jabbar debated Damascus's jurists on Ali's wars and Husayn's killing — 'if the Damascenes sanctioned it they are unbelievers, else rebels: how then do they stand?' The Citadel held out forty days till a wooden siege-tower was burned by fire-arrows and rebuilt; on its surrender Timur licensed plunder, slaughter and burning — women and children enslaved, torments inflicted for days, the buildings torched until all burned, then he departed.
واقعہ
الترمذ بين موسى بن عبد الله بن خازم وقتيبة
When Abdallah ibn Khazim al-Sulami was killed his son Musa came to Tirmidh's king, who sheltered him and his men — till Musa cast him out and held it in rebellion; at his death it passed to the governors, its people broke, and Qutayba ibn Muslim retook it.
واقعہ
صلح النبي مع يحنة بن رؤبة صاحب أيلة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھWhen the Prophet reached Tabuk, Yuhanna ibn Ru'ba, the master of Ayla, came to him, made peace and paid the jizya; the people of Jarba and Adhruh also came and paid it, and he wrote them a document they still hold. For Yuhanna and the people of Ayla he wrote a letter of safe-conduct whose text Ibn Ishaq preserves.
واقعہ
صلح دارابجرد
Uthman came to Darabjird — their banner-town and seat of religion, its master the Hirbadh — who truced on money paid and on its folk standing equal with the surrendered towns of Fars; a gathering near Jahram he scattered and took its land, then Fasa's great-man truced on Darabjird's terms — or, it is said, the Hirbadh truced it too.
واقعہ
صلح النبي مع أكيدر
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھKhalid brought Ukaydir to the Prophet, who spared his blood, made peace with him on payment of the jizya, and released him; he returned to his village.
واقعہ
صلح السامرة
تقریباً 636 عیسوی · تقریباً 15 ھIn al-Baladhuri through the Syrian chain of Hisham ibn Ammar from al-Walid ibn Muslim from Safwan ibn Amr: Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah compounded with the Samaritans of the Jordan and Filastin districts — they being mixed with the other covenant-holders — on the terms that they serve as scouts and guides for the Muslims, against jizya on their heads with their lands exempted; the Muslims once raided them and took captives until they returned to abiding by their first affair, when they were left in peace, their standing continuing to the author's time on their ancient treaty; in Yazid ibn Mu'awiya's day kharaj was laid on their land with five dinars on each man's head — the Samaritans being Jews of two sects, the Dustan and the Kushan; in al-Rashid's early caliphate a sweeping plague struck Filastin, sometimes taking whole households, whose lands fell waste and idle until the sultan charged their cultivation and assembled tenants and farmers to them, making them crown estates including the Samaritans', and in year 246 a portion of their kharaj was remitted.
واقعہ
كارثة عبيد الله بن أبي بكرة الثانية
Under al-Hajjaj, Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra returned to Sijistan — bewildered, weakened, the land barren — marched near Kabul, where the enemy seized a defile on him and Rutbil closed in. He truced for five hundred thousand dirhams, three sons as hostages — Nahar, al-Hajjaj, and Abu Bakra — and a writ not to raid while he governed. Shurayh ibn Hani' al-Harithi counselled: 'fear God and fight, else you weaken Islam on this frontier and flee the death that is your lot' — they fought; Shurayh charged and fell; the army escaped spent through Bust's mafaza where many died of thirst and hunger; Ubaydallah died of grief for what befell the people — some say an ear illness — leaving his son Abu Bardha'a in command.
واقعہ
حملة عبيد الله بن زياد على بيكند
On Ziyad's death Mu'awiya gave Khurasan to his son Ubaydallah, twenty-five years old; he crossed the river with twenty-four thousand and came on Baykand while the Khatun held Bukhara's city — her summons brought a Turkish swarm the Muslims routed, and as they laid waste she sued for peace and aman: a million dirhams, and he entered the city, taking Ramadin and Baykand, two farsakhs apart and Ramadin her dependency. It is said he also took the Saghaniyan, and brought Bukhara folk to Basra on stipends.
واقعہ
تنصّر عبيد الله بن جحش بأرض الحبشة
Ibn Ishaq says: Ubaydullah ibn Jahsh went out with the Muslims emigrating to Abyssinia, and when he arrived he became a Christian, left Islam and died there a Christian; the Prophet afterwards married his wife Umm Habiba bint Abi Sufyan. The book does not date the event.
واقعہ
دفن شهداء أحد
23 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 7 شوال 3 ھThe Messenger of God looked over the martyrs and said: 'I am witness over these.' He ordered that anyone who had carried a slain man back to Medina return him, and that they be buried where they fell, in their clothes, the iron and leather removed, unwashed; two or three were laid in one grave, the one who had taken most of the Qur'an placed first. Abdullah ibn Amr ibn Haram and Amr ibn al-Jamuh were buried together for the love between them. They looked for Hanzala and found him dripping water; the Prophet said the angels were washing him, and he was called the angels' washed. Among the martyrs they found Mus'ab ibn Umayr, for whom no shroud was found but a striped cloak.
واقعہ
انسحاب المنافقين يوم أحد
23 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 7 شوال 3 ھOn the road to Uhud, when the army was near al-Shawt, Abdullah ibn Ubayy broke away and withdrew with some three hundred fighters on the pretext that the Messenger had rejected his advice to stay in Medina. This withdrawal revealed for the first time the hypocrisy that had been hidden. The Banu Haritha of the Aws and Banu Salama of the Khazraj wavered toward going back, then held firm by God's help; Abdullah ibn Haram, Jabir's father, tried to turn the hypocrites back and they refused.
واقعہ
تعبئة الجيش الإسلامي عند أحد وتعيين فصيلة الرماة
23 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 7 شوال 3 ھThe Prophet halted with seven hundred fighters in the gorge of Mount Uhud, facing Medina with his back to the mountain — the best position on the field. He picked fifty skilled archers under Abdullah ibn Jubayr ibn al-Nu'man al-Ansari al-Awsi and posted them on a small hill southeast of the camp known as the Archers' Hill, ordering them not to leave their position in victory or defeat, and told their commander: 'keep the cavalry off us with your arrows so they cannot come at us from behind.' He put al-Mundhir ibn Amr on the right wing and al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam on the left, supported by al-Miqdad.
واقعہ
المجلس الاستشاري وتجهيز الجيش لأحد
22 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 6 شوال 3 ھWhen news of the Quraysh army heading for Medina reached the Prophet he held a senior war council. His view was to stay in Medina and fight the polytheists through the alleys, and Abdullah ibn Ubayy agreed; but the young Companions who had missed Badr pressed to march out until he yielded. The Prophet put on his armour and girt his sword, then divided his army into three battalions: the Muhajirun under the banner of Mus'ab ibn Umayr, the Aws under Usayd ibn Hudayr, and the Khazraj under al-Hubab ibn al-Mundhir.
واقعہ
التوزيع التكتيكي لجيش المسلمين في أحد
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھThe distribution of forces on the right and left wings, and the appointment of fifty archers on the Archers' Hill to protect the army's rear.
واقعہ
الانسحاب المنظم إلى شعب الجبل في أحد
23 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 7 شوال 3 ھWhen about thirty Companions had gathered around the Prophet he began an orderly withdrawal into the mountain gorge, cutting a path through the attacking polytheists. During the retreat he killed Ubayy ibn Khalaf with his own hand. The polytheists made a last attempt to climb the mountain under Abu Sufyan and Khalid, and Umar and a party of the Muhajirun fought until they drove them down. The Messenger of God settled in the gorge, where Fatima washed his wound and cauterised it with a burnt mat to stop the bleeding. Muhammad ibn Maslama brought fresh water from which the Prophet drank and prayed for him; he prayed the noon prayer sitting, from the effect of his wounds.
واقعہ
فرائض عمر في العطاء
The diwan, written in 20h, opened with Banu Hashim, nearest to the Prophet first, sabiqa breaking kin-ties — and for the Ansar 'begin with Sa'd ibn Mu'adh's rah t of Aws'. Abu Bakr had made shares equal; Umar refused — 'I will not make who fought the Prophet like who fought with him': five thousand a year for every Badr man, allies and mawali equal; four thousand for Badr-like Islam, Abyssinia-migrants and Uhud-men; two thousand for Badris' sons, save Hasan and Husayn joined to their father's five thousand for kinship; al-Abbas five or seven thousand; above all, the Prophet's wives twelve thousand, Juwayriya and Safiyya joined. Umar ibn Abi Salama got four thousand — 'I favor his nearness: bring me a mother like Umm Salama' — and Usama ibn Zayd four thousand to Abdallah ibn Umar's three: 'he was dearer to the Prophet than you, his father dearer than yours'. The rest by rank, Qur'an and jihad; Yemen and Qays folk from two thousand to none below three hundred — 'were the wealth great I'd give each man four thousand: a thousand for travel, a thousand for arms, a thousand left home, a thousand for horse and shoe' — stipends for muhajirat women, a hundred for the exposed infant rising at weaning, a hundred and monthly keep for every foundling, suckling and upkeep on the bayt al-mal.
واقعہ
خواص فرائض عمر وعدله في العطاء
Yazid ibn Abi Habib: Umar set Amr ibn al-As at two hundred as amir, Umayr ibn Wahb al-Jumahi at two hundred for his patience in want, Busr ibn Abi Artat at two hundred as a man of conquest — 'many a conquest God wrought by his hand' — and wrote Amr to set the Tree-pledgers at two hundred, take that himself as amir, and put Kharija ibn Hudhafa in sharaf al-ata' for his courage. A governor who paid Arabs and left mawali got his letter: 'it suffices a man for evil to scorn his Muslim brother'; Ammar ibn Yasir's stipend was six thousand, Salman's four, Hurmuzan's two. When the diwan was laid down Abu Sufyan ibn Harb said 'a diwan like Banu al-Asfar's — pay them and they will lean on it and leave trade'; Umar: 'it must be — the Muslims have grown'. Stipends went to the dahqans too — Nahr al-Malik's, Ibn al-Nukhayrajan, Khalid and Jamil sons of Busubuhri, Sistam ibn Tarisi of Babil and Khutarniya, al-Rufayl of al-Al, and Ju'ayfina al-Abadi at a thousand each — and his letter to the jund-commanders attached every freed Hamra' convert to his mawali 'theirs what is theirs, on them what is on them', or formed them into a tribe equal in stipend. Abu Ubayda refused the badia till the hadara were provided, Umar II wrote the same to Yazid ibn Husayn, and Umar gave Mecca's people no stipend and sent them on no expedition.
واقعہ
عزل عمر النعمان بن عدي عن ميسان
634 اور 644 کے درمیان عیسویIbn Ishaq relates that Umar ibn al-Khattab appointed al-Nu'man ibn Adi over Maysan in the Basra region, then dismissed him when verses attributed to him reached Umar. Al-Nu'man excused himself that he was a poet saying what poets say, and Umar answered that he would never employ him again as long as he lived.
واقعہ
إجلاء يهود خيبر وفدك
تقریباً 640 عیسوی · تقریباً 20 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the Jews of Khaybar stayed on their lands under the half-share arrangement through the Prophet's life and Abu Bakr's and into the early part of Umar's caliphate, until Abdullah ibn Umar came to them on an errand and they set upon him by night — whereupon Umar removed them, dividing Khaybar among the Muslims present and allotting a share to the Prophet's wives with the choice between the produce and the estate; Umar cited the Prophet's saying 'two religions shall not coexist in the Arabian peninsula' in expelling Khaybar's Jews; as for Fadak, when Umar exiled the Jews of the Hijaz he sent Abu al-Haytham Malik ibn al-Tayyihan, Sahl ibn Abi Haythama and Zayd ibn Thabit, who valued half its soil at a fair price paid out to the Jews, and exiled them to Syria.
واقعہ
أمانة عمر في الفيء
Umar wrote Hudhayfa to pay the people their rizq; 'done — and much remains' came the answer, and his: 'it is theirs — the fay' God gave them — not Umar's nor Al Umar's — divide it among them'. Abu Hurayra brought five hundred thousand from Bahrayn — 'much money has come: shall we count it or weigh it?' — and a man said 'I have seen these Ajam keep a diwan they pay the people by'; so Umar wrote the diwan: first Muhajirun five thousand, Ansar four thousand, the Prophet's wives twelve thousand. 'It is their right — had it been Khattab-money I'd not have given it, but I know there is surplus: let each stipend buy sheep for his sawad, then rams, till his children hold a substance' — and 'I counsel whom God charges: the Prophet said who dies cheating his flock will not smell paradise'. Every newborn, boy or girl, was registered for a hundred and two jaribs a month.
واقعہ
حمل طعام خراج مصر إلى المدينة
21 ھIn al-Baladhuri: in year 21 Umar ibn al-Khattab wrote to Amr ibn al-As informing him of Medina's hardship and ordering him to ship the kharaj grain he gathered to Medina by sea — so it was borne, and oil with it, till reaching al-Jar, where Sa'd al-Jar took charge, and it was lodged in a house at Medina and dealt out to the people by measure; the transport ceased at the first fitna, resumed in Mu'awiya's and Yazid's days, ceased again till Abd al-Malik's, then ran uninterrupted till Abu Ja'far's caliphate and just before it. And in Umar's caliphate Egypt's jizya-payers were recompounded — two dinars plus two in place of the wheat, oil, honey and vinegar — every man bound to four dinars, which they accepted and loved.
واقعہ
مساحة عمر بن هبيرة للقطائع
Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik wrote Umar ibn Hubayra: 'the Commander of the Faithful holds no share in Arab land — go through the grants and take their surplus for me'; Umar walked each qati'a asking its owner how he held it, till one answered 'we inherited them from truthful fathers, and when we die our sons inherit' — the people cried out, and he stopped.
واقعہ
إصلاح أحوال السجون في عهد عمر بن عبد العزيز
99 ھ
واقعہ
حكم جميع بن حاضر في وفود سمرقند
Under Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz a Samarqand delegation charged that Qutayba had entered their city and settled Muslims on treachery; Umar ordered his governor to set a qadi over the claim — Jumay' ibn Hadir al-Baji ruled the Muslims must leave unless the city fight them on even terms — and the Samarqandis, loath to fight, confirmed the Muslims, who stayed among them.
واقعہ
دعوة عمر الثاني ملوك ما وراء النهر وغزو ابن معمر
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz wrote the kings beyond the river summoning them to Islam — some converted. His Khurasan governor al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami jailed Mukhallad ibn Yazid and Yazid's agents, and sent Abdallah ibn Ma'mar al-Yashkuri deep into enemy lands till he neared China; the Turks surrounded him till he ransomed free and reached al-Shash. Umar lifted kharaj from Khurasan's converts.
واقعہ
من سياسة عمر وأحكامه
When Umar appointed an official he registered his wealth, and halved the fortunes of wronging governors — a half to the treasury, a half to them. Long he ate nothing of the fisc till want touched him; he asked the Companions and Ali said 'lunch and supper' — he took that. His letter: no army or raiding amir shall flog a hadd far from the route, lest Satan's zeal carry him to the unbelievers. 'This matter stands only on a firmness without despotism and a gentleness without weakness'. A woman came: 'my husband prays all night and fasts all day' — 'well praised' — Ka'b ibn Suwar: 'she complains — she says he gives her no share' — 'then judge between them: God allowed him four women — she has a day of every four days and a night of every four nights'. And sixteen dinars spent on his hajj — 'Abdallah, we have been extravagant with this money'.
واقعہ
نظام الأرزاق الشهرية لعمر
Umar had a jarib of food kneaded and baked and oiled — thirty men ate lunch from it, and the same at supper — 'two jaribs a month suffice a man', and so each man, woman and mamluk drew two jaribs monthly; a man would curse his fellow 'may God lift your two jaribs' — death cut them — 'and that is on tongues to this day'. Abu al-Darda' counted 'rightly-guided sunnas Umar granted the umma — among them the two mudds and the two qists'; on the minbar, mudd and qist in hand: 'we run your stipends and your rizq every month — for every Muslim soul each month a mudd, a qist of oil, a qist of vinegar' — 'and the slave?' — 'yes, and the slave'. For dependents he set the fighters' households and their descendants at tens; Uthman and his governors kept it and made it heritable to non-stipended heirs till Umar II, who heard Sulayman ibn Habib's account, disliked the inheritance — 'cut it and generalize the stipend' — 'I fear they will imitate your cutting and not your generalizing' — 'truly said', and he left them. The newborn drew ten; Mu'awiya deferred it to the weanling; Abd al-Malik cut it save whom he willed — and 'do not hasten weaning your children: we stipend every newborn in Islam'.
واقعہ
إقرار عمر السواد في أيدي أهله
تقریباً 17 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Umar wrote to Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas when he conquered the Sawad: 'as for what follows — your letter reached me saying the people asked you to divide what God granted them; when my letter reaches you, look at what the army's men brought on their horses and mounts of money or chattel and divide it among them after the fifth, and leave the land and rivers to their workers so it may be in the Muslims' stipends — for if you divide it among those present nothing will remain for those after them.' Abdallah ibn Hazim asked Mujahid about the Sawad's land: 'it is neither bought nor sold — it was conquered by force and left undivided, so it belongs to all Muslims.' Sulayman ibn Yasar said Umar confirmed the Sawad for those in men's loins and women's wombs, made its people dhimma — jizya taken from them and kharaj from their land, dhimma with no enslavement — and al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik had wanted to make the Sawad's people fay' until told of Umar's precedent, so God turned him from it. Umar had wanted to divide the Sawad among the Muslims and ordered them counted — each man's share came to three peasants — so he consulted the Prophet's companions and Ali said 'leave them, a substance for the Muslims'; he then sent Uthman ibn Hunayf al-Ansari. Jamil ibn Busbuhri, dihqan of the two Fallujas and al-Nahrayn, converted, with Bistam ibn Tarsi dihqan of Babil and Khutarniyya, al-Rufayl dihqan of al-Al, Fayruz dihqan of Nahr al-Malik and Kutha, and other dihqans — Umar did not interfere with them, did not take the land from their hands, and lifted the jizya from their necks.
واقعہ
إصفاء عمر صوافي السواد
تقریباً 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri via Abd al-Malik ibn Abi Hurra from his father — the most knowledgeable man on the Sawad — Umar appropriated ten lands of the Sawad, of which he memorized seven and three escaped him: the marshes and water-sinks, Khusraw's land, every monastery of Yazid, the land of those killed in the battle, and the land of those who fled; in his fuller recension — land of those killed in the war, of those who fled, all Khusraw's land and all his family's, every water-sink, every monastery of Yazid, and every safiyya Khusraw had appropriated — reaching seven million dirhams' revenue; when they sufficed and the Jamajim broke out, the people burned the register and each took what adjoined them.
واقعہ
ولاية أمية بن عبد الله خراسان وقتل بكير
Khurasan split between Bukayr's party and Bujayr's until its notables wrote Abd al-Malik that only a Qurashi could mend it — Umayya ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid was sent, gave Bukayr Tukharistan then the trans-river campaigns, and planned Bukhara then Musa at Tirmidh. Bukayr raced to Marw, seized Umayya's son, called the people to depose him; forewarned, Umayya truced Bukhara cheaply, took ships Bukayr had burned, returned and fought him, then truced him any district he chose — but hearing he still plotted, had him seized at his house and imprisoned, where Bujayr ibn Waraqa leapt on him and killed him. Umayya campaigned al-Khattl, broken since Sa'id ibn Uthman's sulh, and took it.
واقعہ
حريق الجامع الأموي سنة 461
تقریباً مئی 1069 عیسوی · شعبان 461 ھThe Umayyad Mosque burned in mid-Sha'ban 461: Badr al-Jamali had arrived from Egypt and fighting broke out between the easterners and westerners, who torched houses adjoining the mosque until the fire reached it; the combatants dropped the feud to fight the flames. Al-Imad al-Katib and al-Safadi described the blaze.
واقعہ
عمرة النبي من الجعرانة
فروری 630 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 8 ھAfter completing the distribution of spoils, the Prophet entered the state of ihram from al-Ji'rana by night, entered Mecca to perform the rites of Umrah, confirmed Attab ibn Asid as governor of Mecca, and departed back to Medina in Dhu al-Qa'dah 8 AH.
واقعہ
ولاية عقبة بن نافع على زويلة وما بينها وبرقة
تقریباً 22 ھIn al-Baladhuri on Mu'awiya ibn Salih's report: Amr ibn al-As wrote to Umar ibn al-Khattab that he had given Uqba ibn Nafi' al-Fihri the Maghreb — he had reached Zawila, and all between Zawila and Barqa had submitted in good obedience, their Muslims paying sadaqa and their covenant-holders confirmed in jizya — and that he had laid on Zawila's people and those between it and Barqa what he judged they could bear; and he charged all his agents to take sadaqa from the rich and return it to the poor, to take the jizya of the dhimma borne to him in Egypt, to take tithe and half-tithe from Muslim lands, and the treaty-terms from treaty folk.
واقعہ
إسلام ملك العسيفان
At al-Usayfan between Kashmir, Multan and Kabul, a king begged his idol's sadins to pray for his sick son — they claimed its answer, the boy died, and he demolished the shrine, broke the idol, slew the sadins — then summoned Muslim merchants who taught him tawhid, and he converted under al-Mu'tasim.
واقعہ
تعاقب العشر والخراج على أراضي الفرات
Euphrates lands whose holders surrendered them when the Muslims entered, or which passed to Muslim hands as gifts, were made ushr-lands; they had been kharaj — al-Hajjaj returned them to kharaj, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz to sadaqa, Umar ibn Hubayra back to kharaj, Hisham part to sadaqa, and al-Mahdi at last made them all sadaqa-lands.
واقعہ
خروج أستاذسيس
تقریباً 767 عیسوی · 150 ھIn year 150 the Khurasani troops renounced obedience under the amir Ustadhsis and he seized most of Khurasan; the Khurasani army's levy reached three hundred thousand horse and foot. Ajtham al-Marwazi fought them and was killed and his army plundered; Khazim ibn Khuzayma then took the field in a vast host, and the famous battle they fought is said to have killed seventy thousand. Ustadhsis fled to a mountain; the next year Khazim had the fourteen thousand captives beheaded, besieged him until he surrendered, bound him and released his thirty thousand followers.
واقعہ
خبيص عتبة بن فرقد
Umar sent his Azerbaijan governor Utba ibn Farqad a hamper of khabis-sweets among the felt-rolls; Utba asked if it was money, then had it sent back. Utba later made two baskets of khabis wrapped in hides and felt, sent by his mawla Suhaym — Umar tasted, 'fine indeed; did the Emigrants eat their fill of it? It is yours alone' — and wrote back: 'it is not your toil nor your mother's nor your father's; eat nothing but what fills the Muslims in their camps'.
واقعہ
توسعة عثمان للمسجدين
تقریباً 646 عیسوی · 26 ھIn year 26 Uthman enlarged the Sacred Mosque and bought adjoining plots for the extension; in year 29 he enlarged the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, rebuilding it in carved stone with stone columns and a teak roof, fixing its length at one hundred and sixty cubits and its breadth at one hundred and fifty.
واقعہ
إنفاق عثمان على جيش العسرة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet urged the wealthy to spend and provide mounts in God's path, and men among them did. Uthman ibn Affan spent a vast sum such as no one else spent, in Ibn Ishaq's account; Ibn Hisham adds, from 'one who is trusted', that it was a thousand dinars and that the Prophet said: God, be pleased with Uthman, for I am pleased with him.
واقعہ
مسح عثمان بن حنيف السواد
تقریباً 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Umar sent Uthman ibn Hunayf al-Ansari to survey the Sawad — he found it thirty-six million jarib and set on each a dirham and a qafiz, that qafiz being like their makuuk called al-Shaburqan — Yahya ibn Adam saying it was the sealed Hajjaji measure. Via Qatada from Abi Mujlaz: Umar appointed Ammar ibn Yasir over the Kufans' prayer and armies, Abdallah ibn Mas'ud over their judiciary and treasury, and Uthman ibn Hunayf over the land-survey, allotting them a sheep daily — half with its offal for Ammar, the other half between the two; Uthman surveyed and set ten dirhams on a palm jarib, ten on a vine jarib, six on cane, four on wheat, two on barley, and wrote it to Umar who ratified it. Via al-A'mash from Ibrahim from Amr ibn Maymun: Umar sent Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman over what was beyond the Tigris and Uthman ibn Hunayf over what was this side — both setting a qafiz and a dirham per jarib. Via Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Thaqafi: al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba wrote while over the Sawad 'we have crop kinds exceeding wheat and barley' — naming mash, vines, ratba and sesame — so eight each was set and palms waived. Via al-Ayzar ibn Hurayth: Umar set two dirhams and two jaribs on a wheat jarib, a dirham and a jarib on barley, ten on vine, ten on ratba, five on cotton, a dirham on each Farsi palm and on the two daqal grades. Via al-Sha'bi: Uthman ibn Hunayf set five dirhams for a ratba jarib and ten for vine, without bundling what grew beneath.
واقعہ
قطائع عثمان بالعراق
تقریباً 646 عیسوی · تقریباً 25 ھ†In al-Baladhuri via Musa ibn Talha: the first to make land-grants in Iraq was Uthman ibn Affan, granting qata'i' from Khusraw's safaya and the Jalandima land — Talha's al-Nashastaj, Wathil ibn Hujr al-Hadrami's land adjoining Urara, Khabbab ibn al-Aratt's Istiniya, Adi ibn Hatim al-Ta'i's al-Rawha', Khalid ibn Urfuta's land by Hammam A'yan, al-Ash'ath ibn Qays al-Kindi's Tizanabadh, Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali's land on the Euphrates bank, Abdallah ibn Mas'ud's land at al-Nahrayn, Ammar ibn Yasir's Istiniya, Khabbab's Sa'naba, Sa'd's village of Hurmuz, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah's al-Nashastaj, and Usama ibn Zayd's land which he sold; Ibn Mas'ud and Sa'd let their lands at a third and a quarter crop-share.
واقعہ
غارة عثمان بن أبي العاص على تانه والهند
In 15h Umar gave Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi Bahrayn and Uman; he sent brother al-Hakam to Bahrayn and from Uman detached troops to Tana — Umar's answer was the famous 'ya akha Thaqif, you set worms upon wood; had they been struck I'd have taken their like from your people'. Al-Hakam sent to Barus, and brother al-Mughira to the Daybul creek, where he met the enemy and prevailed.
واقعہ
بيعة وكيع بن حسان على قتيبة
Qutayba preached his ihsan, their scant loyalty, and warned of the Ajam he had raised over them — they resolved on war and gave no answer. Al-Hudayn ibn al-Mundhir refused their leadership and pointed them to Waki' ibn Hassan ibn Qays ibn Abi Sud of Tamim — 'none else can bear it: a rough Arab whose tribe obeys him, a Tamimi; and Qutayba slew the Banu al-Ahtham, who seek their blood'. They sought him out, he gave his hand, and they swore him bay'a — Hayyan, Maslama's mawla, having gone between them.
واقعہ
حكم وكيع بن حسان خراسان تسعة أشهر
Waki' held Khurasan sole; Sulayman meant to confirm him but was told fitna raises him and the jama'a lowers him — too rough, too bedouin, a man who called for a basin and urinated in public. Nine months till Yazid ibn al-Muhallab came appointed; Mukhallad his son called Waki' to account — 'yield God's wealth' — 'was I God's treasurer?' — and jailed him. Mukhallad took al-Buttam, left when they breached, then wheeled back and entered it with Jahm ibn Zahr, who took wealth and golden idols — Buttam's folk trace their mawla-status to him.
واقعہ
وقعة الحرة
تقریباً 683 عیسوی · 63 ھIn year 63 the Medinese deposed Yazid and rose against him for his excesses — Abdullah ibn Hanzala, son of the Ghassil, said 'we did not march out until we feared stones raining from heaven'. Yazid sent a dense army with orders to fight them then march on Mecca against Ibn al-Zubayr; the battle of the Harra fell on Medina's very gate — 'by God, scarcely one escaped', said al-Hasan; many Companions and others were killed, the city was pillaged, a thousand maidens violated, and the slain of Quraysh and the Ansar numbered three hundred and six.
واقعہ
فتنة الشيعة والسنة بواسط
1015 عیسوی · 406 ھ406–407: Wasit's confessional war burned out the Shi'i and Zaydi quarters and drove their notables and Alawids into exile — they fled to Banu Mazyad begging his aid, an early sign of the Mazyadids' rise as patrons of the Alawids.
واقعہ
ماء وادي المشقق
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھOn the road was a trickle of water in a valley called Wadi al-Mushaqqaq, enough only for a rider or two. The Prophet forbade anyone to reach it before him; some of the 'hypocrites' went ahead and drew what was in it, and he cursed them and prayed against them. He then placed his hand beneath the trickle, the water gushed forth, and the people drank.
واقعہ
يوم بُعاث
تقریباً 617 عیسوی · 6 قبل ہجرتThe last and greatest of the Aws–Khazraj wars before Islam, about five years before the Hijra on the soundest view; before it ran the war of Mutaymir, the war of Ka'b ibn 'Amr, the day of al-Sarara and the day of al-Dayk — al-Samhudi adds the day of Fari', the two Fijar wars, and the wars of Hudayr ibn al-Aslat and Hatib ibn Qays — until al-Khattabi reports a tradition that war stood between them a hundred and twenty years to Islam. They fought at Bu'ath, a site at the head of Qawra, after the long-bested Aws allied with Qurayza and al-Nadir — its earlier bid for a Quraysh pact at Mecca having been dissolved by a ruse Ibn Shabba ascribes to al-Walid ibn al-Mughira — and some of its clans withdrew about a year to Khaybar. When the Khazraj boasted of victory and seized the Jews' hostages, the war was joined. Both chiefs fell: Hudayr 'al-Kata'ib', father of Usayd, for the Aws, and 'Amr ibn al-Nu'man al-Bayadi for the Khazraj — 'Abdallah ibn Ubayy had warned him he would be borne off slain, and four men carried him in as foretold; the rout first fell on the Khazraj until Hudayr rallied the Aws to victory, and Sa'd ibn Mu'adh escaped under 'Amr ibn al-Jamuh's protection; in the Sahih 'A'isha says 'the day of Bu'ath was a day God sent ahead of His Messenger for their entering Islam — he came when their assembly had scattered and their chiefs been slain', a report al-Samhudi also transmits in her chapter.
واقعہ
ولاية يزيد بن أسيد السلمي لأرمينية
754 اور 775 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: al-Mansur gave Armenia to Yazid ibn Asid al-Sulami, who opened Bab al-Lan, stationed there a ribat of diwan men, and tamed the Sanariyya till they submitted to kharaj; al-Mansur wrote ordering him to marry into the Khazar king's family — he did so, the Khaqan's daughter bearing him a son who died while she died in her lying-in; Yazid sent to Shirwan's salt-source and salt-pans, taxed them and set a deputy over it; he built the city of Arjil the Lesser and Arjil the Greater, settling Palestine's people in them; and it is told from a body of Bardha'a's shaykhs that al-Shamakhiyya in Shirwan's district was named for al-Shamakh ibn Shuja', who was king of Shirwan in Sa'id ibn Sam al-Bahili's governorship of Armenia.
واقعہ
مسير يزيد بن حاتم إلى إفريقية وقتله أبا خاتم
767 اور 787 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: after Hazarmard, Yazid ibn Hatim ibn Qubaysa ibn al-Muhallab governed — he went out in fifty thousand, Abu Ja'far al-Mansur escorting him to Bayt al-Maqdis and spending great wealth on him; Yazid marched until he met Abu Khatim at Batr Iblis, killed him, and entered Ifriqiya which settled for him; then Rawh ibn Hatim ruled, then al-Fadl ibn Rawh — the army rose on him and slaughtered him.
واقعہ
غزو يزيد بن المهلب جرجان
Sulayman gave Yazid ibn al-Muhallab Iraq; bound for Khurasan he met Sul al-Turki on the road, took the caliph's leave to raid him — Jilan and Sariya — then besieged him in Dihistan, cut his supplies, and accepted his treaty: safe self, property and household for the city — and kept faith, while killing fourteen thousand Turks, though Abu Ubayda reports Sul slain. Jurjan paid him Sa'id's tribute, breached, and Jahm ibn Zahr retook it — one account has a hundred and twenty thousand in his host against the fired-brick wall the Turks had seized, one end in the sea; he found Sul at al-Buhayra, besieged him six months and treated him out with three hundred of his household. When Jurjan breached again its marzban fortified at Wajah among thickets — seven months, mangonels, then an informer's path and hide-ladders; Jahm swore 'if I am spared life, let me not be spared death', the gate-keepers fell, and the enemy knew only the takbir behind them — the captives driven to Wadi Jurjan were slaughtered till the blood ran, and Yazid built Madinat Jurjan.
واقعہ
مغازي يزيد بن المهلب وخلافة المفضل
The Muhallab's son Yazid succeeded, campaigning widely — al-Buttam opened by his own son Mukhallad. Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Abbas ibn Rabi'a of Abd al-Muttalib's house, fleeing with Ibn al-Ash'ath's remnant, reached Herat, killed al-Ruqad al-Mutakki and levied kharaj; Yazid beat him, forbade pursuit, and the Hashimi fled to Sind. On Yazid's Khwarizm raid the troops wore the captives' clothes and perished of cold. Then al-Hajjaj gave Khurasan to al-Mufaddal ibn al-Muhallab, who retook breached Badghis, Shuman and others, dividing the spoils.
واقعہ
نهب عسكر اليمن مكة سنة 620هـ
1223 عیسوی · 620 ھ620: al-Malik al-Mas'ud Atsiz ibn al-Kamil — the Ayyubid sultan of Yemen — reached Mecca, whose new sharif Hasan ibn Qatada had alienated his father's ashraf and mamluks; the army plundered the sanctuary 'until they took the clothes off people and beggared them'. Atsiz ordered Qatada's grave exhumed and burnt — and the coffin proved empty, exposing that Hasan had secretly buried the father he had strangled. Ibn al-Athir moralises: he lost this world and the next for the kingship he killed for.
واقعہ
عطاء زينب بنت جحش ودعاؤها
When the stipends issued Umar sent Zaynab bint Jahsh hers; 'God forgive Umar — my sisters were worthier of sharing this than I' — 'it is all yours' — she veiled it with cloth, had Barza bint Rafi' take fistfuls to her kinsfolk and orphans till five hundred and eighty remained beneath, and prayed: 'God, let no stipend of Umar's reach me past this year' — and she died. Ibn Shihab's register: twelve thousand to the consummated wives, six each to Juwayriya and Safiyya as fay'-born, five thousand to Muhajir Badris, four to Ansari Badris, sarih and halif and mawla equal; Mus'ab ibn Sa'd's: six thousand Badris, ten thousand the mothers, Aisha plus two thousand for the Prophet's love; and of their five Ajam, Tamim al-Dari and Bilal. 'If I live to next year I will set the humblest Muhajirun at two thousand'.
واقعہ
تقسيم زياد أعمال خراسان سنة ٤٥
Governor of Basra in 45h, Ziyad divided Khurasan's commands: Umair ibn al-Ahmar over Marw — the first to settle the Arabs there — Khulayd ibn Abdallah al-Hanafi over Abarshahr, Qays ibn al-Haytham over Marw al-Rudh, Talaqan and Faryab, Nafi' ibn Khalid al-Tahi of the Azd over Herat, Badghis and Bushanj, and Qadis of the Anwaran.
واقعہ
استشهاد زهير بن قيس ببرقة
685 اور 705 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan gave Zuhayr ibn Qays al-Balawi Ifriqiya — he opened Tutus, then returned to Barqa, where word reached him that a body of Romans had come out of ships of theirs and were ravaging; he rode against them with a light cavalry band, met them, and was martyred with those with him — he was buried there, and their graves are called Qubur al-Shuhada.
واقعہ
قطع الزط ومحاربة عجيف لهم
Al-Hajjaj settled a mass of Sind's Zutt — families, children and buffaloes — in Kaskar's lowlands; they overran the batiha and bred, joined by runaway slaves and the Bahila and Khawla mawlas of Muhammad ibn Sulayman ibn Ali, who egged them to highway robbery and open defiance. In al-Ma'mun's days travellers avoided them and Baghdad lost all Basra shipping; al-Mu'tasim devoted himself to them, charging the Khurasani Ujayf ibn Anbasa with open funds — he staged lean tailed horses between the bata'ih and Baghdad so word reached him within hours — and Ujayf dammed the water against them with great works till not one escaped, barged them to Baghdad and scattered them: some at Khaniqin, the rest to Ayn Zarba and the frontier.
واقعہ
نقل الزط إلى سواحل الشام
Mu'awiya transferred a company of the old Zutt and Sayabija to Syria's coasts and Antioch; al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik moved more Zutt to Antioch and its region.
گروہ
الأندغار
The Andaghar — a people of the Kirman side toward Sijistan; they converted in the asawira's wake and were lodged at Basra with the Sayabija and Zutt.
گروہ
بنو عبد الأشهل
A clan of the Aws, Banu Abd al-Ashhal ibn Jusham ibn al-Harith; after Abu Jubayla's departure they settled a quarter south of Banu Zafar's, by the edge of the eastern Harra, and built the utm 'Waqim' — held by Hudayr ibn Simak, after whom the quarter was named — and another called 'al-Ra'l' for Sakhra umm Banu Abd al-Ashhal, crying at Bu'ath 'we are Banu Sakhra, lords of the Ra'l'. A war with Banu Haritha drove the latter from the shared quarter to the Yathrib neighbourhood.
گروہ
بنو الحارث بن الخزرج
A clan of the Khazraj, Banu al-Harith ibn al-Khazraj the Elder (Balharith); they settled their quarter in the 'Awali east of Wadi Buthan by the Su'ayb plot, and built the utm after which the quarter 'al-Sunh' was named — where Abu Bakr had his home with his wife bint Kharija ibn Zayd, a mile from the Prophet's residence.
گروہ
بنو بكر بن عبد مناف
A tribe of Kinana that entered Quraysh's pact at Hudaybiyya; the night attack by its Banu al-Dil clan on Khuza'a at al-Watir — secretly armed by Quraysh — broke the truce and set off the conquest of Mecca.
گروہ
بنو بياضة
A clan of the Khazraj, Banu Bayada ibn 'Amir ibn Zurayq; they held a quarter in the western Harra north of Banu Salim with nineteen utum — thirteen for Banu Umayya ibn 'Amir alone — and were praised in the saying 'slowest to flee, fastest to charge: Banu Bayada, Banu Zurayq and Banu Ghaffar'. Their quarter lodged the Banu Ghadb septs; when Habib ibn Abd al-Harith demanded they draw water with their own hands they killed him, and two of their septs fought in a garden until no eye twinkled — hence its name 'the Garden of Death' — and in 160 AH the Ansar's Umayyad diwan register was transferred to them.
گروہ
بنو حارثة بن الحارث
A clan of the Aws, Banu Haritha ibn al-Harith ibn al-Khazraj the Younger; they first shared the Abd al-Ashhal quarter by the eastern Harra and built the utm 'al-Musayyir', then war broke out in which Simak ibn Rafi' fell to Mas'ud Abu Muhayysa — the expelled Banu Haritha withdrew to Banu Sulaym's land, were besieged in their tower by Hudayr ibn Simak until Banu Harw ibn 'Awf and Banu Khatma mediated their evacuation, spent about a year at Khaybar, were reconciled through al-Shafra''s intercession, and refusing to return settled the Yathrib neighbourhood west of Hamza's shrine where Islam found them, building the utm 'al-Rayyan' by their mosque; the Prophet spent the eve of Uhud in their houses at al-Shaykhan.
گروہ
بنو خطمة
A clan of the Aws — Khatma is 'Abdallah ibn Jusham ibn Malik al-Awsi — who settled their known quarter, built utum and planted palms, yet lived scattered in their towers with none in the quarter's heart; when Islam came they took a mosque and one man built a house beside it, the others asking after him each morning for fear a beast had taken him, until they multiplied and were nicknamed 'Ghazza' after populous Gaza of al-Sham. Their utum include 'Sa'b Dhar'' — kept as a fighting fortress with no dwellings — and the tower of Umayya ibn 'Amir ibn Khatma.
گروہ
بنو مغالة
A clan of Banu al-Najjar — Banu 'Adi ibn 'Amr ibn Malik, Maghala being 'Adi's mother — settled on the right of one facing the Prophet's Mosque from the end of the balat; they built the utm 'Fari'' facing the houses of Banu Talha ibn 'Ubayd Allah, later absorbed into Ja'far ibn Yahya al-Barmaki's residence — the tower where Safiyya the Prophet's aunt sheltered on the day of the Trench with Hassan ibn Thabit beside it (al-Zayn al-Maraghi makes it the tower of Thabit, Hassan's father), where Ibn Sayyad was found in Muslim's hadith, and to which Hassan's verse 'we hold sway between Sal' and Fari'' refers.
گروہ
بنو مكي رؤساء قابس
Banu Makki, the Arab chiefs of Gabes and its districts; their first ruler Abd al-Malik ibn Makki held Gabes and Djerba and stretched his hand to Sfax, governing under Hafsid obedience until the amir Umar ibn al-Lihyani wrested the town from them and they were scattered, their rule at Gabes ended.
گروہ
بنو مزني أمراء بسكرة
Banu Muzni, amirs of Biskra and the Zab country; of Banu Jari ibn Ulwan of the Athbaj by the genealogists Ibn Khaldun cites, who settled the Zab villages over the earlier Zanata and conquest-era inhabitants and shared sweet and bitter with them, their grandees organised as lords of the shura council — among their amirs Musa ibn Muhammad ibn Mas'ud al-Balt, amir of the nomads who gave bay'a to the Hafsid Abu Ishaq against his brother al-Mustansir, their rule enduring through the Abd al-Wadid and Marinid fitnas to Ibn Khaldun's day.
گروہ
بنو ساعدة
A clan of the Khazraj, Banu Sa'ida ibn Ka'b, owners of the famous saqifa; they settled in four Medinan quarters: Banu al-Harith and Banu Tha'laba between the market and Banu Damra; a village around Bi'r Buda'a; Banu Abi Khazima — Sa'd ibn Ubada's sept — at Jirar Sa'd, where al-Samhudi places their saqifa; and Banu Waqf and Banu Annan in the 'Banu Tarif' quarter. They built the utm 'Mu'rith', the last tower built in Medina — the Prophet arrived while they were building it and gave them leave to finish.
گروہ
بنو ثابت رؤساء طرابلس
Banu Thabit, the Arab chiefs of the city of Tripoli and its districts; when the Hilali Arabs took the Ifriqiyan lands and wrested Tripoli from the Zanata Khazrunids, its chieftaincy settled on this house, which held the ra'asa over town and suburbs in obedience to whatever Maghreb state — Almohad or Hafsid — held sway, into Ibn Khaldun's own time.
گروہ
بنو يدر
Banu Yadar, amirs of the Sus from the post-Abd al-Mu'min Almohad fitnas; of Banu Badas — Ali ibn Yadar marched into the Sus in open revolt in 651, fortifying Tiyunudin and taking Tazakht, obeyed by the Kazula, Lamta, Zakn and Lakhs tribes, starving the Almohad governor of Taroudant and routing Ibn Asnak's army; when the Marinids took Marrakesh in 668 he seized Taroudant, Ifri and all the Sus's strongholds until his killing that year — his nephews Ali ibn Abd al-Rahman and Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Yadar holding on until the Marinid sultan extinguished them.
گروہ
بنو ظفر
A clan of the Aws, Banu Zafar — Ka'b ibn al-Khazraj the Younger — who settled their quarter east of al-Baqi' by their mosque known as the Mosque of the Baghla, next to Banu Abd al-Ashhal, whom they backed in the war against Banu Haritha.
گروہ
بنو زريق
A clan of the Khazraj, Banu Zurayq ibn 'Amir; fewer than Banu Bayada, they left their quarter shortly before Islam for their known quarter before the musalla and the market at Dhurwan, building utum including one at the corner of Kabir ibn al-Salt's house and 'al-Rayyan' by the Saqifat al-Rayyan of the Suraqa family. A standing war with Banu Bayada and Banu Habib ran until settled by blood-money, the lane they were granted being named 'the Lane of the Diya'; they shared with Banu Bayada the fame of 'slowest to flee, fastest to charge'.
گروہ
الدروز
The Druze; a closed community folded in on itself, their da'wa ordered in grades — the du'at, the 'uqala' keepers of the faith's inner secrets, the jawahid holding the outer keys of dealing with others — risen from the 408 proclamation of al-Hakim's divinity; they aided the Muslims faithfully against the Crusaders with splendid stands at the siege of Qal'at al-Shaqif, aided Hulagu's raid on Syria, and kept their martial name in Lebanon's wars into the Mandate.
گروہ
خزاعة
The tribe of the Meccan lowland, long allied to the Prophet's house by marriage and oath; it entered his pact at Hudaybiyya, was attacked at al-Watir by Banu Bakr with Quraysh's secret aid, and its appeal to Medina set off the conquest of Mecca.
گروہ
لمتونة
The greatest of the veiled Sanhaja tribes of the Sahara, from whom the Almoravid state arose; their chieftaincy lay in the Banu Wartantaq house of Yahya ibn Ibrahim al-Juddali whose hajj brought them the jurist Abd Allah ibn Yasin, and their amirs were Yahya ibn Umar, his brother Abu Bakr, and their cousin Yusuf ibn Tashfin.
گروہ
النصيرية
The Nusayriyya, ghulat Shi'a lately called Alawites; seated on Jabal al-Nusayriyya, their lands stretching to the plains of Hama, Homs and Aleppo and north past Antioch, named for the Shi'i jurist Muhammad ibn Nusayr (d. 260), a follower of the eleventh imam al-Hasan al-Askari — northern Syria's old stock before the Druze came to Lebanon, their faith a secreted blend holding also to Christian festivals like Christmas and Easter and names like Matta and Hanna.
گروہ
صنهاجة
One of the three great Berber nations alongside Lamta and Hawwara, dwelling in the Sahara and its mountains; from them came the Mulaththamun tribes Lamtuna, Guddala and Massufa who built the Almoravid state, and the Zirid and Hammadid royal houses of Ifriqiya and the Qal'a, their remnant still in the desert in Ibn Khaldun's day.
گروہ
السيايجة
The Sayabija — Sindhi captives of the Persian jund who, hearing the asawira's story, converted and were lodged by Abu Musa in Banu Hanzala at Basra; a body of them, forty or four hundred, stood watch over Basra's treasury.
گروہ
الزط
The Zutt — a Sindhi people among the captives taken for the Persian jund; pre-Islamic they pastured the coasts and the Taff, then hearing of the asawira they converted and Abu Musa lodged them in Banu Hanzala at Basra. A second mass al-Hajjaj settled with families and buffaloes in Kaskar's lowlands overran the batiha and cut the roads under al-Ma'mun, till Ujayf ibn Anbasa took them wholesale for al-Mu'tasim and scattered them to Khaniqin, Ayn Zarba and the thughur.
سفر
غزوة الأبواء (ودان) أول غزوات النبي
سفر
من عدن إلى زيلع في البحر في رحلة ابن بطوطة
سفر
غزوة بني سليم بالكدر
سفر
من عيذاب إلى جدة في طريق الحج
سفر
مسير جيش المدينة إلى بدر
The Muslim army's route from Medina to Badr in Ramadan 2 AH: out of Medina's pass to Bir al-Rawha, off the Mecca road at al-Naziya to Rahqan and the Safra pass, then Dhi Afran, al-Asafir and al-Dabba, to the wells of Badr.
سفر
من بدر إلى المدينة في رحلة ابن جبير
سفر
من بغداد إلى دمشق شمالاً ثم غرباً على طريق ابن جبير
سفر
من بغداد إلى المدينة على طريق الحاج العراقي
سفر
من البصرة إلى فارس وعراق العجم على طريق ابن بطوطة
سفر
غزوة بحران
سفر
غزوة بواط
سفر
من القاهرة إلى عيذاب على درب الصعيد
سفر
من القاهرة إلى قوص في النيل، طريق ابن جبير
سفر
درب زبيدة — طريق الحج من الكوفة إلى مكة
The pilgrim road from Kufa to Mecca as registered by Qudama ibn Ja'far in the barid chapter — its relay stations, mileages and each halt's cisterns, wells and minbars: from Madinat al-Salam to Kufa, al-Qadisiyya and al-Udhayb (the frontier picket between Arabs and Persians with its twin walls), then al-Maghitha, al-Qar'a, Waqisa, al-Aqaba, al-Qa', populous Zubala, al-Shiquq, Qabr al-Abbadi, al-Tha'labiyya, walled al-Khuzaymiyya with its minbar and hammam (once called Zarud, its sand red), al-Ajfar, Fayd with the governor's lodge and canal and minbar, Tawz, al-Hajir, Ma'dan al-Nuqra, al-Rabadha with abundant water, Ma'dan Bani Sulaym, and on through the Hijaz road to Mecca.
سفر
غزوة ذي العشيرة
سفر
غزوة ذي أمر
سفر
مسيرة فتح مكة
The march of the ten-thousand-strong army of the Conquest from Medina to Mecca in Ramadan 8 AH (January 630 CE): departing Medina on 10 Ramadan, breaking fast at al-Kudayd, encamping with 10,000 fires at Marr al-Zahran, halting at Dhu Tuwa to divide columns, and entering Mecca.
سفر
درب الهجرة الأولى إلى الحبشة
The first group of Muslims left Mecca in Rajab of the fifth year of prophethood, twelve men and four women, slipping to the port of Shu'ayba, where two trading ships carried them to Abyssinia. Some returned to Mecca on false news and went back; Quraysh then sent a delegation with gifts to the Negus.
سفر
من غرناطة إلى القاهرة في رحلة ابن جبير إلى الحج
سفر
سرية حمزة إلى سيف البحر
سفر
مسير النبي إلى الحديبية
The Prophet's march from Medina to al-Hudaybiyya in Dhu al-Qa'da of year 6 AH, on pilgrimage with those who followed him: past Dhu al-Hulayfa, near Usfan, then by a rough track between the hills over Thaniyyat al-Mirar to the far end of al-Hudaybiyya.
سفر
من مكة إلى حنين فالطائف ثم العودة
The march after the conquest of Mecca in Shawwal 8 AH: from Mecca to the valley of Hunayn where the battle took place, the pursuit of the Hawazin and Thaqif remnants to Awtas and Ta'if, the siege of Ta'if, then the return by way of al-Ji'rana, the umra and Medina. The book names only the stops it gives, so only those are listed.
سفر
درب الإسراء
The earthly leg of the Isra: the Prophet's night journey on the Buraq from al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca to al-Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, as al-Raheeq narrates it. The text gives no halting places between them. The ascent through the heavens is not a geographic route and is not listed here.
سفر
درب الطائف
سفر
من مكة إلى العراق مروراً بالمدينة مع ركب العراق
سفر
من المدينة إلى مكة على درب الركب الشامي
سفر
درب غزوة بني المصطلق
The march of the Prophet from Medina in Sha'ban 6 AH to the watering-place of al-Muraysi' near Qudayd, where the raid took place, and the return to Medina; the book names only these two stops and does not give the halts between them.
سفر
سرية عبد الله بن جحش إلى نخلة
سفر
من قوص إلى عيذاب في الصحراء، طريق ابن جبير
سفر
عودة مهاجري الحبشة إلى خيبر
The emigrants' voyage from Abyssinia to the Prophet at Khaybar in the two ships the Negus provided, with Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri, after al-Hudaybiyya. Ibn Ishaq names neither the port nor the route, and says they arrived while the Prophet was at Khaybar.
سفر
سرية سعد بن أبي وقاص إلى الخرار
سفر
غزوة سفوان
سفر
من صنعاء إلى عدن في رحلة ابن بطوطة
سفر
من صقلية إلى غرناطة في رحلة ابن جبير عائداً
سفر
من تبريز إلى الموصل وديار بكر ثم العودة إلى بغداد
سفر
مسير النبي إلى تبوك ورجوعه
The Prophet's march from Medina to Tabuk in Rajab of year nine and his return, by the halting-places Ibn Ishaq names: Thaniyyat al-Wada' where he camped, al-Jurf where Ali caught up, al-Hijr, and Tabuk where he stayed some ten nights, and Wadi al-Mushaqqaq on the way back. Ibn Ishaq does not order every stop; the return section (Dhi Awan) was completed in a later batch.
سفر
من تلمسان إلى القاهرة في رحلة ابن بطوطة من المغرب
سفر
سرية عبيدة بن الحارث إلى بطن رابغ
ذرائع ابلاغ
صورة مشهدية: غزوة بدر
Illustrative landscape for The Battle of Badr, generated locally with FLUX.2 [klein]; no people and no text.
ذرائع ابلاغ
صورة مشهدية: غزوة الخندق
Illustrative landscape for The Battle of the Trench, generated locally with FLUX.2 [klein]; no people and no text.
ذرائع ابلاغ
صورة مشهدية: غزوة أحد
Illustrative landscape for The Battle of Uhud, generated locally with FLUX.2 [klein]; no people and no text.
ذرائع ابلاغ
خريطة تخطيطية: غزوة بدر
Map for The Battle of Badr, drawn from sourced positions.
نادر شے
بيلتا طليطلة
Toledo's twin marvels — two basins al-Zarqallu built in a vaulted chamber in the Great River at Bab al-Dabbaghin after hearing of the spinning talisman of India; they filled and ebbed with the waxing and waning moon by half a seventh each day, full on the fifteenth and dry by the twenty-ninth, and swelled back instantly if emptied. They worked until the Christians took Toledo and Alfonso had one lifted in 528 to learn its mechanism, killing both; another report blames the Jewish astrologer Hatim b. Rabuwa.
نادر شے
صنم الخطا
The idol at the far north-east near Sind to which pilgrimage was made, counted by al-Umari among the surviving famous monuments.
شخصیت
أبان بن عثمان
Aban ibn Uthman ibn Affan; a Medinan jurist once its governor, who lashed the dirham-cutter thirty and paraded him — for hollowing and salting with counterfeits.
شخصیت
عباد بن زياد
Abbad ibn Ziyad; from Sijistan he crossed the mafaza and stormed Qandahar — and the tall caps of its folk became the 'Abbadiyya.
شخصیت
عباد بن الحصين الحبطي
Abbas ibn al-Husayn al-Hibati; he warned Humran ibn Aban of al-Hajjaj's threat — 'if he claims Arab descent and won't own his father and his fiefdom to Uthman, I'll strike his neck' — so Humran gifted him the west bank that became Abbadan, whose first garrisoner he was. Before that he held Ibn Samura's shurta at Kabul — a whole night spearing the foe till dawn; al-Hasan: I never thought one man could stand for a thousand until I saw Abbad ibn al-Husayn.
شخصیت
عباس بن فرناس
Abbas ibn Firnas, the Andalusi astronomer who discovered in his workshop a way of making crystal — and who, in a remarkable experiment, launched himself on a glider, sailed high in the air, fell and rose unharmed, thus foreshadowing the idea of flight in the Middle Ages.
شخصیت
عبد الأعلى بن عبد الله بن عامر
Abd al-A'la ibn Abdallah ibn Amir; he won the canal suit against Harb ibn Salm, then gave it back — 'by God, never shall I take back what I made his'.
شخصیت
عبد العزيز بن عبد الله بن عامر
Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdallah ibn Amir; governed Sijistan for the Zubayrid al-Quba' — al-Harith ibn Abdallah ibn Abi Rabi'a — entered Zaranj and warred on Rutbil till Abu Afra'a Umayr killed him; then emptied the treasury and left on Ibn Nashira's counsel, was restored by Waki' ibn Abi Sud, and expelled Ibn Nashira who fell by his stumbling horse.
شخصیت
عبد الرحمن بن أبرى
Abd al-Rahman ibn Abra, Khuza'a's mawla; in Abu Ubayda's account Ali's first agent over Khurasan, before Ja'da ibn Hubayra.
شخصیت
عبد الرحمن بن العباس الهاشمي
Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Abbas ibn Rabi'a ibn al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib; out with Ibn al-Ash'ath, he fled to Herat, killed al-Ruqad al-Mutakki and levied kharaj — beaten by Yazid ibn al-Muhallab who forbade pursuit, he fled on to Sind.
شخصیت
عبد الرحمن بن جزء الطائي
Abd al-Rahman ibn Jaza' al-Ta'i; Ali's envoy to Sijistan, killed by Hasaka ibn Utab — Ali swore to kill four thousand of the Habata, and was told they were not even five hundred.
شخصیت
عبد الرحمن بن مسلم الباهلي
Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Bahili, Qutayba's brother; sent against Khurrazad he killed him and slew four thousand captives.
شخصیت
عبد الرحمن بن سمرة
Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura ibn Habib ibn Abd Shams; Ibn Amir's governor of Sijistan — Zaranj's marzban truced under feast-day siege for two million and two thousand wadif; he conquered to Kish and the Dawar country, trapped them in Jabal al-Zur, cut the hand off the gold ruby-eyed Zur idol and took its eyes: 'yours — I meant to show you it neither harms nor benefits'; Bust and Zabil by compact.
شخصیت
عبد الرحمن بن زياد
Abd al-Rahman ibn Ziyad; a sharif whom Mu'awiya made over Khurasan after Sa'id ibn Uthman's dismissal — he held it at Mu'awiya's death.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن عبد الله بن الأهثم أبو حاقان
Abdallah ibn al-Ahtham, Abu Haqan — Qutayba's Marw deputy whose denunciation al-Hajjaj returned; forewarned he fled to Syria peddling wine, flax, then oil as one-eyed 'Abu Tutayna' — until al-Walid's death, when his unmasking sermon for Sulayman made him 'the most eloquent of men'.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن الأصبهاني
Abdallah ibn al-Asbahani; Basra's Dar Ibn al-Asbahani bears his name — he commanded four hundred men when he met al-Mukhtar under Mus'ab, on the right wing.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن الربيع بن زياد
Abdallah ibn al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad al-Harithi; succeeded his father over Khurasan in 53h, fought Amul and Zamm into a sulh, and died at Marw two months later.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن علوان
Abdallah ibn Alwan; he severed Qutayba's head after the faza's pole crushed his skull.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن عمرو الكوسج
Abdallah ibn Amr al-Thaqafi al-Kawsaj; when Abu Bakra and his brother Nafi' contested the Kawsajan tract, he offered himself as arbiter, ruled it to himself and they yielded — or, as told, asked a leap's-width water share and leapt thirty cubits.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن خازم السلمي
Abdallah ibn Khazim ibn Asma' ibn al-Salt al-Sulami; his Basra house came as a qati'a from his aunt Dajaja, Abdallah ibn Amir's mother.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن معمر اليشكري
Abdallah ibn Ma'mar al-Yashkari; Yazid's governor of Dihistan and al-Biyasan with four thousand — the Ispahbadh's letter to the marzban had him and his men slaughtered unaware in their quarters.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن ناشرة التميمي
Abdallah ibn Nashira al-Tamimi; he counselled Abd al-Aziz to empty Sijistan's treasury and leave, then came himself and entered Zaranj — expelled by Waki' ibn Abi Sud, he raised a host and fought till his horse stumbled and he was killed, elegized as 'no youth after Ibn Nashira the youth'.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن سوار العبدي
Abdallah ibn Sawar al-Abdi; frontier lord who gifted Mu'awiya Qiqani horses, then died at Qiqan to Turkish aid — so generous no other fire burned in his camp, and a lying-in woman's khabis meant three days' khabis for all.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن شبل الأنتمسي
Abdallah ibn Shibl al-Antamasi; he led al-Walid ibn Uqba's van in the 25 AH Azerbaijan campaign, raiding Muqan, al-Babar and al-Taylasan to plunder and captives.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن عمر بن عبد العزيز
Abdallah ibn Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz; Yazid ibn al-Walid's governor — the two-flask complaint of Basra's brackish water moved him to dig Nahr Ibn Umar: 'were the cost Iraq's whole kharaj, I would spend it'.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن أمية
Abdullah ibn Umayya; given Sijistan by his father while at Kirman — truced the second Rutbil at Bust for a million, refused gifts with 'fill this portico with gold or no peace', a ruse that let Rutbil trap him in the defiles; he settled for three hundred thousand, a written covenant, and no-raid terms — and Abd al-Malik dismissed him.
شخصیت
أبو عفراء عمير المازني
Abu Afra'a Umayr al-Mazini; he killed Rutbil in Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdallah ibn Amir's war, and the unbelievers routed.
شخصیت
أبو الجراح القاضي
Abu al-Jarrah the qadi, keeper of Ibn al-Zubayr's prison; he escaped it and Sallam ibn Ziyad bought him Khalid ibn Tulayq's Basra house.
شخصیت
أبو المختار الصعيق
Abu al-Mukhtar Yazid ibn Qabs ibn Yazid al-Sa'iq; author of the famous poem that denounced the Ahwaz officials to Umar, who mulcted them of half their wealth.
شخصیت
أبو أيوب المورياني
Abu Ayyub al-Muryani; al-Mansur's minister, ordered to write the money-letters on yellowed sheets — and so it ran.
شخصیت
أبو برزة الأسلمي
Abu Barza Nadla ibn Ubaydallah al-Aslami; he held Ibn Amir's right wing at Istakhr's fall.
شخصیت
أبو دلف القاسم بن عيسى
Abu Dulaf al-Qasim ibn Isa al-Ijli, lord of al-Karaj and al-Mu'tasim's commander; he raided Daylam under al-Ma'mun and governed in al-Mu'tasim's reign during al-Afshin's Jibal command, taking the Daylam forts of Iqlism, Bumaj, al-Iblam and Andaq.
شخصیت
أبو مريم الحنفي
Abu Maryam al-Hanafi; sent to Ramhurmuz after their breach, he re-truced them for eight hundred thousand dirhams.
شخصیت
أبو قيس بن عبد مناف بن زهرة
a Qurashi who learned the script with Sufyan ibn Umayya from Bishr ibn Abd al-Malik.
شخصیت
أبو قلابة الجرمي
شخصیت
أبو سلمة الزطي
Abu Salama al-Zutti; chief of the Sayabija treasury-guards when they were killed in the Camel affair — remembered as a righteous man.
شخصیت
أبو عبيدة بن زياد
Abu Ubayda ibn Ziyad; captured by Kabul's people when they broke, ransomed by Talha ibn Abdallah — Talhat al-Talhat — for five hundred thousand dirhams at Salm ibn Ziyad's sending.
شخصیت
أبو عيينة بن المهلب
Abu Uyayna ibn al-Muhallab, Yazid's brother; sent with Khalid against the Ispahbadh and routed with him.
شخصیت
أحمد بن أبي خالد الأحول
Ahmad ibn Abi Khalid al-Ahwal the katib; al-Ma'mun's commander who took Haydar's short road and camped on Ushrusana's city before the Turks arrived — Kawus surrendered.
شخصیت
أفشين
al-Afshin, lord of Ushrusana; he bought off Muslim ibn Sa'id's invasion with six thousand heads and his fortress.
شخصیت
الأردبيلي جمال الدين
Shafi'i jurist from Ardabil in Azerbaijan who died in 779 AH.
شخصیت
الأشهب بن بشر الكلبي
al-Ashhab ibn Bishr al-Kalbi; al-Hajjaj's governor of Sijistan when the truce-years ended — he pressed Rutbil hard over the 'urud until the king's complaint reached al-Hajjaj, who dismissed him.
شخصیت
أشرس بن عبد الله السلمي
al-Ashras ibn Abdallah al-Sulami; Hisham's governor, guided by his Nabati katib Abu Umayya — raised the levies, freed converts from jizya, watched the kharaj collapse, clawed it back as musalama, and sent the jailed-then-bailed Thabit Qutna to a death by Turks.
شخصیت
الأسمر عبد السلام
Libyan Sufi shaykh of Tripoli whose seclusion (khalwa) became known under his name.
شخصیت
الأسود بن كلثوم العدوي عدي الرباب
al-Aswad ibn Kulthum al-Adawi, the ascetic called Adi al-Ribab; at Bayhaq he and a band entered by a wall-breach, the foe held it, and he died fighting with his men — Adham ibn Kathum then won the town. He had prayed to rise from the bellies of beasts and birds, so his brother left him unburied while the fallen companions were buried.
شخصیت
الأسود بن سريع التميمي
Al-Aswad ibn Sari' al-Tamimi; some say he laid out Basra's mosque and was the first to judge in it — the sons of Mas'ud taunted 'God have mercy, you have made yourself famous' and he answered 'I shall not do it again'.
شخصیت
الأزدي القرطبي
1093 عیسوی · 486 ھAndalusi scholar of Cordoba from whom students took hadith.
شخصیت
الأزرقي
Meccan historian of the third century AH who wrote on the history and monuments of Mecca.
شخصیت
الضحاك بن مزاحم
Al-Dahhak ibn Muzahim al-Hilali, Khurasan's exegete; met Sa'id ibn Jubayr at Rayy and wrote down tafsir from him.
شخصیت
الفضل بن عبد الرحمن رائض البغال
Al-Fadl ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Abbas ibn Rabi'a ibn al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib — nicknamed Ra'id al-Bighal, mule-breaker, for his riding; folk followed him after Ibn al-Ash'ath's flight to Sijistan, and he fled al-Hajjaj. To his house reverted the Nahr Nafidh qati'a Uthman had granted al-Abbas ibn Rabi'a with a hundred thousand dirhams.
شخصیت
الفضل بن ماهان
al-Fadl ibn Mahan, mawla of Banu Sama; Sindan's conqueror who sent al-Ma'mun an elephant and kept him in the mosque's dua — after him his sons Muhammad and Mahan fought over it till Hind retook it.
شخصیت
الفطمش بن الأعور
Al-Fatammash ibn al-A'war ibn Amr al-Dabbi, poet; his verse on Rayy's Furkhan fortress curses 'the keep on whose head the caller to prayer gleams'.
شخصیت
الحجاج بن أرطاة
Al-Hajjaj ibn Artat, called Abu Artat; he travelled to Rayy with al-Mahdi and died there.
شخصیت
الحجاج بن عتيك الثقفي
Al-Hajjaj ibn Utayk of Thaqif; husband of Umm Jamil bint Yahjan, on whom the watchers saw al-Mughira call; he held the Euphrates charge — the Hajjaj of Abu al-Mukhtar's satire on the Ahwaz officials.
شخصیت
الحكم بن أبي العاص الثقفي
al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi, Uthman's brother; sent to Bahrayn and on to Barus in 15h.
شخصیت
الحكم بن عمرو الغفاري
al-Hakam ibn Amr al-Ghifari, a chaste Companion; fetched to Ziyad by mistake for al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As, he was blessed and given Khurasan — died there 50h, the first to pray beyond the river and the conqueror of the Saghaniyan lands.
شخصیت
الحكم بن عوانة الكلبي
al-Hakam ibn Awana al-Kalbi; Asad ibn Abdallah's deputy over Khurasan on his departure.
شخصیت
الحكم بن نهيك الهجيمي
Al-Hakam ibn Nuhayk al-Hujaymi; al-Hajjaj's governor of Kirman after Fars — he built Arrajan's mosque and dar al-imara.
شخصیت
الحارث بن عبد الله بن أبي ربيعة المخزومي القباع
Al-Harith ibn Abdallah ibn Abi Rabi'a al-Makhzumi, called al-Quba'; he gave Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdallah ibn Amir Sijistan in Ibn al-Zubayr's days, and they warred on Rutbil.
شخصیت
الحارث بن كلدة
the famed physician of the Arabs; ate the poisoned khazira with Abu Bakr — 'a year's poison is in it, we die in one day' — and both died in one day at year's end.
شخصیت
الحارث بن مرة العبدي
al-Harith ibn Murra al-Abdi; Ali-sanctioned volunteer of the Indian frontier — a thousand heads' booty in one day — killed with his men at al-Qiqan in 42h.
شخصیت
أبو الحسن البصري
Abu al-Hasan al-Basri, al-Hasan ibn Yasar — his father once Qayruz; of Maysan's captives with his brother Sa'id, falling to the Ansari al-Rabi' bint al-Nadr or Jamila Anas's wife who freed them — 'our wala' is hers'. Born at Medina two years before Umar's end, left it a year after Siffin, died at Basra in 110 aged eighty-nine.
شخصیت
الحسن بن الحسين الطاهري
Al-Hasan ibn al-Husayn, Abdallah ibn Tahir's uncle; sent at Khurasan's head against Mazyar, his the ambush-ruse that took him on the false aman.
شخصیت
الهربذ
The Hirbadh, master of Darabjird — banner-town of Fars's folk and their religion; he truced Uthman on payment and equal terms with the surrendered towns, and is said to have truced Fasa as well.
شخصیت
الحضين بن المنذر
al-Hudayn ibn al-Mundhir; Khurasan's people begged him to lead them against Qutayba — he refused and pointed them to Waki' ibn Hassan, 'none else can bear it'.
شخصیت
الحصين بن أبي الحر العنبري
Al-Husayn ibn Abi al-Hurr al-Anbari; granted leave for a Basra bathhouse in the permission-wave.
شخصیت
الجارود العبدي
A chief of Abd al-Qays who had been a Christian; he came in his people's delegation and asked the Prophet to guarantee his religion if he left it for Islam. The Prophet answered that he guaranteed God had guided him to something better, and he and his companions embraced Islam; he asked for mounts, there were none, and the Prophet forbade him to ride stray camels. He remained firm in Islam until he died, having lived into the ridda, when he called his people back from apostasy with al-Gharur. Al-Baladhuri adds that in 22 AH Umar ordered him sent against the fortresses of Fars.
شخصیت
الجنيد بن عبد الرحمن المري
al-Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri; Hisham's governor from 112h — his scouts took the Khaqan's son drunk hunting, and Hisham armed him with twenty thousand men, thirty thousand spears and shields; the Hashimi da'is flourished in his rule. He died at Marw.
شخصیت
الكوكي
A Daylami known as al-Kawki around whom the Daylamis rallied when the Talibis rose in Daylam and the Tabaristan side in 253 AH; al-Mu'tazz sent Musa ibn Bugha against them.
شخصیت
الكسائي النحوي
Ali ibn Hamza al-Kisa'i, master of Kufa's reading and grammar and tutor of al-Hadi, al-Amin and al-Rashid; buried at Rayy.
شخصیت
المبارك التركي
Al-Mubarak al-Turki, mawla of Musa al-Hadi; built at Qazwin the fortress called Madinat al-Mubarak, peopled by his own clients.
شخصیت
المفضل بن المهلب
al-Mufaddal ibn al-Muhallab; al-Hajjaj's governor after his brother Yazid — he retook breached Badghis, Shuman and others, and divided the spoils among the people.
شخصیت
المغيرة بن أبي العاص الثقفي
al-Mughira ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi, Uthman's brother; sent to the Daybul creek he met the enemy and prevailed.
شخصیت
المغيرة بن المهلب
al-Mughira ibn al-Muhallab; his death before his father's was the beginning of the Muhallab's own illness — grief that ended at Zaghul of Marw al-Rudh.
شخصیت
المهاجر بن زياد الحارثي
Al-Muhajir ibn Ziyad al-Harithi, al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad's brother; martyred at Manadhir — he would sell his life fasting, drank at Abu Musa's order 'not from thirst', fought and fell, his head set between two merlons — the elegy 'راح المهاجر في حل بإجمال' is his.
شخصیت
المهلب بن أبي صفرة
Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra al-Azdi; the Basrans' amir and commander of the Azraqite wars — he gave his wife Khayra bint Damra the Mahallaban and Khayrakan estates, mother of Abu Uyayna.
شخصیت
المختار بن كعب الجمحي
al-Mukhtar ibn Ka'b al-Jumhi; his verse on Qutayba — 'he tamed Sughd with raids till he left it squatting in the bare waste'.
شخصیت
المنذر بن عمرو
one of the literate Ansar when Islam came.
شخصیت
المنذر بن حسان بن ضرار
Al-Mundhir ibn Hassan ibn Dirar of the Malik ibn Zayd Dabis; he shared in Mihran's blood on al-Nukhayla day.
شخصیت
المنجاب بن راشد الضبي
Al-Munjab ibn Rashid al-Dabbi; granted leave for a Basra bathhouse, the dying man's verse asks 'how is the road to Minjab's bath?'.
شخصیت
النعمان بن صهبان الراسبي
Al-Nu'man ibn Suhban al-Rasibi; he judged between Mudar and Rabi'a in the days Yazid died — his Qasr al-Nu'man enlarged by Ubaydallah drew his prophecy 'evil wealth: much water drowns, little parching', which came to pass.
شخصیت
القاسم بن ثعلبة الطائي
al-Qasim ibn Tha'laba ibn Abdallah ibn Hasn al-Ta'i; by Ibn al-Kalbi's account, Dahir's killer.
شخصیت
الربيع بنت النضر
Al-Rabi' bint al-Nadr, Anas ibn Malik's aunt; it is said al-Hasan al-Basri and his brother fell to her from Maysan's captives and she freed them — others say it was Jamila, Anas's wife of Salima.
شخصیت
الربيع بن خثيم الثوري
Al-Rabi' ibn Khuthaym al-Thawri, ascetic of the Followers; Ali sent him raiding Daylam at the head of four thousand, and Qazwin kept his famous mosque with a tree the common folk rubbed for blessing — said to have sprouted from his planted tooth-stick — until Tahir ibn Abdallah's governor cut it in al-Mutawakkil's reign fearing it would beguile the people.
شخصیت
الربيع بن صبيح الفقيه
Al-Rabi' ibn Sabih, mawla of Banu Sa'd and narrator from al-Hasan al-Basri; he gathered Basran money, fortified Abbadan, raided from it, then sailed against India and died — buried on a Jarathir island in 160h.
شخصیت
الربيع بن زياد الحارثي
Al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad al-Harithi; in one telling Abu Musa sent him against the asawira at al-Kalbaniyya — he fought them till they sought aman on conversion, war against the Medes, free alliance and free settlement.
شخصیت
الرواد الأزدي
Al-Rawwad al-Azdi; he settled Tabriz, then his son al-Wajna' ibn al-Rawwad, who built and walled it so the people rallied to him — al-Wajna' and the Azd mawla Sadaqa ibn Ali later ravaged Azerbaijan.
شخصیت
الرقاد المتكي
al-Ruqad al-Mutakki; killed at Herat by the Hashimi Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Abbas in Ibn al-Ash'ath's remnant.
شخصیت
الشعبي
Amir ibn Sharahil al-Sha'bi, Kufa's jurist; entered Rayy with Qutayba ibn Muslim, who asked him what drink he loved most — 'the easiest found and the dearest lost', he said.
شخصیت
الشاهجان
al-Shahijan; Marw's marzban sent him to Ibn Amir suing for peace, and Hatim ibn al-Nu'man went and made it.
شخصیت
الشماخ بن ضرار
Al-Shammakh ibn Dirar al-Thumali — some say al-Taghlibi — the poet; he rode Sa'id ibn al-As's Azerbaijan raid and sang of Bukayr ibn Shaddad, knight of Atlal.
شخصیت
الوليد بن هشام بن المغيرة
al-Walid ibn Hisham ibn al-Mughira; his advice Umar took for the diwan — 'Syria's kings have a diwan and an army: write a diwan, raise an army'.
شخصیت
عمار بن أبي الخصيب
Ammar ibn Abi al-Khasib; the builder who executed the congregational mosque of al-Mahdi's al-Muhammadiyya at Rayy — his name inscribed on its wall — in the building dated 158 AH.
شخصیت
عمرو الرومي
Amr al-Rumi, al-Hadi's mawla; he administered Madinat Musa at Qazwin and the Rustamabadh endowment, succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Amr.
شخصیت
عمرو بن الأهتم التميمي
A poet of Banu Minqar of Tamim; he came in the Tamim delegation of 9 AH as its youngest member and was left with the mounts, Qays ibn Asim belittled him before the Prophet, who gave him the same gift as the others, and he lampooned Qays in two verses; in Umar's caliphate he carried the news of the Rayshahr victory, as al-Baladhuri relates.
شخصیت
عمرو بن هانئ العبسي
Amr ibn Hani' al-Absi; al-Hajjaj sent him with Damascenes against the Kurds who had ravaged in Ibn al-Ash'ath's days — he routed them and killed many — then ordered him against Daylam with twelve thousand.
شخصیت
عمرو بن ميمون الأودي
a witness of Umar's stabbing — his account: the two-pointed dagger, thirteen wounded six dead, the thrown cloth, the suicide — and Umar's last counsels.
شخصیت
عمرو بن محمد بن القاسم
Amr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qasim; al-Hakam ibn Awana's trusted deputy — raiding from al-Mahfuza he built al-Mansura below the lake, the governors' seat.
شخصیت
عمرو بن مسلم الباهلي
Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili, Qutayba's brother; his governor of Sijistan under al-Walid — his demand for arrears drew Rutbil's answer that only al-Hajjaj's 'urud was due, and brought Qutayba himself to the frontier.
شخصیت
عمرو بن عتبة الزاهد
Amr ibn Utba the Ascetic; he campaigned with Utba ibn Farqad al-Sulami in Azerbaijan when its borderlands breached.
شخصیت
عمرو بن زرارة بن عدس
of Mudar's lands, learned the script from Bishr — he is called Amr the Scribe.
شخصیت
أنس بن زنيم
Anas ibn Zunaym; riding with Abu al-Aswad and Fil — he posed the bathhouse riddle 'two-thirds of Fil's bath: by your father, Kisra's bath is naught'.
شخصیت
أبرويز مرزبان زرنج
Aparwiz, marzban of Zaranj; sent to seek aman, al-Rabi' seated him on a corpse and leaned on another, his companions likewise — awed, he truced for a thousand slave-youths each bearing a gold cup.
شخصیت
عقيل بن أبي طالب
Aqil ibn Abi Talib; one of Quraysh's tongues Umar called with Makhrama and Jubayr to write the people by their ranks — they opened with Banu Hashim.
شخصیت
أردة بنت الحارث
Arda bint al-Harith ibn Kallada, Utba ibn Ghazwan's wife; she goaded the men at the al-Furat city fight with her verse 'if they rout you, you'll enter us uncircumcised'.
شخصیت
أعشى همدان
A'sha Hamdan the poet; in Salm ibn Ziyad's army to Khujanda, defeated — his verses lamenting his horse and his own bloodied fall.
شخصیت
أشرس بن عوف
Ashras ibn Awf of Shayban; the Persian defector walked him across Dujayl's stone weir up into Tustar and showed him Hurmuzan — the way the Muslims entered the city.
شخصیت
أسيد بن المتشمس
Asid ibn al-Mutashammis — or, some say, al-Ahnaf's nephew; left over Balkh after its sulh, he levied its settlement.
شخصیت
عاصم أو ابن عاصم التميمي
Asim, or Ibn Asim, of Banu Tamim; the first to call Sijistan's people to the Kharijite view.
شخصیت
عاصم بن عبد الله الهلالي
Asim ibn Abdallah ibn Yazid al-Hilali; Hisham's governor of Khurasan after al-Junayd's death at Marw.
شخصیت
عاصم بن قيس بن الصلت السلمي
Asim ibn Qays ibn al-Salt al-Sulami; Abu Musa's governor of conquered Manadhir.
شخصیت
عطاء بن السائب الخشل
Ata ibn al-Sa'ib, Banu al-Layth's mawla, called al-Khashl; he ruined Balkh's Nawbahar in Qays ibn al-Haytham's campaign and built the three-river 'Qanatir Ata' a farsakh from the city.
شخصیت
عون بن جمدة المخزومي
Awn ibn Jamda ibn Hubayra al-Makhzumi; in Abu Mikhnaf's account Ali's man to Sijistan, killed by the Ta'i bandit Buhadali on the Iraq road.
شخصیت
أوس بن خولي
a literate Ansari of the kamil who joined writing, archery and swimming.
شخصیت
أوس بن ثعلبة
Aws ibn Tha'laba ibn Ruqi of Taym Allah, a Khurasan notable who bore great charges there — Qasr Aws at Basra bears his name — and passing Palmyra he mocked its two idols 'you two maidens of Tadmur's folk, how long you have wearied standing'. He led Ibn Amir's army to Herat; Rabi'a rallied to him there, Ibn Khazim marched on him and had him poisoned — ailing, he took a wound in the battle and died of it days later.
شخصیت
بهمتة عظيم أبورد
Bahmana, the great of Abiward; he came to Ibn Amir and compounded Abiward at four hundred thousand — or Ibn Khazim was sent and its people truced at the same.
شخصیت
بلج بن نشبة السمدي
Balj ibn Nashba al-Samadi, the watchman whose name stuck to Hammam Balj at Basra — he whom Ziyad called 'who is like him, a watchman and a warden'.
شخصیت
بندون السغدي
Bandun the Sughdi, a king of Sughd; the Sughd mustered for him and Salm ibn Ziyad, crossing the river, killed him in battle.
شخصیت
بشير بن سعد
one of the literate Ansar when Islam came.
شخصیت
بشير بن عبيد الله بن أبي بكرة
Bashir ibn Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra; he dug the Marghab canals at Basra by force, named it Marghab Marw, claimed it as his qati'a — sued by Humayri ibn Hilal, he went up to Khalid al-Qasri, made his complaint and was believed.
شخصیت
بشار بن مسلم الباهلي
Bashshar ibn Muslim ibn Amr al-Bahili, Qutayba's brother; he gifted al-Hajjaj a horse that won him the race — the grant was seven hundred jarib (some say four hundred) for which he dug the canal named Nahr Bashshar.
شخصیت
بلال بن أبي بردة
Bilal ibn Abi Burda; he cut Nahr Ma'qil into Basra's Fayd where it had stood broken, dug the canal named for him, lined both banks with shops, moved the market there — all done for Yazid ibn Khalid al-Qasri.
شخصیت
بشر بن عبد الملك
brother of Ukaydir the Christian lord of Dumat al-Jandal; learned the Arabic script at al-Hira and carried it to Mecca, Ta'if, Mudar and al-Sham.
شخصیت
بشر بن المحتفز
Bishr ibn al-Muhtafiz; governor of Jundishapur — the 'Bishr' of Abu al-Mukhtar's satire.
شخصیت
بشر بن داود
Bishr ibn Dawud; the Sind governor who broke with al-Ma'mun, drawn out in aman by Ghassan ibn Abbad and carried to Baghdad.
شخصیت
بديل بن طهفة البجلي
Budayl ibn Tahfa al-Bajali; sent from Uman against Daybul, his horse shied, the enemy ringed and killed him — some say the Zutt of al-Budha did it.
شخصیت
بجير بن ورقاء الصرعي
Bujayr ibn Waraqa' al-Sura'i of Tamim; with the party that renounced Ibn Khazim at Abarshahr, he pursued and stabbed him near Marw with Waki' ibn al-Dawraqiyya — and later leapt on the imprisoned Bukayr ibn Wishah and killed him.
شخصیت
بكير بن شداد
Bukayr ibn Shaddad ibn Amir of Kinana, rider of the horse Atlal; he rode with Sa'id ibn al-As on the Azerbaijan raid — al-Shammakh's verse ransoms 'Bukayr of the Shaddakh sons, knight of Atlal' — and he it was who heard a Jew reciting poetry in Umar's caliphate and killed him.
شخصیت
بكير بن وشاح
Bukayr ibn Wishah — some say Wisah; Ibn Khazim's shurta-chief who deposed him, seized arms and treasury, won Marw to Abd al-Malik's bay'a, and was made governor — he sent Ibn Khazim's head to Damascus. Under Umayya he held Tukharistan and the trans-river campaigns, then turned, imprisoned Umayya's son and deposed him; fought, then truced for a district, was seized on renewed suspicion and killed in his cell by Bujayr ibn Waraqa'.
شخصیت
بنا الصغير
Buna al-Saghir, al-Mutawakkil's mawla; he fought the rebel Muhammad ibn al-Ba'ith, took him to Samarra, and razed Marand's wall and palace.
شخصیت
بريدة بن الحصيب الأسلمي
Burayda ibn al-Husayb al-Aslami, Abu Abdallah; among the fifty thousand transplanted to Khurasan by al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad in 51h, he died at Marw under Yazid ibn Mu'awiya.
شخصیت
داهر ملك السند
Dahir, king of Sind; refusing to free the pirated women — 'pirates beyond my power' — he met Muhammad ibn al-Qasim elephant-backed amid elephants and the Kakira, dismounted, fought, and fell at evening; al-Mada'ini names a Kilabi his killer.
شخصیت
داود بن أبي هند
Dawud ibn Abi Hind of Basra; one of Sulayman ibn Ali's delegates to al-Mansur over al-Subaytiyya.
شخصیت
داود بن يزيد بن حاتم
Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi; the Sind thaghr after Umar ibn Hafs — the Kinda-mawla Abu al-Summa al-Mutaghallib in his company.
شخصیت
ضرار بن مسلم الباهلي
Dirar ibn Muslim al-Bahili, Qutayba's brother; the only brother spared at his fall — Tamim gave him safety.
شخصیت
دوهر بن داهر
Duhar ibn Dahir; he sallied against Muhammad ibn al-Qasim at al-Kiraj, was routed, fled — some say was killed — and the city yielded on terms.
شخصیت
فرج الرخجي
Faraj al-Rukhkhaji, Ziyad's son; a boy among Ma'n's Zabulistan captives — he told how wild-ass dust made Ma'n put the sword to them, his father bent over him saying 'kill me, not my son', till the truth of the dust stayed his hand.
شخصیت
فيل مولى زياد
Fil, Ziyad's mawla and chamberlain, owner of Basra's second bathhouse; his hamlaaj-nag beside Abu al-Aswad's and Anas ibn Zunaym's poor mounts bred the riddle 'two-thirds of Fil's bath — by your father, Kisra's bath is naught' and Abu al-Aswad's answer that they would not flaunt among the mawali on the Prophet's sunnah.
شخصیت
غسان بن عباد
Ghassan ibn Abbad of Kufa's sawad; al-Ma'mun's man who drew Bishr ibn Dawud out in aman and left Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki over the thaghr.
شخصیت
غيلان بن خرشة الضبي
Ghaylan ibn Kharasha al-Dabbi; he ran Ibn Amir's digging of the Umm Abdallah Dajaja canal — the one Haritha ibn Badr praised riding with Ibn Amir ('never a greater blessing — the weak drink at their own doors') then damned riding with Ziyad ('never a worse canal — their boys drown in it'); some say the two-tongued speaker was Ghaylan himself.
شخصیت
غيلان بن سلمة الثقفي
travelled with Bishr's company to Ta'if and learned the script from them.
شخصیت
غورك ملك السغد
Ghurak, king of Sughd; he summoned the Shash king's aid and was broken, then truced at two hundred and two thousand yearly, prepared the food Qutayba ate, and let him pray and build a mosque in the city.
شخصیت
حبيب بن المهلب
Habib ibn al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra; Sulayman's Sind-war commander — received obedience on Mihran's shore and won his fights.
شخصیت
حبشة بن داهر
Habsha ibn Dahir; restored to Brahmanabadh after his father's death, he answered Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's letter — Islam for kept kingship — and he and the kings converted, taking Arab names.
شخصیت
حكيم بن جبلة العبدي
Hakim ibn Jabala al-Abdi; Abdallah ibn Amir's scout of the Indian frontier — his rhymed dismissal ('its water scant, its fruit worthless; few men lost, many starved') ended Uthman's appetite for the campaign. In the Jamal prelude Ibn Hunayf made him Basra's police-chief; he marched with seven hundred 'Abd Qays on Ibn al-Zubayr's provisioning party and fell to Suhaym's sword with seventy men.
شخصیت
حمزة بن عبد الله بن الزبير
Hamza ibn Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr; his father's governor of Basra — marching into al-Ahwaz he saw its mountain and said 'as if it were Qa'ayq'an'.
شخصیت
حنظلة بن خالد أبو مالك
Hanzala ibn Khalid al-Tamimi, Abu Malik of Qazwin; he worked till all of Dastaba — long split between Rayy and Hamadhan — was joined to Qazwin, and hearing a fellow townsman say 'I won it over, I Abu Malik', answered 'rather you ruined it, you Abu Halik (father of ruin)'.
شخصیت
حرب بن سلم بن زياد
Harb ibn Salm ibn Ziyad; he contested his canal with Abd al-A'la ibn Abdallah ibn Amir — and when the verdict turned to Abd al-A'la, Harb yielded 'it is yours, sheikh of the counsel', Abd al-A'la yielded back 'it is yours', and when his mawlas warned Harb had only come after the judgment swung, he answered 'never shall I take back what I made his'.
شخصیت
هرم بن حيان العبدي
Harim ibn Hayyan al-Abdi; sent by Uthman to Qal'at Shabir — taken by force after siege and fighting, or, as some say, Qal'at al-Sutuj.
شخصیت
هرثمة بن عرفجة البارقي
Harthama ibn Arfaja al-Bariqi — Ibn Durayd reverses the nasab; first to lay out Mosul's plots, settle Arabs and make it a misr, appointed by Umar after Utba's dismissal; he found a fort, Christian churches, few houses and the Jewish quarter, housed the Arabs on their allotments and built the congregational mosque — some say he first misr-ed and plotted al-Haditha before Mosul.
شخصیت
حسكة بن عتاب الحبطي
Hasaka ibn Utab al-Habati; after the Camel he and Imran ibn al-Fasil led Arab desperadoes into Sijistan — plundered Zaliq, captured al-Bakhtari's grandfather, entered Zaranj — and he killed Ali's envoy Ibn Jaza' al-Ta'i, till Rubay'i ibn al-Kas came with four thousand and killed him.
شخصیت
حاتم بن النعمان الباهلي
Hatim ibn al-Nu'man al-Bahili; sent to Marw he truced its marzban at a million two hundred thousand — or a million dirhams with two hundred thousand jarib of grain, or a million one hundred thousand uqiyya.
شخصیت
حيدر بن كاوس الأفشين
Haydar ibn Kawus, the famous al-Afshin; demeaned by his father's favored qahrman he killed him at the city gate, fled to al-Khattl, then showed Islam at Baghdad, taught al-Ma'mun Ushrusana's short road, and was made king after his father.
شخصیت
حيان مولى مصقلة
Hayyan, Masmala's mawla of Daylami captivity, Abu Ma'mar, among the noble and leading clients; Yazid sent him to the Ispahbadh and he worked him till the treaty stood at seven hundred thousand dirhams plus four hundred qirats of saffron — and bore himself the difference between the weight-six and weight-seven measures.
شخصیت
هلال بن أحوز المازني
Hilal ibn Ahwaz al-Mazini; Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik's grantee of the eight-thousand-jarib Marghab tract at Basra.
شخصیت
هشام بن عمرو التغلبي
Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi; al-Mansur's Sind governor — Multan retaken, Qandabil's mutaghalliba expelled, Qandahar's budd razed for a mosque, the land prosperous under him.
شخصیت
حميري بن هلال
Humayri ibn Hilal ibn Ahwaz al-Mazini; he sued Bashir ibn Ubaydallah over the Marghab and lost, Amr ibn Yazid al-Usaydi backing his claim.
شخصیت
حريث بن قطبة الخزاعي
Hurayth ibn Qutba al-Khuza'i; with brother Thabit the real commanders of Musa's Tirmidh army via Tarkhun's backing — killed by a stray arrow.
شخصیت
ابن عبد الله بن عمير الليثي
Ibn Abdallah ibn Umayr al-Laythi, Ibn Amir's maternal half-brother; Qutayba's deputy over Sijistan on his return to Khurasan.
شخصیت
ابن المقفع
Abdallah ibn al-Muqaffa'; the famed chancery secretary, Baladhuri's source for the Persian zamam, seals and diwan usages.
شخصیت
ابن شبرمة
تقریباً 691 عیسوی · 72 ھAbdallah ibn Shubruma, Kufa's qadi; 'were I governor of Basra I would seize their wealth — Umar granted there only Abu Bakra and Nafi' ibn al-Harith, Uthman only Imran ibn al-Husayn plus Ibn Amir's house and Humran his mawla, and Ziyad is said to have given Imran a qati'a too'.
شخصیت
عمران بن الفصيل البرجمي
Imran ibn al-Fasil al-Burjumi; rode with Hasaka ibn Utab's desperadoes into Sijistan after the Camel — the rajaz: 'tell Sijistan: famine and war are come, with Ibn al-Fasil and the Arabs' desperadoes — no silver will destroy them, no gold'.
شخصیت
عمران بن الحصين
Imran ibn al-Husayn Abu Nujayd al-Khuza'i, Companion; Umar sent him with Abu Musa to Basra among the Ansar aid when al-Mughira was dismissed.
شخصیت
عمران بن موسى البرمكي
Imran ibn Musa ibn Yahya ibn Khalid al-Barmaki; he built the city al-Bayda in the Buqan lands under al-Mu'tasim.
شخصیت
الإربلي أبو الفضل
1179 عیسوی · 575 ھShafi'i jurist of Mosul who studied the religious sciences in the Zengid period.
شخصیت
عيسى بن جعفر العباسي
Isa ibn Ja'far ibn al-Mansur; Harun al-Rashid's Basra governor, ordered to fold the dar al-imara into the mosque — and did.
شخصیت
جعدة بن هبيرة المخزومي
Ja'da ibn Hubayra ibn Abi Wahb al-Makhzumi, son of Umm Hani' bint Abi Talib; sent by Ali to breached Khurasan, he could not recover it — it stayed uncovered till Ali's death.
شخصیت
جهم بن زحر الجعفي
Jahm ibn Zahr al-Ju'fi, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab's champion; he retook breached Jurjan, then led the hide-ladder ascent of Wajah — 'if I am spared life, let me not be spared death' — killed the gate-keepers, raised the takbir behind the enemy at mid-afternoon, and drove the captives to Wadi Jurjan where they were slaughtered till the blood ran.
شخصیت
جهور بن مرار المجلي
Jahwar ibn Marrar al-Ijli — Ibn Durayd reads al-Marrar; he presented Umar ibn al-Ala' the Rayy butcher to al-Mansur, who honoured and ranked him.
شخصیت
جفينة العبادي
a Christian of al-Hira, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas's freedman — killed with his two sons by Ubaydallah ibn Umar over the Abu Lu'lu'a charge.
شخصیت
جميع بن حاضر الباجي
Jumay' ibn Hadir al-Baji; set as qadi over Samarqand's claim that Qutayba planted Muslims on treachery — he ruled they must leave unless the city fight on even terms, and the citizens, loath to fight, confirmed them.
شخصیت
جزء بن معاوية
Juzz ibn Mu'awiya, al-Ahnaf's uncle; governor of Surraq — the 'Juzz' of Abu al-Mukhtar's denunciation.
شخصیت
كعب الأحبار
a Yemeni Jewish scholar converted under Abu Bakr or Umar; told Umar 'I find you in the Torah killed a martyr' and 'we find you in God's book at a gate of Jahannam, barring people from it'.
شخصیت
كعب بن سور
Umar's judge of Basra; understood the praising wife's true complaint and ruled her a day of four days and a night of four nights.
شخصیت
كابل شاه
The Kabul Shah, king of Kabul; he mustered and expelled every Muslim in Kabul, whereupon Rutbil overran Zabulistan and Rukhkhaj as far as Bust.
شخصیت
كامن دار بنت نرسى
Kamandar bint Narsi, cousin of al-Nushajan and lady of the Nahr al-Mar'a palace; she provisioned Abu Musa al-Ash'ari khabis when he lodged there — the canal taking its 'Woman' name from her.
شخصیت
كنازبك مرزبان طوس
Kanazbak, marzban of Tus; he came to Ibn Amir and compounded Tus at six hundred thousand dirhams.
شخصیت
كريمة بنت المقداد
she could write, per al-Waqidi's family chain through her niece.
شخصیت
كاوس ملك أشروسنة
Kawus, king of Ushrusana; he bought peace through al-Fadl ibn Sahl, broke it, lost his qahrman to son Haydar's blow, and yielded when Ahmad ibn Abi Khalid came by the short road — showing Islam at Baghdad he was reinstated, then Haydar after him.
شخصیت
خالد الشاطر ابن مارقلي
Khalid al-Shatir, known as Ibn Marquli; of the Bukharan stock Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad settled at Basra and al-Hajjaj moved to Wasit.
شخصیت
خالد بن الحارث بن غلاب
Khalid ibn al-Harith ibn Ghallab of Banu Dahman; keeper of Isfahan's treasury — the 'Ibn Ghallab' of Abu al-Mukhtar's satire.
شخصیت
خالد بن المعمر الذهلي
Khalid ibn al-Mu'ammar al-Dhuhli; he led Ibn Amir's foot on the day Istakhr fell by storm. Mu'awiya made him over Khurasan after Qays ibn al-Haytham; he died at Qasr Munatil or Ayn al-Tamr — a poisoned draught Mu'awiya sent in regret, some say, or a glass shard in his leg that bled him dry.
شخصیت
خالد بن يزيد المهلبي
Khalid ibn Yazid ibn al-Muhallab; his father sent him with his uncle Abu Uyayna against the Ispahbadh, who routed them back into Yazid's camp.
شخصیت
خالد بن زيد المزني
Khalid ibn Zayd al-Muzani; he lost an eye at al-Sus and narrates its siege — the hundred-man aman and the dahqan who exempted himself and was killed.
شخصیت
خارجة بن حذافة
Kharija ibn Hudhafa; Umar's letter to Amr set him in sharaf al-ata' for his courage.
شخصیت
خرشة بن مسعود
Kharisha ibn Mas'ud of Tamim then Shaqira; with Ibn al-Ash'ath he fortified in the Fasa castle that bears his name, then fled and died at Wasit — his progeny remain at Fasa.
شخصیت
خرزاد بن باس
Kharrzad ibn Bas; he defied al-Hajjaj, fortified his castle at Ayadhaj, then slipped the siege for Abd al-Malik — Mukram ibn al-Farz caught him, two dirhams in his cap, and al-Hajjaj beheaded him.
شخصیت
خاتون بخارا
The Khatun, queen of Bukhara; her Turkish levies routed by Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad, she truced at a million and he entered Baykand. Under Sa'id ibn Uthman she broke covenant as the Sughd, Turks, Kish and Nasaf massed a hundred twenty thousand — broken, she gave hostages, renewed the peace, aided him on Samarqand, and sued for sulh again at Tirmidh.
شخصیت
خيرة بنت ضمرة القشيرية
Khayra bint Damra al-Qushayriyya, al-Muhallab's wife and Abu Uyayna's mother — hers were Khayrakān and Mahallabān, which al-Muhallab gave her, or which was hers and took his name.
شخصیت
خازم بن خزيمة التميمي
Khazim ibn Khuzayma al-Tamimi, al-Mansur's commander; sent with Rawh ibn Hatim against breaching Tabaristan — his mawla Marzuq Abu al-Khasib, namesake of Kufa's Qasr al-Khasib, contrived the city's fall by the false-defection ruse.
شخصیت
خليد بن عبد الله الحنفي
Khulayd ibn Abdallah al-Hanafi; in one account he, not Aws ibn Tha'laba, led the army sent against Herat.
شخصیت
خرزاد
Khurrazad, brother of Khwarizm's king; he opposed and overbore him till the king bought Qutayba's aid with money and keys to be made sole ruler.
شخصیت
خزيمة بن ثابت
the two-testimonies Companion; with him alone Zayd found the two closing verses of Bara'a when gathering the Qur'an."
شخصیت
لبابة بنت أوفى الجرشي
Lababa bint Awfa al-Jarashi; granted leave for two Basra bathhouses — one among the Qaba' folk, one in Banu Sa'd.
شخصیت
لاحق بن حميد أبو يجلز
Lahiq ibn Humayd, called Abu Yajlaz; Waki' ibn Hassan's appointee on Marw, accepted and well-received.
شخصیت
ماهك
Mahak, the dahqan of Istakhr; he truced Ibn Amir for its folk in 28h — they broke, killed his agent, and were taken by storm.
شخصیت
ماهويه مرزبان مرو
Mahwiya, marzban of Marw; he came to Ali at Kufa and carried back the caliph's letters to the dahqans, asawira and dahshalarin for the jizya — and Khurasan broke away.
شخصیت
مجزأة بن ثور السدوسي
Majza'a ibn Thawr al-Sadusi; he held Abu Musa's left wing at Tustar.
شخصیت
مخرمة بن نوفل
Makhrama ibn Nawfal; of Quraysh's genealogists summoned with Aqil and Jubayr to write the diwan.
شخصیت
مالك بن المنذر بن الجارود
Malik ibn al-Mundhir ibn al-Jarud al-Abdi; Basra's police chief under Khalid al-Qasri — the letter told him 'leave Bashir alone with the Marghab'.
شخصیت
معن بن زائدة الشيباني
Ma'n ibn Za'ida al-Shaybani; al-Mansur's governor of Sijistan — angered by Rutbil's doubled gift-tribute he took Zabulistan with near thirty thousand captives, and in Faraj al-Rukhkhaji's telling put the sword to them over wild-ass dust mistaken for an army; winter drove him to Bust where Kharijites hidden among his builders killed him under the cupping-horn — Yazid ibn Mazyad slew them all.
شخصیت
منجوف بن ثور السدوسي
Manjuf ibn Thawr al-Sadusi; he retook Thuban for Abu Musa after its people's breach — al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad had taken it by force before.
شخصیت
منسا موسى
The most famous and greatest of Mali's kings, who reigned about a quarter of a century and made the hajj in 724 AH in a procession of over twelve thousand attendants clad in brocade and Yemeni silk, his largesse and the breadth of his realm becoming proverbial across the Maghreb, Egypt and the East; he exchanged gifts with the Marinid sultan Abu al-Hasan, among them the giraffe that the Maghreb talked about for an age.
شخصیت
منسا سليمان
Mansa Sulayman ibn Abi Bakr, brother of Mansa Musa and his successor after Mansa Magha; he ruled Mali for twenty-four years, consolidating the empire his brother had raised.
شخصیت
منصور بن جمهور الكلبي
Mansur ibn Jawhur al-Kalbi; he killed Abu Muslim's Sind agent Mughallis and routed his army — then Musa ibn Ka'b broke him, slew his brother, and drove him to a thirst-death in the sands.
شخصیت
ماري جاطة
Founder of the Mali Empire and the greatest of the western Sudanese kings; in their tongue jata means lion and mari means king. He defeated the Susu and wrested from them the old kingdom of Ghana, ruling from the Niger to the Atlantic.
شخصیت
مرجانة أم عبيد الله بن زياد
Marjana, Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad's mother, whom Shirawayh the Aswari married and for whom he built the thousand-doored Hazārdir.
شخصیت
مرزوق أبو الخصيب
Marzuq Abu al-Khasib, Khazim ibn Khuzayma's mawla and namesake of Kufa's Qasr al-Khasib; for al-Mansur he contrived Tabaristan's fall — beaten and shaven by his masters, he played the abused deserter to the Ispahbadh, mapped the Arabs' weaknesses and opened the gate.
شخصیت
مصقلة بن هبيرة
Masmala ibn Hubayra ibn Shabal of Tha'laba ibn Shayban ibn Tha'laba ibn Ukaba; Mu'awiya made him governor of Tabaristan with ten or twenty thousand, the enemy lured him deep then rolled the narrows' rocks down — his army annihilated, his name a proverb for the never-returning.
شخصیت
ماوند خليفة رتبيل
Mawand, Rutbil's deputy; granted aman by Ma'n to be borne to the Commander of the Faithful — sent to Baghdad with five thousand of their fighters, honored by al-Mansur, stipended and given command.
شخصیت
ميشاء بنت زاذويه
Maysha', daughter of Zadhuya marzban of Sarakhs; she fell in Ibn Khazim al-Sulami's lot of the Sarakhs treaty, who took her and named her Maysha'.
شخصیت
مازيار بن قارن
Mazyar ibn Qarin, Ispahbadh of Tabaristan; he conquered the impregnable Shirwin mountains with Muhammad ibn Musa under al-Ma'mun, who named him Muhammad and gave him the Ispahbadh's rank over Tabaristan, al-Ruwayan and Dumbawand. Al-Mu'tasim confirmed him; six years in he apostatized and broke faith — taken by his brother Quhyar's ambush-ruse with al-Hasan ibn al-Husayn, carried to Samarra in 225, flogged to death and crucified beside Babak.
شخصیت
معاذة العدوية
Mu'adha al-Adawiyya, the Basran ascetic; her husband Sila ibn Ashyam Abu al-Sahba' al-Adawi fell with Yazid ibn Ziyad at Junza in the Kabul battle.
شخصیت
معاوية بن المهلب
Mu'awiya ibn al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra; carried bound to Iraq with Muhammad ibn al-Qasim on Sulayman's recall.
شخصیت
معاوية بن عمرو الموصلي
Mu'awiya ibn Amr al-Mawsili al-Ta'i; he settled Tarir in Azerbaijan, built and housed his sons who raised palaces, made it a town and built the Bajirwan Market the Sultan set apart for them.
شخصیت
معاوية بن صعصعة
Mu'awiya ibn Sa'sa'a ibn Mu'awiya, al-Ahnaf ibn Qays's cousin's son; he backed Humayri in the Marghab feud — when Bashir pleaded the canal was their herds' pasture: 'for a bow-legged cow, a she-ass and a kid you would take our pasture?'
شخصیت
معيقيب بن أبي فاطمة
Mu'ayqib ibn Abi Fatima, Umar's scribe; he wrote the letter to al-Mughira granting Abu Abdallah Nafi's Basra land for tillage and foals in Safar 17 AH.
شخصیت
مدرك بن المهلب
Mudrik ibn al-Muhallab; his brother Yazid, given Iraq by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, made him governor of Sijistan — and Rutbil gave him nothing.
شخصیت
مغلس العبدي
Mughallis al-Abdi; Abu Muslim's man on the Sind frontier at the da'wa's dawn — he took the Tukharistan road.
شخصیت
محمد بن عبد الرحمن بن أبي ليلى
تقریباً 693 عیسوی · 74 ھ
شخصیت
محمد بن عبد الله بن خازم
Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Khazim al-Sulami; made over Herat by his father, he was killed in Tamim's rising — avenged by Uthman ibn Bashir's slaying in cold blood.
شخصیت
محمد بن الأشعث الكندي
Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath ibn Qays al-Kindi; Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad's governor of Tabaristan — he treated and covenanted, they let him in, seized the narrows, killed his son Abu Bakr and crushed his skull, and he escaped.
شخصیت
محمد بن هارون النمري
Muhammad ibn Harun ibn Dhar' al-Namari; al-Hajjaj's Makran governor — in his day the king of Jazirat al-Yaqut gifted al-Hajjaj Muslim-born orphans of merchant fathers.
شخصیت
محمد بن إبراهيم بن مصعب
Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Mus'ab; al-Mu'tasim sent him with the court's joined troops against Mazyar beside al-Hasan ibn al-Husayn.
شخصیت
محمد بن مروان
Muhammad ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam; he governed Mosul, the Jazira, Armenia and Azerbaijan for his father Marwan, his police-chief Ibn Tulayd paving Mosul with stone — Waqidi has Abd al-Malik giving him the Jazira and Armenia and his brother Sa'id Mosul.
شخصیت
محمد بن موسى بن حفص بن عمر بن العلاء
Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Hafs ibn Umar ibn al-Ala'; with Mazyar ibn Qarin he conquered the Shirwin mountains — Tabaristan's most impregnable, thickest in jungle and thicket — under al-Ma'mun.
شخصیت
محمد بن مصعب الثقفي
Muhammad ibn Mus'ab ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi; sent on Sadusan he took the samaniyya-brokered aman — kharaj, hostages, and four thousand Zutt auxiliaries.
شخصیت
محمد بن سنان العجلي
Muhammad ibn Sinan al-Ujli of Banu Ujul's Kufan clients; one of the eighty al-Hajjaj posted to the Daylam ribat, then settled a Dastaba village and built a house in Qazwin's suburb — the frontier folk rebuked him, he built on with his household outside the walls, others followed, and the rabad was completed.
شخصیت
محمد بن سليمان العباسي
Muhammad ibn Sulayman ibn Ali al-Abbasi; in his Basra governorship al-Mahdi bought into the mosque the houses of Nafi' ibn al-Harith, Umm Jamil al-Hilaliyya and Amr ibn Wahb al-Thaqafi.
شخصیت
مجالد بن مسعود السلمي
Mujalid ibn Mas'ud al-Sulami, Mujashi's brother; with him he taunted al-Aswad ibn Sari' over laying out and judging in Basra's mosque.
شخصیت
مجاعة بن سعر التميمي
Mujja'a ibn Si'r al-Tamimi; al-Hajjaj's frontier man after the Allafis — raided and opened parts of Qandabil, completed by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim; died in Makran within the year.
شخصیت
مخلد بن يزيد
Mukhallad ibn Yazid ibn al-Muhallab; his father left him over Khurasan when he marched on Jurjan and again when he returned to Sulayman.
شخصیت
مكرم بن الفرز
Mukram ibn al-Farz of Banu Jamwana; al-Hajjaj's man sent after the rebel Kharrzad ibn Bas at Ayadhaj — who slipped his long siege by night for Abd al-Malik, was caught with two dirhams in his cap and beheaded by al-Hajjaj. To this Mukram some trace the name Askar Mukram.
شخصیت
مكرم بن مطرف
Mukram ibn Mutarrif al-Bahili; sent by Mus'ab after his father's killer, he camped where Askar Mukram stands and found him not.
شخصیت
المنذر بن الجارود العبدي
Al-Mundhir ibn al-Jarud al-Abdi; he spoke to Mu'awiya about digging the Tharr canal, so the letter went to Ziyad and the Ma'qil canal was dug, as they tell it.
شخصیت
مرة مولى أبي بكر
Murra, mawla of Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr — a freedman of standing; he asked Aisha to write Ziyad and open her address with 'Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan' — she did, and Ziyad, delighted at the kinship-title, honoured Murra, displayed the letter's superscription to the people, granted him a hundred jarib on the Ubulla canal and bade him dig its canal, which bears his name. His son Uthman was among Basra's notables; the qati'a left his descendants for the Al al-Saffaq ibn Hujr ibn Yujayr al-Iqawi of Azd.
شخصیت
مرة الهمذاني
Murrah al-Hamadhani; he relates Ali's offer — whoever hates fighting Mu'awiya with us, take his stipend and go fight Daylam — and 'I was in the picked troop; we took our stipends and went out to Daylam four or five thousand'.
شخصیت
موسى بن عبد الله بن خازم
Musa ibn Abdallah ibn Khazim al-Sulami; sheltered with his men by Tirmidh's king after his father's death, he cast the king out and held it in rebellion — on his death it passed to the governors, broke again, and Qutayba ibn Muslim retook it.
شخصیت
موسى بن كعب التميمي
Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi; Abu Muslim's appointee who routed Mansur ibn Jawhur to his sand-death, then governed Sind — al-Mansura repaired, mosque enlarged, conquests won.
شخصیت
موسى بن يحيى البرمكي
Musa ibn Yahya ibn Khalid ibn Barmak; Ghassan's successor on the thaghr — he slew Bala king of al-Sharqi past his five-hundred-thousand ransom, ruled well, and died in 215h.
شخصیت
مصعب بن الزبير
Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr; his brother Abdallah's amir over Iraq, who struck a few dirhams, later broken.
شخصیت
مسلم بن أبي بكرة
Muslim ibn Abi Bakra; owner of Basra's third bathhouse at Bilalabadh yielding a thousand dirhams and much food daily — his father telling him 'you do no deed yet lack no profit' — whose deathbed trust his brother Abd al-Rahman broke by opening the bathhouse permissions.
شخصیت
مسلم بن سعيد
Muslim ibn Sa'id; Umar ibn Hubayra's governor, truced by al-Afshin on six thousand heads and his fortress — then, fearing dismissal when Asad was named, he ravaged Farghana and fled the Khaqan three marches in a day.
شخصیت
مطرف بن سيدان الباهلي
Mutarrif ibn Saydan al-Bahili of Banu Jana'a; Mus'ab's Basra police chief — he executed the highwayman al-Nabi ibn Ziyad ibn Zubyan, whose brother Ubaydallah avenged him in single stab, then joined Abd al-Malik and took Mus'ab's head.
شخصیت
نافع بن الحارث الثقفي
Nafi' ibn al-Harith al-Thaqafi; he carried Utba's letter telling Umar al-Ubulla was the port of Bahrain, Uman, India and China — he had come with Utba, he and Abu Bakra, when Umar appointed him. He is Nafi' ibn al-Harith ibn Kallada, the Arabs' physician Abu Abdallah, first to breed horses at Basra — Umar's Safar-17 letter, written by Mu'ayqib ibn Abi Fatima, granted him Tigris-bank land that was neither kharaj-land nor fed by jizya-land's water; his was Basra's first built house, on the mosque's northern side, whose sons' refusal to sell led Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad to demolish the part the mosque's squaring needed.
شخصیت
نعيب بن زياد الواسطي
Na'ib ibn Ziyad al-Wasiti; he ran al-Shu'aybiyya for Ali ibn al-Rashid — a son's Tigris house at Wasit bears his name.
شخصیت
نايل بن ذي الحرة الحميري
Na'il ibn Dhi al-Hurra al-Himyari — the manuscript reads 'Bab'; on Rubay'i ibn al-Kas's vanguard to Sijistan, also named Abd al-Rahman — of Sijistan's captives; Fayruz Husayn traced his line to Ibn Abi al-Hurr.
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نيزك
Nizak, lord of Badghis or the Juzjan; he campaigned with Qutayba at Baykand in 87h — then Qutayba killed and crucified him in Tukharistan.
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نفيع أبو بكرة
Nufay' Abu Bakra; one of 'the two Nafi's' named in Abu al-Mukhtar's satire, with his brother Nafi' ibn al-Harith ibn Kallada.
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نوح بن أسد
Nuh ibn Asad; last conqueror of the breached Kasan and Urusht of Farghana, under al-Mansur — some say al-Muntasir.
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النوشجان بن جسنسما
Al-Nushajan ibn Jasnasima — Tabari reads Anushajan; lord of the Nahr al-Mar'a palace who treated its surrender to Shurayh ibn Amir, the palace's lady being his cousin Kamandar bint Narsi.
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بيروز دهقان الأهواز
Piruz, dahqan of Suq al-Ahwaz; he fought al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba, truced on money, broke, and Abu Musa took the town by force in 17h.
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قرظة بن كعب الأنصاري
Qaraza ibn Ka'b al-Ansari, Abu Muslim; the last conqueror of Rayy after its repeated breaches, under Abu Musa's Kufa governorship for Uthman, after whom it stayed quiet — Rayy's governors lodged at Hisn al-Zaynabi gathering at the mosque built in his presence, counted in the muhdatha district; he later governed Kufa for Ali, died there, and Ali prayed over him — at Tustar he led Ammar ibn Yasir's horse.
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القاسم بن سليمان مولى زياد
Al-Qasim ibn Sulayman, Ziyad's mawla; the drained Qasiyya tract he took by a forged letter, claiming Yazid ibn Mu'awiya's grant.
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قطري بن الفجاءة
Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a; among the ashraf who rode with Ibn Samura to Kabul — later the Kharijite chieftain.
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قطن بن قبيصة الهلالي
Qatn ibn Qabisa ibn Mukhariq al-Hilali; al-Hajjaj's governor of Fars and Kirman — at the uncrossable river he offered a thousand dirhams to whoever crossed, paid up, and so the ja'iza was first named; his father Qabisa was a Companion.
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قيس بن الهيثم السلمي
Qays ibn al-Haytham al-Sulami; made governor of Naysabur at its conquest.
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قيس بن عاصم السلمي
Qays ibn Asim al-Sulami; he killed Sulayman ibn Marthad in the war for Khurasan's governorship and took his head — a different man from Qays ibn Asim al-Minqari of Tamim.
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قيس بن مسعود الشيباني
Qays ibn Mas'ud al-Shaybani; Kisra's warden of the Taff, maker of al-Manjashaniyya six miles from Basra, his horses pastured in Rawdat al-Khayl above.
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قوهيار بن قارن
Quhyar ibn Qarin, Mazyar's brother; nursing his slights he secretly served al-Hasan ibn al-Husayn and Muhammad ibn Ibrahim against him, devised the ambush, seized his brother's belt as the hidden men closed — and was killed in Tabaristan by his brother's own retainers.
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قرة بن حبان الباهلي
Qurra ibn Habban al-Bahili; Basra's Qantarat Qurra bears his name, an old canal beside it.
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قثم بن العباس بن عبد المطلب
Qutham ibn al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib; with Sa'id ibn Uthman in Khurasan he died at Samarqand — some say martyred — having declined five booty-shares for one his own and one his horse's; Ibn Abbas mourned 'what a distance between his birthplace and his grave'.
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ربيع بن نهشل
Rabi' ibn Nahshal; he wrote Ibn Amir's writ to Herat's great in the Herat-Badghis-Bushanj sulh, sealed by Ibn Amir.
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راشد بن عمرو الجديدي
Rashid ibn Amr al-Judaydi of Azd; Ziyad's frontier man — victorious at Qiqan, killed raiding al-Mayd.
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ريطة بنت زياد
Rayta bint Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan; she took leave to build a Basra bathhouse in the permission-wave after Muslim ibn Abi Bakra's yield broke.
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ربعي بن الكاس العنبري
Rubay'i ibn al-Kas al-Anbari; sent by Ali through Ibn Abbas with four thousand to Sijistan — al-Husayn ibn Abi al-Hurr and Na'il ibn Dhi al-Hurra on the van — killed Hasaka and held the country, their rajaz vowing not to befriend 'the party of Ibn Affan, for we found in the Book of the Furqan'.
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رفيع أبو العالية الرياحي
Rufay' Abu al-Aliya al-Riyahi, a Riyah woman's mawla; he crossed the river with Sa'id ibn Uthman's army — 'Rufay' Abu al-Aliya: elevation and height'.
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رتبيل
Rutbil, king of the Zabils; after the Kabul Shah expelled the Muslims he took Zabulistan and Rukhkhaj to Bust, where al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad routed him and pursued to Rukhkhaj; later he sued Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra at Barzan for peace over his land and Kabul's — settled at a million dirhams, ratified by Ziyad.
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صدقة بن علي
Sadaqa ibn Ali ibn Sadaqa ibn Dinar, the Azd's mawla; he ravaged Azerbaijan with al-Wajna' ibn al-Rawwad, fought Urmiya's people till he mastered it, and built palaces there with his brothers.
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سحامة بن عبد الرحمن الأصم
Sahama ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Asamm al-Ghudani, al-Hajjaj's muezzin, who fought with Yazid; the Basra house later known as Abu Ya'qub al-Khattabi's was his.
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سعيد بن عبد العزيز حذيفة
Sa'id ibn Abd al-Aziz, nicknamed 'Hudhayfa' when a dahqan mocked his saffron robe and combed hair; Maslama's son-in-law over Khurasan, he sent Sawra to Ishtikhan — one victory, one rout — gave Nasr ibn Sayyar command, and was deposed on the notables' complaint.
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سعيد بن أبي عروبة
Sa'id ibn Abi Aruba — Abu Aruba's name being Mihran; one of the Basran delegation to al-Mansur bearing the batiha's picture.
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سعيد بن المسيب
Sa'id ibn al-Musayyab; among the greatest Meccan-Medinan Followers — 'Abd al-Malik first struck engraved dinars' — and sent bullion to Damascus, struck for him on the Jahiliya mithqal.
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سعيد بن عمرو الجرشي
Sa'id ibn Amr al-Jarashi; over Khurasan he disavowed his katib's solecisms — 'the amir is innocent of this lahn' — then, Sughd refusing, marched till twelve thousand defected to him and he opened most of its fortresses.
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سعيد بن أسلم بن زرعة الكلابي
Sa'id ibn Aslam ibn Zur'a al-Kilabi; al-Hajjaj's man on the Makran frontier — killed in the Allafi brothers' rising that seized the thaghr.
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سعيد بن سارية الخزاعي
Sa'id ibn Saria al-Khuza'i; Ali appointed him to Azerbaijan, then al-Ash'ath ibn Qays al-Kindi.
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سعيد بن عثمان بن عفان
Sa'id ibn Uthman ibn Affan; Mu'awiya's governor of Khurasan — first to cross the river with his whole army. At Bukhara the Khatun's hundred-twenty-thousand broke and she renewed peace on hostages; at Samarqand he swore not to stir till it opened, lost an eye in three days' fighting, and truced at seven hundred thousand plus noble hostages, entering and leaving by its gates; he sat on Tirmidh till it truced too.
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سلمة بن عمرو الضبي
Salama ibn Amr ibn Dirar al-Dabbi — some say al-Bara' ibn Azib; Hudhayfa sent him over the Rayy army after Urwa withdrew and dispatched him to Qumis — they did not resist and opened Damaghan's gates.
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صالح بن مسلم الباهلي
Salih ibn Muslim al-Bahili, Qutayba's brother; left beyond the river he took Kasan, Urusht, Sakhr and Akhsikath — Farghana's old city — with Nasr ibn Sayyar in his host.
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صالح بن عبادة الهمذاني
Salih ibn Ubada al-Hamdani; he held Mosul's ribat-post in Utba ibn Farqad's conquest days.
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سليط بن عطة الحنفي
Salit ibn Atta al-Hanafi; Waki' ibn Hassan's courier bearing Qutayba's head to Sulayman.
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سلم بن زياد
Salm ibn Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan; Mu'awiya's and Yazid's governor of Khurasan and namesake of Basra's Nahr Salm — he bought Khalid ibn Tulayq the qadi's house for Abu al-Jarrah, Ibn al-Zubayr's jailer-qadi, for his flight from that prison.
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سنباذ
Sanbadh, who rose at Rayy in the first days of the Abbasid state; Umar ibn al-Ala' the butcher fought him with his gathered band and wounded him sore.
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صصة بن داهر
Sasa ibn Dahir; fleeing to Iraq to charge al-Junayd's treachery, he was soothed into a handclasp — and killed.
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سورة بن الحر الحنظلي
Sawra ibn al-Hurr al-Hanzali; Sa'id's spearhead beyond the river — retook Ishtikhan and routed the Turks, forbade pursuit, then was routed with heavy loss in the second round.
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سوار بن همام العبدي
Sawwar ibn Hammam al-Abdi; al-Hakam's vanguard-leader at Rayshahr — he charged Shahrak, stabbed him from his horse and finished him, and Shahrak's son charged and killed Sawwar.
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شهرك مرزبان فارس
Shahrak, marzban and governor of Fars — the gravest threat of the Arabs' coming; he mustered the great host at Rayshahr where Sawwar ibn Hammam stabbed him off his horse, having posted his wadi-guard to kill all fugitives.
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شبل بن معبد البجلي
Shibl ibn Ma'bad ibn Ubayd al-Bajali; one of the four witnesses against al-Mughira — flogged by Umar he cried 'you flog truth's witnesses and void the hadd?'.
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شيرويه الأسواري
Shirawayh the Aswari; he married Marjana, mother of Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad, and built her a palace of many doors — called Hazārdir — for the thousand doors it held, or the thousand asāwira Kisra lodged there in a thousand houses.
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شريح بن عامر
Shurayh ibn Amir of Sa'd ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin; Khalid left him over conquered al-Khurayba — a Persian strongpoint where he killed and captured — then he reached Nahr al-Mar'a and took its palace by treaty from al-Nushajan.
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شريح بن هانيء الحارثي
Shurayh ibn Hani' al-Harithi; when Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra truced Rutbil for five hundred thousand and three sons as hostages, he counselled 'fear God and fight — else you weaken Islam's frontier and flee the death that is your lot' — then charged and was killed.
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شريك بن عبد الله النخعي
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شريك بن الأعور الحارثي
Shurayk ibn al-A'war al-Harithi — Shurayk ibn al-Harith; Ibn Ziyad's governor of Kirman, who gave Yazid ibn Ziyad al-Himyari a land-grant later sold after Ibn Ziyad's flight.
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شويس العدوي
Shuways al-Adawi; he relates marching with al-Ubulla's amir to its conquest, then crossing to al-Furat whose folk came out with spades and were beaten.
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صلة بن أشيم أبو الصهباء العدوي
Sila ibn Ashyam Abu al-Sahba' al-Adawi, husband of the ascetic Mu'adha al-Adawiyya; martyred with Yazid ibn Ziyad at Junza.
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سنان بن سلمة بن المحبق الهذلي
Sinan ibn Salama ibn al-Muhabbiq al-Hudhali; pious commander, first to bind troops with divorce-oaths — took Makran by storm, garrisoned it, died at Qusdar, and held the frontier two years after Rashid ibn Amr's fall. Ibn al-Kalbi credits Hakim ibn Jabala with Makran's conquest.
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سِنِمَّار
The builder who raised al-Khawarnaq and al-Sadir for al-Nu'man ibn Imri' al-Qays over twenty years; when the king marvelled and feared him, Sinnimar boasted 'had I wished, I could have made it turn with the sun' — and was thrown from its highest balcony, begetting the proverb 'he was repaid Sinnimar's reward'.
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سياه الأسواري
Siyah al-Uswari, of Ziyad's circle; granted leave for a Basra bathhouse.
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سبيط الدهقان
Subayt, a Basra dahqan; his reedbed fell in the tract al-Mansur took for al-Subaytiyya — short-paid and beaten by the agent, he kept to the caliph's gate demanding the balance till death, and the estate bears his name.
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سفيان بن أمية بن عبد شمس
a Qurashi who learned his letters then the script from Bishr ibn Abd al-Malik at Mecca.
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سحيم مولى عتبة
Suhaym, Utba ibn Farqad's mawla; he carried the two khabis baskets to Umar, who tasted them and sent back his famous letter.
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صول التركي
Sul al-Turki, the king the Turks named after seizing Jurjan's wall; he met Yazid ibn al-Muhallab on the Khurasan road, was besieged at Dihistan then six months at al-Buhayra till he treated for his life, property and three hundred household against surrendering the town — Abu Ubayda reports him killed.
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سليمان بن مرثد
Sulayman ibn Marthad of Banu Sa'd of the Mura'id of Rabi'a; he contested Salm's covenant for Ibn Khazim, accepted Ibn al-Zubayr's arbitration, then refused the award — 'Ibn al-Zubayr is no caliph, only a man sheltering at the House' — and fell with fifteen thousand against six thousand to Qays ibn Asim's sword, his cry 'ya nasr iqtarib', his head taken.
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سويد بن عبد الله التميمي
Suwayd ibn Abdallah al-Tamimi; first of the Basran delegation Sulayman sent al-Mansur with the batiha's picture, warning the water would bracken were al-Subaytiyya cut.
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سويد بن الصامت
of Jahiliya Yathrib, one who joined writing, archery and swimming. In Ibn Ishaq's account preserved by al-Samhudi he was of Banu 'Amr ibn 'Awf of the Aws, called 'al-Kamil' for his hardiness and verse; he came to Mecca, where the Prophet invited him to Islam — he neither refused nor accepted — then returned to Yathrib and was soon killed on the day of Bu'ath, and men of his people held that he died a Muslim.
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سويد بن منجوف السدوسي
Suwayd ibn Manjuf al-Sadusi; visiting sick, he told Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra 'give me what you gave Ibn Ma'mar and all will be well' — the four-hundred-jarib Suwaydan qati'a was his, and took his name.
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طاهر بن عبد الله بن طاهر
Tahir ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir; sent by his father into al-Fuziyya he opened places none before him had reached.
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طهمان مولى ابن خازم
Tahman, Ibn Khazim's mawla; wounded but spared on the day of his master's killing — grandfather of Ya'qub ibn Dawud, the Mahdi's secretary after Abu Ubaydallah.
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طلحة بن عبد الله بن خلف الخزاعي
Talha ibn Abdallah ibn Khalaf al-Khuza'i — Talhat al-Talhat; sent by Salm ibn Ziyad, he ransomed Abu Ubayda ibn Ziyad from Kabul's captivity for five hundred thousand dirhams, then governed Sijistan for Salm, levying and rewarding his followers until he died there.
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تميم بن زيد الأتبي
Tamim ibn Zayd al-Utbi; Sind's weak governor, of the Arabs' most generous — he scattered eighteen million Tatari dirhams and, unable to read whether Farazdaq's plea named Habish or Khanis, freed every slave so lettered; in his days the Muslims quit Hind's lands.
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طرخون ملك سمرقند
Tarkhun, king of Samarqand; he honored Musa ibn Abdallah ibn Khazim until one of Musa's men killed a Sughdian, then expelled him and his company.
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ثابت بن ذي الحرة الحميري
Thabit ibn Dhi al-Hirra al-Himyari; in al-Mada'ini's telling, the conqueror of Qal'at Dhi al-Rifaq.
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ثابت بن قطبة الخزاعي
Thabit ibn Qutba al-Khuza'i; he and brother Hurayth held real command of Musa's army through Tarkhun's aid — after Hurayth's death to a stray arrow Musa's men pressed for his removal; he fled, returned with Tarkhun's eighty thousand to besiege Tirmidh, and was scattered by Musa's night-raid.
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ثابت قطنة الأزدي
Thabit 'Qutna' al-Azdi — cotton-plugged for a gouged eye; he raged for the converts taxed after Islam, was jailed then bailed by al-Ashras, and sent where the Turks killed him.
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عبيد الله بن أبي بكرة
Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra; Ziyad's governor of Sijistan after al-Rabi's dismissal — at Barzan he granted Rutbil peace for his land and Kabul's at a million two hundred thousand, waived two hundred thousand, and concluded at a million dirhams which Ziyad ratified; he held the post until Ziyad's death.
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عبيد الله بن المهدي
Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi al-Abbasi; al-Rashid's grantee of the Ahwaz musarra'a lands — a doubt arose, men raised it to al-Ma'mun, who ordered them reviewed: what held no doubt was executed, what was doubtful was named 'the doubted' — a practice still known in al-Ahwaz.
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عبيد الله بن معتر التيمي
Ubaydallah ibn Ma'tar al-Taymi; Ibn Amir's vanguard to Istakhr — met at Bramjard, killed and buried in Bramjard's garden.
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عبيد الله بن مسلم الباهلي
Ubaydallah ibn Muslim al-Bahili, Qutayba's brother; made over Khwarizm when its restored king was slain by his own for weakness.
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عبيد الله بن نبهان
Ubaydallah ibn Nabhan; al-Hajjaj's commander sent on Daybul for the pirated women — killed.
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عبيد الله بن عمر
Ubaydallah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab; suspecting Hurmuzan of counselling Abu Lu'lu'a over his father's murder, he drew him out to see a horse and cut him down unawares.
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عبيد الله بن زياد بن ظبيان
Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad ibn Zubyan of Taym Allah; avenged his brother al-Nabi by stabbing Mutarrif ibn Saydan dead, then fled to Abd al-Malik — at whose side he fought Mus'ab, killed him and took his head.
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عجيف بن عنبسة
Ujayf ibn Anbasa, a Khurasani; al-Mu'tasim's commander against the Zutt brigands of the batiha — given captains, troops and open funds, he staged lean horses to Baghdad so word came within hours, dammed the water against them with great works and took them all, barging them to Madinat al-Salam.
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أمير بن الأحمر اليشكري
Umair ibn al-Ahmar al-Yashkuri; Ibn Samura's deputy at Zaranj, expelled by its people who shut the gates — Ziyad al-A'jam's verse: 'but for Umair, Yashkur had perished, and Yashkur is doomed anyway'.
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عمر بن أبي سلمة
Umar ibn Abi Salama, the Prophet's step-son; given four thousand he was defended by Umar — 'I favor his nearness: bring a mother like Umm Salama'.
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عمر بن العلاء
Umar ibn al-Ala', a butcher of Rayy; he gathered a company and fought Sanbadh on his rising — brave work — Jahwar ibn Marrar presented him to al-Mansur who honoured and ranked him; he governed Tabaristan and was martyred there under al-Mahdi.
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عمر بن هبيرة
Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari; Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik's governor of Iraq — ordered to survey the grants and seize their surplus, he measured till a landowner answered 'we inherited them from truthful fathers' and the outcry stopped him; the Mahallaban estate is known in the diwan as 'Umar ibn Hubayra's qati'a', granted him when Yazid seized the Muhallabids' wealth.
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عمر بن مرثد
Umar ibn Marthad; Sulayman's remnant rallied to him at Talaqan — Ibn Khazim marched, fought, and killed him.
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عمر بن عبيد الله بن معمر التيمي
Umar ibn Ubaydallah ibn Ma'mar al-Taymi; of the ashraf with Ibn Samura at Kabul's conquest — sent with al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra bearing the victory dispatch.
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أمية بن عبد الله بن خالد بن أسيد
Umayya ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid ibn Abi al-As; Abd al-Malik's governor of Khurasan — he sent his son Abdullah to Sijistan with covenant while himself at Kirman. Abd al-Malik later gave him Khurasan — the notables' plea for 'a Qurashi' after the fitna — where Bukayr's coup ended with Bujayr killing him in prison, and Umayya took the broken Khattl.
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أم جميل بنت يحجن
Umm Jamil bint Yahjan ibn al-Afqam of Banu Hilal, wife of the Thaqafi al-Hajjaj ibn Utayk; al-Mughira the Basra governor visited her till the watchers burst in and testified before Umar.
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أم محمد بنت عبد الله بن عثمان الثقفية
Umm Muhammad bint Abdallah ibn Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi, Salm ibn Ziyad's wife; she crossed the river with him — the first Arab woman across — bore the son he named al-Sughdi, and borrowed the Sughd lord's wife's jewels, wore and returned them.
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عروة بن قطبة
Urwa ibn Qatiba; he bore Ibn al-Zubayr's writ giving Ibn Khazim Khurasan, six months after the arbitration pact.
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عثمان بن بشير بن المحتفز
Uthman ibn Bashir ibn al-Muhtafiz; taken by Ibn Khazim after his son Muhammad's killing at Herat and slain in cold blood — Ibn Khazim's severed right hand was later sent to his sons.
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عثمان بن مسعود
Uthman ibn Mas'ud; sent by al-Mufaddal with fifteen thousand he camped on 'Uthman's Island' by Tirmidh, tightened on Musa with Tarkhun's coming, and marked him — 'Musa's leap, by the Lord of the Ka'ba' — to his death in 85h.
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عزرة بن قيس
Uzra ibn Qays al-Bahili — some read Uraza; Umar's governor of Hulwan who tried Shahrazur and failed, before Utba ibn Farqad took it.
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وكيع بن أبي سود التميمي
Wak'i ibn Abi Sud al-Tamimi; when Adi ibn Arta'a consulted the Basrans on a canal he wrote 'if you dig us no canal, Basra is no home for us'. Deposed from Tamims Khurasan command for a Dabbi, he swore to kill Qutayba after the Banu Ahthams killing and, missing prayers, answered: how should I pray to a Lord who killed our best as boys and was not angered?
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وكيع بن الدورقية القريعي
Waki' ibn al-Dawraqiyya al-Quray'i — Abu Rabi'a, son of Umaira and a Dawraq captive; with Bujayr he stabbed Ibn Khazim and sat on his chest avenging Duwayla, his half-brother slain by Ibn Khazim, who spat back 'you kill Mudar's ram for a brother not worth a palm of date-stones'. A coarse giant: he ate the shoot before him during prayer — 'would God forbid a plant the sky's water raised on earth's clay?' — and answered reproach for wine with 'it washes my urine till it is silver'.
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وكيع بن حسان التميمي
Waki' ibn Hassan ibn Qays ibn Abi Sud of Tamim; al-Hudayn's choice to lead Khurasan against Qutayba — 'a rough Arab his clan obeys, and the Banu al-Ahtham Qutayba slew seek him for their blood' — he gave his hand and took their bay'a, Hayyan mawla Maslama their go-between.
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واصل بن طيسلة العنبري
Wasil ibn Taysala al-Anbari; he struck Musa ibn Abdallah ibn Khazim the final blow in 85h after his horse's fall.
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يزيد الجرشي أبو سالم
Yazid al-Jarrashi, Abu Salim ibn Yazid; sent by Ibn Amir he took Rustaq Zam of Naysabur by force, then Bakharz and Juwayn with captives.
شخصیت
يزيد بن أبي كبشة السكسكي
Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki; Sulayman's Sind governor who had Muhammad ibn al-Qasim carried bound — dead eighteen days after reaching the land.
شخصیت
يزيد بن حجبة
Yazid ibn Hujba ibn Amir of Taym Allah ibn Tha'laba ibn Ukaba; Ali made him governor of Rayy and Dastaba, he cheated and shorted the kharaj, Ali jailed him, he broke out and fled to Mu'awiya in Syria.
شخصیت
يزيد بن هزيل كل العزي
Yazid ibn Huzayl Kal al-Azzi; sent by Musa against Ziyad al-Qasir — wounded, he asked quarter yet took a head-blow that killed him in seven days — while Yazid escaped by throwing himself into the Saghaniyan river.
شخصیت
يزيد بن مزيد
Yazid ibn Mazyad; Ma'n's vanguard to Rukhkhaj — after the Kharijites killed Ma'n at Bust he slew them to a man, held Sijistan with a heavy hand until forged letters to al-Mansur brought his dismissal, imprisonment and confiscation; released, he hid in Madinat al-Salam, fought the Kharijites on the bridge, and rose under Yusuf al-Barm in Khurasan.
شخصیت
يزيد بن تزوان هبنقة العائشي
Yazid ibn Tazwan, called Habanqa al-'A'ishi; singled out in Sulayman's first khutba — the man who prized fattened camels saying 'I do not mend what God has corrupted' — while Sulayman favored the rich.
شخصیت
يزيد بن عمر الأسيدي
Yazid ibn Umar al-Usaydi, lieutenant of Adi ibn Arta; the canal called Yazidān at Basra bears his name — a man of standing in his time.
شخصیت
يزيد بن زياد بن ربيعة الحميري
Yazid ibn Ziyad ibn Rabi'a ibn Mufarri' al-Himyari; granted Kirman land at Ibn Ziyad's letter to Shurayk, sold after Ibn Ziyad's flight from Basra.
شخصیت
يزيد بن زياد بن أبيه
Yazid ibn Ziyad; marched on Kabul's breakers who had taken his brother Abu Ubayda, fought them at Junza, and fell with many of his men.
شخصیت
يونس بن حبيب النحوي
Yunus ibn Habib, Basra's grammarian; 'I lived when the houses of Ziyad and Ibn Amir stood estranged over the Ubulla canal Ziyad completed without him'.
شخصیت
زادان فروخ
Zadanfarrukh; he dug the canal in Mahallaban, al-Mughira ibn al-Muhallab's estate, and the canal took his name.
شخصیت
زاذويه مرزبان سرخس
Zadhuya, marzban of Sarakhs; he sued for peace on aman for a hundred men and the handing over of its women — his daughter fell to Ibn Khazim, named Maysha' — or, in the other telling, the named hundred excluded himself and he was killed, the town entered by force.
شخصیت
زائدة بن عمير الطائي
Za'ida ibn Umayr al-Ta'i; distinguished himself the day Multan's folk fought Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.
شخصیت
زيد بن عبد الله بن أبي مليكة القرشي
Zayd ibn Abdallah ibn Abi Mulayka ibn Abdallah ibn Jud'an al-Qurashi; martyred with Yazid ibn Ziyad at Junza in the Kabul battle.
شخصیت
زياد القصير الخزاعي
Ziyad al-Qasir al-Khuza'i; struck down by Musa's man Yazid ibn Huzayl — quarter asked, he gave a head-blow instead, and Yazid died of it seven days on.
مقام
عبادان
A small, populated place on the shore of the sea where waters from Basra arrive; two stages from Basra.
مقام
أبر قباذ
A city of the Tigris districts; Utba ibn Ghazwan turned to it in his hour and God opened it to him.
مقام
ابرقويه
A strong, fertile city rich in trees, walled with earth, most buildings of mud brick, with cheap prices; 123 miles from Kath.
مقام
آبسكون
A fine, well-settled town from which the road runs to the Gates, the Jil and Daylam, on the edge of Tabaristan.
مقام
عبادان
Abbadan, Basra's island and sea-fortress; it was Humran ibn Aban's qati'a from Abd al-Malik — one of the Ayn al-Tamr captives claiming Namir ibn Qasit descent — until al-Hajjaj's threat, conveyed by Abbas ibn al-Husayn al-Hibati, moved Humran to gift him the west bank, which took Abbas's name. Abbas first garrisoned it, then al-Rabi' ibn Sabih the jurist fortified and raided from it, sailed for India and died at sea — buried on a Jarathir island in 160h.
مقام
أبهر
A town between Hamadhan and Qazwin; al-Bara' ibn Azib besieged it en route to Qazwin — its fortress had been built by a Persian lord over springs dammed with ox-hides and wool, a bench laid and the fort raised above — fought, then sought aman on Nihawand's terms, which he granted, and he seized Abhar's lands.
مقام
أبورد
Abiward of Khurasan; its great Bahmana truced Ibn Amir at four hundred thousand — or Ibn Khazim's mission fixed its people at the same.
مقام
أبر كاوان
Abr Kawan, the island off Fars first taken by al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As's sea expedition — folk call it Bani Kawan.
مقام
أبرندس
A civilised city with many markets and buildings on low ground, placed by the author northeast of Ifranak Bīla.
مقام
أبورة
One of the two inhabited towns of the land of Fanmārk, where the people are largely nomadic.
مقام
الحبشة
The Aksumite kingdom across the Red Sea: twice occupier of Yemen (340 and 525), patron of Abraha’s elephant campaign, and later refuge of the first Muslim emigrants.
مقام
عدن
A port in southern Yemen on the Indian Ocean, a major station on the maritime trade routes — al-Muqaddasi's 'vestibule of China'. Al-Hamdani counts it among the oldest Arab fairs: a town ringed by trackless mountain until a gate was hammered through the rock with iron, drinking from a sand-well toward the waste, inhabited by the Maribiyyun, Hamahimiyyun and seafarers, the Maribiyyun claiming Aaronide descent.
مقام
آذنة
A great, populous city with markets, crafts and wide livelihoods on the Sayhan river, twelve miles from Tarsus.
مقام
أذرح
A place whose people came to the Prophet at Tabuk and paid the jizya, according to Ibn Ishaq.
مقام
عذرة
A small coastal town with no wall, having a bath, an inn and plentiful water; a large river to its west, which the author says rises in the Shilir mountain, reaches the sea here.
مقام
اذرنتو
An ancient city rich in produce, with the sea around much of its wall and a river coming from the north; about twenty miles from Adrasht.
مقام
ادراست
A large, populous city rich in produce and broad in its affairs, on the shore of the strait, one hundred miles from Lablaunah.
مقام
أفلي
A city on a level plain with open spaces and connected buildings; high mountains lie to its north and the Danube runs behind it, and it has an iron industry.
مقام
عَفْراء
A water of the Romans in Palestine where Farwa ibn Amr al-Judhami was crucified and beheaded; he names it in his two verses, and al-Zurqani's commentary on al-Mawahib reads it with the long ending, shortened in the verse by licence, while the sira's manuscripts have the short form.
مقام
أفرنيسفا
A large, populous city on level ground with steady harvests, one of the cities of Maqdūniya.
مقام
أفشنة
Village near Bukhara in which Ibn Sina was born.
مقام
أفسين
A small town which al-Idrisi names as the town of the People of the Cave; near it is a cave in a mountain, with a stepped approach, where the sleepers lie on their sides; between Amorium and Nicaea.
مقام
أغاثوبلس
A city on the coastal road after Ayīmīdiyā; the author gives a stretch of twenty-five miles between them.
مقام
أغمات
A city in the far Maghreb. The author names its merchants as travellers on the desert road with Sijilmasa and Draa toward the land of Ghana.
مقام
أغرميني
A civilised city; the author says it had been in ruins until Heraclius II rebuilt it, and places it half a day west of Furbāsiyūs.
مقام
أغريمس
A city on the sea; the author gives eighty miles from Targhīq and one hundred and fifty miles from Jarnamūda.
مقام
آغرا
A city in northern India; it was the Mughal capital in the reign of Akbar and holds the Taj Mahal.
مقام
اهناس
A small, well-ordered town with many inhabitants and wide resources. It has many crops, plentiful and cheap food, and comfortable markets. It lies on the branch canal that flows north from the main Nile.
مقام
جبلا طيء (أجأ وسلمى)
The two mountains where the tribe of Tayy settled after al-Azd moved north, so that they became known as the mountains of Tayy, in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account.
مقام
أجدابية
A town on a level rocky plain, now reduced to two palaces in the desert; it has no running water and no plants around it, and lies six stages from Barqa.
مقام
أجنادين
A place in the land of al-Sham where Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-As, Hubbar ibn Sufyan and Sa'id ibn Amr were killed in Abu Bakr's caliphate, according to Ibn Ishaq.
مقام
آخرون
Akharun beyond the river; Qutayba's first objective — its and Shuman's king had pressed the Saghaniyan's king, who bought Qutayba's protection with a golden key and obedience.
مقام
أخيلو
A city beside a gulf twelve miles wide and twenty miles long; the author gives twenty-five miles from Bāsilīkū.
مقام
إخميم
مقام
أخريذة
A great city with many buildings, broad and pleasant, with a great lake nearby where fish are taken; a day from Bulgo.
مقام
أخسكت
Akhsikath — al-Balkhi's Akhsikath — Farghana's old city; opened by Salih ibn Muslim with Kasan, Urusht and Sakhr.
مقام
عكا
Acre on the Syrian coast in jund al-Urdunn — the chief maritime fortress of the Crusader wars; Salah al-Din took it the Wednesday after Hattin (583), and the Franks retook it on Friday 17 Jumada II 587 after a two-year siege, killing the Muslim prisoners on 27 Rajab.
مقام
أكسوم
Capital of the Christian kingdom of Aksum in the Ethiopian highlands, where early Muslims took refuge around 615 CE.
مقام
العباسية
In al-Baladhuri: a city Umar ibn Hafs al-Ataki built in the farthest Berber lands and named al-Abbasiyya; when Abu Khatim al-Ibadi fought him and he was martyred, the city he built was demolished.
مقام
الأبواء
A halt on the pilgrim road about twenty-seven miles from al-Juhfa.
مقام
الأهرامان
Two pyramids about six miles from Misr, built of large stones which al-Idrisi describes as marble, about four hundred cubits high, with inscriptions inside each, many now worn away.
مقام
الأحري بالهند
India's great pilgrimage temple — a whole town endowed to it, ringed by a thousand cells of women consecrated to nothing but the idol's service.
مقام
الأحساء
A city on the Gulf coast, fine but small, which al-Idrisi says the Qaramita once held; two stages from al-Qatif.
مقام
الأهواز
A city known as Hormuz-Shahr, the capital of Khuzistan, on a broad site with healthy air, abundant food and plenty; its people are wealthy and civilised.
مقام
الأخضر
A place named by Abu Ruhm al-Ghifari in the night he rode near the Prophet on the road to Tabuk.
مقام
الأخج
al-Akhj on the road to Zabulistan; its folk fought Ibn Samura and were beaten, and he opened it.
مقام
الأعمشية
A halt on the road with a small spring and no permanent residents.
مقام
الأنبار
In al-Baladhuri: a town named for the Persians' granaries there, whence al-Nu'man's retainers and clients drew rations; Khalid besieged it after the Baghdad-market raid, burning its outskirts until they made peace — and in Umar's caliphate it was pacified on its canals for four hundred thousand dirhams and a thousand Qatawani cloaks yearly under Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali, or eighty thousand it is said.
مقام
الأندلس
In al-Baladhuri via al-Waqidi: Tariq ibn Ziyad, Musa ibn Nusayr's agent, raided it first in year 92; Alyan, governor of its strait, met him and was granted safety for ferrying him and his companions over in ships — its people fought him and he opened it; its king, they allege, was of the Ashban whose origin is Isfahan.
مقام
العريش
Al-Arish, Amr ibn al-As's first halt on the march to Egypt in year 19 — thence to al-Farama; at al-Mirish near it Umar's letter ordering him back reached him, already past it.
مقام
العرج
مقام
الجامع الأزهر
Cairo's al-Azhar mosque, begun by the Ubaydids in Rabi' II 359 and finished in Ramadan 361.
مقام
الببر
A district in the Daylam mountains toward the Caspian; Kathir ibn Shihab raided it with al-Taylasan in Umar's reign.
مقام
البهنسا
A populous city of mixed peoples, known for its weaving workshops that produced the curtains called al-Bahnasiyya for elite and common buyers.
مقام
البانس
A populous village on the Zanj coast and the last of their lands. It has a large drum whose sound carries a long way, and it lies six days by land from Manbasa.
مقام
البيلمان
al-Baylaman of Sind; it yielded without a fight to Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's force, Sursant making peace likewise.
مقام
البئر المعطّلة والقصر المشيد
The paired ruins of proverb — the forsaken well and the high-built palace — which al-Umari places near al-Fajj in the eastern reaches of Yemen, today's Empty Quarter.
مقام
البحيرة
A Jurjan town where Sul al-Turki camped; Yazid besieged him six months, fought him again and again, till he treated for his self, property and three hundred of his household against surrendering al-Buhayra and all in it.
مقام
البنادقة
The land of the Venetians, in whose midst the western sea is known; it has inhabited islands, six of them in two rows, and a large fleet.
مقام
البريص بدمشق
A marvellous surviving building in central Damascus where wine flowed in ancient days, celebrated by poets praising the Ghassanid kings.
مقام
البتم
al-Buttam, the hill-country beyond the river; opened by Mukhallad ibn Yazid ibn al-Muhallab in his father's governorship.
مقام
البويب
Site near the Euphrates bridge where Mihran ibn Mihrbandadh was killed in year 14; its flanks are said to have filled with bones till dust covered them in the civil-war time, the stretch between al-Sakun and Banu Sulaym having been the Euphrates' outflow into al-Jawf under the Khasraws.
مقام
الدبّة
مقام
الدردور
A place at sea where the water turns without pause; anything that falls into it, according to the author, keeps circling until it is destroyed.
مقام
الديماس بأنطاكية
Antioch's temple, right of its congregational mosque, of common brick and stone — into a door of which the rising moon enters on some summer moons each year — said to be a Persian fire-temple from Persia's rule.
مقام
الفلاليج
In al-Baladhuri: a site Khalid reached returning from Baniqya; a Persian host there dispersed and he met no harm.
مقام
الفرما
Al-Farama (Pelusium), Egypt's eastern gateway; Amr ibn al-As reached it after al-Arish, found a body of men emboldened for battle, fought and routed them, seized their camp, and pushed on to al-Fustat.
مقام
الفيوم
Al-Fayyum, among Upper Egypt's districts; Amr ibn al-As sent Kharija ibn Hudhafa al-Adawi to it together with al-Ashmunayn, Ikhmim, al-Bashrudat and the Sa'id's villages — their people compounding on Fustat's terms.
مقام
الفنت
Two great, populous towns with standing markets and common fruits, which in Islamic times were stations for caravans.
مقام
الفرات
The town of al-Furat in the Tigris districts; Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud took it by force, its folk coming out with their spades — where Arda bint al-Harith sang her famous goading verse.
مقام
الفسطاط
Al-Fustat in al-Baladhuri: the city had been called al-Yuna, renamed al-Fustat by the Muslims as 'the people's encampment and gathering' — or, some say, for the tent Amr pitched there; Amr camped at Jinan al-Rayhan while its folk ditched, and al-Zubayr scaled its fortress by ladder bare-sworded until it fell by force; al-Zubayr laid his khitta there and built his famous house — the one Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr later lodged in when raiding Ifriqiya — its jizya set at two dinars per free man save the poor, its land made kharaj-land.
مقام
الغابة
A place near Medina on the Syrian side where the Prophet's milch-camels grazed; the site of the Dhu Qarad raid (the Ghaba raid) and of Rifa'a ibn Qays al-Jushami's camp where Ibn Abi Hadrad killed him.
مقام
الغدير (المسيلة)
A newly founded town called al-Ghadir, pleasant, whose people are Bedouin with farms and lands; eighteen miles from al-Musayla.
مقام
مرسى الغيط
A good harbour sheltered from some winds, from which wheat and barley are exported, and linked with the Masmuda tribes.
مقام
الغوطة
A broad belt around Damascus, about two stages long and one stage wide, with many villages and estates, among them Darayya, Barza and Kawkab; rivers cut through its orchards and monasteries.
مقام
الحدث
al-Hadath, the Jaziran frontier-city at the Darb al-Hadath which Banu Umayya called al-Salama out of omen; its old fortress was taken by Habib ibn Maslama in Umar's days, and al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba chose its city-site returning from the raid of year 162 — al-Mahdi ordering it built before Tarsus — and Ali ibn Sulayman ibn Ali founded it in mud brick, named al-Muhammadiyya then al-Mahdiyya and al-Hamadiyya for al-Mahdi's death at its completion in year 169; four thousand fighters were levied for it from Syria, the Jazira and Khurasan at forty dinars' pay and three hundred dirhams a man, with two thousand transferred from Malatya, Shimshat, Sumaysat, Kaysum, Duluk and Ra'ban; its unsound brick fell to the snows and the Romans occupied it until al-Rashid rebuilt, fortified and garrisoned it.
مقام
الحديثة
al-Haditha near Mosul — an old village with two churches and Christian cells which Harthama ibn Arfaja made a misr settling Arabs, named 'the New' as it postdated Mosul, with a fort beside it; others say it was named when Anbar folk moved in under Ibn al-Rufayl in al-Hajjaj's days and built its mosque.
مقام
الحائط المحيط
An ancient wall south of the lands of al-Ghurba and Usbijab, known as the Encompassing Wall, the wall of Abd Allah ibn Humayd, or the wall of Qilas; al-Umari lists it among the famous remains.
مقام
الحمة
A place whose water is not pleasant but is drinkable; its people make do with it, and settlements lie to its south and east.
مقام
الحمامات
A place a long stage from Tunis, which al-Idrisi lists among the coastal places.
مقام
الحربية
a Baghdad quarter named — in al-Baladhuri — for Harb ibn Abdallah al-Balkhi of Ja'far ibn al-Mansur's shurta at Mosul.
مقام
المدينة الهاشمية
A city on the Euphrates near Kufa; in al-Baladhuri begun by Yazid ibn Umar ibn Hubayra, abandoned on Marwan's letter, completed and named by Abu al-Abbas — who then forsook it for a second Hashimite city beside it when Ibn Hubayra's name clung — dwelt in and expanded by al-Mansur before his move to Baghdad; Abdallah ibn al-Hasan was imprisoned and buried there, and al-Mansur built al-Rusafa at Kufa.
مقام
الحوراء
A village with a quarry of millstones carried to the far lands; its people drink from sweet wells.
مقام
الحِجر
A place where the Prophet and the Muslims stopped on their way to Tabuk; they drew from its well and were then forbidden to drink from it.
مقام
الحيرة
The Arab capital on the edge of Iraq’s Sawad, seat of the Lakhmid kings who guarded Persia’s frontier from Ardashir’s day until 632.
مقام
الإجانة
al-Ijana, the wide basin at the Dijlat al-Awra channel's edge three farsakhs from Basra — Jahiliyya named it, Islam's Arabs called it al-Jazara — where Abu Musa began the Ubulla canal.
مقام
العيص
مقام
الجفار
One of two inhabited settlements at the lower end of the oases. The author says it once grew saffron, safflower, indigo and sugar cane, and now is a fortified-looking village ringed by palms with abundant sweet water.
مقام
الجار
Al-Jar, the Hijaz's port where Egypt's kharaj grain-ships landed from year 21 onward — Sa'd al-Jar taking charge there, the grain carried to Medina and dealt out by measure from a house; the service ran on to Abu Ja'far's caliphate and just before, with interruptions at the first fitna and in Umayyad times.
مقام
الجعرانة
A settlement between Mecca and Ta'if where the Prophet halted the spoils and captives of Hunayn, received Hawazin's delegation and granted them general amnesty, distributed the shares to al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum, addressed the Ansar, and entered ihram for Umrah.
مقام
الجيزة
A bank of the Nile facing Fustat on the west, joined to it by a bridge of about thirty boats, with houses, buildings, farms and a market.
مقام
الجحفة
The land between Mecca and Medina — named (al-Mas'udi says) for the torrent that swept away (ajhafa) 'Ubayl ibn Aws and his people who first settled it; Banu Hanifa of Yamama later dwelt there.
مقام
الجند
A populated fortress with people of Khawlan and wells, on the road from al-Thajja to Sanaa.
مقام
الجُرف
A place three miles from Medina, in the editors' reckoning; the Prophet stopped there and Ali ibn Abi Talib caught up with him.
مقام
الكهف والرقيم
The site of the Sleepers' slumber: al-Balqa's claim is rejected by al-Umari, who cites al-Harawi's own visit to it at the ruined city of Absus — Ephesus — near Abulustayn in Byzantine lands; a third claim makes Decius's city Toledo, but the soundest view locates it in the lands of Rum.
مقام
الكلبانية
al-Kalbaniyya in al-Ahwaz — where Siyah al-Uswari and his corps halted, sent from Istakhr toward al-Sus as Abu Musa besieged it; there the asawira stood apart from the Persian host.
مقام
الكرج
the Jibal city mastered by Isa ibn Idris whose fortress Abu Dulaf al-Qasim enlarged into a misr — 'Karaj Abi Dulaf' — in al-Baladhuri.
مقام
الكرخ
the Baghdad quarter where al-Mansur gathered the markets, ordering merchants to build shops and obliging them rents.
مقام
الخضراء
A town on a small river with continuous buildings and vineyards, with a market and a bath.
مقام
الخليل
A town with a mosque where the tomb of Abraham is said to lie, with graves set facing one another and wooded hills of olive trees around it.
مقام
الخليقة (ذو الخليفة)
Khalifat Bani Abi Ahmad near Medina, where Ali and al-Zubayr caught the woman carrying Hatib's letter to Quraysh and took it from her braided hair.
مقام
الخندمة
A rugged mountain on the edge of Mecca where resisters from Quraysh and Banu Bakr gathered under Safwan ibn Umayya, Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl, and Suhayl ibn Amr, and clashed with Khalid ibn al-Walid's column on the morning of the Conquest.
مقام
الخرار
مقام
الختل
al-Khattl beyond the river; truced by Sa'id ibn Uthman, they broke — Umayya ibn Abdallah took it, they broke again — and the Muhallab opened it.
مقام
الخورنق
An old Persian palace at al-Hira; in al-Baladhuri built by al-Nu'man ibn Imri' al-Qays — son of al-Shaqiqa bint Abi Rabi'a ibn Duhl ibn Shayban — for Bahram Jur ibn Yazdgard ibn Bahram ibn Sabur Dhu al-Aktaf, Bahram Jur being in this Nu'man's charge when he left his kingdom and wandered, as Adi ibn Zayd al-Ibadi mentions in his verse; when the blessed dawla rose al-Khawarnaq was granted to Ibrahim ibn Salama, one of the Khurasan da'is — grandfather of Abd al-Rahman ibn Ishaq the qadi of Madinat al-Salam under al-Ma'mun and al-Mu'tasim — and Ibrahim raised al-Khawarnaq's dome in Abu al-Abbas's reign, it not existing before.
مقام
الخريبة
In al-Baladhuri: a site Khalid passed after the Ubulla fight, opened and took captive those in it, leaving there — per al-Kalbi — Shurayh ibn Amir ibn Qayn of Banu Sa'd ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin; it had been a frontier post of the Persians.
مقام
الكيرج
al-Kiraj of Sind; Duhar's sally broken, it yielded on terms — and here Sind's folk painted Muhammad ibn al-Qasim when he was carried bound.
مقام
الكريون
Al-Kiryawn, a place below Alexandria where Amr ibn al-As met the Roman and Copt hosts mustered to strike him at al-Fustat — routing them in a great slaughter; and there he told the Muslims 'go forth with God's blessing — whoever plants his spear in a house, it is his and his sons'', so a house stood shared between two and three souls as ribat-day lodgings, neither sold nor inherited.
مقام
الكديد
A watering place between Usfan and Amaj on the road between Medina and Mecca; there the Prophet broke his fast and the army broke theirs on the march of the Conquest in Ramadan 8 AH.
مقام
قرقرة الكدر
مقام
المدائن
the Khusraws' city on the Tigris — Ctesiphon; in al-Baladhuri the Muslims besieged Bahurasir nine or eighteen months till Yazdgard fled to Hulwan, then swam the Tigris to open the eastern city in year 16.
مقام
المذار
A town of the Tigris districts; its marzban came out against Utba ibn Ghazwan, was routed with most of his men drowned, captured alive and beheaded.
مقام
المفازة
a tract adjacent to Sisar; in al-Baladhuri evacuated by al-Jurashi, its people's estates commended to his commander Hammam ibn Hani', then given in 'neck' to al-Ma'mun — returning from Khurasan — for protection and cultivation, becoming caliphal estates.
مقام
المحلة
A large town with busy markets and trade on the Balqina canal, facing another town to the east, in al-Idrisi's account.
مقام
المهدية
Al-Mahdiyya, the first Fatimid seat on the Ifriqiyan coast; al-Muqaddasi c. 375 AH: walled in stone and gypsum, its folk drinking from wells and rain-cisterns, the granary of Qayrawan and berth of Sicily — whoever would see Constantinople should look on it, for it is built like it, on an island entered by a single causeway.
مقام
المحفوظة
al-Mahfuza, 'the Guarded', built by al-Hakam ibn Awana beyond the lake as the Muslims' refuge-misr when Hind apostatized — named against a fool's 'Tadmur'.
مقام
المهجرة
A great village with abundant springs, which al-Idrisi says marks the boundary between two districts.
مقام
منارة الإسكندرية
A tall lighthouse on the Alexandria coast of finely cut stone. Al-Idrisi gives its height as about three hundred cubits, says fire burned in it day and night to guide ships, and that it was called Fanus.
مقام
المنهى
A branch that leaves the main Nile and is called al-Manhi in that region. It runs westward, and Zamakhir lies at its mouth on the west bank.
مقام
المنجشانية
al-Manjashaniyya, six miles from Basra — the estate Qays ibn Mas'ud al-Shaybani, Kisra's warden of the Taff, made through his agent Manjashan; above it Rawdat al-Khayl where his horses grazed.
مقام
المنصورة
al-Mansura of Sind below the lake; built by Amr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qasim on his victory — the governors' seat, once mere thicket near old Brahmanabadh.
مقام
المنصورة (السند)
A newly founded city built by al-Mansur of the Abbasids, who gave it his name. It is built of mud brick and fired brick, has gardens and fields, many merchants, and coins of silver and copper.
مقام
المرغاب
al-Marghab at Basra — Bashir ibn Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra dug its canals by force within Hilal ibn Ahwaz's eight-thousand-jarib grant and named it Marghab Marw.
مقام
المسلتان بالإسكندرية
Two square, tall stone obelisks, narrower at the top, bearing old inscriptions; al-Idrisi reports from informants that they were cut from a mountain and set up by a king.
مقام
المرية
Almeria — Nasir's fortress city with Khayran's castle, a thousand silk looms and a thousand baths, an iron and marble countryside, and a lost history by Ibn Khatima.
مقام
المسرقان
A populated town, its trees mostly palms; al-Idrisi notes grains of many kinds and much sugar cane.
مقام
الميانج
A district of Azerbaijan between Ardabil and Maragha; its people joined the marzban's muster on Hudhayfa's conquest.
مقام
المعلّقة
A ruined city of Ifriqiya on the Mediterranean, about sixteen miles from Tunis, said to have belonged to the daughter of the king who seized every ship; its mighty ruins, deep cisterns and inexhaustible stones were counted wonders — blocks were carted to neighbouring works yet their number never lessened.
مقام
المعسكر
A populated village one stage beyond the preceding halt, near a river.
مقام
المذار
A small, populated and well-built town, one stage from Bayan, which al-Idrisi mentions together with al-Mufatah.
مقام
المذيب
Waystation on the Iraq road; in al-Baladhuri Abu Ubayd ibn Mas'ud reached it and met Jaban the Persian's host from Tustar, routing it; Jarir ibn Abdallah is said to have taken the road over Fayd and al-Ta'labiyya to al-Mudhayyib.
مقام
المغيثة
al-Mughitha, the dam Sulayman ibn Ali built on Basra's batiha at a million dirhams' cost — turning the water from Nahr al-Dayr into Nahr Ibn Umar.
مقام
المحمدية
The city al-Mahdi built at Rayy in 158 AH, moated and girded with a fired-brick suburb, which Rayy's people then called the inner city versus the outer walled town; Hisn al-Zaynabi fell inside it and the Lahirish family settled after its building; the old Rayy, called Arazi in Jahiliyya and said to have been swallowed, lay six farsakhs off and gave Rayy its name.
مقام
المخرّم
Village near Ayn al-Tamr; in al-Baladhuri it was not yet called Mukharrim then — it was named after a descendant of Mukarram ibn Hazn ibn Ziyad ibn Anas al-Dayyan al-Harithi who settled it, per al-Kalbi.
مقام
المنكب
A fine, medium-sized town rich in tuna fisheries, with a square standing structure and a large basin that water reaches from about a mile off; forty miles from Granada.
مقام
المنعرج
A spot in Maysan where al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba met and killed Maysan's dehqan who had apostatized from Islam, writing the victory to Umar.
مقام
جبل المقطم
A mountain range running through the desert from the start of Egyptian lands toward Aswan, with ochre and lime quarried from some of its sites. The author says it holds old remains and treasures hidden by kings, and attributes to a circulating story a priest associated with the mountain.
مقام
المسيلة
A newly founded city on a level plain, which al-Idrisi says was established under Idris ibn Abdallah, with extensive farms, horses, sheep and cattle.
مقام
النهروان
A small town crossed in its middle by the Nahrawan canal, on the road east of Baghdad, listed among the places of the Sawad.
مقام
النجرانية
A village in the Kufa district settled by the Christians of Najran and their Jewish dependents when Umar ibn al-Khattab exiled them from Yemen in his caliphate, and named after them; the head of al-Najraniyya used to send agents to their scattered communities in Syria and the districts collecting a fund divided among them to sustain the stipulated hullas, and they complained of dispersion, deaths and conversions until Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz found them at a tithe of their original number.
مقام
النشاستج
Estate in Iraq's Sawad; in al-Baladhuri granted by Uthman to Talha ibn Ubayd Allah from Khusraw's safaya and the Jalandima land.
مقام
النواقير
Three tall white mountains on the coast, which al-Idrisi places some eighteen miles from Acre.
مقام
الناووسة
A small town on an island surrounded by the Euphrates, with abundance and buildings; about twenty miles from Alusa.
مقام
النيل
A town in the Sawad; in al-Baladhuri al-Hajjaj dug the Nil and Zabi canals — naming the latter for the old Zabi — revived their lands, and founded and garrisoned the city called al-Nil.
مقام
النجير
A fortress of Banu Kinda in Hadramawt in which al-Ash'ath ibn Qays and the chiefs of Kinda fortified themselves in their apostasy; Ziyad ibn Labid and al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya besieged it until they were exhausted and came down on terms; women were found there who had gloated at the Prophet's death and Abu Bakr ordered their hands and feet cut, and its captives were ransomed back at four hundred dirhams a head.
مقام
القادسية
A place in Iraq where Amr ibn Uthman al-Taymi was killed with Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, according to Ibn Ishaq.
مقام
القل
A populated village that was a city in earlier times, now a harbour with buildings and mountains around it, seventy miles from Jijel.
مقام
القصبة (في كوار)
A small, well-built city in the Kawar valley, surrounded by palms. Its people wear woollen cloths and drink from sweet wells, and travel widely for trade.
مقام
القاسية
al-Qasiyya at Basra, a tract the water had left dry — taken by al-Qasim ibn Sulayman on a forged grant-letter of Yazid ibn Mu'awiya.
مقام
القاطول
The Jaramiqa village-site on a Tigris canal where al-Mu'tasim first built before abandoning it for Samarra — lampooned as 'you left the Batarqa rams of Baghdad'.
مقام
القيس
An old, well-built city on the west bank of the Nile, with sugar cane and many kinds of dates. It is about eighteen miles from Dahrut.
مقام
القويعة
A populated harbour on the Red Sea coast, with water brought from some distance, which al-Idrisi lists on the road to al-Juhfa.
مقام
الرَّبَذة
A place near Medina, in the editors' reckoning; Ibn Ishaq records that Abu Dharr was exiled there and died there.
مقام
الرجيع
مقام
الرامي
An island connected to Sarandib, with crops, minerals and perfumes. The author describes a rhinoceros there and a horn that, when cut, is said to show figures inside. He rejects the tale as impossible.
مقام
الروحاء
Estate in the Sawad; in al-Baladhuri granted by Uthman to Adi ibn Hatim al-Ta'i.
مقام
الرها
al-Ruha (Edessa), greatest city of the Euphratean Jazira; the first of the Jazira towns Iyad ibn Ghanm took — standing at its gate on a chestnut horse, its people compounded with him for their great church and its surroundings, no new church beyond what they had, and aid to the Muslims against their enemy, failing which they had no dhimma — the people of the Jazira entering into their treaty.
مقام
الرومية
place on the Tigris near al-Mada'in; in al-Baladhuri Sa'd camped there till its people made peace — whoever wished departing, who stayed on obedience, kharaj and guiding the Muslims.
مقام
الرور
al-Rur, a hilltop Sind city; taken by sulh after months — 'the budd is as the churches of Christians and Jews and the Magians' fire-houses' — kharaj laid, a mosque built.
مقام
الرصافة
Baghdad's east side — built by al-Mansur for al-Mahdi, called Askar al-Mahdi from his camp there bound for Rayy, occupied on his 151 return.
مقام
الرويان
A Tabaristan district; Sa'id ibn al-As conquered it with the plain and Dumbawand.
مقام
الرويثة
A halt on the pilgrim road about thirty-six miles from al-Suqya, which al-Idrisi describes as inhabited.
مقام
الصفا
A small hill beside the Kaaba at Mecca; the Prophet climbed it to summon the clans of Quraysh and warn them, and the house of al-Arqam ibn Abi al-Arqam, his centre for the call, stood on it.
مقام
الصفراء
مقام
السال
A small village of Arabs, one stage from the populated villages of the Yamama valley.
مقام
الصالحية
a Baghdad quarter named — in al-Baladhuri — for Salih ibn al-Mansur.
مقام
السَّلْسَل
A water in the land of Judham in the northern Hijaz; Amr ibn al-As camped there on his campaign towards Syria, and according to Ibn Ishaq the campaign of Dhat al-Salasil took its name from it.
مقام
الصامغان
An Iraqi highland district; its people treated with Utba ibn Farqad alongside Darabadh for jizya and kharaj — no killing, no captives, no road barred.
مقام
الصماء
A barren desert place inhabited by poor Arab families, on the road to Basra.
مقام
السرير
Al-Sarir, a land of the upper Caucasus whose king bears the title Sahib al-Sarir; Marwan ibn Muhammad entered it, fell upon its people and took castles, till its king submitted and obeyed — compounding for a thousand heads yearly, five hundred lads and five hundred girls black of hair, brow and lash, plus a hundred thousand mudd poured into Bab's granaries, with hostages taken of him.
مقام
السيلحين
In al-Baladhuri: a site where the Muslims overnighted returning from the Baghdad-market raid to al-Anbar where Khalid was.
مقام
الشجرة
A place on the Medina road that al-Idrisi names as the miqat for people of Medina, with a few Arabs living there, a short distance from the city.
مقام
بلاد الشام
The lands north of Arabia where Qudaʾa’s Salihids then the Ghassanids ruled as Rome’s client kings, and to which Harran-bound Ibrahim had earlier passed through Palestine. Writing c. 375 AH, the native son al-Muqaddasi called Sham 'the abode of the prophets', home of the first qibla, the ribats and the holy mountains — though its marches were already ruined and its people lived in fear of the Byzantines.
مقام
الشاش
al-Shash beyond the river, its king at Tarband; Qutayba took most of it to Isbijab, whose old fort the Turks held with Shash folk till Nuh ibn Asad's conquest under al-Mu'tasim — he walled it round its people's vines and farms.
مقام
الشوط
مقام
الشيخان
A site between Medina and Mount Uhud on the eastern road along the Harra; it held two utum said to be named for an old man and woman who conversed there. The Prophet spent the eve of Uhud there, reviewed the men and sent back those too young — Abu Sa'id al-Khudri was among them — and Banu Haritha's houses stood in its quarter, with the mosque in which he prayed on the march to Uhud.
مقام
الشحر
The land of al-Shihr, which adjoins Hadramawt on its eastern side.
مقام
الشيز
A town of Azerbaijan holding the great fire-temple Adhar Gushnasp; its people stood among the Ardabil marzban's fighters, and Hudhayfa's treaty singled them out — not to be barred from their fire-temple.
مقام
الشعيبية
al-Shu'aybiyya at Basra; its Euphrates folk carried it to Ali ibn al-Rashid as his sharecroppers on lightened terms — he made it ushr-sadaqa land and shared them as they accepted, Na'ib ibn Ziyad al-Wasiti managing it.
مقام
السيبين
Twin canals dug by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik when granted the lowlands still holding water in return for spending three million dirhams on the dams under al-Hajjaj; granted to Dawud ibn Ali under the Abbasids, then bought from his heirs into the caliphal estates.
مقام
السرين
A strong coastal fortress about five days from Hulay, with abundant water and a governor, where a fixed levy is taken from ships passing up and down the coast.
مقام
السبيطية
al-Subaytiyya, the estate al-Mansur cut from Basra's batiha over the town's objection; a dahqan named Subayt's reedbed was in it — the agent withheld part of its price and beat him, and he haunted al-Mansur's gate claiming the balance till he died, so the estate took his name.
مقام
السنح
A quarter of the 'Awali (upper Medina) named for the utm 'al-Sunh' built by Banu al-Harith ibn al-Khazraj, counted by Yaqut among Medina's quarters; Abu Bakr had his residence there when he married Malika — or Habiba — bint Kharija ibn Zayd, about a mile from the Prophet's house.
مقام
السقيا
A halt on the pilgrim road about twenty-seven miles beyond al-Abwa, with an orchard, palm gardens and people of Tayy and other Arab tribes.
مقام
السوس
al-Sus, the great city of al-Ahwaz; starved out by Abu Musa it fell on an eighty-man aman, its marzban beheaded — and in its citadel was found the prophet Daniel's body, buried in the riverbed on Umar's command.
مقام
الطبسين
al-Tabasayn — the twin fortresses Tabas and Qurayn, a palm-bearing jurm that is the gate of Khurasan; raided by Abdallah ibn Budayl for Abu Musa, then truced before Umar at sixty or seventy-five thousand under a writ, a peace Ibn Amir confirmed when he marched on Khurasan.
مقام
الطاهرية (خوارزم)
A town of income and trade, with farms, reservoirs and common fruits; the first district of Khwarazm on the western side of the river, two stages from Rasht.
مقام
التعلبية
Waystation on the Iraq road; in al-Baladhuri Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas camped there three months till the people caught up, then reached al-Mudhayyib in year 15; Jarir ibn Abdallah is said to have taken the road over Fayd and al-Ta'labiyya to al-Mudhayyib.
مقام
الطيلسان
A Daylam district; Kathir ibn Shihab raided it with al-Babar, among the frontier posts Rayy's governor reached.
مقام
الطيرهان
A town beside Mosul; Utba ibn Farqad took it with Tikrit before marching through the Bajarma district to Shahrazur.
مقام
الطربال بجور
A venerated Persian building in central Jur razed by the Muslims.
مقام
الأبلة
In al-Baladhuri: a town near Basra whose people gathered against Suwayd ibn Qutba; Khalid ibn al-Walid tricked them — departing by day, returning by night — they broke, many were killed, and a party drowned in Basra's Tigris.
مقام
الأخدود
The dug trench of the People of the Ditch named in the Qur'an; al-Umari places it at Najran in Yemen.
مقام
العسيفان
al-Usayfan between Kashmir, Multan and Kabul; its king, his son dead despite the idol's 'answer', broke shrine, image and sadins — and took tawhid from Muslim merchants under al-Mu'tasim.
مقام
بئر اليسيرة
A well of the Ansari Banu Umayya called al-'Usayra ('the hard'), which the Prophet renamed al-Yasira ('the easy') and drank from.
مقام
الأشمونين
A small, prosperous town with gardens, palms, fields and well-known cloth. About half a day or a little more from Munyat Ibn al-Khasib,.
مقام
الواحات الداخلة
Oases with Berbers and settled Arabs who farm where water is plentiful. The author says the indigo grown there is famed and gives it the name of the oases; the donkeys there are small,.
مقام
الواحات الخارجة
Desert oases that were once farmed and fertile, but whose roads have fallen out of use. The author reports a lapis lazuli mine on a mountain there, with the stone carried to Egypt, and a great serpent that locals describe,.
مقام
الوتير
A watering place of Khuza'a in lower Mecca where Banu al-Dil of Banu Bakr made the night attack that broke the Hudaybiyya truce.
مقام
اليهودية
a city of Isbahan; in al-Baladhuri treated by al-Ahnaf ibn Qays on Jayy's terms.
مقام
اليمامة
A region in central Arabia; Abu Qays ibn al-Harith al-Sahmi was killed there on the day of al-Yamama in Abu Bakr's caliphate, and Hawdha ibn Ali al-Hanafi appears there in the context of the Prophet's envoys, according to Ibn Ishaq.
مقام
اليرموك
A place in al-Sham; Ibn Ishaq dates the deaths of Abdullah ibn Sufyan al-Makhzumi and Sa'id ibn al-Harith al-Sahmi to it with the phrase 'the year of the Yarmuk', in Umar's caliphate.
مقام
الزاب
In al-Baladhuri: a district over ten days' march from Qayrawan where Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab and twelve men took refuge fleeing Egypt, and where he claimed leadership over that district's troops.
مقام
الزابوقة
A Basra site holding two of the seven daskaras where Utba ibn Ghazwan's men first lodged, later built in mud-brick by a band of them.
مقام
مدينة الزاهرة
The palace-city al-Mansur Ibn Abi Amir built for his seat, moving into it the treasuries and arms stores and taking the throne of kingship within it.
مقام
الظُّرَيبة
A place in the direction of al-Ta'if; Sa'id ibn al-As Abu Uhayha died there over property of his, according to Ibn Ishaq.
مقام
ألماس
A civilised city rich in fruit and provisions with wide buildings; the author gives half a day east of Faramniyāk.
مقام
قلعة ألموت
The Batiniyya mountain-fortress near Qazwin, seat of Hasan-i Sabbah; in 511 the besieging armies struck camp from Alamut when Sultan Muhammad b. Malikshah's death reached them.
مقام
اللانية
An ancient city from which the Alans take their name; the author gives twenty-four miles from Istabriyya.
مقام
ألبركان أطمة صقلية
The island al-Burkan, Sicily's fire-vent: headless flame-bodies rise by night and fall into the sea as the light white stones used to erase writing; it holds Porphyry's tomb. Atma is a spring of fire rising from the earth.
مقام
حلب
A city in northern Syria, among the oldest inhabited cities in the world, flourishing under the Hamdanid, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman eras.
مقام
الإسكندرية
Mediterranean port of Egypt that surrendered to the Muslim army in 641 CE, long a centre of Greek learning and trade.
مقام
الجزائر
مقام
الحامة
Alhama — the fortress whose stealthy capture by the Marquis of Cadiz in the truce's last days (887) opened Granada's final war; Granada besieged it vainly until relief came, and its Baza-Guadix rescuers were hurled from the heights.
مقام
عليب
A populated village, which al-Idrisi mentions together with Dawqa.
مقام
ألمة
A large, civilised city with busy markets, sixty miles south of Bazla, and one of the cities of the region of Ṣawāba.
مقام
المرية
Almeria — the harbour city of al-Andalus with its impregnable citadel of Khayran built by al-Nasir; its silk looms outwove every land (800 for tiraz, a thousand each for brocade, esclaton and the rest), its district mined iron and marble, its baths and fondacos neared a thousand, and no Andalusi city held greater wealth or warehouses — until it fell by storm on Friday 17 Jumada I 542.
مقام
المنكب
Almunecar (al-Munkab) — the coastal fortress east of Malaga where the blinded ex-sultan Abu al-Hasan retired after abdicating to his brother al-Zaghal, and died.
مقام
علوة
A town in Nubia on the bank of the Nile, five days' journey below Dunqula. Its people live by farming, fishing and trade.
مقام
آمد
A fine, fertile city with a wall of black stone, running water inside its walls, mills and gardens; al-Idrisi counts it among the chief cities of the Jazira.
مقام
عمان
A city in al-Balqa', two days from Jerusalem, near the Ghawr.
مقام
عمورية
The Phrygian capital stormed by al-Mu'tasim in 223 — delivered by its patrikios Lawi, sacked for four days while the caliph dreamed of Constantinople.
مقام
آمل
Amul — Amuya — on the Jayhun; fought then truced by Abdallah ibn al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad in his brief succession over Khurasan.
مقام
عمواس
A village in the land of Filastin giving its name to the plague of Amwas which struck in year 18, carrying off Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, Mu'adh ibn Jabal and a multitude of the Muslims.
مقام
جزيرة أمزنيوس
An island in the Dark Sea; the author reports a custom attributed to its people as information he was told, without vouching for it.
مقام
أنسان
Anasān at Basra, named for Anas ibn Malik's qati'a from Ziyad.
مقام
أنكونة
A large city of a district on the Azmum river, nine miles from the sea, with a market and ships.
مقام
أندرابة
A town on two rivers, one called Andarab, with gardens, walks, many trees and vineyards; seven stages from Badakhshan.
مقام
مرسى أنفا
A harbour on the Maghreb coast about forty miles from Fudala, which ships wheat, barley and sheep, and where Berbers of Banu Yafran and Dukkala gather.
مقام
أنجيرش
A large city with many people and a wide district, with vineyards and fields; seventy miles from Shant Majal on the sea; in the district of Ni.
مقام
انهو
A populous city in the land of Astlanda; the author gives two hundred miles from Raghūlda.
مقام
الانجية
An island among the Ramij islands, with a town of mixed population that includes Muslims at the time, according to the author.
مقام
عنابة
مقام
أنصنا
An old city on the east bank of the Nile with gardens and abundant fruit. The author says it is known as the city of magicians, from which Pharaoh brought them for the appointed day of the encounter with Musa.
مقام
أنطاكية
Antioch, the Syrian frontier city on the Amanus approach; its people compounded with Abu Ubayda for jizya and evacuation — some departing, some staying at a dinar and a jarib per adult — then broke faith, and Iyad ibn Ghanm with Habib ibn Maslama retook it on the first treaty; Umar ordered murabita of right intent settled there and the summer expeditions attached to it, Uthman granted estates in it, and Mu'awiya transferred Persians and people of Ba'labakk, Hims and the two Misrs to it in year 42; it holds Bab Muslim named for Muslim ibn Abdullah, grandfather of Abdullah ibn Habib, whom a Byzantine killed with a stone on the wall; al-Walid granted troops the Saluqiyya lands and built its fortress, and Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik's Baghras lands became his endowment in the way of good.
مقام
أنطالية
New Antalya, a sparsely settled town that was once a populous city; two days from the old one.
مقام
أنطرطوس
A coastal town with a strong wall; it is the port of Homs, and near it lies a large island with a populated church.
مقام
انتقيرة
A town near Archidona, thirty-five miles from Malaga; the author says the rebels of al-Andalus emptied it after the rule of Ibn Abi Amir.
مقام
انزلان
A populated harbour with buildings, the first land of the Ghumara; near it lies the fort of Tiqsas on the sea.
مقام
اقليبه
A populous city in the inner land of the Qumans, eight days from Ṭarawiyā, which the author calls the last district of the region.
مقام
أقرة
A city on one of two rivers rising in the land of Bawāmiya; the author gives forty miles from Baṭash.
مقام
أقرنوس
A notable city on a high mountain ridge; the author gives six stages from Istūbūnī.
مقام
أقولية
A city of the land of Isqalūniya; the author gives seventy miles from Siqlāwsh.
مقام
عرفات
مقام
الأربس
A city on level ground with running springs that never dry, including Ayn Rabah; its saffron rivals the Andalusian kind; three stages from Qayrawan.
مقام
جبل الرماة
A hill southeast of the Muslim camp at Uhud, where the Prophet stationed fifty archers to prevent the Meccan cavalry from flanking them.
مقام
ارشذونة
A town between Malaga and Cordoba, thirty-five miles from Malaga; the author says it and Antequera were emptied by the rebels of al-Andalus after the rule of Ibn Abi Amir.
مقام
أرض الأصبهانيين
The Asbahanis' land at Basra, bought from Arabs — the Asbahanis were converts who had migrated to Basra, said to have been among the asawira who settled there.
مقام
أردبيل
Ardabil, among Adharbayjan's holdings in al-Baladhuri; to it the Khazars withdrew after the Warthan-desert clash, and al-Jarrah fought them four farsakhs from Armenia's edge for three days until he was martyred with those with him — its river being named Nahr al-Jarrah and a bridge ascribed to him; and Musafir al-Qassab came to it in disguise, whence a body of Sharat went out with him.
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أرينية
A small town; the author gives eighty miles east of Aqra.
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أرجان
A city in the lands of Fars; two stages from Arjan to Asak, one more to al-Dawraq and then to Basyan.
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أرجيش
of the northern Armenian cities on Lake Van; Habib ibn Maslama's collectors levied the head-jizya of its villages and compounded with its notables for the kharaj of their lands.
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أرمائيل
Arma'il of Makran; taken by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim after Qanirbur — Muhammad ibn Harun dying nearby, buried at Qanbal.
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أرمنت
A town on the east bank of the Nile, a day's sail from Isna. It has palms and trees bearing several kinds of fruit, and the author says its Coptic-era construction is fine and rare in comparison with other regions.
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أرمينية
Armenia in al-Baladhuri on two schemata: Shimshat, Qaliqala, Khilat, Arjish and Bajunays as the fourth Armenia; the Busfurrajan district, Dabil, Siraj Tayr and Baghrawand the third; Jurzan the second; and Sisajan and Arran the first — or, it is said, Shimshat alone the fourth; Qaliqala, Khilat, Arjish and Bajunays the third; Siraj Tayr, Baghrawand, Dabil and Busfurrajan the second; and Sisajan, Arran and Tiflis the first; Jurzan and Arran were in Khazar hands and the rest of Armenia in Roman hands under the lord of the Armeniakoi, while it had lain in Persian hands until Islam appeared, Anushirwan having confirmed the kings of Jabal al-Qabq on their kingdoms for tribute.
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أرموقسترو
A city with tall buildings and wide channels, overlooking the sea; the author gives two days south of Dasīna.
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عرقة
A pleasant village on the road to Sa'da, in al-Idrisi's description.
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أرجان
Arrajan, the Fars city adjoining Tawwaj — raided from Tawwaj by Uthman, then taken by him and Abu Musa on jizya-and-kharaj sulh.
مقام
أرّان
Arran, of the first Armenia's lands and then in Khazar hands; Qubadh ibn Fayruz's general trod it with twelve thousand, taking what lay between the river al-Rass and Shirwan, where Qubadh built al-Baylaqan, Bardha'a, Qabala and the wall of al-Lubn; Salman ibn Rabi'a al-Bahili was ordered by Uthman to raid it after the spoils affair at Qaliqala.
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أرثا
A fine city on a strong mountain; the author, citing al-Ḥawqalī, says strangers entering it were killed.
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ارصاه
A populous city with many houses, abundant water and rivers, vineyards and farms, at the foot of the great mountain Rashnān; the author gives four stages from Khaymākhīth.
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أرسيانيكث
A town with well-built structures, busy markets and orchards and fruit, on level ground, twenty-nine miles from Bunjikath.
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ارشذونة
A town between Malaga and Cordoba; it and Antaqira were two cities emptied by the troubles of the civil wars.
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أرواد
In al-Baladhuri: an island near Constantinople opened by Janada ibn Abi Umayya in year 54, settled with Muslims by Mu'awiya; among its openers Mujahid and Tubay' ibn imra'at Ka'b al-Ahbar.
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آسك (خوزستان)
A large, populated village where mats are made and sold in Iraq, on the road between Arjan and al-Dawraq.
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أساول
A town near Jinawal, alike to its neighbours in its people, dress and trade.
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إسبرة
A town of hills and plains, among the most pleasant lands of Farghana, as large as Akhsikath, with a great populous suburb and markets.
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عسفان
A settlement two stages from Mecca on the Medina road; there Abu Sufyan met Budayl ibn Warqa' coming back from Medina, and there the Prophet's army passed on the march of the conquest.
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آسفي
A town and island on the Atlantic coast of the far Maghreb. Al-Idrisi relates its name through the story of sailors who landed there, and of Ahmad ibn Umar, known as Daqam al-Iwwaz, who had charge of part of Yusuf ibn Tashfin's fleet.
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اشبورقان
A town in al-Jawzjan, fifty-four miles from Talaqan, with fields, orchards and little running water.
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أشير
A city known as Ashir of Ziri, with a sandy plain and spring water, near Sutayt.
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أشكالة
A small, civilised town in the land of the Alans, close to the sea; the author gives its distance from Ashkshiya.
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أشكشية
A fine city in the land of the Alans and one of its ports; the author gives one hundred and fifty miles from a river site.
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أشترقة
A populous town with many vineyards and springs, on the road to Leon, one stage away.
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جزيرة عاشورا
A sparsely settled island with rough land full of thickets and trees, four days from Shamil and a light day's sail from Malay.
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أزيلا
A small town with a wall, not strong; its people drink from wells. One light stage from Tangier.
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عسقلان
Ascalon on the Filastin coast; taken under Umar — some say by Amr ibn al-As — by treaty after stratagem, and it is said Amr had taken it before its people broke faith and the Byzantines reinforced them, so Mu'awiya retook it, settling ribat-fighters there and placing guards; shaykhs of its people reported the Byzantines ruined it and expelled its inhabitants in Ibn al-Zubayr's days, and Abd al-Malik rebuilt and fortified it; it holds land-grants made at Umar's and Uthman's command, which Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Faryabi saw no harm in entering, and Abd al-Malik granted an Arab man an estate there among the murabita grants.
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أسكنجة
A large city bordering the edge of the Mount Mont Jūn range, on the eastern bank of a river, with many springs and streams; the author gives thirty-five miles from Igriza.
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عسكر مكرم
Askar Mukram in al-Ahwaz, named for Mukram ibn Mutarrif who camped there hunting his father's killer on Mus'ab's charge — or, as also said, for Mukram ibn al-Farz.
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أستريك
A fine city with visible buildings on the western bank of the Rhine, with vineyards, trees and livestock, bordering the land of the Frisians; the author describes its people as proud and resolute.
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أستركونة
The capital of the land of Bawāmiya, the largest and most populous of its cities, which the author calls the seat of the realm and of the kings of Bawāmiya.
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أسطور
A populous town of Turks with wide plains, wheat and rice, iron mines, on the Ghamash river; its people are the bravest Turks; six stages from Banjar.
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أسوان
A small, prosperous town with plenty of wheat, vegetables and meat. It is the furthest point up the Nile that boats from Egypt reach, lying about twelve stages from the cataract, and is one of the frontier towns of Nubia.
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أسيوط
مقام
اطباش
A town on a strong mountain, ten stages from Tibet, with crafts and markets; the road to Barsakhan leaves from it.
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اثافت
A city with many vineyards and villages; its people draw water from a large reservoir fed by springs.
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أتروبي
A city forty miles east of Nīsū, with a river from the Serbian mountains passing near it.
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إتل
The city of the Khazars and their capital; two cities on the two banks of the river, the king living on the western bank and the people on the eastern, about two miles apart, both walled.
مقام
أطرابلس
Tripoli, the Maghreb's sea-city nine days from Ifriqiya; Amr ibn al-As camped before it in year 22, it was fought for and opened by force — where he seized many loads of baziyun cloth, selling them and dividing the price among the Muslims — and Umar ibn al-Khattab forbade him the march on Ifriqiya, calling it 'not Ifriqiya but a schismatic, treacherous land oft betrayed'.
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أطراسا
A city on the Ganges, one of the frontier towns of the Qanauj kingdom, five stages from Niyast.
مقام
جزيرة أوبكين
An island reached by sea from Kanbaya, among the sea islands named in the Sind lands.
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أودغست
A small city in a dry desert, set between two hills, which the author compares in shape to Mecca. Its trade is weak and its people live from camels. He gives twelve stages to Ghana, thirty-one to Wargla and about twenty-five to Jarma.
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أوجلة
A town ten days west of Sanitriyya, which the author says is reached by the road from Sanitriyya.
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أوليل
An island port off the coast with the best-known salt works in the Sudan lands. Ships load salt there and sail it to the Nile, from which it is carried to the whole region.
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عونسترة
An inland town in the middle of the island, eighty miles from Hintūna.
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أوطاس
A valley in the territory of Hawazin where Malik ibn Awf mustered the tribal confederation before Hunayn, and where the defeated remnants of Hawazin rallied under Durayd ibn al-Simma before being pursued by Abu Amir al-Ash'ari.
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أيذج
Ayadhaj of al-Ahwaz; Abdallah ibn Amir took it after heavy fighting, Kurds gathering to its defenders.
مقام
عيذاب
In al-Baladhuri: a coast in the Buja lands where the provision ships al-Qummi had carried from the Qulzum joined him during his campaign on the Buja lands in al-Mutawakkil's time.
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أيلة
A town whose master Ibn Ishaq names as Yuhanna ibn Ru'ba, who made peace with the Prophet at Tabuk and paid him the jizya.
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أيلوغيس
A city on a mountain, twelve miles from the Pontic gulf.
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أيمن
A city on the sea; the author gives twenty-five miles from Akhīlū.
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عين المشاش
The spring Zubayda dug in the Hijaz and channelled over twelve miles of hill and wadi into Mecca at a reckoned cost of 1,700,000 dinars.
مقام
عين القشيرة
The spring by Tarsus where al-Ma'mun died — glossed by the captives as 'stretch your legs' and 'al-Raqqa' in Arabic.
مقام
عين الصيد
A Taff spring; in al-Baladhuri named Ayn al-Sayd because fish gathered in it — once plugged, a Muslim's horse sank its legs into it, he dug, struck water and restored it with helpers; it then passed to Isa ibn Ali, who bought it from al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan's children — Umm Kulthum bint al-Hasan holding a share — Mu'awiya having granted it to al-Hasan ibn Ali as part of the caliphate settlement, with other springs.
مقام
عين التمر
A place where Umayr ibn Ri'ab al-Sahmi was killed with Khalid ibn al-Walid on his way back from al-Yamama in Abu Bakr's caliphate, according to Ibn Ishaq.
مقام
عين شمس
Ayn Shams, among Egypt's towns; Amr ibn al-As sent Abdallah ibn Hudhafa al-Sahmi to it after al-Fustat's fall — he gained its land and compounded its villages on Fustat's terms.
مقام
عين زربة
Ayn Zarba (Anazarbus) among the Syrian march-cities; al-Rashid ordered its building and fortification in year 180, summoning levies of Khurasanis and others whom he granted house-lots there; the Byzantines raided it while al-Qasim ibn al-Rashid dwelt at Dabiq, driving off its people's herds and taking captives, until the men and volunteers of Masisa flew to them and recovered all that had reached the raiders, so al-Qasim sent men to fortify and repair it and added to its garrison; al-Mu'tasim later transferred to it and its districts people of the Zutt who had mastered the Bata'ih between Wasit and Basra, and its people profited by them.
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أذربيجان
The province of Azerbaijan, whose seat Ardabil held its marzban and kharaj office; Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman conquered it on Umar's writ delivered by al-Mughira, its marzban treating for eight hundred thousand dirhams weight-eight.
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أزم
A civilised town on the river with a moving market for trade with those coming from Fars, one stage from al-Ahwaz.
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أزقي
A place in the land of the Lamtuna. The author gives twelve stages of desert travel between it and Qamnuriyya, with little water, so travellers dig wells.
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آزكي
A civilised, not large town in the Masufa lands, thirteen stages from Sijilmasa.
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بعلبك
City in Damascus's Sanir district holding the temple of Baal — the Baal of the Qur'anic verse — its two mighty shrines of carved stone between Lebanon and Sanir mountains unmatched even in wood-carving for their columns and vaults.
مقام
الباب والأبواب
Bab wa-l-Abwab (Derbent), the city Anushirwan Kisra ibn Qubadh built, named 'gates' for the narrows on which it stands; before it his father Qubadh had built the wall of al-Lubn between Shirwan's land and Bab al-Lan with three hundred and sixty cities upon it, ruined after Bab wa-l-Abwab's building; Anushirwan's wall was built of rock and lead at the sea's edge, three hundred cubits wide, joined to the mountain-tops, running three miles into the sea over ship-sunk stones, iron gates hung at its entry, a hundred riders posted where fifty thousand soldiers had been needed, with an armoured redoubt upon it — all through the peace he feigned with the Turk king.
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باب الفيل
A gate of Kufa's mosque; in al-Baladhuri the Muslims took an elephant at al-Mada'in's conquest, wrote Umar who ordered it sold — a Hira man bought and toured it through the villages, and Umm Ayyub bint Umara ibn Uqba, al-Mughira's wife, wished to see it; it stopped at the mosque gate while she looked and gifted its keeper, then a few steps on fell dead — hence the Elephant Gate. It is also said the viewer was al-Walid ibn Uqba's wife, that a magician conjured an elephant on a donkey from the gate — dismissed as false — that the mosque's basin was carried in on an elephant, or that a governor's elephant breached it; the first account is the firmest.
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باب الحديد
A fortress and iron gate cut into a mountain by a valley; the author, citing the interpreter Sallām, describes a double gate with locks and bolts that guards strike to listen for what lies beyond.
مقام
باب اللان
Bab al-Lan, a pass of the upper Caucasus adjoining Shirwan's land, near the wall of al-Lubn that Qubadh built; through it Marwan ibn Muhammad entered the Khazar land, guided by Asid ibn Zafir al-Sulami with the mountain kings by way of Bab wa-l-Abwab, and Yazid ibn Asid al-Sulami opened it in his governorship of Armenia, stationing there a ribat of diwan men.
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باب إدريس
A town set among mountains and ravines with a hard entrance; fertile, rich in water and fruit, about eighteen miles from Qurt.
مقام
بابل
A small village that was once a great city; al-Idrisi says it was an old great capital, and that it is now a small place.
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بذخشان
A mountain land with many animals and herds, from which precious stones are taken; musk is carried out of it, and it links southward to India through the Khuttal lands.
مقام
بادغيس
Badghis, the hill-country of Khurasan; covered by Herat's great sulh with Ibn Amir and Bushanj under the writ charging him to divide the jizya justly — 'whoever withholds what is on him has no covenant nor dhimma'.
مقام
البذندون
A Byzantine frontier spot with a cold clear spring; al-Ma'mun camped there, admired a silvery fish in the water, took a chill as it was caught and never tasted it — dying there in 218 and carried to Tarsus for burial.
مقام
حصن بادس
A fortress at the foot of the Aurès range, inhabited, whose lands are held by Arabs who guard it through one of their men.
مقام
بادس (المغرب)
A civilised town with markets and a few crafts, its people Ghumara, about half a day from Karkal.
مقام
بدر
Settlement in the Hejaz, southwest of Medina, near the wells where the Battle of Badr was fought in 624 CE.
مقام
بادوريا
Town of the Baghdad Sawad; in al-Baladhuri a poet lists it with al-Anbar, Qatarrabul and Maskin in Baghdad's market, and some Muslims crossed Nahr Subudhan taking Kutha, Nahr al-Malik and Baduraya.
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بياسة
A city on a hill overlooking the great river that flows down to Cordoba, twenty miles from Jaen.
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باغة
A town of great beauty for its abundant water, which runs through its gardens; it has vineyards and trees beyond compare, eighteen miles from the fortress called al-Qabdhaq.
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باغاي
A city near the Aurès range, three stages from Constantine, linked to the Aurès range, whose people are strong against their neighbours.
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بغداد
Capital of the Abbasid caliphate, founded by al-Mansur in 762 CE and a great centre of learning.
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بغلان
A civilised town with rivers, trees, buildings and many villages; two stages from Andarab and six from Balkh.
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بحيرة البختكان
One of the largest lakes of Fars, about sixty miles long with salt water; the river Kur falls into it, and villages and districts surround it.
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بحيرة بنزرت
A lake sixteen miles long; al-Idrisi says each month brings a kind of fish found in no other month, twelve kinds in all.
مقام
بحيرة الباسفرية
A lake with a monastery of the Basafriyya on it, salt water and abundant fish; reeds and esparto grass around its edges are used by the local people.
مقام
بحيرة بدشت أرزن
A lake about thirty miles long with fresh water, most of which dries up in summer; boats fish on it.
مقام
بحيرة الجنكان
A salt lake about six miles long, with fisheries and livelihoods, settled around it, about six miles from Shiraz.
مقام
بحيرة تينجة
A lake about four miles long with sweet water, connected to the Lake of Banzart; al-Idrisi says the water of the two lakes alternates in its flow.
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بحيرة زغر
The dead lake, which al-Idrisi describes as having no living thing in it; it is where two towns of Lot's people were sunk, and it lies near Riha.
مقام
بحر الظلمات (البحر المحيط بغربي الأندلس)
The Atlantic west of al-Andalus and the lands of Britain. The author reports that its tides follow set hours of day and night, which he attributes to the wind rising with the sun, and says the people of the Maghreb have observed this.
مقام
البحرين
The pre-modern name for the eastern Arabian coastal region where Kinda first settled and where Abd al-Qays, branches of Bakr ibn Waʾil and Tamim dwelt; also a seat of the Mazdean faith among the Arabs.
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البحرين (واحة)
The second inhabited settlement with al-Jafar in the oases. A fortified-looking village ringed by palms, two days from al-Jafar.
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بهورسير
the city on the Kufa side of al-Mada'in; in al-Baladhuri the Muslims camped against it nine or eighteen months, its people fighting them, till it was opened.
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باجة
A city where the palace of the Baghbugh king stands, with his household; four stages from Isnakhwa on the Khamdan river.
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باجة (المغرب)
A town rich in fig trees whose dried figs are carried to many lands, one stage from Suq Ibrahim.
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باجروان
A district of Azerbaijan; its men stood among the fighters the marzban of Ardabil mustered against Hudhayfa.
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بجانة
Once a famous town before Almeria; it was ruined and only traces remain. Gardens, orchards and vineyards surround it, and al-Idrisi says its baths draw the sick from every region.
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بختة
An inhabited village in Beja land with a market. It gives its name to the Bactrian camels, prized as the most patient and fastest of camels for travel.
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باخوان
A town on the bank of the Jaz river, from which most iron goods go out to the Turkish lands; it has fields and pastures for the Turks.
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بلد
A town on the western bank of the Tigris above Mosul, rich in produce, with a running stream besides the Tigris for drinking; twenty-seven miles from Sinjar.
مقام
بلاح
A fine city in the land of Qarnaṭāra on the river Darūa, rich in water and rivers.
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بلنجر
A Khazar city beyond Derbent — where Abd al-Rahman ibn Rabi'a fell in AH 32 and where his body was kept in a coffin for rain-prayers.
مقام
بلاق
A town in Nubia between two arms of the Nile, where merchants from Nubia, Abyssinia and Egypt meet during truces. Seven days' journey by land to the cataract of Janadil.
مقام
البلاسجان
An Azerbaijani mountain holding the Balasajan Kurds; Hudhayfa's treaty bound the marzban not to expose the land to the Kurds of Balasajan, Sabalan and Satrudan.
مقام
بلاط الشهداء
The 'Martyrs' Causeway' in Francia — Poitiers — where al-Ghafiqi's army was destroyed in Ramadan 114; the battle took its name from the place.
مقام
بلغردون
A large, populous city with notable churches; the author gives seventy miles from Qāwun.
مقام
بلخ
Balkh, the city of the Tukhara; al-Ahnaf's march won its sulh at four or — the sounder report — seven hundred thousand, Asid ibn al-Mutashammis (or al-Ahnaf's nephew) left over it.
مقام
باميان
Bamiyan — its great idol house and the images sent to Baghdad after the conquest
مقام
بم
Bamm of Kirman; its folk truced al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad, broke and apostatized, and Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud retook it.
مقام
جبل بنبوان
A mountain east of Nughayra, tilting south. The author calls it one of the highest mountains on earth, bare and white-soiled, where only wormwood and saltwort grow.
مقام
بندسة
A medium-sized populated town with a wall and a market, thirty miles from Faskiyu.
مقام
بني زندوي
A fortress on a plain with a Friday market visited by the people of the surrounding district.
مقام
بانقيا
In al-Baladhuri: a Sawad town Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali pacified on a thousand dirhams and a taylasan; with al-Hira and Ulays one of the only three Sawad towns holding a covenant, per Ibn Mughaffal al-Muzani; Dirar ibn al-Azwar versified on it.
مقام
بانية
A small town of abundant goods and low prices, whose people live in comfort and plenty.
مقام
بنجار (الكيماك)
A large town with soldiers, arms and wealth, where tigers and other animals are found; its people carry furs to distant lands; about three days from Suraws.
مقام
بنة
Banna between Multan and Kabul by the marshes; reached by al-Muhallab in 44h — the Azd's night-stand praised in verse.
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بنصة
A large, populous, fertile and fortified city with abundant crops; the author says its people are known for bravery in war and that it was the seat of the realm of the Germans.
مقام
بنزرت
A fortified coastal city between two lakes, a long day's journey by land from Tunis.
مقام
بقيع الغرقد
Medina's great cemetery east of the Prophet's Mosque; As'ad ibn Zurara was the first Muslim buried there on Abu Hatim's account via Razin — 'Uthman ibn Maz'un the first of the Emigrants — and al-Samhudi lists among its merits the resurrection of seventy thousand from it in the image of the moon without reckoning, angels who whenever it fills take it by its edges and empty it into Paradise, answered prayer at the corner of Dar 'Aqil beside it, and the mosque of Banu Hudayla inside it right of its gate.
مقام
بقصين
A famous city mentioned in many ancient capitals, with farms, craftsmen and scholars, on the Danube to the south.
مقام
باقطى
A small town like a village gathered around a market, without walls, on a sand hill. Its people travel little and its trade is by import. Five days from Iqnat.
مقام
بارة
In al-Baladhuri: a sea-shore city in the Great Land of the Maghreb, about fifteen days from Barqa; its people were Christians though not Romans — Khalafun al-Barbari opened it at the start of al-Mutawakkil's caliphate.
مقام
بربشتر
Barbastro, chief town of the Burṭāniya country near Zaragoza; stormed by the Nordmanni host in 456 after forty days when its water channel collapsed — a massacre Ibn Hayyan said Muslims had never seen the like of — then retaken by Ahmad al-Muqtadir ibn Hud in Jumada I 457.
مقام
برشلونة
A city on the eastern coast of al-Andalus facing the island of Minorca; al-Idrisi gives about a hundred miles of sea between them.
مقام
برذعة
Bardha'a (Partaw) in Arran, 'the frontier's city entire'; Qubadh ibn Fayruz built it when he followed his general who had taken what lay between the river al-Rass and Shirwan.
مقام
بردسير
A town with a wall, ditch and gates, with many markets, two stages from Sirjan.
مقام
برفنتو
A city at the foot of a gentle hill; the author gives thirty miles west of Batrānī, with a river flowing between them.
مقام
باري
A large, populous city of the Lombard lands with ship-building on the coast, about twelve miles from Brindisi.
مقام
بريسى
A small town on the Nile without walls, more like a settled village, whose people are travelling merchants under the Takruri. Twelve stages east of Takrur.
مقام
برخة
A town of middling size on the Sofala coast, with a mix of Indian and other residents. The ruler of the region lives there. Three passages from Dandama.
مقام
برنة
A populous city on the sea, with many houses, vineyards and fields; the author gives eighty miles west to the place where the Rhine lies.
مقام
برنس
A city close to the sea; the author gives fifty miles from Ayman.
مقام
برقة
Barqa (Cyrenaica), the nearer Maghreb between Egypt and Ifriqiya, its city Antabulus; Amr ibn al-As compounded with it after Alexandria's fall for a thirteen-thousand-dinar jizya in which they might sell whom they wished of their children; its people sent their kharaj to Egypt's governor unpressed — the most prosperous folk of the Maghreb, untouched by fitna — and among it the covenant-holding Berber village of Lawata, and Zawila whence Uqba ibn Nafi's first charge began.
مقام
برقانة
A fortified stronghold with much water, gardens and vineyards, one stage from Jarawa.
مقام
برسخان العليا
A fortified Turkish town where most of the nearby Turks take refuge in need, five stages from Nawakit.
مقام
برسكلافة
A city in open country on a river that can be easily forded; the author gives four days from Dirīstara.
مقام
بروص
Barus of the Sind-Indian lands; sent to by al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As under his brother Uthman's governorship.
مقام
بروة
A town on the coast of the Indian Ocean, the last land of black peoples the author describes as having no fixed faith. They worship upright stones anointed with fish oil, which the author calls a corrupt belief.
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كورة برزة
An Azerbaijani district of the Awad tribe whose chief town one of them peopled and fortified; a minbar was set there in 239 AH despite the Awadis' resentment.
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برزان
Barzan in Sijistan; there Rutbil's embassy sought Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra's peace for his land and Kabul's — concluded at a million dirhams.
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باشان (خراسان)
A populous town of fine buildings, with inns, baths, a congregational mosque and a pulpit.
مقام
بشهيار
A city with an official appointed by the Baghbugh, retainers and servants, which fights the Turks guarding the passes of the barrier mountain; eight stages from Qasha.
مقام
جزيرة باشو
A blessed island with good soil, orchards, olives and well water; only traces of its town remain.
مقام
بسترنس
A fine city with abundant water and a reasonable size; the author gives half a day east of Karnabī.
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باسليكو
A city on the sea coast; the author gives twenty-five miles from Aghāthūbulis.
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بسمد
A town in Sind, three stages from al-Rur.
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بصنا
A small town where curtains bearing its name are made; al-Idrisi describes it as pleasant with many gardens.
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البصرة
Port city in southern Iraq founded as a Muslim garrison town around 636 CE, a centre of grammar, theology and trade.
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باصو
A city in the land of Bawāmiya; the author gives eighty miles south of Aqra.
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بسطة
A populous, inhabited city with strong walls, a clean market, trade and crafts of many kinds; thirty miles from Wadi Ash.
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بسطام
A fine town with a wall, standing markets and tax-collection, one stage from Gurgan on the road to Damghan.
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باسيان
A medium-sized, populated town crossed by a river, two stages from Askar Mukram.
مقام
البطائح
A vast marshland in lower Iraq; in al-Baladhuri it formed after the Hijra when great breaches burst that Khosrow Aparviz could not dam, then widened during the Muslim-Persian wars. Abdallah ibn Darraj reclaimed lands there for Mu'awiya yielding five million, and Hassan al-Nabati reclaimed lands for al-Hajjaj and Hisham. Before it formed, Kaskar had the Jubb river and the barid road to Maysan — when swamped, its flooded tracts were named the Barid marshes and Aghmar Bithi marshes. Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's gift elephant to al-Hajjaj crossed it by ship, whence the landing called Musharra'at al-Fil. Al-Hajjaj let breaches drown it to spite the dihqans he accused of favoring Ibn al-Ash'ath.
مقام
بثيرة
A strong fortress of modest size overlooking the sea; a valley of great size circles it, in al-Idrisi's account.
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بتهنة
A town on the coast of the Sofala lands, joined to the Zanj lands. About eight stages from al-Banas, with a sea inlet between them that blocks the direct land route.
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بثرون
A town in western Oman with villages and buildings, whose people take shelter in the mountains.
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بطليوس
A great city on a plain with a suburb larger than the town, on the Yana river, which al-Idrisi says sinks underground before reaching Martula; about a day from Merida.
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بطن مر
A place on the road from Mecca, about sixteen miles out, with a spring in a sandy watercourse and a few palms where Bedouin camp.
مقام
بطن نعمان
A named halt on the road from Mecca to al-Ta'if, reached after a short further stage.
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جبل باترة
A mountain range across Khazar land running north to south, with silver and good lead deposits from which much is extracted.
مقام
بترني
A civilised city of middling size; the author gives thirty miles west by land from Burnus.
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بتصوة
A large, populous city with wide quarters, markets, crafts, running water and steady harvests; the author gives one hundred miles from Bansa.
مقام
جزيرة بوصا
One of two islands under the king Qamrun. Its people are fair-skinned and its women handsome. The author says they are bold and that they once raided passing ships with fast boats.
مقام
بوازيج الأنبار
In al-Baladhuri: villages opened by Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali, home to people of Banu Taghlib and of Shayban.
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بيان
A town on the eastern bank of the Tigris with a pulpit; al-Idrisi says its people are keen to rise above their peers.
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بياس
A town resembling the Ghawr, with many fine fruits, one light stage from Massisa.
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البيضاء (فارس)
A large town with a wide district, named for the whiteness of its palaces; its people are well off and dress like the Iraqis; twenty-four miles from Sahak.
مقام
بيدني
A city which the author places northwest of Lafīsa on the Danube.
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بيهق
Bayhaq, a rustaq of Naysabur; the ascetic al-Aswad ibn Kulthum breached its walls and fell with his band before Adham ibn Kathum won the town.
مقام
بيكند
Baykand beyond the river, two farsakhs from its dependency Ramadin; Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad's twenty-four thousand routed the Khatun's Turks and he entered at a million dirhams' sulh.
مقام
البيلقان
in Arran, built by Qubadh ibn Fayruz; Salman ibn Rabi'a al-Bahili took it by treaty securing blood, wealth and walls for jizya and kharaj, and Abd al-Aziz ibn Hatim renewed its building after decay.
مقام
بيروت
A city on the salt sea, with a mountain nearby holding good iron ore carried to Syria, and a grove of trees reaching toward Mount Lebanon.
مقام
بيت لحم
A place with a finely built church, which al-Idrisi says marks where Jesus was born; Rachel's tomb lies on the road, and it is about six miles from Jerusalem.
مقام
بيت النار بجور
Ardashir ibn Babak's fire-temple at Jur of Fars — seen by al-Mas'udi himself — set on a fine spring an hour from town, keeping its own festival among Fars's promenades; Jur with Kawar yields the world's sweetest rose-water.
مقام
بيت النار بالأسطانية
A fire-temple near Baghdad built by Queen Buran daughter of Khusraw Parviz at Ustaniya.
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بياسة
A town set on a raised mound visible from far off, on a river, twenty miles from Jayyan.
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بسطة
Baza, the stout city of eastern al-Andalus known for its prized rugs; it endured the Castilian siege of 894 for six months until the staged-market deception failed, surrendering on Friday 10 Muharram 895.
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البوازج
A town on the Lesser Zab, twelve miles from al-Sinn, in the Jazira and the lands of Mudar.
مقام
بزلة
A city in the land of the Burgundians of the Germans, on the western bank of the Rhine; the author gives fifty miles between it and Ishbira.
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بجاية
مقام
بلفير
A civilised city on the salt sea, well-provisioned, with fisheries for tuna and many livelihoods; its boats sail to Shant Yaqub; about seventy miles from Shant Juan.
مقام
بلغرابة
A city in the land of Qarnaṭāra; the author places it thirty miles south of Astrikūna.
مقام
برجة
One of the towns with pulpits around Almeria, with markets, crafts, tilled land and farms; two days' journey by land from Almeria.
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بذوارة
A city sixty miles from Būzāna, with the river Darūa joining the Danube between them.
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بيكند
A town one stage from Firab, with a strong wall and a congregational mosque, on the road to Bukhara.
مقام
بلاد البجة
In al-Baladhuri: lands a month's barren march of rugged mountains from the lands of Islam, holding the gold mines; Muhammad al-Qummi campaigned there in al-Mutawakkil's time to its king's fortress, and they made peace in year 241 on tribute and baqt and not barring Muslims from working the gold mine.
مقام
بلاد بني سعد
The settlements of Banu Sa'd ibn Bakr of Hawazin where the Prophet was nursed by Halima al-Sa'diyya; in her account it was among the most barren of lands, and the opening of the breast took place there.
مقام
بلجة
A strong, lofty and guarded stronghold near the river al-Qarib, fifteen miles from Qasr Ibn Mankud.
مقام
بلالاباذ
A Basra site holding Muslim ibn Abi Bakra's bathhouse — the town's third — which passed to Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili.
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بلزمة
A fortified town near Constantine with a suburb, a market and wells, set in a broad plain, built of large stones, its people proud and strong.
مقام
بيمنذ
Bimand of Kirman; Mujashi's army first perished there, then he took it by force, spared its folk on aman — Qasr Mujashi' stands in it.
مقام
بئر الروحاء
مقام
بئر أنا
مقام
بئر غرس
A Medina well whose water the Prophet favoured; Rabah his mawla drew from it, and the Prophet said 'the well of Ghars is one of the springs of the Garden'.
مقام
بئر مالك بن النضر
The Medina well known as Bir Anas; Abu Ayyub drew the Prophet's drinking water from it while he lodged with him, and afterwards Anas, Hind and Haritha bint Asma' carried pitchers from the saqaya houses to his wives' homes.
مقام
بئر رومة
The well of Ruma in al-Aqiq — revived by Muzayna allies of the Ansar and named for a woman who drew from it; when the Prophet saw a man selling its water he praised it as charity, and Uthman bought it for four hundred dinars and gave it away, earning the Prophet's prayer 'O God, guarantee Uthman the Garden'.
مقام
البيرون
al-Birun of Sind; its people's preemptive sulh to al-Hajjaj held — they brought fodder and admitted Muhammad ibn al-Qasim in peace.
مقام
بيش
A famous city of the Roman lands with many markets and houses, which has boats, horses and readiness, on a river that comes down from the hills; about forty miles from Genoa.
مقام
بيشة
A small, well-built town with good houses and a pleasant site, which al-Idrisi describes as having gardens and farms.
مقام
بيزوي
A large, populous city whose people are craftsmen, with farms and connected districts; the author gives fifty miles east of Aylūghīs.
مقام
البحر البنطسي
A large gulf-like sea joined to the Dark Sea, bordered by the lands of Heraclius, the Bentim, the Khazars, the Qumans and the Rus, beginning near Constantinople.
مقام
بحر نيطس (البحر الأسود)
A gulf branching from the Syrian sea at the mouth of Abdhah, narrow enough to cross with an arrow's flight there. It widens at Constantinople and runs east past the Rus, Burjan and the Dnieper and Danube rivers back to the Constantinople strait; about 1,300 miles long with six islands.
مقام
برهمباذ
Brahmanabadh al-Atiqa, two farsakhs from al-Mansura's later site; Dahir's remnant made its stand — stormed with eight or twenty-six thousand dead — a ruin today.
مقام
برامجرد
Bramjard near Istakhr; there the townsmen met and killed Ibn Amir's vanguard Ubaydallah ibn Ma'tar — buried in Bramjard's garden.
مقام
ابرندس
A great city on the sea on several sides, handsome in its build and spacious in its open ground, with facilities and a harbour; twelve miles from Gushit.
مقام
إبرجس
A medium-sized, civilised city with many amenities and low prices, fifteen miles west of Ghent, and thirty miles north of the coastal place Ṣanqala.
مقام
بحيرة بروان
A great lake in Tibet about forty farsakhs long, with forts and fortresses on it; the people of Buruan and Ujj fish in it.
مقام
بحيرة كبوذان
A lake about four stages long from north to south and a few miles wide, with great waves in winter; al-Idrisi says it holds no animals and no fish.
مقام
بحيرة خوارزم
A lake ringed by desert; al-Idrisi says its circuit is about three hundred miles, several rivers flow into it, and it lies about eighteen stages from the sea.
مقام
بحيرة طبرية
A lake fed by the rivers of Bisan, the Yarmuk and al-Hadd, whose water flows on to the lake of Zughar; al-Idrisi describes it as lying between two mountains.
مقام
بحيرة تنيس
A lake fed by the Nile, sweet in summer when the flood spreads and salt in winter when sea water prevails; it holds many fish, and al-Idrisi tells of two gardens said to have belonged to the sons of Atrib.
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بحيرة زرة
A lake whose water spreads and shrinks with the seasons, with villages and farms along it, about nine miles long and rich in fish.
مقام
بحران
مقام
بخارى
Silk Road city in present-day Uzbekistan, a centre of learning under the Samanids and the home of Ibn Sina's youth. In the Futuh its Khatun truced Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad at a million after her Turks were routed at Baykand, broke covenant before Sa'id ibn Uthman's hundred-twenty-thousand host, renewed on hostages, aided him on Samarqand, and sued for peace at Tirmidh.
مقام
بلغار
The name of a city with Christians and Muslims and a congregational mosque; the author places it near Sawār.
مقام
بلغراتة
A fine, important, populous city with markets, crafts and trade, rich in grain; the author gives seventy miles north of Balāḥ.
مقام
بونة
A city at the bottom of a bay, reached along the coast after Ras al-Hamra; al-Idrisi says it will be described later.
مقام
بنبلونة
A strong city with markets, merchants, arms and wealth, on the frontier of the Franks; it has a suburb and a strong wall.
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بنجهير
A town on a rugged mountain, one day from Jarbaniya, whose people work the mines and smelt the ores; al-Idrisi calls its people unruly.
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بونجكت
The largest city of Ushrusana, a great city with a wall and suburb, a congregational mosque and citadel, a large river with mills, orchards, fields and vineyards.
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بنوي
A populous small city on a mountain ridge; the author gives ninety miles from Atrūbī, east then north.
مقام
البوقان
al-Buqan near the Indian frontier; raided by al-Mundhir ibn al-Jarud and Ibn Harri — its folk Muslims today — and Imran ibn Musa al-Barmaki built its city al-Bayda under al-Mu'tasim.
مقام
بورا
A city of many people and much trade, with wheat, rice and fruit trees, two days from Tukha.
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برغش
A walled city with its districts under it; water is plentiful and the farms continuous; a hundred miles from Anqlazima and forty from Shant Juan.
مقام
برغونية الإفرنجيين
A land of many villages and farms, whose people are warriors and men of spirit and whose rulers are the greatest of rulers; it adjoins the Burgundy of the Lombards and is ringed by Mont Jun.
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بروج
A large, handsome city of fired brick and lime, visited by Chinese merchants and a port for ships from Sind, eight stages from Nahrawara.
مقام
بُرس
Place on the al-Mada'in road; in al-Baladhuri the limit of Khalid ibn Urfuta's pursuit of fleeing Persians, where he lodged with a man named Bustam who honored him — the canal there being named Nahr Bustam.
مقام
بورصة
Anatolian city taken by the Ottomans in 1326 CE and their first major capital.
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برشك
A small town on a hill with a wall, drinking from sweet springs, on the coast between Tenes and Miliana.
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بروجرد
A city larger than Ramin and better off, densely built, from which goods are carried to Karaj and beyond; about twenty-four miles from Ramin.
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بوشنج
Bushanj of Khurasan; joined to Herat's great sulh with Badghis, save Taghun and Baghun taken by force.
مقام
بصرى
The city of Hawran; the first of Syria's towns taken by treaty — its people compounding for safety of lives, wealth and children on paying the jizya, some say a dinar and a jarib of wheat per adult — conquered under Khalid ibn al-Walid (some say Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, its governorship being his as it belonged to Dimashq) about 13 AH, all the land of the Hawran district opening with it.
مقام
بست
Bust of Sijistan; taken by Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura by compact with Zabil.
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بطش
A small town with many districts, on one of the two rivers that also pass Aqra.
مقام
بثق شيرين
Butq Shirin at Basra, named for Shirin, wife of Kisra ibn Hurmuz.
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بواط
مقام
بويرة
The name al-Mas'udi gives for the Frankish royal seat in his day — a great city among some 150 towns of the realm.
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بوصير
A small town north of the Nile. The author reports that many of Pharaoh's magicians were said to come from it, and that remnants of students of magic remained there.
مقام
بزاعة
مقام
بوزانة
A medium-sized, populous city on the Danube river; the author gives its distance from Balghrāta.
مقام
القاهرة
Capital of Egypt; al-Qahira was founded by the Fatimids in 969 CE beside Fustat and became home to al-Azhar.
مقام
قرطاجنة
مقام
بحر جرجان والديلم (بحر قزوين)
An enclosed sea not joined to the others, fed by many rivers and springs. The Ghuzz lie to the east, the Khazars to the north, Azerbaijan and al-Daylam to the west and Tabaristan to the south. About 1,000 miles long and 650 miles wide.
مقام
تشفالو
مقام
سبتة
مقام
تشاندني تشوك
Old Delhi's market designed by Shah Jahan and Jahan Ara (1650) — the Mughal trading centre beside the Jama Masjid.
مقام
البحر الصيني
The author reports that the Chinese sea, together with the seas of Sanf, Darlarawi, Harkand and Oman, has tides.
مقام
قسنطينة
مقام
قرطبة
Spanish city, capital of the Umayyad emirate and then caliphate of al-Andalus, with its Great Mosque.
مقام
قرشقة
An island about 150 miles long and 27 wide, with towns; al-Idrisi describes its people as wild folk of the Roman stock.
مقام
دبرس
A large city at the head of the strait crossed to the mainland; the author gives seventy miles east of Hastīnkish.
مقام
دبيل
Dabil (Dvin) of the third Armenia's cities; Anushirwan settled and fortified it; Habib ibn Maslama besieged its people and sat upon it until the Roman Maurian met him, night-attacked and killed him and spoiled his camp — in al-Waqidi's report — while the sounder version with them has Salman meeting the Maurian at Qaliqala.
مقام
الدبوسية
A fine town of many orchards with an earthen wall, running water and handsome buildings, on the road to Samarqand.
مقام
دغوطة
A town on a large creek whose people go unclothed and cover their hands when they meet traders. Gold is found there as elsewhere in the area. One passage from the Island of the Moon.
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دهمان
A village one stage from Kazima.
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دهروط
A town on the western bank of the Nile, about half a day from al-Humman al-Kabir.
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داي
A town near Tadla with a mine of pure copper, which al-Idrisi describes as sweet-coloured copper used for silver alloy.
مقام
دلاص
A town on the east bank of the main Nile, known for the dalasi armour attributed to its craft. The author says Berber and other raiding groups damaged its settlement, so fewer people remained there.
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دما
A coastal village that is busy in winter and quieter in summer, with a famous pearl bed of very fine quality.
مقام
الدامغان
The chief city of Qumis; when Sulayman ibn Amr al-Dabbi was sent to Qumis after Ibn al-Zaynabi's treaty its people did not resist and opened Damaghan's gates — it was taken by treaty without fighting.
مقام
دماميل
A recently built town on the east bank of the Nile, about seven miles from Qus. The author describes its air as good, its farmland and grain as abundant, and its mixed population as generous.
مقام
دمنهور
مقام
دمشق
Syrian city, capital of the Umayyad caliphate (661-750 CE) and home of the Umayyad Mosque.
مقام
دنبلي
A small, populous town on low ground; the author gives half a day east of Faramniyāk.
مقام
دندمة
A small town in the Sofala lands, two sea passages and seven days by land from Jantama. Its people, like those of Jantama, are poor.
مقام
الدندانقان
A handsome town with a wall, fort, markets, baths and inns, two stages from Marw.
مقام
دانية
A city with a populous suburb and a strong wall built with skill along the sea, where ships are built and the fleet sets out; a great mountain lies to its south.
مقام
دقوقا
town toward Shahrazur; in al-Baladhuri Hashim ibn Utba and al-Ash'ath ibn Qays raided the Radhanat and reached Daquqa and Khanijar, conquering all kura Bajarma.
مقام
دار المقياس
A large building on Rawda Island where the Nile's rise is measured in a deep basin around a standing marble column. Al-Idrisi says the flood comes in August and that a rise of twenty cubits waters the land well.
مقام
دار الندوة
The house of Qusayy ibn Kilab at Mecca, the council chamber of Quraysh; Quraysh held there the assembly that planned to kill the Prophet before the emigration.
مقام
دار ابن يوسف بمكة
The Meccan house where the Prophet was born on 8 Rabi' I — fifty days after the Elephant men's arrival — later made a mosque by al-Khayzuran, mother of al-Hadi and al-Rashid.
مقام
درعة
A land of continuous villages with no walls or ditches, whose people grow henna and carry it to all regions; four stages from Draa to Sus al-Aqsa.
مقام
دراباذ
A district beside Shahrazur; its people treated with Utba ibn Farqad for jizya and kharaj among his conquests.
مقام
دارابجرد
Darabjird of Fars — the banner-town of its people and seat of their religion under the Hirbadh; Uthman truced it on payment, its folk equal with Fars's surrendered towns.
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دار مرشة
A round, sandy island with many towns, villages and sheltered anchorages; the author gives twenty-five miles from the river mouth to al-Sayla.
مقام
دربند
A small, civilised town of wealthy people, one stage from Washjird.
مقام
درجة جنك
Darjah Jank at Basra, a Thaqif holding — so named for the lawsuits over it, jank being Persian for clamour.
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دسينة
A civilised city with wide districts, many fields and buildings and cheap prices; the author gives four days east of Barsaklāfa.
مقام
الدسكرة
A small town with palms and crops; al-Idrisi says it has a royal building from which it takes its name.
مقام
دستبا
a city; in al-Baladhuri, the object with Rayy of Urwa ibn Zayd's eight-thousand campaign, and Kathir ibn Shihab's governorship under Mu'awiya.
مقام
دستميسان
The Dastumaysan district of the Tigris lands; its people massed, Utba struck first to weaken their sides, and their dehqans were killed in the rout.
مقام
دوعن
A Hadramawt town which in al-Hamdani's day was 'the seat of the imam who commands and forbids in the Ibadi way' — the Yemeni Ibadi imamate's residence in the valley.
مقام
دوقه
A populated village, which al-Idrisi mentions together with Alib.
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دورق
Dawraq of al-Ahwaz; taken by force with al-Sus and Tustar in Abu Musa's campaign.
مقام
الديارات السبع (وادي النطرون)
The Seven Monasteries of Lower Egypt stretched west along the ridge dividing Buhayra from the Fayyum — Wadi al-Natrun's houses; al-Umari passed them in Sultan al-Nasir's entourage through salt-marshes and barren sands where the monks drink from seep-holes in utter austerity; Christians bear them great votive offerings, and Coptic chancery scribes and royal servants keep favours with them as refuge when fortune turns.
مقام
الديبل
al-Daybul, Sind's port at its creek; al-Mughira ibn Abi al-As met the enemy there and prevailed.
مقام
ديلم
The mountain country south of the Caspian west of Tabaristan; Urwa ibn Zayd broke Daylam with the Rayy host on conquest day, Kathir ibn Shihab raided them from Rayy and routed them, Sa'd raided them in his second governorship, and Rayy's amils kept raiding Daylam from Dastaba.
مقام
دير الجماجم
Monastery near Kufa; in al-Baladhuri — per al-Sharqi ibn al-Qatami — Iyad fought Bahra' ibn Amr ibn al-Haf of Quda'a and Banu al-Qayn ibn Jassr, many of Iyad falling; they buried their slain by the monastery, and later diggers kept turning up skulls, hence 'the Monastery of Skulls' — while Muhammad ibn al-Sa'ib al-Kalbi holds Malik al-Rammah ibn Mukhriz al-Iyadi killed Persians and set their skulls by it.
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دير الجص
A strong fortified stopping place with a wall of plaster and brick, a rest for travellers with no crops or trees, surrounded by desert on both sides; its people drink rainwater.
مقام
دير قاووس
Dayr Qawus, the Tigris spot four farsakhs above al-Ubulla where Basrans drank before the canal — running amid salt-flats, unbuilt on its banks, and haunted.
مقام
دزة
A town and fortress on a hill, with a pulpit, buildings, fields and running water, one stage from Dayr al-Jiss.
مقام
دزك
A populated city with much trade and brisk goods, near a salt mountain named for the saltiness of most of its water.
مقام
دلهي
A city in northern India; it was the capital of the Delhi Sultanate from the thirteenth century CE and then the Mughal capital.
مقام
دكا
The capital of Bangladesh; it became capital of the Bengal region in the Mughal era in the early seventeenth century CE.
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ذمار
A city in Yemen forty-eight miles from Sanaa, on the valley road that runs past it. The wars plant, a yellow dye plant resembling saffron, is grown there.
مقام
ذنب التمساح بالقلزم
The mile-point from al-Qulzum where the ancient canal was cut toward the Mediterranean — its great bridge still crossed by Egypt's hajj caravans.
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ضنكان
A town two light stages from Hulay. Al-Idrisi says its people rarely leave it, and that their wealth, farmland and produce are modest.
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ذات أنواط
مقام
ذو أفران
مقام
ذو كشر
مقام
ذو الحليفة
مقام
ذو المجاز
One of the famous Arab fairs held in the sacred months along with Ukaz and Majanna, in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account of the pre-Islamic economy.
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ذو العشيرة
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ذو أمر
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ذو أوان
A place where the Prophet stopped on his return from Tabuk, a town an hour's daylight travel from Medina according to Ibn Ishaq; from there he sent the men who demolished Masjid al-Dirar.
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ذي سهيم
A watering halt on the road from Mecca to Dhu Suhaym of Khawlan, where travellers rest.
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ذي طوى
A valley in lower Mecca where the Prophet halted the army, bowed his head in humility on his mount until his beard nearly touched the saddle, divided the columns for entry, and where Abu Quhafa was brought to embrace Islam.
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ذُباب
A mountain at Medina, in the editors' reckoning; Abdullah ibn Ubayy pitched his camp near Dhubab below the Prophet's camp.
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جزر الدبيحات
A group of populated islands with many coconut palms and sugar cane. Trade is in cowrie shells, and the people make crafts by hand. Turtles lay their eggs on the shore. The author says the people are Magians.
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ديابة
A populous coastal city with harbours for anchoring, sailing and building ships for voyages; the author gives twenty miles from Rouen.
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دهستان
A city beyond Jurjan in the Turks' country where Sul al-Turki sat; Yazid ibn al-Muhallab besieged it, cut its supplies, and took its treaty — aman for surrender — posting Abdallah ibn Ma'mar over it and al-Biyasan.
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دجون
A blessed city of good ground with many livelihoods and provisions, about seventy miles from Lanka.
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دمهرة
A kingdom on the islands of the Indian Ocean ruled by a queen with a husband who handles affairs. She judges disputes herself, dresses in woven silk, wears a gold crown, and is the only person allowed gold sandals. She gives alms from set funds to the poor of her land in public view.
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دمياط
Damietta, a lower-Egypt city on the Nile's mouth; Amr ibn al-As sent Umayr ibn Wahb al-Jumahi to it with Tinnis, Tuna, Damira, Shata, Diqahla, Bana and Busir — their villages compounding on Fustat's terms.
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الدينور
A Jibal city; in al-Baladhuri, marched upon by Jarir ibn Abdallah but not taken.
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دنيهة
A populous city whose people are landowners with many sheep and herds, on a river into which the river Khurmān flows.
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دراس
A city on the sea coast from which roads run to Akhrida, Bulgo and the Roman towns; with ships and trade.
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دريسترة
A wide city with busy markets, abundant provisions and notable buildings; the author gives one and a half days east of Sabst Qastro.
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دغواطة
A city of the Roman bases whose people are brave, with raiding ships; thirty miles from Jadhara.
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دولقه
A town on a river that reaches the sea, between Burj and Nahrawara, similar in size to Jinawal.
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دُومة الجندل
A town ruled by Ukaydir ibn Abd al-Malik al-Kindi the Christian, according to Ibn Ishaq; the Prophet sent Khalid ibn al-Walid to him from Tabuk.
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دنباوند
Mount Dumbawand, greatest of Tabaristan's mountains; Sa'id ibn al-As conquered it with the Tabaristan plain and al-Ruwayan in his 29 AH raid.
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دمرناخ
A small town at the foot of a mountain with a strong fort, about four stages east of Lalan; its people, al-Idrisi says, worship an idol on a high mountain top.
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دميرة
A small town where fine cloth is made for export, with many craftsmen and merchants; ten miles from the previous point on the river.
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دنقلة
The seat of the Nubian king, on the west bank of the Nile, where the residents drink from the river. The author says its people are the handsomest of the Sudan, and their food is barley and sorghum.
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الجزائر الهندية الشرقية الهولندية
The Dutch-ruled archipelago of Southeast Asia. Arslan's chapter reprints a lecture by Sayyid Isma'il al-Attas, delivered in Cairo in 1929, which surveys the islands from prehistory to Dutch rule. It gives a figure of about fifty million Muslims in the Dutch colonies, drawn from a census that Arslan's source reports, and describes the main crops. This is one 1920s source's picture of the islands, not a verified census.
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أدرنة
Thracian city, an Ottoman capital from the 14th century until 1453, with Sinan's Selimiye Mosque (1575).
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إسنا
A city built by the early Copts, with farms, orchards and remains of Coptic buildings, known for grapes whose raisins are carried across Egypt.
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فدك
A Jewish oasis in the northern Hijaz near Khaybar; its people made peace with the Prophet on his return from Khaybar for half the land with its soil, the surrendered half becoming the Prophet's own fay' which he spent on wayfarers, and they remained there until Umar ibn al-Khattab exiled them in his caliphate together with the Jews of Khaybar to Syria, after their share of palms and land was valued at a fair price paid to them.
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فِحْل
A place in al-Sham where the Muslims fought a battle with the Byzantines a year after the conquest of Damascus, in the editors' marginal note; al-Sa'ib ibn al-Harith al-Sahmi was killed there in Umar's caliphate, according to Ibn Ishaq.
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الفهرج
al-Fahraj on the Sijistan road; al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad's halt before crossing the seventy-five-farsakh mafaza to Zaliq.
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فحص خراز
A wide plain twelve miles long, with a flowing stream at its far end.
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حصن فلموس
A fortress which the author says is deserted in winter, when its people flee to distant caves to keep fires, and return in summer.
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فندرينه
A coastal town on a creek from the direction of Manibar, where Indian and Sind ships land; a great mountain to its north grows cardamom.
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فنمارك
A land of many villages and sheep; the author says most of it is empty and that only Abura and Qalmār are inhabited towns.
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فرة
A city larger than al-Qarnayn, with about sixty villages, many palms and fruits; three stages from Jazah, with a river that waters most of its districts.
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فاران
A place on the sea road to Mount Tur, described by al-Idrisi as hard to cross, with a small village where some Arabs of the district settle.
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فراوة
A civilised town, small in size compared with its neighbours; a frontier fortress of Khurasan at the desert's edge, watered by a spring inside the town.
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فربسيوس
A well-known, populous city rich in produce; the author gives one day from Megali Barsaklāfa.
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فَرْدة
A water in Najd where fever struck Zayd al-Khayl on his way home from Medina and where he died; he names it in his last two verses.
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فرغانة
Farghana, the Transoxanian land on the Sayhun; Salih ibn Muslim took its Kasan, Urusht, Sakhr and Akhsikath — its old city — with Nasr ibn Sayyar in his host.
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فارس
Fars, the great province named for its people; the Muslims conquered it from the sea under Umar — Abr Kawan first, then Tawwaj and Rayshahr where its marzban Shahrak fell, then Arrajan, Shiraz, Sabur, Darabjird and the rest.
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فارسكور
A civilised village with sugar-cane presses and standing crops, ten miles from the preceding village and fifteen from Bura.
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فاروي
A city on a river; the author gives forty miles from Aqrūnus.
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الفارياب
al-Faryab of Khurasan; opened by al-Ahnaf ibn Qays, or by Umair ibn al-Ahmar al-Yashkuri in another account.
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فسا
Fasa of Fars; its great-man truced Uthman on Darabjird's terms — some say the Hirbadh himself truced it.
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فَيْد
A place in the land of Tayy in Najd which the Prophet granted to Zayd al-Khayl with other lands, writing it for him; the 1936 editors note only that it is a place-name.
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فيض البصرة
The Fayd of Basra, the channel Ziyad dug after finishing the Ubulla canal — from his mawla Fil's house to the bridge-site.
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فزان
The land that follows Zaghawa country, with towns such as Jarma and Tasawa. The author says its people depend on wells and palms, and that it lies on the merchants' road,.
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فاس
Moroccan city founded under the Idrisids around 800 CE, home of al-Qarawiyyin, founded in 859 CE.
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فيلبوبلس
A large, inhabited city with fields, fifty miles east of Adrianople; described as one of the populous cities of that district.
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فيمية
A city a hundred miles from the sea, facing north across the Shawdhan sea.
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فربر
A populous town of handsome buildings and neat streets, strong in itself, on the far bank of the river, reached by boat.
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فيربوز
A populous city in Makran, which al-Idrisi describes as having well-mannered and safe people who avoid suspicion.
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افلورنسة
A civilised city with markets, craftsmen and wealth; seventy miles from Lucca and some fifteen miles from Sanqalilya on the Anwat hills.
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مرسى فضالة
A harbour on the Atlantic coast near Sala, twelve miles to the south, from which wheat, barley, beans and chickpeas are shipped.
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فرميزة
A fine city on the bank of a river, with wide territory, many buildings and collected revenues; the author names the river Mūrīn.
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فوة
مقام
قابس
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غيطة
A large city rich in trees and fruit, with a fine sheltered harbour where large and small ships are built; about a hundred and twenty miles from Rome.
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غاو
A city in Mali on the Niger River; it was the capital of the Songhai Empire.
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غزة
A city on the Palestinian coast with a harbour, about twenty miles from Ascalon.
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غدامس
A city the author places eighteen stages from the Azqar, across land with few people and little water.
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غدير خم
Pool and halting place on the pilgrim road between Mecca and Medina, near al-Juhfa, where the Prophet halted in 632 CE.
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غاغان
A city on the lake named after it, with a workshop for silk garments; Turkish merchants buy much there; six stages from Qarantiyya.
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غانة الكبرى
The great city of the Sudan lands that al-Idrisi describes, about twelve stages from Malal across sand.
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جزيرة الغنم
A large island in the western sea, followed by countless small islands known to sailors who visited them; birds there are said to be eaten by sea creatures.
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غرغون
A great lake about a hundred miles long with sweet water and much fish, with a snowy mountain above it, in the Marghar district; its people are fortified, in al-Idrisi's account.
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غرهم
A city on the coast; the author gives sixty miles from Mahistār.
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غرخان
A large, populous city where the king of Isqawtiya resides; the author gives eight stages from Namjān.
مقام
الغور
Settled mountains with springs, orchards and rivers; the people farm and herd, speak a language different from the Khurasanis, and the land is fertile between Herat and Sijistan.
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غيارة
A town on the Nile with a ditch around it and many people. Its people are bold and skilled; they raid the Lamlam lands, take captives and sell them to Ghana's merchants. Eleven stages from Ghana and thirteen from Lamlam.
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غزنة
A great, populous city with many markets, from which the road enters the lands of India, which al-Idrisi lists on the Bust road.
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غزة (المغرب)
A small town with a bath house, fine houses and farms, beyond Yalal.
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قنط
The greatest city of the land of Lubān, on the west bank of the river the author calls Arīn, with many houses, vineyards and crops; the author also gives its distance north to the sea.
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غودش
A small island with well water and a rest-stop, a sheltered harbour, lying east of Nemoush.
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غولوي
A fine place visited by travellers who bring goods and trade; the author gives half a day east of Aytūqastru.
مقام
غمدان
The San'a' castle built by al-Dahhak for Venus — levelled in Uthman's caliphate into a great mound where the exiled vizier Ibn al-Jarrah dug a well — seen by al-Mas'udi in 332 AH as dust; As'ad ibn Ya'fur's plan to rebuild was checked by Yahya ibn al-Husayn's warning that a Sabaean youth was destined to raise it.
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غوران
A small town where the ruler of a Turkish group lives; the author gives four stages over high mountains from Dandara.
مقام
الزقاق وجبل طارق
The strait and Jabal Tariq, named for Tariq b. Ziyad's landing in Sha'ban 92; the chroniclers report that Alexander's engineers, finding the Ocean higher than the Mediterranean, dug the channel between Tangier and al-Andalus with twin causeways six miles apart — the northern one still shows at low water and is called al-Qantara.
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غرناطة
Spanish city, capital of the Nasrid kingdom, the last Muslim state in Iberia (13th century to 1492), with the Alhambra.
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نهر قرطبة الكبير
The great river that passes Cordoba. The author reports that it emerges from a mountain, goes under the ground and reappears, passes Cordoba, Seville and Cadiz, and reaches the Sea of Darkness; he also reports that its source is shared with the river of Murcia.
مقام
وادي آش
Guadix (Wadi Ash) — a fine city of Granada's district ringed by gardens and rivers, its people specially gifted with letters and love of verse; its fortress Juliana grew the apple proverbial in all al-Andalus. In the last civil war Boabdil and his brother fled there and it rose for their cause.
مقام
حديقة الموت
An orchard in al-Yamama formerly called Ubad; the polytheists were driven into it on the day of the battle of al-Yamama in 12 AH and Musaylima was killed in it, whence it was named the Garden of Death for the many slain there, and Ishaq ibn Abi Khamisa, mawla of Qays, built a congregational mosque in it in al-Ma'mun's days; among al-Yamama's named strongholds in al-Baladhuri are Qasr al-Ward, named for al-Ward ibn Samin ibn Ubayd al-Hanafi, and the fortress called Mu'tiq for its impregnability — that whoever took refuge in it was freed of his enemy — and among its springs al-Rayya with the sharb of al-Sa'fuqa, al-Khabiba and al-Khidrima.
مقام
الحضر
The famed desert fortress Hatra in the Ayajir district of Mosul — seat of the Arab king al-Dayzan which Shapur I failed to take for a month until al-Nadira betrayed its water-ingress; poets sang its fall.
مقام
حضرموت
A region of southern Arabia; the Prophet appointed over it Ziyad ibn Labid al-Bayadi al-Ansari — on which al-Baladhuri's transmitters agree — and it held lands the Prophet granted in iqta' to Alqama ibn Wa'il al-Hadrami.
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حيفا
A town below the tip of Mount Carmel with a good harbour for fleets, three light stages from Qaysariyya.
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حائط العجوز
The wall that ringed Egypt's arable land along the desert edge like a dyke between sand and tilth — al-Umari walked beside it as far as Dendera and found it mudbrick, mostly buried or broken; the Egypt chronicles ascribe it to a queen named Diluk reaching to between al-Arish and Rafah, but he saw no trace there and no true builder is known.
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ساحل هجر
The coast of Hajar, the first land of Bahrain reached along the shore, with a sparsely settled coastal road.
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حجر اليمامة
A city of al-Yamama, now in ruins, which in its time was the principal seat of the region.
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هلاورد
A populous, handsome city with markets, a fine site and fair fields, built of mud and lime, with rich lands around it.
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هالة
A large, populous city in the land of Shuṣūniya; the author gives one hundred miles west of Iqrāqū.
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حماة
A Syrian city on the Orontes, famous for its water-wheels; a branch of the Ayyubid family ruled it, and it is the home of the historian Abu al-Fida.
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همدان
City in western Iran where Ibn Sina served as vizier and where he died in 1037.
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همذان
the Jibal's city; in al-Baladhuri taken by Jarir ibn Abdallah in 23 or 24 on Nihawand's terms after an arrow took his eye, then re-subdued by al-Ala ibn Wahb for Uthman after its people broke faith — on land kharaj, head jizya and 100,000 dirhams.
مقام
حمام أعين
Bath at Kufa named for A'yan, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas's mawla — the man al-Hajjaj sent to Abdallah ibn al-Jarud al-Abdi of Rustuqubadh during his defection, who answered the message 'were you not a messenger I'd kill you'; before him it belonged to Jabir, brother of the Hayyan al-A'sha mentioned — owner of Hira's Musannat Jabir — bought from his heirs; Uthman granted Khalid ibn Urfuta land by Hammam A'yan.
مقام
حمراء الأسد
A place eight miles south of Medina. The Prophet reached it the day after the battle of Uhud (Sunday 8 Shawwal 3 AH) in pursuit of the withdrawing Quraysh army, camped there Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, then returned to Medina. The march on Hamra al-Asad is counted a continuation of Uhud, not a separate campaign.
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هنقبر
A large, populous city bordering the land of Bulūniya; the author gives five stages west of Wālba.
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حاران القرين
A populated village with running water and a few palms, on the road to Sanaa.
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هراة
Herat, a city of Khurasan; to it Fayruz exiled the Persians whose descendants joined the Turkish Hayatila aiding Quhistan.
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بحر هركند
The sea on which the famous islands with large wooden ships lie. The author describes a large, well-known island in it that has a mountain on which, he reports, Adam descended.
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هرمزفرة
A town one stage west of Marw and a farsakh from Kashmihan, with buildings, markets, traffic and a pulpit.
مقام
حران
Harran of the Jazira cities; its people compounded with Iyad ibn Ghanm on the like of al-Ruha's treaty — some say they had removed there before his arrival and compounded for their city from within it — its Harranian and Christian factions vying to make the peace; in it lay Tall Afra, the land of Tall Madhaba and the Musalla land, with estates in its suburb belonging to al-Ghamr ibn Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik.
مقام
حرة الرجلاء
A lava field where the people of Rifa'a ibn Zayd al-Judhami settled after accepting Islam on the Prophet's letter that Rifa'a brought them.
مقام
حرة بني حارثة
مقام
حسداء
A village with a well that yields only a little water.
مقام
حاسك
A small, settled village on the sea, with two islands opposite and a large mountain above it. It sits on a shoal known as Jun al-Hashish, from which ships rarely escape without a particular wind.
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جزيرة حسران
A wide island with a mountain and a small sweet-water river running through it; its land yields food for people and animals. Al-Idrisi describes it as inhabited.
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هستينكش
A large, populous, busy city with markets, workers and merchants; the author gives fifty miles along the coast from Sharham.
مقام
هيكل الجوهرة بأقاصي الصين
The seven-gated round temple of farthest China whose dome shelters a jewel larger than a bull's head lighting the whole — kings' tools snapping within ten cubits of it by the magnet-stones' repulsion — and a seven-mouthed well whose Musnad inscription promises the storehouse of books, the world's history and its rarest treasures to the man whose power equals the builders'.
مقام
هيكل مغليتيا بحران
The last great Harranian temple in 332 — Azar's shrine in Bab al-Raqqa with four crypt-vaults of celestial-shaped idols that 'spoke' through priests' pipes, where children were brought to turn pale at the voices, as Ibn Ayshun's qasida describes.
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حيام
A town on the river Ruda in the lands of the Ghuzz, seven days from the lake, with Jajan to its north; al-Idrisi calls it small and very strongly fortified.
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هزارسب
A town not large, on the western bank of the Oxus after al-Tahiriyya, with a flowing stream from its hills running to the river.
مقام
هرقلية
A small, civilised town; the author gives eighty-five miles from the mouth of the river Bartanū.
مقام
الحجر
مقام
الحلة
مقام
هنتونة
A city on the tip of a headland running into the sea; the author gives eighty miles to Awnastra.
مقام
هربرد
A city in the land of the Germans; the author gives forty miles west of Qazlāra.
مقام
نهر هيذمند
A great river rising from the back of the Ghawr that runs through the lands of Sijistan to the lake known as Zarra.
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حصن الناعمة
A fortress resembling a small town, fine, whose land is mostly carob trees, from which carob is carried to other lands.
مقام
حصن القريتين
A fortress on the road to Basra where routes meet, listed among the stages of the road from al-Yamama to Mecca.
مقام
حصن الزينبدي
Rayy's fortress above the town, called Hisn al-Furkhan ibn al-Zaynabi, formerly 'Arin; its lord Ibn al-Zaynabi made the treaty with Urwa ibn Zayd for Rayy and Qumis — five hundred thousand dirhams, no killing, no captives, no fire-temple razed, kharaj on Nihawand's terms — and Rayy's governors dwelt there gathering at the mosque beside it; it fell inside al-Mahdi's al-Muhammadiyya, he ordered its repair and lodged there overlooking the mosque and palace, and it was afterwards made a prison; al-Fatammash's verse curses its keep.
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حصن الزيب
A fortress on the bank of the salt sea, twelve miles from Acre.
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حصن بشر
A populated fortress in the district of Biskra, a fine stronghold with buildings, about four days from Constantine.
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فيد
مقام
حصن كَمْخ
Hisn Kamkh (Kamacha), a fortress of the Armenian marches near Shimshat, contested raid after raid between Muslims and Romans: taken for Umayr ibn al-Habab in year 59 who climbed its wall alone, retaken by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, besieged with mangonels and armoured shelters in year 149 under al-Abbas ibn Muhammad until it fell after two hundred Muslims were killed by stones, taken again by Shimshat's governor in year 177, restored by Abdallah ibn Tahir in al-Ma'mun's caliphate, then delivered to the Romans by a plot of Shimshat's Christians with Yiqala and Baqrat ibn Ashut.
مقام
حصن مهدي (خوزستان)
A strong, well-built fortress on the sea where the river mouth gathers, about three miles across.
مقام
حصن منصور
Hisn Mansur (Adiyaman) of the frontier, named for Mansur ibn Jamwana ibn al-Harith al-Amiri of Qays, who undertook its building and upkeep, stationed there in Marwan ibn Muhammad's days with a dense Syrian and Jaziran host to repel the enemy; al-Rashid built and garrisoned it in al-Mahdi's caliphate.
مقام
حصن سفل يحصب
The lower fortress of Yahsub, sixteen miles from Hisn Yahsub, with running water from sweet springs.
مقام
حصن يحصب
A fortress in the land of Yahsub with some old Arab families and a few palms; al-Idrisi gives sixteen miles from it to Lower Yahsub.
مقام
هيت
Hit on the lower Euphrates; taken by the Kufan army Ammar ibn Yasir dispatched under Sa'd ibn Amr ibn Haram — or by report Midlaj ibn Amr al-Sulami — its people taking aman with half their church reserved for the Muslims; it is where Umayr ibn Sa'd's Jazira conquest met the Iraq conquest out of Kufa.
مقام
حمص
A city of Syria on the Orontes; its people compounded with Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah after Damascus's fall for safety of lives, wealth, wall, churches and mills — a quarter of St John's church excepted for the mosque — at a hundred and seventy thousand dinars; when Heraclius massed for the Yarmuk the Muslims returned to its people the kharaj taken, and they preferred Muslim rule to the injustice they had known, shutting the gates against Heraclius's army as did its Jews; afterwards Hims and Qinnasrin became a single jund; Marwan ibn Muhammad demolished its wall for their defection, and its stone pavement was lifted at al-Mu'tasim's order in the days of al-Fadl ibn Qarin, then the people rebelled, killed and crucified him, and Musa ibn Bugha the Elder took the city by force in year 250.
مقام
هرمز (كرمان)
A large coastal city of Kirman with much cumin and indigo grown around it, shipped from there to every land; it stands on a gulf called al-Jir which runs from the sea to the city.
مقام
الحديبية
Place on the edge of Mecca's sacred territory where the truce between the Muslims and the Quraysh was agreed in 628 CE.
مقام
حلي
A small coastal city and port where ships from Yemen, and those sailing up from Qulzum, put in; goods are brought in and shipped out from it.
مقام
حلوان
town at the foot of the Mah mountains; in al-Baladhuri Yazdgard fled there from al-Mada'in with his asawira, treasuries, women and children, departing after Jalula.
مقام
حمدان
Humdan — the Chinese great king's capital in Abu Dulaf's account
مقام
حيدر آباد الدكن
A princely state in central India, ruled by a Muslim sultan under British protection, with about 13 million people, mostly Hindu, though its capital is mostly Muslim. Its army of about 30,000 was largely Hadrami Arab, per Arslan's commentary on Stoddard. The British resident had limited influence over the state's internal rule.
مقام
يابسة
مقام
إبزر
A small town on a mound of earth with palms and sweet water. Near it is a good but soft alum mine, and its people trade in alum.
مقام
إضم
A valley in the Hijaz near Medina; the site of Ibn Abi Hadrad's raid 'Batn Idam' in which Amir ibn al-Adbat al-Ashja'i was killed.
مقام
إفرنك بيلة
A large, fine city with springs, wells and abundant produce; the author gives eighty miles from Siqlāwsh.
مقام
إفريقية
Ifriqiya, the Maghreb province between Tripoli and Tangier; Ibn al-Kalbi says Ifriqis ibn Qays ibn Sayfi al-Himyari held it in the Jahiliyya and it was named for him — he killed its king Jurjir and said of the Barabira 'how barbarous these folk', whence they were called al-Barabira; Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh raided it under Uthman, killed its patrikios at Sbejtla and took its grandees' three hundred qintar of gold, then Uqba ibn Nafi' opened it and laid out its Qayrawan.
مقام
إكريزا
A medium-sized, civilised city with markets, trade, vineyards and flocks, bordering Mount Mont Jūn on the river Darūa; the author gives fifty miles north to Alma.
مقام
إكسيس
A village with thickets where lions are seen and attack people, according to al-Idrisi, who also describes lion hunting there; one stage from Sala.
مقام
أيميديا
A populous city near the sea, which the author places along the coastal road after Aylūghīs.
مقام
البحر الهندي والصيني (بحر الصين والهند والسند واليمن)
Al-Idrisi describes this sea as beginning thirteen degrees north of the equator, running west past China, India, Sind and southern Yemen to Bab al-Mandab, about 4,500 farsakhs long, with some three hundred islands.
مقام
انكلاس
One of the largest and busiest cities of Kawar, with pure alum mines. The author says its people travel east as far as Egypt and west to Wargla and the far Maghreb,.
مقام
إنقلطارة
A very large island in the Great Dark Sea, entered through the bay of Ṣanqala, with lands, fortresses, villages, farms, valleys, rivers and mountains, and with uninhabited ground.
مقام
اقنت
A town that is neither large nor populous, and mostly in ruins. Its few people live on sorghum, barley, fish and meat. Four days by land from Manquna.
مقام
إقراقو
A fine city with many houses in the land of Bulūniya, surrounded by barrier mountains that separate it from the land of the Rus; the river Shant flows there.
مقام
إقريطش
In al-Baladhuri: an island raided by Janada, partly opened in al-Walid's time then closed; Humayd ibn Ma'yuf opened part under al-Rashid, and Abu Hafs Umar ibn Isa al-Andalusi al-Iqritishi completed its conquest under al-Ma'mun until no Romans remained and he ruined their fortresses.
مقام
إرم ذات العماد
Iram of the pillars — placed by al-Mas'udi's report at Damascus, built by the 'Adite Jayrun with marble colonnades and still visible in 332 AH as the bronze-doored Jayrun palace beside the Umayyad mosque; Ka'b al-Ahbar gives another account.
مقام
العراق
The land of Ur and the Sawad under Persian rule: home of the Lakhmid client kingdom at al-Hira, the Jewish settlements that migrated to the Hijaz, and the banks of the Euphrates giving onto the Jazira tribes.
مقام
إرلاندة
A very large island; the author, citing the author of a book of marvels, says it had three towns where ships used to call, and that its people destroyed each other in internal wars.
مقام
عيساباذ
a Baghdad quarter named — in al-Baladhuri — for Isa ibn al-Mahdi son of al-Khayzuran; al-Mahdi dwelt there most, in buildings he raised.
مقام
أصبهان
the great Jibal province; in al-Baladhuri its land conquered by Abdallah ibn Budayl in 23–24 — Jayy by treaty after al-Fadhusfan's duel, al-Yahudiyya likewise — plain and mountain mastered, kharaj modeled on al-Ahwaz, its nobles preferring Islam to the jizya's indignity.
مقام
اسبالطو
A populous city of great extent, with many lanes paved with flagstone and raiding ships; about twenty-eight miles from Raghuri.
مقام
أسبيجاب
Isbijab, the far fort of al-Shash; an old conquest lost to the Turks, retaken by Nuh ibn Asad under al-Mu'tasim, who walled its people's vines and farms.
مقام
أصفهان
Central Iranian city where Ibn Sina spent his last years at the court of Ala al-Dawla.
مقام
إشبيرة
A large, populous city on the Rhine, with Bazla on the western bank of the same river; the author gives forty miles west to Bardūn.
مقام
إشتيغن
Ishtikhan of Sughd; the seat to which Sughd's kings moved after ancient Samarqand.
مقام
الإسكندرية
Alexandria, taken by Amr ibn al-As by force with neither covenant nor contract — in the wording of his letter to Umar ibn al-Khattab, though in Yazid ibn Abi Habib's reading it was all treaty — after Rome's king rejected the Muqawqis's peace, its people shutting the gate and declaring war; al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam laid a khitta in it, and the Muqawqis asked Amr to bury him in one of its churches he named.
مقام
إسكندرونة
A coastal town forty-five miles from Antioch with a good harbour, from which goods are carried into Syria.
مقام
إسنا
A city on the west bank of the Nile, one of the old towns built by the early Copts. It has farms, orchards, a quiet and secure setting, and plentiful grapes carried to all of Egypt. Remains of Coptic buildings and monuments survive there.
مقام
اسنخوا
A city in a broad plain where nothing grows but saffron, which is shipped from there to every part of China.
مقام
إسقيريا
A Chinese city on a river feeding the Khamdan, four stages from Khaygun, where the revenues of China are gathered and stored in the treasuries of the great king.
مقام
إستبرية
A civilised, populous city with wide markets and well-laid streets; the author gives twenty miles along the coast from Ashkāla.
مقام
إصطخر
Fars's great city; in al-Baladhuri, assaulted vainly by Abu Musa and Uthman ibn Abi al-As — it and Jur the last of Fars untaken at Abdallah ibn Amir's arrival in 29.
مقام
إسطنبول
City formerly known as Constantinople, conquered by Mehmed II in 1453 and capital of the Ottoman Empire.
مقام
استجة
A town thirty-five miles from Cordoba, on the road toward the fortress of Ashuna and a populous village.
مقام
أثل
The capital of the land of the Khazars, on the river Ithil, which the author says flows into the Khazar Sea.
مقام
جزيرة جابة
One of a cluster of close islands, about two farsakhs apart, all ruled by a single king named Jaba. He wears gold, decorates himself with pearls and rubies, and his coins bear his image. The author notes good camphor and bamboo there.
مقام
جبل أبي قبيس
A mountain at Mecca overlooking the sanctuary; al-Raheeq al-Makhtum names it in the origin of the Fudul pact, where the wronged Zabidi merchant climbed it and cried out his grievance in verse.
مقام
جبل الفضة
A mountain with silver mines, running along the back of the fertile valley of Darfard, one stage from Jiruft.
مقام
جبل الكرمل
A mountain spur reaching out into the sea, visible from the water, with a good harbour beside it.
مقام
جبل اللكام
A range that begins at the Red Sea and runs into the lands of Syria, called Jabal al-Lakkam there; it reaches toward Homs and bends by Mar'ash and Shamshat.
مقام
جبل النور
A mountain about two miles from Mecca holding the cave of Hira where the Prophet retreated before his mission and received the first revelation, as al-Raheeq al-Makhtum describes it.
مقام
جبل الرماة (جبل عينين)
A small hill on the southern bank of Wadi Qanat, southeast of the Muslim camp at Uhud, about a hundred and fifty metres from the Muslim army's position. The Prophet appointed Abdullah ibn Jubayr commander of fifty archers on it to protect the Muslims' left flank from the polytheist cavalry. In the Prophet's time it was known as Jabal Aynayn, and was later called the Archers' Hill.
مقام
جبل الطيلمون
A mountain on the west bank of the Nile, about five miles from Zamakhir. The author says it blocks the river's course and forces its flow through under pressure. The people of Zamakhir say a sorceress once lived in a palace on its summit; the author reports this as their account, not his own.
مقام
جبل الطور
A high mountain near the sea, reached by a known path; it has a mosque and a well of sweet water from which climbers drink.
مقام
جبل الزور
Jabal al-Zur in the Dawar country toward Kabul; Ibn Samura bottled its folk there, truced, and entered on the gold ruby-eyed Zur idol — cutting its hand and taking the rubies to show it 'neither harms nor benefits'.
مقام
جبل الأوراس
A long mountain range with continuous settlement, villages, orchards and trees; its people are proud, and al-Idrisi compares its shape to a letter.
مقام
جبل عَيْر
A large, well-known mountain on the qibla side of Medina near Dhu'l-Hulayfa, the town's miqat; in the haram hadith 'between 'Ayr and Thawr is inviolable' it marks the southern limit of the sanctuary.
مقام
جبل بريم الأحمر
A red mountain in this region. The author reports the claim that the two obelisks of Alexandria were carved from it; he gives it as hearsay.
مقام
جبل بران
A mountain running north-south nearly to Asyut; the author says people speak of treasure hidden in it and that searches continued up to his time.
مقام
جبل دمر
A mountain three stages from Jabal Nafusa. Berber people at its edges ride swift horses and raid the camels of neighbouring Arabs, and al-Idrisi says the Arabs complain of them.
مقام
جبل درن
The great Atlas range, a long chain running from the Atlantic; al-Idrisi describes forts on its heights and figs, grapes, walnuts and almonds on its slopes.
مقام
جبل غزوان
A mountain on whose back lie the lands of Banu Sa'd, with several Hudhayl clans; al-Idrisi says its summit is so cold that water sometimes freezes there.
مقام
جبل ايكجان
A mountain near Setif inhabited by the Kutama tribes, who, al-Idrisi says, give food freely to guests and honour them greatly.
مقام
جبل جالوت
A Berber mountain near the settlements of the Banu Hilal. The author says it takes its name from Goliath, whose army was defeated there and who fled to it with his horsemen.
مقام
جبل كركس كوه
A small mountain surrounded by desert, with a flat open space at its centre; al-Idrisi says the robbers of the area hide their gains there.
مقام
جبل مقدة
A mountain above Tripoli, about three stages from the city.
مقام
جبل مسيون
A high, hard-to-climb mountain near Bijaya, with plants used in medicine, which al-Idrisi lists by kind.
مقام
جبل نفوسة
A high mountain about three days long, with villages, barley fields and running water; al-Idrisi says the Masmuda tribes live there.
مقام
جبل قلمرى
A mountain four days from Sanitriyya, with a good iron mine.
مقام
جبل رضوى
A high mountain of ravines and springs, green with herbage and rich in water; its quarries yield millstones carried to distant lands, near Khaybar.
مقام
جبل سحاو
Among the highest and steepest mountains, eight miles from Kaldis; the Arabs do not cross beyond it.
مقام
جبل شرم
A mountain where the al-Falaj river rises; it is a large river that flows on to the sea near the village of Julfar.
مقام
جبل سياه كوه
A mountain close to Kirkis Kuh with no settlement, a short distance from it, a lonely place where those who hide do not reappear.
مقام
جبل تانسف
A mountain reached in two stages from Jabal al-Tilmun, with a smooth face and a narrow crack. The author relates, as a widely known account, that birds come at a fixed time of the year, put their heads into the crack and die there. He says the report is recorded in many books; he does not verify it himself.
مقام
جبل ثور بالمدينة
A small mountain in Medina near Uhud, named in the haram hadith 'between 'Ayr and Thawr is inviolable' as the northern limit; it was obscure enough that Mus'ab al-Zubayri declared 'Medina knows no 'Ayr and no Thawr', and Abu 'Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Sallam and al-Hazimi held the original reading to be 'from 'Ayr to Uhud', while others argued an unknown name does not impugn the transmitters. Distinct from Mecca's Jabal Thawr.
مقام
جبل زغوان
A high mountain between Tunis and Qayrawan, visible from the sea, with fertile slopes, farms and settled tribes.
مقام
جبلة
A coastal city of Syria's seaboard; Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan founded and garrisoned it after the Muslims took the town of Balda two farsakhs away by force — it fell ruined and its people departed — a Roman fortress its people had evacuated at the conquest of Hims.
مقام
جبى
A town densely built among palms and sugar cane, rich in produce, twelve miles from Basyan and fifteen from Sulaymanan.
مقام
جبانة السبيع
Kufa's great cemetery; in al-Baladhuri — per Hisham ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi — named for the sons of al-Sabi' ibn Sabu' ibn Sa'b al-Hamdani.
مقام
جاذرة
A large, open city on the sea shore, whose people are Dalmatians with raiding ships; thirty miles from Dughwat.
مقام
جيان
A fine city rich in fertile land, honey and meat, with running springs beneath its wall and a strong citadel; the author says more than three thousand villages around it raise silkworms.
مقام
جهرم
Jahram of Fars; a gathering massed against Uthman near it — he scattered them and took the Jahram land.
مقام
جاجان
A town west-southwest of Gharghun, several stages away in the lands of the Ghuzz; Dhahlan lies near it, in al-Idrisi's account.
مقام
جلولاء
site east of the Tigris; in al-Baladhuri Yazdgard's last levy under Khurrazad brother of Rustam was routed there by Hashim ibn Utba's twelve thousand at the end of year 16.
مقام
جالوس
An island near the Binman islands. The author reports from informants that its people eat human flesh. They have no king and live on coconuts and sugar cane.
مقام
جمارة
A large populated city, whose Greek name al-Idrisi gives as Badhanto; forty miles from Batranto.
مقام
الجامع الأعظم بقرطبة
A great mosque unlike any other among the mosques of the Muslims, about a hundred bay long and eighty wide, with more than a thousand columns; its qibla is decorated with gilded and coloured glass, with a pulpit, mihrab and dome, which al-Idrisi describes in detail.
مقام
جنازنة
A populous, fine city in the land of Bulūniya; the author gives eighty miles from Iqrāqū.
مقام
جنبيتة
A town in the inner desert of Abyssinia, far from settled land. Its wells often run dry, and its people mainly seek silver and gold. Eight stages from Najagha.
مقام
جندور
A cluster of tall, solidly built palaces pierced by fresh water, where the governor stayed in spring; al-Idrisi says an earlier governor rode out from them on an elephant each Friday.
مقام
جنابة
A large, populous, inhabited city with markets, known for fine linen cloth in many kinds and a range of manufactured goods.
مقام
جنطمة
A small town like a gathered village in the Sofala lands. Its people are poor and have little to trade; the region's hills hold iron, which is carried to India.
مقام
جنتيار
A large, populous city on a high mountain that is hard to climb, not under any king's rule; the author gives seven days from Qulārī.
مقام
جنوة
An ancient city of fine aspect, rich in fruit with many farms and villages; its people are wealthy merchants with a fearsome fleet and skill in naval tactics, in al-Idrisi's account.
مقام
جاقة
A city of al-Andalus nine stages east of Toledo, which al-Idrisi places along several roads from Toledo.
مقام
جراجي
A fine, large town with buildings and farms on the Jarajiyy river, twelve miles from Barsana.
مقام
جرش
A Hawran city whose wonders lore spoke of; in the eighth century al-Umari describes it as a throne of ruins void of inhabitants — no sound within, no soul.
مقام
جراوة
A town one stage from Sa'a, on the road to Tlemcen.
مقام
جرباء
A place whose people came to the Prophet at Tabuk and paid the jizya, according to Ibn Ishaq.
مقام
جرباتن
A land rich in rice and grain, on a small creek, five stages from Fandarina.
مقام
جربدة
A city of the Franks, seat of Bishop Urmazd whose 328 regnal list reached the Umayyad heir al-Hakam.
مقام
جريش بقومس
Qumis's great fire-temple of unknown founder — Alexander said to have spared its flame — on the site of a marvellous idol-city razed long before.
مقام
جاركان
A large town with craftsmen and labourers, one stage from Darband.
مقام
جرمة
A city in Fezzan. The author gives about twenty-five stages from it to Awdaghast. Its water comes from wells, and its people grow millet and barley. It stands near Tasawa,.
مقام
جرمق
A town of fair size and fertile land with two earthen walls and a ditch seventy paces wide, four stages from Bakhwan.
مقام
جرة
A populous town in the district of Sabur, with a populated and thickly built countryside.
مقام
جرتة
A small, civilised city with markets and buildings on the coast; the author gives one hundred miles from the island's river mouth.
مقام
جسطة
A small town on a large creek that ships enter. Gold is plentiful there and is the main work and income of its people, who eat sea turtles and shellfish. Two days from Daghuta.
مقام
جاسوم
A place where Suwaylim's house was said to stand, in the report transmitted by Ibn Hisham.
مقام
جاوى
The largest island of what is now Indonesia. Arslan's chapter on Islam in Java and its neighbours draws on Dutch scholarship and a lecture by Sayyid Isma'il al-Attas. It notes that Brahmanism and Buddhism were the dominant religions before Islam, that Islam spread through trade and seafaring, and that the tomb of Malik Ibrahim at Gresik is among the earliest Muslim graves there. The population figures he gives come from Dutch censuses reported second-hand and need checking.
مقام
الجوزجان
A district with rural areas in the hills, where tanned hides are brought in and from which goods are shipped; its towns include Faryab, Ashburqan and Anbar.
مقام
جي
Isbahan's city; in al-Baladhuri taken by Abdallah ibn Budayl by treaty after fighting — kharaj and jizya, safety of persons and wealth save arms in hand — surrendered by al-Fadhusfan after their duel.
مقام
جيان
A city of low prices and plenty of meat and honey, where silkworms are raised; a great mosque and a strong citadel up the slope, linked to the mountain of Kur, twenty miles from Bayyasa.
مقام
جزة
A city whose buildings join those of Farah, with many villages and watercourses, about one stage from Sijistan on the road to Khurasan.
مقام
الجزيرة
The Euphratean Jazira, the land between the Euphrates and the Tigris; conquered by Iyad ibn Ghanm after Abu Ubayda's death — 'the whole Jazira is Iyad ibn Ghanm's conquest' in Maymun ibn Mihran's words — marching for it mid-Sha'ban year 18 in five thousand; its cities include al-Ruha, Harran, al-Raqqa, Nasibin, Sinjar, Mosul and the Tigris kuwar, and with Syria it became the field of the summer and winter raids on the Byzantines.
مقام
جزيرة العرب
The Arabian Peninsula — bounded by al-Hamdani in his Sifa's preamble: Sharm Ayla, the coasts and the Qulzum to Fustat in the west; 'Uman, Bahrayn, Kazima and Basra in the east; Hijaz, Najd and the 'Arud at its head; Aden at 12° south latitude — named Jazirat al-Arab 'because the Arabic tongue is common throughout it', its length reckoned at 1,533 miles or 76⅓ stages — its ancient monuments, in his register: Na'mit, Ghumdan, Hakar, Raydan, Baynun, Qayman, Bark al-'Imad and Iram Dhat al-'Imad.
مقام
الجزيرة الخضراء
An island linked to the mainland, facing Ceuta across the strait; al-Idrisi gives eight miles of sea between them.
مقام
جزيرة النعمان
An island in the Red Sea which the author describes as the largest island in that part of the sea, with a people living on it.
مقام
جزيرة القمر
A long island joined to the Dibihat group. Its king lives in the town of Malay. The author says it stretches four months' journey eastward, lies south of the Chinese islands, and that the king is seen only by his servants. It grows crops, coconuts and sugar cane.
مقام
جزيرة القرود
A small island near Ramij, with groves, trees and fruit, where monkeys are so numerous that the author says they are said to have a leader they obey. Yemeni traders catch them to sell in their shops.
مقام
جزيرة السامري
An island in the Red Sea inhabited by a people who, the author reports, trace their descent to al-Samiri, the maker of the calf.
مقام
جزيرة الياقوت
An island near a city, linked by a road, ringed by a steep round mountain; people of the area hunt rubies there by various methods.
مقام
جزيرة أوال
A fine island with a large town, palms, fields and many springs, among them Ayn Bu Zaydan and Ayn Ghadhar. It has its own ruler, and the heads of the pearl divers gather there from every land.
مقام
جزيرة ابن كاوان
An island in the Gulf about nine miles across, whose people are Ibadi Kharijis, and from which the mountains of Yemen can be seen.
مقام
جزيرة ابن عمر
مقام
جزيرة خارك
A fine, grassy and fertile island with palms, about three miles in each direction.
مقام
جزيرة صنجى
A populated island with fertile land and fresh water, whose people are between fair and dark in complexion and wear copper earrings. The author reports gold mines there and idols on the shore, one with a raised hand, which he says seem to tell the viewer to turn back.
مقام
جزيرة تونة
An island in Lake Tinnis, south of Tinnis, with palms and vineyards, reached by a crossing from the land.
مقام
جدة
Red Sea port of the Hejaz, the main gateway for pilgrims to Mecca since the time of the caliph Uthman.
مقام
شريش
Jerez (Sharish) — 'daughter of Seville,' a city of broad markets whose people showed ambition, elegance in dress and polished manners; famous for its fruits, its cheese and above all its mujabbanat pastries — 'whoever enters Jerez without eating them is deprived'.
مقام
القدس
City sacred to Jews, Christians and Muslims; the first qibla of Islam, the destination of the Night Journey in tradition, and surrendered to the Muslims in 637 CE.
مقام
جبال القفص
Mountains that border the Gulf and reach the deserts of Makran; Kurdish nomads called al-Baluṣ live there with flocks and palms, and people fear them.
مقام
جيجل
A coastal city with two harbours, among them the Marsa al-Shu'ara', sheltered by the mountain from the north; hard to enter without a guide, and seventy miles from al-Qal.
مقام
جيلان
Gilan south of the Caspian; al-Bara' ibn Azib raided it from Qazwin, and al-Walid ibn Uqba raided it in Uthman's reign with Daylam, Muqan, al-Babar and al-Taylasan.
مقام
جناول
A town at the foot of a mountain spur, near Asawal, whose people live much like those of Burj and Dulqa.
مقام
جيرنج
A small town with a pulpit, about nine miles from Marw, on the river.
مقام
جرنغراتة
A city with markets and abundant produce, which the author places three stages by river from Shant.
مقام
جيرفت
Jirraft of Kirman; taken by force by Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud.
مقام
جيرون بدمشق
Damascus's great temple, said to be Jayrun ibn Sa'd al-'Adi's marble-pillared building and by some Iram dhat al-'Imad — Ka'b al-Ahbar's famous verification before Mu'awiya of the strayed-camels Bedouin; al-Mas'udi notes the report is corrupted in transmission and is storytellers' craft.
مقام
جبيل
A city on the coast with a strong stone wall and a wide district of trees, five miles from the river of Ibrahim; its people drink from wells.
مقام
جُبّ دانيال ببابل
The pit at Babylon into which Nebuchadnezzar cast Daniel with two lions; in the tale a prophet of Israel came by God's command to draw him out, the lions pacing at his right and left until he sent them back.
مقام
جبّ يوسف وجسر يعقوب
Twin landmarks of the Safed country — Joseph's Pit by the village of Shura and, beside it, the famous Jacob's Bridge — both counted by al-Umari among the monuments of Syria.
مقام
جلفار
A village on the coastal sea route from Oman to Bahrain, named together with al-Hayl.
مقام
جنديسابور
Jundishapur, the great city of al-Ahwaz; its panic-struck people took Abu Musa's aman — no killing, no captives, no wealth touched but weapons.
مقام
جنزة
Junza in Kabul's marches; there Yazid ibn Ziyad fought Kabul's breakers and fell with many of his men.
مقام
جور
a city of Fars; in al-Baladhuri it and Istakhr alone unconquered at Abdallah ibn Amir's arrival in year 29.
مقام
جُرَش
A town in Yemen; its people and those of Tabala accepted Islam without fighting, so the Prophet confirmed them on what they had embraced, set a dinar on every hālim of the People of the Book there, stipulated hospitality for the Muslims, and appointed Abu Sufyan ibn Harb over Jurash.
مقام
جرجان
The province at the Caspian's corner; its king treated with Sa'id ibn al-As for two hundred thousand dirhams in the 29 AH Tabaristan campaign.
مقام
الجرجومة
al-Jurjuma, a city on Jabal al-Lukkam by the vitriol mine between Bayyas and Buqa in the Antioch district; home of the Jarajima who compounded with the Muslims as watchmen and auxiliaries, and which al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik razed in year 88 after Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik took it on evacuation terms, settling its people at Jabal al-Mawar, Sanh al-Lulun and the Tizin vale and scattering them through Syria.
مقام
جرزان
Jurzan (Kartli, Iberia), of the second Armenia's lands and then in Khazar hands; in it Anushirwan built the city of Sughdabil settling Sughdians and sons of Persians as a muslaha, and toward the Romans in its land Bab Fayruzqubadh, Bab Ladhiqa and Bab Bariqa on the sea of Trebizond.
مقام
الجوزجان
al-Juzjan of Khurasan; the rout's fugitives reached it, al-Aqra' ibn Habis pursued with horse, turned a first setback and stormed it — its Rustaq Hawf with the two castles mourned in verse.
مقام
كابل
Kabul, the great city of India's marches; besieged by Ibn Samura for months under mangonels till breached — the foe's hamstrung elephant blocking their gate, by Ibn Khazim's stroke or al-Muhallab's — entered by force, breached again and retaken; then the Kabul Shah expelled its Muslims and Rutbil overran to Bust, till Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra's million-dirham sulh covered Kabul's lands.
مقام
كلديس
A strong fortress overlooking the river of Constantine, about twenty miles from the city, near the village of Banu Khalaf.
مقام
كلكسار
A populated coastal town, one of two near each other two days from Jarbatan, with rice and grain.
مقام
كلواذى
Sawad town on the al-Mada'in road; in al-Baladhuri some Muslims reached it on their raids, living off what the raids yielded.
مقام
كنبايه
A town on the coast, reached after a desert crossing from Mamhal.
مقام
كانو
A city in northern Nigeria, among the oldest centres of Islam in the Hausa lands.
مقام
كراكر بسجستان
The Sijistan fire-temple founded by Bahman son of Isfandiyar.
مقام
كرانطة
A town of many vineyards, fruit and irrigated fields, one stage from Tamalta.
مقام
كربلاء
مقام
كرخ فيروز
a quarter of Sur man Ra'a where — in al-Baladhuri — al-Mu'tasim settled Ashinas his mawla with his attached commanders.
مقام
كرمينية
Karminiya beyond the river; campaigned by Qutayba with Tumushkat in 88h.
مقام
الكاريان
al-Karyan and Fashjan (al-Fishajan) of Darabjird's land; outside the Hirbadh's sulh and breached — Ibn Amir took both.
مقام
كس (سجستان)
A small town with a wall, whose people are craftsmen and travellers, most of them weavers and traders, on the edge of the desert.
مقام
كاسان
Kasan of Farghana — commonly Kashanan; opened by Salih ibn Muslim, breached, and last retaken by Nuh ibn Asad under al-Mansur.
مقام
الكشانية
A town twenty-seven miles from Ishtikhan, similar in size to it, with districts, villages and farms.
مقام
كاشغر
A city in far western China on the Silk Road; it became an Islamic centre after the conversion of the Qarakhanid khans in the tenth century CE.
مقام
كشميهن
A large town one stage from Marw, with orchards, trees and standing markets, from which cloth is sent out.
مقام
جبلا كسير وعوير
Two mountains submerged in the Gulf, whose places sailors know; Chinese ships pass a route close by them.
مقام
كسكر
Sawad town; in al-Baladhuri the host of Durna was routed toward it by Abu Ubayd ibn Mas'ud, and Muslim raiding ran between al-Hira and Kaskar and between Kaskar, Sura, Baziqisma and Sirat Jamasib.
مقام
كثة
A populous, inhabited city with continuous buildings and standing markets, thirty miles west of Yazd.
مقام
كوار
A well-known land that lies east of Kawkaw and is visited for trade. Alum known as Kawari alum comes from it.
مقام
كوكو
A famous large city on the bank of a river coming from the north. Some say it stands on a gulf; others say the river runs for many days past it and then sinks into sand. Its ruler is independent and has many followers and soldiers.
مقام
كوثاربا
A small town east of al-Madain with mounds of ash, which al-Idrisi says, from the reports of the learned, is the ash of a fire lit there.
مقام
كيف
A handsome town built of mud brick and clay, busy with trade, which al-Idrisi describes as prosperous with circulating wealth.
مقام
كيز
The largest city of Makran, close in size to Multan, with many gardens, continuous farmland and fair prices.
مقام
كيزكانان
A civilised, populous city with low prices, where the governor resides; it has gardens and fruit but no palms.
مقام
كزناية
A town on the Shelif river with a Friday market visited from the surrounding lands, one stage from Miliana.
مقام
كازرون
Kazarun of Sabur's land in Fars; taken by Uthman ibn Abi al-As.
مقام
كاظمة
A city four stages from Tatja, which travellers cover in those stages on the way to it, with springs and farms.
مقام
خفان
In al-Baladhuri: a place al-Muthanna ibn Haritha reached after Abu Bakr's commission, calling his people to Islam — they Islamized; Khalid ibn al-Walid then halted there on the march to al-Hira.
مقام
خاخيط
Khakhit, a town of Armenia's district; Marwan ibn Muhammad settled there ten thousand households of Slavs he had carried off from the Khazar land — who then killed their amir and fled, and he overtook and slew them.
مقام
خان روان
A civilised, populous city with thriving markets and well-built forms, between Nishapur and Tus, one stage north of Nishapur.
مقام
خانفو
A city at the far edge of China, eight days' journey from Khanku. The author says he will describe it in the tenth section.
مقام
خانقين
town east of the Tigris; in al-Baladhuri the Persians placed their dependents and baggage there at Jalula, and Jarir ibn Abdallah came to it killing the remaining Persians.
مقام
خانقو
Khanqu — China's city of merchants and wealth, forty parasangs long
مقام
الخانوقة
A populous, inhabited town with a busy market and trade on the highway, two stages from Qarqisiya.
مقام
خاقان
A large city to the north on a great river with fertile banks, with trade and crafts, and the herds of the district; six stages from Nadkhu.
مقام
بلاد خرخيز
A fertile land of many waters, with rivers flowing in from the frontier; a great valley with strong currents has mills for rice and wheat and grows aloes-wood.
مقام
خرقانة
A great but small town on the border of Farghana, on the road to Farghana, twenty-seven miles from Bunjikath.
مقام
خواش
Khawash and Quzan of Bust on the Sijistan road; Ibn Samura took them by force after crossing Wadi Nasl.
مقام
خيبر
Oasis north of Medina, home of Jewish communities and the objective of the Muslim expedition of 628 CE.
مقام
خيف بني كنانة
مقام
خيغون
A city eight stages from Kashgar, with produce and advantages for merchants.
مقام
خيماخيث
Two towns on the river Shūrān; the southern one has many fields and trees and receives timber from the mountains, and the author gives five days from Dādmī.
مقام
خيزان
Khayzan, a town of Armenia's district; al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami compounded with Hamzin's people to transfer them to it, giving them two of its villages, and Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik made peace with it, ordered its fortress demolished, and took estates there known today as Hawz Khayzan.
مقام
الخزرية
A large, populous, spacious city with abundant water, to which the Khazars are attributed, which the author places after al-Lāniya.
مقام
خزخراكث
A city of abundant produce with much iron that is shipped to every land from the Turkish country; its ruler holds a light audience.
مقام
خلاط
Khilat (Akhlat) on Lake Van, of the Armenian cities; its patrikios came down to Habib ibn Maslama at Mariyala bearing Iyad ibn Ghanm's writ — Iyad having granted him aman on himself, his wealth and his lands for a tribute — and Habib conveyed it to him.
مقام
خيوة
A city in Khwarazm in present-day Uzbekistan; it was the capital of the Khanate of Khiva.
مقام
خيوان
A strong fortress with two water pools and vineyards whose large grapes are dried into raisins and carried to neighbouring lands; it lies on the road to Sa'da.
مقام
خجنده
Khujanda beyond the river on the Sayhun; Salm ibn Ziyad's army, A'sha Hamdan among them, was defeated there.
مقام
خليص
مقام
خلم
A handsome town of abundant produce with running streams and many advantages, two days from Balkh.
مقام
خور
A town also built of mud, with no fort or citadel, many orchards, two days from Qayn.
مقام
خشك
Khushak on the Sijistan road; its folk truced Ibn Samura after Wazan.
مقام
الختل
The first district on the Oxus beyond the river, with towns including Halawarid, Lawkand and Manak; its largest town is Manak.
مقام
الأهواز
al-Ahwaz, the Khuzistan province — a great kura of the Jibal; conquered under Umar, seat of Hurmuzan the last Persian marzban, and where the asawira's conversion-conditions were granted.
مقام
خوارزم
Khwarizm, the land beyond the river with its eastern city; al-Ahnaf marched on it after Balkh but could not take it.
مقام
كركنت
A civilised city, among the noblest and most populous; its citadel is strong and lofty, ships and travellers gather there, and it is one stage from al-Shaqqa.
مقام
كرمان
a province; in al-Baladhuri, Yazdgard's refuge where he scorned its marzban, and where the damaq destroyed Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud's army at Bimandh.
مقام
كروخ
A town with a strong earthen wall and many gardens, known for the raisins carried to distant lands, three stages from Herat.
مقام
كسال
Kisal, the city Marwan ibn Muhammad built and made his seat when given the march — forty farsakhs from Bardha'a and twenty from Tiflis — and from it he set out to enter the Khazar land by way of Bab al-Lan.
مقام
كش
Kish, the Sijistan marches toward India; Ibn Samura conquered the stretch between Zaranj and Kish.
مقام
قونية
Anatolian city, capital of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and the burial place of Rumi (d. 1273).
مقام
الكوفة
Garrison city in Iraq founded around 638 CE, seat of Ali ibn Abi Talib's caliphate and an early centre of Islamic scholarship.
مقام
كجا
A populated town in the lands of China, not large but with trade and buildings, ten stages from Ujj.
مقام
كلوا
مقام
كوثى
Old town of the Sawad; in al-Baladhuri some Muslims crossed Nahr Subudhan and took Kutha, Nahr al-Malik and Baduraya.
مقام
كتنه
A village with springs, vineyards, tall palms and vegetable gardens, according to al-Idrisi.
مقام
كويفة بن عمر
Site the Muslims surveyed before Kufa, found ringed by water; Sa'd is also said to have moved the troops of Asbanbur and Kurd Bandadh to it below Kufa.
مقام
كويابة
A city in the land of the Bulghars; the author gives eight stages from Ṣalāw, and says Muslim merchants come to it from Armenia.
مقام
لبدة
A city of many buildings on the coast, which Arabs took over, driving out its people; only remains survive, and al-Idrisi says its later people were Hawwara Berbers.
مقام
لبلة
A fine, ancient, medium-sized town with a river coming down from the hills that is crossed by bridge, with much trade and advantage; its people drink from springs.
مقام
اللاذقية
A coastal city of Syria's seaboard; Ubada ibn al-Samit took it by force through the trench ruse — it had a great gate a host could not open — and the Muslims built a congregational mosque at his command; the Byzantines demolished it in a sea-raid in year 100 carrying off its people, and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ordered it rebuilt and fortified, Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik completing it.
مقام
لفيسة
A city on a mountain ridge; the author gives six stages from Banūy.
مقام
لاهور
A city in Pakistan, among the most important Mughal cities; it holds the Badshahi Mosque.
مقام
لخمان
A large, fine, populous city among the cities of the Khallukh Samrīqī, with crafts; the author says its people are in constant war with the Oghuz.
مقام
اللّكز
Al-Lakz, a land and fortress of the upper Caucasus; in its plain Marwan ibn Muhammad settled a body of Khazars between al-Samur and al-Shabiran; its fortress-lord withheld the levy and went out seeking the Khazar king, whereupon a herdsman killed him with an arrow unawares — so the Lakz people compounded for twenty thousand mudd borne to Bab's granaries, and Khashrama al-Sulami was set over them.
مقام
لالان
A large city rich in water and fish, which are taken in quantity; a mountain lies to its south, and from it bursts a great river flowing west.
مقام
لمطة
A city on the edge of the desert that stretches between Multan and other lands, four stages from Kabul and similar in size to Zawila.
مقام
لمطة المغربية
Lamta in the far Maghreb, famous for its paper-making in the medieval Islamic period — distinct from the Lamta between Multan and Kabul.
مقام
لنبياذة
A fort on a high rock surrounded by the sea on three sides, with a harbour from which ships sail, a population, a market and fertile land; twenty-five miles from Kirkant.
مقام
لنبذوشة
An island with a sheltered harbour that protects from every wind; the fleet is carried there from the nearest shore.
مقام
لنكبالوس
A large, populated island ten days from Sarandib. Its people are dark-skinned and go unclothed. Merchants come in small boats to buy ambergris and coconuts in exchange for iron.
مقام
لقنت
A small populated town with a market and mosque, from which esparto grass is carried to all the lands of the sea; a strong high fortress crowns the mountain above it.
مقام
لقف
مقام
لاردة
A medium-sized city rich in produce, on a river rising in the Partab hills that passes Jaqa; about seventy miles from Muknasa.
مقام
لسعا
A very small town on the salt sea, one day from Sharma. It has hot springs where people from the region bathe and bring their sick to be cured.
مقام
جزيرة لاسية
The second of the two islands under Qamrun. Its people fight the Chinese when there is no truce between them.
مقام
لاوكند
A city the size and market-life of Halawarid, which al-Idrisi describes as a fine place with abundant fruit.
مقام
لوقين
A city on the sea, on the bank of a sweet-water creek that ships enter, three stages from Orissa along the coast.
مقام
ليون
A populous city with fighting men and people of spirit; one of the cities of Castile, four days from Zamora and three from Shant Yaqub.
مقام
لياجة
A fine city on an island in the river, surrounded by water on every side, with adequate markets and crafts; the author gives one hundred miles from Māṣ.
مقام
ليغلغو
A large, populous city on a hill overlooking a river; the author gives fifty miles west of Salūnī.
مقام
ليموجش
A fine, strong city with abundant produce, conspicuous buildings and wide cultivation; capital of the Anjou district, sixty miles from Mont Lichon.
مقام
لبيري
A fine stop on the sea shore, with a market, bath, residents and fields, and a good harbour where tuna is fished.
مقام
أشبونة
Lisbon (Ushbuna) — the Atlantic city of western al-Andalus, today's capital of Portugal; its district near Santarem held a gold mine.
مقام
لورة
A town on the bank of the great river with a strong fort; the road from it runs to Sadaf and other places along the river.
مقام
لورقة
A fortified city on a mountain, with markets and a lower suburb walled below it, and with yellow earth and ochre deposits; the author gives its distance from Murcia as forty miles.
مقام
لشانة
Lucena, in Cordoba's district — beside it Sultan Boabdil's army broke in Rabi I 888 and the sultan himself was taken and spirited to the Castilian king.
مقام
جزيرة لغوس
One of the Fortunate Isles in the western sea. Citing the Book of Wonders, al-Idrisi reports a tall, sturdy idol on it that cannot be climbed, and says its builder, Tubba' Dhu al-Marathid, was buried in a marble and coloured-glass shrine there.
مقام
لند شوذن
A city from which the author travels to the mouth of the river Qaṭlū along the coast.
مقام
لؤونس
A city the author places in the land of Iflandarish, sixty miles west of Qumrāy.
مقام
جبل لونيا
A high mountain in Zaghawa country with soft white soil. A cave on it is avoided, the author reports, because of a great snake said to be inside. Springs at its foot run briefly and then stop,.
مقام
لوقين
A city three stages from the island of Sanf, on the approaches to China, with fine silk and Chinese silk goods.
مقام
ليّة
مقام
معدن النقرة
A large inhabited village beside the al-Naqra mine, named after the ore.
مقام
مَعَان
Town in Syria where the Mu'tah army camped for two nights on learning of Heraclius's numbers; Ibn Rawaha's speech urging them forward was delivered here.
مقام
مبانصة
One of the principal cities of the land of the Germans, populous and rich in crops; the author gives thirty miles south to Furmīza.
مقام
مابط
An island close to Jaba with coconuts, bananas, cane and rice. At its far end is a volcano that smokes by day and burns by night.
مقام
مقذونية
A land which the author describes as containing well-known cities, among them Nīsū, Athrūbī, Aqrūnus and Masyūnus.
مقام
مداسة
A medium-sized, well-settled town on the Nile, drinking from it. Rice and sorghum are plentiful, trade is in gold, and fish are caught there. Six days from Tirqa.
مقام
مدينة الفيل
Madinat al-Fil, strongest of Khwarizm's cities — Ali ibn Mujahid calls it Samarqand; opened by Umayya ibn Abdallah, breached, beyond Yazid ibn al-Muhallab's reach, and taken by Qutayba — 'Fil gave herself to you with her own hands'.
مقام
مدينة المبارك
The fortress al-Mubarak al-Turki, al-Hadi's mawla, built at Qazwin, peopled by a company of his own clients.
مقام
مدينة الصفر
The brass-walled city and leaden dome in the wastes of al-Andalus — unreachable by the old kings — whose wall Abd al-Malik's envoy's Muslims swarmed, crying they had won the bliss of both worlds; a variant sets it on the Abyssinian sea at India's far end past the river of sand.
مقام
مدينة الزهراء
Madīnat al-Zahrāʾ, 'one of the wonders of the world's buildings' in Ibn Khallikan's citation of Ibn Bashkuwal: begun by al-Nasir in early 325, four and two-thirds miles from Cordoba, 2,700 by 1,500 cubits, holding 4,300 columns and more than 15,000 doors; al-Nasir split the land revenue three ways — army, reserve, and the works — from a kharaj of 5,480,000 dinars plus 765,000 in market dues.
مقام
مدينة جرجان
The city Yazid ibn al-Muhallab built at Jurjan after his conquests there.
مقام
مدينة موسى
The town Musa al-Hadi built on Qazwin's ground, endowed with the purchased tract of Rustamabadh for its needs, administered by his mawla Amr al-Rumi then his son Muhammad.
مقام
مدسونة
A large, populous city whose people are fire-worshipping Magians, three hundred miles from the fortress of Falmūs.
مقام
مدين
A large town on the Red Sea coast which al-Idrisi identifies as the town of Shu'ayb, with a house and water from a flowing spring; its livelihood is narrow, five stages from Ayla.
مقام
ماديار
A city of broad buildings and many villages on the bank of the Ganges, rich in wealth; seven stages from Nahrawara.
مقام
مغارة الدم
The cave on Damascus's Mount Qasyun said to be where Adam's son killed his brother; it served as the city's rain-prayer ground — Makhul climbed it with Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, Mu'awiya and the Muslims camped there until the wadis flowed, and under Hisham supplicants weathered three days' rain in the cave beneath it.
مقام
هيكل الصين المدور
The wondrous round temple of farthest China — seven gates, a seven-sided dome, a magnetic jewel no king could approach within twenty cubits, and a seven-mouthed well whose rim promised in musnad-like script descent to 'the treasury of books, the history of the world and the sciences of heaven'.
مقام
المهدية
Built by the Ubaydid Mahdi Ubayd Allah on the Ifriqiyan coast once the Maghreb was his, in al-Muqtadir's days.
مقام
مهستار
A fine, populous city on a great river from the north, at the far west of the large island, twelve miles from the sea.
مقام
المهجم
A small, fort-like town where its people gather, on the border between Dahis land and Yemen. Eight stages from Aden and seven from Sanaa.
مقام
مهرة
A sandy and barren land that only its camels can cross, famed for their speed. Al-Idrisi gives its length as about nine hundred miles and says its people live on dried fish, dates and milk and know little of wheat. Al-Hamdani calls them 'the desert-dwellers', soft-hearted lovers of star-lore who magnified and prostrated to the sun, and preserves the famous lore of their ambergris camels: on the shores of the Yemen sea, a camel that catches the ambergris scent kneels upon it and will not rise until its owner misses it and comes to scrape it off.
مقام
منهوشة
A place on the coast with water in pits dug in the sand; small vipers in the sand bite those who do not know of them.
مقام
مجنة
One of the famous Arab fairs held in the sacred months along with Ukaz and Dhu al-Majaz, in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account of the pre-Islamic economy.
مقام
ميورقة
An island of many vineyards and grapes, with a small fine town, lying between Denia and Minorca.
مقام
مجريط
A small town and strong fortress, populated, with a congregational mosque and regular Friday sermon, lying north of Toledo.
مقام
مجتمع الأنهار
In al-Baladhuri: a Sawad site where Khalid ibn al-Walid met Azadhbih, lord of Khosrow's frontier posts facing the Arabs — the Muslims fought and routed him.
مقام
مكران
Makran, the coastal land between Fars and Sind; stormed and garrisoned by Sinan ibn Salama — Ibn al-Kalbi names Hakim ibn Jabala — and mourned in A'sha Hamdan's famous verses.
مقام
الملعب بالإسكندرية
Alexandria's ancient hippodrome, where a yearly festival threw a ball whose lucky catcher took the kingship; Amr ibn al-As attended it in the jahiliyya and the ball fell into his sleeve — 'the custom is annulled, such a man cannot be made king' — and on its site the Banu Khulayf raised their famous palace.
مقام
ملقا
A port in Malaysia; the Sultanate of Malacca in the fifteenth century CE was a centre for the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia.
مقام
مالقة
Malaga, the great Andalusi port on the Mediterranean in the kura of Rayya; besieged by land and sea in 892, its people fought with cannon and cavalry until the stores ran out and they ate beasts, horses and donkeys — taken captive in late Sha'ban.
مقام
ملل
A small town without walls, like a large village, on a hill of red earth that protects its people from raids. They drink from a spring that rises in the mountain to the south, and its water is brackish. Its people are raided and sold, and everyone there is marked with a burn on the face.
مقام
مالن
A handsome town of many gardens and much water, its people well off, one stage from Herat.
مقام
ملندة
A large town on the coast of the Zanj lands. Its people live by hunting on land and sea and work iron they mine. They claim to charm dangerous animals so that they harm only those they choose, and they have a word in their language for a sorcerer.
مقام
ملطية
Malatya (Melitene) of the Jaziran frontier, the summer-expedition road; Habib ibn Maslama took it by force in Mu'awiya's days, who garrisoned it with Syrians and Jazirans — later Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz moved Taranda's people into it under Jamwana ibn al-Harith; it held against a twenty-thousand-man siege in year 123 when its women fought atop the wall, fell to Constantine in year 133 by the evacuation truce between the sword-ranks and was demolished, then al-Mansur rebuilt it in six months in year 140 under Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ibrahim and al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba, settling four thousand Jaziran fighters on increased pay with two muslaha posts and the fortress of Qaludhiya; its remaining people returned in year 141 behind Muhammad ibn Ibrahim's garrison.
مقام
ملاي
The town where the king of the Island of the Moon lives, on that long island.
مقام
مليلة
A fine, medium-sized town with much water, drunk by its people; it once had continuous buildings and fields, and lies twelve miles from Kart.
مقام
مالطة
A large island with a town, its bay opening to the east, described as abundant; a channel's distance from Sicily.
مقام
مالوه
A handsome city with much traffic in and out and many villages; from it lie Dadda and Tatta, with four stages between Malwa and Dadda.
مقام
ماما
A walled town built mostly of mud brick, with farms and crops, one stage from Tahart.
مقام
مامهل
A city between India and Sind; the road to it from the coastal town of Kanbaya crosses a sparsely inhabited desert.
مقام
مناذر
Greater and Lesser Manadhir of al-Ahwaz's districts; Abu Musa besieged them and al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad took them by force, killing the fighters — governed by Asim ibn Qays al-Sulami — and there fell al-Muhajir ibn Ziyad, his head raised between two merlons.
مقام
منك
A medium-sized city of stone and plaster with buildings, markets and many people; the largest city of al-Khuttal, two stages from Hulbak.
مقام
مانان
A small town in the land of Kanem with no notable crafts and little trade. Twelve stages from Tamalma.
مقام
منبسة
A small town in the Zanj lands on the sea, whose people mine iron. Two days from Malanda.
مقام
منبج
Manbij of the Qinnasrin jund in the Duluk–Ra'ban quarter; Iyad ibn Ghanm went before it and its people compounded on Antioch's terms, which Abu Ubayda ratified, and Iyad was sent on to Duluk and Ra'ban whose people compounded on Manbij's terms with the stipulation that they seek out news of the Byzantines and write it to the Muslims; near it stands the village of Jisr Manbij — no bridge existing then, made in Uthman's caliphate for the summer expeditions, or by some report of ancient trace; Abu Ubayda set over every kura he took an administrator joined to a Muslim garrison, provisioning the exposed quarters.
مقام
جبل المندب
A long mountain at the entrance to the Red Sea, at Bab al-Mandab, running along the Yemeni coast. Ships bound for Yemen pass it. The author repeats a claim from the Book of Wonders that it draws iron to itself.
مقام
مندوسان
The great Indian shrine of the magnet-stones — attracting, repelling, repulsing in ways the writer declines to tell — counted among the temples named for the planets.
مقام
منف
A village and town at the foot of Mount Muqattam, now largely in ruins. Al-Idrisi describes a place called the oven of Pharaoh, where a mirror is said to show a viewer's image, and a talisman said to have been made there.
مقام
منفلوط
مقام
منح
A small village at the foot of Jabal Sharm, with palms and springs, on the bank of the al-Falaj river.
مقام
منجابري
A city of fine buildings in a pleasant low-lying plain, watered by springs and rivers, about six stages from Daybul.
مقام
منقونة
A town on the Abyssinian coast, five days by land from Zaila. Its people live from fishing and from the shellfish of the nearby reefs.
مقام
المنصورة
The counter-city Abu Ya'qub Yusuf the Marinid built facing Tlemcen during his hundred-month siege — walls, a congregational mosque, baths, khans and a hospital, one of the great towns of the Maghreb until the Zayyanids razed it on his death.
مقام
مقنى
A locality on the Syrian coast inhabited by Jews of Banu Habiba, whose men fished with 'uruk rafts and whose women spun; the Prophet made peace with its people during the Tabuk campaign for a quarter of the 'uruk catch, a quarter of the spinning and a quarter of the fruits, writing them a letter of security and dhimma said to be in Ali's hand in 9 AH — though the edition's editors question its attribution since Ali was not with the Prophet on the Tabuk campaign.
مقام
مراغة
A city of Azerbaijan once called Afrahruudh; Marwan ibn Muhammad camped near it returning from the Muqan-Jilan raid, its great dung-pits gave his mules their rolling-ground — 'the maragha village', then the word village dropped — its people commended it to Marwan who bought and peopled it; seized among Umayyad estates for a daughter of al-Rashid; after al-Wajna' al-Azdi and Sadaqa ibn Ali's ravaging, Khuzayma ibn Khazim walled and garrisoned it under al-Rashid, Babak's rise made it a refuge, and al-Ma'mun's agents Ahmad ibn al-Junayd and Ali ibn Hisham repaired the wall while its suburb was fortified.
مقام
مرند
An Azerbaijani town, once a small village settled by Halbas Abu al-Ba'ith, fortified by al-Ba'ith then his son Muhammad who raised palaces; his Mutawakkil-era defiance ended with Buna al-Saghir razing wall and palace.
مقام
مرعش
Mar'ash (Germanikeia) of the Syrian-Jaziran marchland at the A'maq; Khalid ibn al-Walid took its fortress at Abu Ubayda's dispatch from Manbij on its people's evacuation, demolishing it; Mu'awiya built it as a garrisoned city, al-Abbas ibn al-Walid rebuilt and fortified it, raised its congregational mosque and levied a yearly contingent on Qinnasrin for it, and it passed through building and ruin between Marwan ibn Muhammad and the Romans until Salih ibn Ali rebuilt it in al-Mansur's caliphate and al-Mahdi enlarged its garrison; on its depths fell Michael's incursion of year 161, met by the sortie of Isa ibn Ali's mawalis.
مقام
مربلة
A small, well-built town with buildings and many fig trees; to its north is the fortress of Bishtar, reached by a difficult road.
مقام
ماردة
A city that was once a royal seat, with remarkable monuments, a bridge, a water channel and a palace called the kitchen house; al-Idrisi says its ruins speak of power and rule.
مقام
ماردين
مقام
مأرب
The second Sabaean capital after Sirwah, seat of the famous dam; its ruins lie about sixty miles east of Sanaa, and its flood is the Quranic Sayl al-Arim.
مقام
مارس بأصبهان
The revered hill-shrine three farsakhs from Isfahan whose idols Gushtasp cast out for his fire-temple — still honoured by the Magians, and counted among the temples named for the planets.
مقام
مرج الصُّفَّر
A place at Damascus, in the editors' marginal note; Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As was killed there in Abu Bakr's caliphate, according to Ibn Ishaq.
مقام
مرج دابق
مقام
مركطة
A small, settled town thirty stages from Balaq. Its people live on barley, and merchants come to it from Zalagh on the Red Sea.
مقام
المرقب
A fortress on the top of a high mountain overlooking the sea, eight miles from Antartus.
مقام
مرقية
A town on the coast facing the island of Arwad, emptied of its people, though its houses remain; al-Idrisi describes it as formerly populated.
مقام
مر الظهران
A major valley stage one stage north of Mecca (modern Wadi Fatima); there the ten-thousand-strong Muslim army encamped and lit ten thousand fires, Abu Sufyan was brought in by al-Abbas, and the tribes paraded in iron before the entry.
مقام
مراكش
Moroccan city founded around 1070 CE by the Almoravids as their capital.
مقام
مرسى الدجاج
A harbour about twenty miles from Tamdafus, known for a fortification around it.
مقام
المرسى الكبير
A harbour two miles from Wahran, sheltered from the wind, where ships anchor; al-Idrisi says it has no equal among the Berber lands.
مقام
مرسى الخرز
A small town with a strong wall, whose people live by coral fishing; its coral beds supply the coral that is carried to every land, and merchants come from all regions.
مقام
مارتلة
A populated, inhabited fortress famed for its strength and defences, with gardens, crops and fig trees.
مقام
مرو
Marw, the great city of Khurasan; its marzban's envoy al-Shahijan sued for peace and Hatim ibn al-Nu'man compounded it at a million two hundred thousand — variants: a million dirhams with two hundred thousand jarib of grain, or a million one hundred thousand uqiyya — the terms widening Muslim housing, all of it sulh save the village al-Sanj taken by force.
مقام
مرو الروذ
Marw al-Rudh of Tugharistan in Khurasan's works; besieged hard by al-Ahnaf till its folk took refuge in the fort and its marzban — of Badhan of Yemen's line — truced at sixty or six hundred thousand; its Qasr al-Ahnaf compounded at three hundred thousand on the clause that a Muslim enter, give the adhan, and stay till his return.
مقام
ماسبذان
a Jibal province; in al-Baladhuri unconquered by fight — al-Sirwan's people treated on al-Dinawar's terms; held Kathir ibn Shihab's palace, Zuhra ibn al-Harith's estates, and the Khasharima's late-Umayyad settlement.
مقام
جزيرة مسفهان
An island in the western sea among the Fortunate Isles. Citing the author of the Book of Wonders, al-Idrisi reports a round hill in its centre with a red idol set up by Asad Abu Karib al-Himyari as a sea-mark, and fearsome animals,.
مقام
مشارف
Village in the Balqa' region of Syria where the Muslim army first encountered Heraclius's forces and their Arab allies before withdrawing to Mu'tah itself.
مقام
مشكي
A populated city on the borders of Kerman, known for its strength, with palms, fields and camels.
مقام
المصيصة
Masisa (Mopsuestia), the Syrian march-fortress on the Jayhan; unpeopled by Muslims until Abdullah ibn Abd al-Malik built its fortress in year 84 on the ancient foundation, settling three hundred picked men and a mosque on its hill, while its church Herya had been the Byzantines' wintering goal; Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz meant to raze it and held back when shown it shielded Antioch, building the Kafarbayya mosque with its cistern; Hisham added the rabad, Marwan the eastern suburb with wall, gate and moat, Abu al-Abbas four hundred more garrison-men with estates, and the Mansur–Mahdi–Harun succession kept building the marches.
مقام
مسجد سليمان باصطخر
A ruined fire-temple a farsakh from Istakhr — made a fire-house by Queen Humay, later stripped and ruined — which al-Mas'udi entered and found marvellous: rock pillars crowned with stone horses and statues locals called prophets, and a wind that never stops moaning through it, said to be Solomon's chained wind; folk add he lunched at Baalbek and dined here, stopping at Palmyra.
مقام
مسكن
Village of the Sawad; in al-Baladhuri raided by al-Nusayr on Khalid ibn al-Walid's behalf together with Qatarrabul for a fine booty; a poet lists it among al-Anbar, Qatarrabul and Baduraya around Baghdad's market.
مقام
مسقط (ماسكت)
a city Anushirwan built; its people compounded with Salman ibn Rabi'a among the mountain kings after his crossing of the Kurr — its kingship, among the kings Anushirwan once confirmed, had lapsed by al-Baladhuri's day.
مقام
ماسورجان
A large, populated city with trade and many villages on the Tuwaran river, about forty-two miles from the capital of Tuwaran.
مقام
مسيونس
A large, populous city of ancient foundation, several stages north-east of Lafīsa.
مقام
مطرخا
A large, populous city with many districts and wide land, on a great river called Saqyū; the author gives twenty-seven miles to Rushiyya.
مقام
ماورغة
A town with crops, fertile land and running water, one stage from Raygha.
مقام
ميبذ
A small, civilised town of the Kath district with a busy market and shrewd people, about fifteen miles from al-Fahraj.
مقام
ميراف
A large city on the coast with wealthy merchants; its people are fond of travel, and al-Idrisi says some roam for a year or two without returning home.
مقام
ميسان
A district of the Basra region in Iraq; Umar ibn al-Khattab appointed al-Nu'man ibn Adi over it, according to Ibn Ishaq.
مقام
ميافارقين
A large, fine and fertile city at the foot of a mountain, where wide cloths and fine woven stuffs are made; two stages from Amid.
مقام
مازر
A fine, lively and complete city with broad lanes, markets, wide inns, gardens and orchards, from which goods are shipped to every land; it lies on the sea.
مقام
مرسى مازيغن
A harbour about sixty-five miles from Anfa, with a bay called al-Bayda on the coast; about fifty miles from Asfi.
مقام
مازونة
A town about six miles from the sea, below a ditch, with rivers, farms and orchards.
مقام
مكة المكرمة
City in the Hejaz, birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and site of the Kaaba and the annual Hajj.
مقام
المدينة المنورة
City in the Hejaz to which the Prophet migrated in 622 CE; site of the Prophet's Mosque and the first Muslim community. The Prophet declared it a sanctuary as Abraham declared Mecca — its bounds 'between 'Ayr and Thawr' (or 'to Uhud' in the reading Abu 'Ubayd and al-Hazimi preferred) and 'between its two lava fields'; within them hunting and tree-cutting are forbidden and the bloodwit for unintended killing is heavier. Samhudi counts nearly ninety-five names for it, among them Tayba, Taba and Yathrib.
مقام
البحر الشامي (البحر المتوسط)
Al-Idrisi's Syrian sea enters from the western dark sea at the strait of al-Zuqaq, eighteen miles wide there, and runs east past the Maghreb, Ifriqiya, Egypt, Syria, Antioch, Constantinople, Sicily and Andalusia; about 1,136 farsakhs long with some hundred islands.
مقام
مكناسة
A handsome city on high ground with water running to its east, with markets, baths and houses, and gardens and fields around it; named after the Miknasa tribe.
مقام
مرو
An ancient city in present-day Turkmenistan; it was the capital of Khurasan, the Abbasid movement set out from it, and al-Ma'mun resided there before moving to Baghdad.
مقام
مسينا
مقام
مهرجان (خراسان)
A populous town with an earthen wall and a great suburb, watered by a river; two stages from Diwarah.
مقام
مهرجانقذف
a Jibal kura; in al-Baladhuri wholly conquered by Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, al-Saymara its city.
مقام
مهران
Mihran, Sind's great river and its land; here Muhammad ibn al-Qasim camped mid-way, crossed the Mihwan by a contrived bridge, and Dahir fell at evening.
مقام
ميلة
A handsome city of many trees and abundant water, whose people are a mix of Berbers; it once acknowledged the lord of Bijaya.
مقام
ميلاص
A fortress jutting into the sea, fine in form and strongly built, among the best and most handsome places, in al-Idrisi's description.
مقام
مليانة
مقام
منى
مقام
منورقة
An island facing Denia across the sea, with a small fine town, and a channel's distance from the coast of Barcelona.
مقام
مقرة
A town with grain, whose people grow much flax; one stage from al-Musayla.
مقام
مرباط
A town on the Hadramawt coast whose hills grow frankincense, which is shipped out from there. Its people are a mixture of Yemeni and other tribes, four days by land from Hasik.
مقام
مركة
A coastal town in Barbara land. Its people grow sorghum by the Nile, and it lies at varying distances by sea and land from al-Naja and Khaqun.
مقام
مصر
A land watered by the Nile without rain, with Nubia to the south and the sea to the north; it has orchards, trees, palms and sugar cane, and its people plant after the flood.
مقام
مصراتة
مقام
المنستير
A place with three fortified residences inhabited by devout people; the dead of al-Mahdiyya were carried there by boat for burial, near al-Mahdiyya.
مقام
الموصل
A city on the Tigris in northern Iraq; it was a Zengid centre in the twelfth century and holds the al-Nuri Great Mosque.
مقام
جبل سلع
A mountain in Medina; Ka'b ibn Malik pitched a tent on its back during the boycott, and the caller who brought him the news of the accepted repentance climbed it.
مقام
مغيلة
A town that was once civilised and built up, set in a wide plain full of herbs, now left with the remains of buildings and ruin.
مقام
مكول
A village of Berbers, fortress-like in appearance, with a market that draws goods and trade; one stage from Ankal.
مقام
ملتان
A city in southern Punjab in Pakistan, conquered by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim in 712 CE; it is an important centre of Sufism.
مقام
منية ابن الخصيب
A prosperous village on the east bank of the Nile, with gardens, cultivated land, cane and grapes. Half a day from al-Qays.
مقام
موقان
The Muqan steppe of Azerbaijan on the Aras; al-Walid ibn Uqba, Kufa's governor for Uthman, raided it among his northern campaigns.
مقام
المقطم
A mountain that begins in Egypt and runs through the desert nearly to Aswan, with ochre, lime and gold; the author reports traditions of priests and treasures associated with it.
مقام
مرسية
A city on the river that bears its name; the author gives its distance from Lorca as forty miles.
مقام
مرسية
The capital of the Tudmir lands, with a populous suburb and a well-built wall, watered by a channel through its suburb, on the bank of the white river; five stages from Valencia.
مقام
مرتوري
A city in the land of the Rus at the mouth of a river; the author gives four days from Ramsilī.
مقام
مسقط
The capital of the Sultanate of Oman on the Gulf of Oman, an old trading port; Oman is the centre of the Ibadi school.
مقام
مشلة
A fine city with many farms and fruits, wide districts, strong walls and busy markets.
مقام
المصيصة
A town on the Jayhan river, with a stone bridge to al-Mulan; its Greek name is Mamstra; orchards and fields surround it.
مقام
مستغانم
A town on the sea by a bay, with markets, baths, gardens, orchards and plenty of water.
مقام
مستناح
A town on a great river descending from the Banjar mountains, six days' journey from the royal city, with much fish and great fishes.
مقام
مؤتة
Village in southern Jordan, near which the Muslims fought a Byzantine-led force in 629 CE.
مقام
شارع المتنبي
Baghdad's book and print street since the 19th century — 'reading is breathing to Iraqis'; bombed in 2007 and reborn.
مقام
متوسة
A populated village on the coast about twelve miles from Jijel.
مقام
موريدس
A city on the edge of the Indian lands, three stages from Dadda and eight from Qandahar.
مقام
المزدلفة
مقام
نابل
A palace on the sea near a populous city that was later ruined; al-Idrisi says a site with traces of an old city lies near it.
مقام
النبك
مقام
نابلس
The city of the Samaritans, with the well where, as the people of Jerusalem say, a visitor asked a Samaritan woman for water; a day from Ramla.
مقام
نبرنته
A ruined city eight stages north of the Sughwa, once well known. Sand overwhelmed its houses and dried its wells, and only a few people remain,.
مقام
نضخو
A town on a lake of sweet water with many birds like hoopoes; four stages from Khaqan, visited by many Turks for its spring pasture.
مقام
نفطة
A small town with markets, trade, palms, crops and running water, two stages from Qafsa.
مقام
نفزاوة
A town about one day from Tuzar; al-Idrisi also mentions another town between Jabal Nafusa and Nafzawa.
مقام
نهر أبي الأسد
A canal at the Batayih; in al-Baladhuri dug by Abu al-Asad, al-Mansur's mawla-commander sent to Basra during Abdallah ibn Ali's stay there — who also brought Abdallah ibn Ali into Kufa — while camped opposite Isa ibn Musa's force during the war on Ibrahim ibn Abdallah al-Hasani; or, he widened the canal's mouth for ships and it was named for him.
مقام
نهر عدي
Nahr Adi at Basra — a khawr of the town's river until Adi ibn Arta'a, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's governor, cut it from Butq Shirin on the town's plea and Wak'i's letter.
مقام
نهر الأمير
Nahr al-Amir at Basra, dug by al-Mansur and gifted to his son Ja'far — first 'the Commander of the Faithful's canal', then 'the prince's'; al-Rashid bought it, parcelled grants from it and sold.
مقام
نهر الأساورة
The Asāwira canal at Basra by Fil's house, dug by Abdallah ibn Amir — or, as some say, dug by the asāwira themselves.
مقام
نهر البنات
Nahr al-Banat at Basra — Ziyad's daughters, each granted sixty jarib, the common measure of his grants.
مقام
نهر البزاق
An old Sawad canal; in al-Baladhuri called in Nabataean 'la-Bassaq' — one that cuts water off its neighbour and draws it to itself — gathering surplus waters of al-Sib's marshes and Euphrates water, which the people corrupted to al-Bazzaq.
مقام
نهر المرأة
The Woman's Canal of the Tigris districts; Shurayh ibn Amir took its palace by treaty from al-Nushajan ibn Jasnasima — the 'woman' its lady Kamandar bint Narsi, al-Nushajan's cousin — and it was named because Abu Musa al-Ash'ari lodged there, she provisioned him khabis, and he kept saying 'feed us the woman's flour'.
مقام
نهر الميمون
A Sawad canal; in al-Baladhuri first dug by Sa'id ibn Zayd, agent of Umm Ja'far Zubayda bint Ja'far ibn al-Mansur, its mouth at a village called Qaryat Maymun — redirected under al-Wathiq by Umar ibn Faraj al-Rukhji — named al-Maymun lest the name of felicity be lost from it.
مقام
نهر المبارك
A canal in the Sawad; in al-Baladhuri dug by Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri, praised by al-Farazdaq: 'al-Mubarak, like its name, waters the Sawad's ploughland and the tyrant's lush domain.'
مقام
نهر النعمان بن المنذر
Nahr al-Nu'man ibn al-Mundhir at al-Qandal, a Tigris khawr dammed by Sulayman ibn Ali — the Lakhmid king's own Kisra-era grant, with a palace of his there.
مقام
نهر الصلة
A Sawad canal; in al-Baladhuri dug at al-Mahdi's command, its lands revived and its revenue assigned to the sila of the two sanctuaries' people, on a fifty-year compact followed by half-sharecropping.
مقام
نهر الأبلة
The Ubulla canal, Basra's great channel from al-Ijana to al-Ubulla, four farsakhs long; Abu Musa began its digging on Umar's order and Ziyad completed it from the silted reach — the cause of his feud with Abdallah ibn Amir.
مقام
نهر بردى
A river that splits within the city into channels running to its houses, baths and gardens. Al-Idrisi says its flow can be heard from far off, and that it is not drunk because washing places drain into it.
مقام
نهر بهنك
A great river in northern India that passes east of Atraghan and reaches the sea; the author notes a people there who wash in it, believing their sins are cleansed.
مقام
نهر بوغو
A great river entered by boats and galleys, with towns and forts along it, flowing to the western sea; seventy miles from the Mount Miyur fort.
مقام
نهر ابن عمر
Nahr Ibn Umar at Basra, dug by Abdallah ibn Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz for Yazid ibn al-Walid after the two-flask complaint of the town's brackish water.
مقام
نهر خمدان
A great river of China, the subject of reports in the books of marvels, on which the city of the same name stands.
مقام
نهر كر
A river rising in the Kurdish borderlands that passes the valley of Bawan, waters the districts of Fars and flows into the lake of Bakhtakan.
مقام
نهر معقل
The Ma'qil canal of Basra, named for Ma'qil ibn Yasar whom Ziyad sent to open it for his Companion's blessing — though Ziyad dug it, none called it Ziyad's canal.
مقام
سيحان
Sayhan, the Basra canal that belonged to the Barmakids — they themselves named it Sayhan.
مقام
نهر شيرين
A river rising in the Bazarnaj range, watering the districts of Farzak and Jaladjan, and running to the sea near Jannaba.
مقام
نهر تيرى
A populated town with houses and markets and much produce, one stage from al-Ahwaz and two from Bayan.
مقام
نهروارة
A city ruled by a powerful king with many elephants in his army. Muslim merchants visit it in numbers, and according to al-Idrisi the king honours them and keeps their property secure.
مقام
النيرون
A fortified city, neither large nor very populous, whose people are well off and which has few trees; about three stages from Daybul.
مقام
النجا
The last land of Barbara, a village on the road from Mirka. Eight days from it to Qarnawa, and six to Badhuna.
مقام
النجف
مقام
النجاغة
A small town on the bank of the river that crosses Abyssinia. Its people are farmers who grow sorghum and barley for their living. Six days from Markata.
مقام
نجرغ
A populous city in the land of Samrīqī with troops; the author gives two and a half stages from Arṣāh.
مقام
نجران
A large town some seven stages south of Mecca toward Yemen, remembered in the prophetic sources as comprising seventy-three villages and a powerful Christian community whose delegation reached Medina in 9 AH.
مقام
نخلة اليمانية
مقام
نمرة
مقام
نمجان
A small, civilised town ruled by a Turkish man, on the bank of a river called Sūqān.
مقام
نامنة
A Tabaristan village; Sa'id ibn al-As took it with Tamisa on the Tabaristan raid.
مقام
جزيرة النمنج
An island in the eastern sea, where, according to al-Idrisi's source in the Book of Marvels, a people with tails live under a king of their own.
مقام
نانطس
A large, populous, inhabited city with fields and outlying land; a strong and pleasing city from which merchants fit out, in a bay that opens from the sea; about fifty miles from Belfer.
مقام
نابل (نابولي)
A fine, ancient, populous city with goods and wares, with a harbour of abundant water; al-Idrisi describes its markets and fame.
مقام
نقاوس
A city rich in trees and orchards, most of its fruit being dates, with a standing market; two stages from Tabna.
مقام
نارند
Narand of the Indian quarters; reached by Amr ibn Jamal's bawarij under Hisham ibn Amr.
مقام
ناروا
A great town and well-filled stop with busy markets and famous crafts, and joined farms; twelve miles from Kirkant.
مقام
ناروس
A small, civilised town with markets for buying and selling; the author gives one hundred miles from Nūshā.
مقام
نسا
Nasa of Khurasan; Ibn Khazim took its Humrandiz rustaq and its lord truced at three hundred thousand — or on land-capacity kharaj, with no killing and no captives.
مقام
نسف
Nasaf — that is Nakhshab — beyond the river; its folk marched with Sughd, Turks and Kish on Sa'id ibn Uthman's host and were broken at Bukhara.
مقام
نصيبين
Nasibin (Nisibis) of the Jazira cities; Iyad ibn Ghanm took it after fighting on the like of al-Ruha's treaty, and after it Tur Abdin and the fortress of Mardin with Dara, Qarda and Bazabda on the like of its terms; its administrator complained to Mu'awiya in Uthman's days that a company of Muslims had been stung by scorpions, and he ordered him to charge each quarter of the city with a named quota of scorpions every night to be brought and killed.
مقام
نسطاسية
A stronghold and small town of fertility and strong defences, twelve miles from the sea, where the river of Musa gathers the waters of several streams.
مقام
نوابة
A town a short distance from the Nile, above the equator. Its people and trade are few, and the land is hot and dry; six days from the Nubian capital.
مقام
النوبهار
The Nawbahar, Balkh's great edifice; ruined by Ata ibn al-Sa'ib in Qays ibn al-Haytham's campaign when its people broke.
مقام
نوقان
One of the fine cities of the land, with a strong earthen wall, wealthy merchants and craftsmen; the tomb of Ali ibn Musa al-Rida is in it, and turquoise is mined in its hills.
مقام
نوشى
A civilised city of middling size with crops and orchards, on a river that waters most of its farms.
مقام
نوطس
Among the highest fortresses and noblest towns, with well-arranged markets, running water and many mills, and a wide district.
مقام
نايين
A town of markets, trade and circulating wealth, built of mud, seventy-five miles from Aqda.
مقام
صحراء نيسر
A thinly inhabited desert that merchants cross on the way to Awdaghast and Ghana, mostly in the autumn season. Water is scarce and found at known stations; one stretch of about fourteen days has none. The author describes travel by night, with rest through the heat of midday,.
مقام
نكور
Nekour, an ancient city on the Rif coast of the Far Maghreb between two rivers, one the Nekour rising in the Kaznaya lands; seat of the Banu Salih ibn Mansur kings of Ghumara — the Majus raiders sacked it for eight days in 244 AH, Musa ibn Abi al-Afiya destroyed it in 317, and Ibn Tashfin ruined it again so that it was never re-inhabited.
مقام
نيفارص
A great and noble city with brave men, populous villages and abundant tax revenue, about eighty miles from Dijon.
مقام
نيقية
An ancient, famous city that was once the seat of the Roman kingdom before Constantinople was built; it stands by a long broad lake about twelve miles long, three miles from the sea.
مقام
نهاوند
A Jibal city; in al-Baladhuri, the field of Yawm Nihawand in year 20 when the Persians and the people of Rayy, Qumis, Isbahan, Hamadhan and the Mahayn gathered to the fleeing Yazdgard under Mardanshah Dhu al-Hajib behind the Dirafsh-i Kabiyan.
مقام
نقموذية
An old town, now in ruins, a three-day sea distance from the coast; al-Idrisi lists it in the district of Aftiy.
مقام
نينوى
The twin forts of Nineveh facing Mosul across the Tigris; their people fought Utba ibn Farqad, he took the eastern fort by storm, crossed the river, and the other fort's people treated for jizya with leave for whoever wished to quit.
مقام
نيسابور
A city in Khurasan in northeastern Iran; it was an important centre of hadith scholarship, and Imam Muslim, author of the Sahih, is ascribed to it.
مقام
نيسو
A noble, fine city and land, rich in produce, honey and milk, with cheap prices and a large bridge over its river; one of the cities of Maqdūniya.
مقام
نيطرم
A civilised, large city on level ground with running water, farms and abundant produce; the author gives forty miles north to Aqra.
مقام
نياست
A populous city on the Ganges with much grain, seven stages from Madyar.
مقام
المدرسة النظامية
Baghdad's Nizamiyya school, built by Alp Arslan's vizier Nizam al-Mulk and finished in 459 with Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi named its teacher — 'said to be the first school built for the jurists'.
مقام
بلاد النوبة
In al-Baladhuri: the land Muslim horses entered after Egypt's conquest, meeting fierce fighting and arrow-showers that gouged eyes — 'the eye-bleeders' — until Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh made peace with them on a truce without jizya.
مقام
نغيرا
A town in the land of Qamnuriyya. The author says it was once one of two thriving towns there, and that wars and raids later emptied it. He gives about twelve days of travel from it toward Sila,.
مقام
نول
A large, populated city on the edge of the desert; it is the only town where the people of the region shelter, and the Lamtuna and Lamta tribes live near it.
مقام
نونشكة
An island off the coast of the White Qumans where a kind of fish is caught; the author records what informants told him about it.
مقام
نوقسترو
A fine, cheap, populous city on the bank of the Danube.
مقام
نيون برك
A city in the land of Shuṣūniya; the author gives one hundred miles from Iqrāqū and forty miles from Hāla.
مقام
عمان
The land of Oman, which al-Idrisi describes as self-contained and well peopled, with bananas, pomegranates, figs, grapes and other fruit.
مقام
جزيرة أوريسين
A large island off the Indian coast where elephants are hunted and their tusks traded. It has iron mines, rhubarb grows in its hills, and al-Idrisi describes a poisonous tree there called al-Shahkir.
مقام
أرليانش
A populated, civilised city with standing houses, farms and crops on a river; seventy miles from Tours, one of the cities of France in al-Idrisi's account.
مقام
أوزبرك
A city in the region of Ṣawāba; the author gives one hundred miles from Bansa and seventy miles from a city on the Mūyin river.
مقام
باليرمو
Sicilian city that fell to Muslim forces in 831 CE and was the capital of the Emirate of Sicily until the Norman conquest in 1072.
مقام
بانوسة
An inhabited island about thirty miles round, lying to the north of al-Bi'a.
مقام
فروان
A town with markets, trade and wealthy people, well built, linked to India by a pass; a gateway for merchants entering India.
مقام
الخليج الأخضر (بحر فارس)
A branch of the Indian and Chinese sea that runs past western Sind, Makran, Kirman and Fars to al-Ubulla, then turns south past Bahrain, al-Yamama and Oman; about 440 farsakhs long.
مقام
البتراء
Capital of the Nabataeans — the descendants of Nabit ibn Ismail in the traditional account — in northern Hijaz, whose strong kingdom dominated the fringes until the Romans broke it.
مقام
جزائر الفيلبين
A Pacific archipelago of about 1,200 islands. In Arslan's commentary on Stoddard, Islam reached the southern islands, Mindanao and Sulu, through contact with northern Borneo. Under Spanish rule most of the population became Catholic; a revolt in 1896 followed, and the Ottoman government sent an envoy to support the Muslims, who had little education.
مقام
قبلة
a city Qubadh ibn Fayruz built in Arran — also called al-Khazar — which Salman ibn Rabi'a took after crossing the Kurr toward the Rass-Kurr confluence.
مقام
قابي
A city in the land of the Magians far from the sea; the author gives four days from Qulārī.
مقام
قبر هود بالأحقاف
A tomb visited continually by the people of Hadramawt and Mahra — al-Hamdani places it in the red sand-hill within an overlooking cave, at the lower end of the Ahqaf valley that runs from Hadramawt toward Mahra country over days' march.
مقام
قبر يونس بحلحول
The tomb ascribed to Yunus ibn Matta at Halhul village, left of the Jerusalem-Hebron road, under a domed building with a keeper; pilgrims turn aside to it, and al-Umari visited repeatedly, last in Dhu al-Hijja 745.
مقام
جزيرة قادس
An island twelve miles from Sharish, with the city of Qadis, linked to the mainland by causeways.
مقام
قافز
A palace in the middle of a plain with a lake about half a mile long to its east, four miles from the sea, where the Rawaha tribes live.
مقام
قفصة
A fine walled city with a flowing river and crops of henna, cotton and cumin, with a market and standing crafts.
مقام
قلعة فيمي
An ancient, unblemished stronghold with little water in its surroundings; al-Idrisi gives distances from it along the roads of the western part of the island.
مقام
قلعة النساء
A fine-built castle overlooking the sea, with trees and fruit, about twenty-one miles from Naroa.
مقام
القلمون
A fortress on the sea about five miles from the preceding point, on a broad piece of land on which the fort was built.
مقام
قالري
A fortified and pleasant city on the bank of the Mihran river in Sind, with abundant produce.
مقام
قلعة البلوط
A strong fortress and a lofty stronghold, with noble valleys, fertile estates and many mills on its streams, about twelve miles from al-Shaqqa.
مقام
قلعة الكاريان
A castle on a mountain of clay, reached only by a hard path like an ant's track; al-Idrisi counts it among the marvels of building.
مقام
قلعة أيوب
A town of many trees and fruits with low prices, where gilded earthenware is made; fifty miles east of al-Funt.
مقام
القلعة (قلعة بني حماد)
One of the largest lands and wealthiest towns, its wall encircling a mountain, with a high fortress on top and fine palaces and houses; al-Idrisi describes its abundance.
مقام
قلعة بني سعيد
The Banu Sa'id fortress — anciently Astulir or Qal'at Yahsub, where a Yemeni clan settled at the conquest — home of the historian's family and of the Musahhib's commissioning.
مقام
قلعة بسر
Qal'at Busr, a castle near a town called Majjana by the silver mine, among Qayrawan's works; Busr ibn Abi Artat opened it in Uqba ibn Nafi's governorship — or, some say, Musa ibn Nusayr sent him to it aged eighty-two — killing and capturing, whence it bears his name to this day.
مقام
قلعة ذي الرفاق
Qal'at Dhi al-Rifaq in al-Ahwaz; opened by Thabit ibn Dhi al-Hirra al-Himyari.
مقام
قلعة اسفنديار
A castle in the district of Istakhr on a high mountain, reached by a hard climb of about three miles; no beast can go up, and its water comes from rain.
مقام
قلعة كرمطة
A fortress with a market and crops, on the Inawan river, one stage from Karanta.
مقام
قلعة مهدي
A strong fortress on a high mountain, on the road from Tadla, with Zanata tribes living around it.
مقام
قلعة رباح
A fortress on the bank of the Yana river, which al-Idrisi calls a strong, populated stronghold three stages from Merida.
مقام
قلهات
A populated town on the coast of Oman with well water and fishing, a long stage inland from Sur.
مقام
قليبلي
A large, ancient and populous city with a good harbour, a spring and wells; al-Idrisi says the sea enters it twice a day.
مقام
قاليمالايا
A large, populous city rich in crops on a high hill with plentiful game; the author places it in the lands of the ruler of Constantinople.
مقام
قلمرية
A city of many vineyards and fruits, including apples and cherries, on a river called the Bugu, with a strong fort that cannot be taken; about three days from Shantarin.
مقام
قاليقلا
Qaliqala (Theodosiopolis, Erzurum), of Armenia III in the reported division — or II — and the seat of Armenia's conquests; al-Baladhuri relates that a woman who ruled Armeniakos after her husband, named Qali, built it calling it 'Qali's beneficence', her image on one of its gates, and the Arabs arabised it Qaliqala; Habib ibn Maslama took it in Uthman's caliphate on departure-who-willed and jizya for who stayed, Mu'awiya garrisoning it with two thousand men on land-grants; it stayed defiant until Kusan the Armenian brought it down in year 133 through two brothers' tunnel under its wall and demolished it; al-Mansur restored it in year 139 ransoming its captives, settling and garrisoning it, and al-Mu'tasim spent five hundred thousand dirhams on its fortification.
مقام
قلمار
A coastal city which the author places two hundred miles beyond Saqṭūn.
مقام
قلونية
A large city on the western bank of the Rhine with settled outskirts and regular harvests; the author gives sixty miles from Mabānisa.
مقام
أرض قمنورية
A land of the Sudan south of the Sahara that once had well-known towns. Pressure from the Zaghawa and Lamtuna reduced its people, who scattered to mountains and deserts; only a few remain, living on milk and fish. The author reports that merchants describe their beliefs as confused,.
مقام
قامرون
The king of a populated island with a rich land. Good camphor grows there. The author says his people attack ships that come near with poisoned arrows.
مقام
قمولة
A village about five miles from Damamil, which the author says is as rich as a town, gathering every kind of produce. Citing a trusted informant of his time, he reports varieties of fruit there, including one of unusual size.
مقام
قناطر النعمان
ancient arches; in al-Baladhuri via Ibn Hisham al-Kalbi named for al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin al-Muzani's camp there.
مقام
قندابيل
Qandabil between Makran and Sind; parts opened by Mujja'a ibn Si'r, completed by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.
مقام
القندهار
al-Qandahar on the Sijistan-India road; stormed by Abbad ibn Ziyad at cost — its tall caps the model of the 'Abbadiyya — and Ibn Mufarrigh's 'he whose fate is written at Qandahar'.
مقام
قنطرة السيف
A great bridge over the Yana river, guarded by a strong fort, whose people are formidable; al-Idrisi praises its defences.
مقام
قنطرة قرة
Qantarat Qurra at Basra, named for Qurra ibn Habban al-Bahili; Umm Abdallah ibn Amir bought the old canal there and gave it in sadaqa as the town's drainage, and Ibn Amir bought the market and gave it likewise.
مقام
قنطرة قرطبة
A bridge of seventeen arches, about fifty spans between each pair, rising some thirty cubits over the river, with a stone dam beneath it.
مقام
قنطرة ثكان
A bridge on the Musin river near the gate of Arjan, which al-Idrisi says rivals the bridge of Cordoba.
مقام
قاقلا
A city rich in silk, where silkworms are raised and the Qaqali cloth and silk are made; ten stages from Qashmir.
مقام
قرنطية
The first city of the Kimak lands, large, with a strong wall and horses and horsemen, on a great lake said to be six days long and a day and a half wide; seven days from Bakhwan.
مقام
قرليون
A strong, unassailable fortress and tall stronghold beside a river named after it; five miles from Jatawa, in al-Idrisi's account.
مقام
قرماسين
A Jibal city; in al-Baladhuri, taken by Jarir ibn Abdallah on the same terms as Hulwan's treaty.
مقام
قرمونة
A fortified town on a strong hilltop overlooking a plain rich in wheat and barley; two stages from Seville.
مقام
كارموت
A town four stages from Qashmir, which al-Idrisi counts among the known cities of India.
مقام
قرن المنازل
مقام
القرنين
A medium-sized walled city which al-Idrisi says was once the home and seat of Rustam; one stage from Sijistan, on the left of the road to Khurasan.
مقام
قرقنة
An island with no town; its people live in reed huts and grow vines, cumin and anise. King Roger took it in the year 548 AH.
مقام
قرقيسيا
Qarqisiya (Circesium) where the Khabur meets the Euphrates in the Jazira; Iyad sent Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri who took it by treaty on the like of al-Raqqa's terms, and when its people broke faith Umayr ibn Sa'd re-compounded with them on their first treaty as he worked the Khabur down to the Euphrates forts; the al-Rahba below it had no ancient trace — built in al-Ma'mun's caliphate.
مقام
قرقوب
A city producing gold-threaded silk brocade known as Qarqubi, carried to distant lands; about four stages from Sus.
مقام
قرقوذي
A fine town on the top of a mountain, among the strongest heights of the island, with good crops and farming; near the salt river, about a hundred miles from Kirkant.
مقام
قرقونة
A town on the Yemeni sea in Barbara land, where sea turtles are hunted. Two days by sea from Jawa.
مقام
قرطاجنة
A ruined city, now inhabited by Arab chiefs, with an earthen wall remaining. Al-Idrisi describes its wonders: standing arcades in the air, and underground cisterns fed by water from a spring near Qayrawan.
مقام
قاروقيا
A fine city with standing buildings; the author gives ten stages north of Bsjrt al-Kharija.
مقام
قاشا
A city whose people depart from the creed of the Chinese; they burn their dead in the Indian manner, ten stages from Baja.
مقام
قاشان
a Jibal city; in al-Baladhuri taken by force by al-Ahnaf ibn Qays — al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Tamimi — on Abu Musa's mission.
مقام
قشمير
A famous city among the lands of India; al-Idrisi distinguishes Inner and Outer Qashmir, and gives four stages from it to Qarmut.
مقام
قصر عبد الكريم
A small, populated fortified settlement of mixed Berbers on a river, about three miles from the sea, with a busy market.
مقام
قصر أحنف
A populated place on the Balkh road one stage from Marw, with an earthen wall and running water.
مقام
قصر المسيرين
Qasr al-Musayyirin at Basra, Abd al-Rahman ibn Ziyad's, where al-Hajjaj jailed the families of Ibn al-Ash'ath's followers — a palace within a palace — beside Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad's palace and its jawsaq.
مقام
قصر النواشق
Qasr al-Nawashiq at Basra — Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan's palace, so named by the street-toughs.
مقام
قصر النعمان
Qasr al-Nu'man at Basra, the seat of al-Nu'man ibn Suhban al-Rasibi who judged between Mudar and Rabi'a when Yazid died; Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad enlarged it and Nu'man foretold 'evil wealth — much water drowns me, little parching' — the water failed and every soul there died.
مقام
قصر القشيب
A palace at Marib known as Qasr al-Qashib, which al-Idrisi identifies as the palace of Bilqis.
مقام
قصر أوس
A Basra palace named for Aws ibn Tha'laba of Taym Allah, the man of the Palmyra-idols verse.
مقام
هزاردر
Hazārdir, the Basra palace of many doors built by Shirawayh for Marjana — named for the thousand doors, or the thousand asāwira Kisra lodged in a thousand houses there.
مقام
قصر مصمودة
A fortified site on the sea where ships and fire-ships are built, on the headland of the strait nearest Andalusia, about twenty miles from Ceuta.
مقام
قصر أم عيسى
A town not large, two days south of al-Qasaba. Its people are prosperous, keep camels for travel, and their main trade is alum.
مقام
قصرياني
A town with a strong fortress and firm walls, broad in extent and well built, with a wide district and cool air; eighteen miles from Qal'at al-Nisa.
مقام
قصة
Qassa of Sind; alone steadfast in Islam when Hind's folk apostatized after Tamim ibn Zayd.
مقام
قستطلون
A high, strongly defended and populated fort, about twenty miles from al-Randaj and twenty more to the village of Musqala.
مقام
قسطيلية (توزر)
A city also called Tuzar, with a strong wall, many palms and large citrons; its vegetables are among the best in the Ifriqiya lands.
مقام
قطانية
A proud, famous city of Sicily with splendid houses, mosques and congregational mosques, visited from every region; it has the well-known elephant monument and lies six miles from Liyaj.
مقام
قطربل
Village of the Baghdad Sawad; in al-Baladhuri raided by al-Nusayr on Khalid ibn al-Walid's behalf together with Maskin.
مقام
قطيغورا
A great city with profits and facilities on a fresh-water creek, six stages from Tarighyawqan.
مقام
قاون
A large, populous city on the Danube with markets and crafts; the author gives one hundred miles from Aqra.
مقام
قاين
A clay-walled city of mud-brick buildings, with a citadel and a ditch; about one stage in size and two stages from Yanabadh.
مقام
قينة
A small village on the road to Yemen.
مقام
قينيو
A large, densely built city at the foot of a high mountain; the author gives one hundred miles from Nūshā.
مقام
القيروان
Qayrawan, the garrison-city of Ifriqiya; Uqba ibn Nafi' al-Fihri laid it out on a thicket-site of trees unapproachable for beasts, snakes and deadly vermin — praying to his Lord until all that was removed, the very beasts fleeing with their young — then built, the people building houses and dwellings with him, and built its congregational mosque, having seen in a dream a man giving the call to prayer where its minaret stood, so he built the minarets on the man's station; and Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i repaired the city and its mosque in his governorship for Abu al-Abbas.
مقام
قيسارية
Coastal Caesarea of the Filastin district; first besieged by Amr ibn al-As in year 13 and finally taken by Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan in Shawwal year 19 — some say the opening of year 20 — after a siege of near seven years and the guidance of Yusuf the Jew to the water-conduit; al-Waqidi reports it held seven hundred thousand apostates, thirty thousand Samaritans and two hundred thousand Jews, three hundred markets and a hundred thousand guarding its wall each night; in Ibn al-Zubayr's days the Byzantines came upon it and ruined it, demolishing its mosque, and when Abd al-Malik's rule was secure he repaired it, restored its mosque, garrisoned it and rebuilt Tyre and Acre the Outer on its model.
مقام
قيسي
A fortress of many buildings and strong foundations with abundant water, fifteen miles from Jaras.
مقام
القيارة
مقام
قزدار
A populated city with markets, trade and good conditions, with districts that depend on it.
مقام
قزلارة
A large, populous city with rich revenues; its people are described as strong defenders of their land, with abundant grain.
مقام
قزوين
City in the Daylam mountain country; in al-Baladhuri the asawira living opposite Daylam converted when the Muslims came to Qazwin, on the terms of Basra's asawira.
مقام
قفط
A city on the east bank of the Nile, half a day from Akhmim. The author describes its population as mixed and says its people are Shia, as he states it. Seeds of greens such as turnip and lettuce are grown and pressed for oil, which is made into soap and carried throughout Egypt.
مقام
قنا
مقام
قنسرين
Qinnasrin, capital of the Qinnasrin-and-Awasim jund; its people compounded with Abu Ubayda on Hims's terms then broke faith, and al-Simt ibn al-Aswad al-Kindi retook it; it held the Tanukh hadir from their first settling in Syria in hair tents before they built houses — some converting while Banu Salih ibn Hulwan of Quda'a stayed Christian, some converting in al-Mahdi's days; it and Hims afterwards formed a single jund, its kuwar including Aleppo, Manbij, Harran and what adjoins them.
مقام
القيقان
al-Qiqan of the Sind lands adjoining Khurasan; raided by al-Muhallab in 44h — the grave of al-Harith ibn Murra, Abdallah ibn Sawar and Rashid ibn Amr.
مقام
تشيوانتشو
A port in southeastern China where Muslim merchants resided in the Middle Ages; it holds an old mosque dating to 1009 CE.
مقام
قبرس
The island of Cyprus in the Byzantine sea, some eighty farsakhs square by report; first sailed by the Muslims on Mu'awiya's raid of year 28, its people compounding for seven thousand two hundred dinars yearly — paying the like to the Byzantines — on condition of not being made to fight for them and of warning the Muslims of enemy movements, making them a ransom-people rather than dhimmis; when they aided the Byzantines in year 32 Mu'awiya took it by force in year 33 then restored their treaty, building a city and mosques there until Yazid withdrew the garrison; al-Walid ibn Yazid exiled a body of them and Yazid ibn al-Walid returned them; its covenant became a juristic test-case on which al-Layth, Malik, Sufyan ibn Uyayna and others were consulted under Abd al-Malik ibn Salih; and it holds the grave of Umm Haram bint Milhan, called the grave of the righteous woman.
مقام
قديد
مقام
قوهستان
Quhistan, the nearest city to the Tabasayn at Khurasan's gate; led there by al-Ahnaf ibn Qays, its people and the Hayatila — Turks, some say Persian outcasts exiled by Fayruz to Herat — met him and were routed.
مقام
قلوري
A small, fortress-like town whose people are farmers with many sheep; the author gives six stages south-east of Anhū.
مقام
القلزم
In al-Baladhuri: a sea and route al-Mutawakkil gave Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Qummi together with Egypt's mine and the Hijaz road; provisions were carried from it in ships to the Buja lands.
مقام
قمانية السود
A city to which the Qumans are attributed, known as Qumāniya al-Sūd; the author explains the name by a river connected to its land.
مقام
قمار
An island that traders visit for oud, with sandalwood and rice. The author says its people wear cloth wraps, are known for justice and fairness, and cremate their dead.
مقام
قومس
a province; in al-Baladhuri, whose people joined the Persian summons to Yazdgard in year 20 — conquered by Urwa ibn Zayd after Nihawand.
مقام
قم
a Jibal city; in al-Baladhuri reached by Abu Musa and Abdallah ibn Qays returning from Nihawand — stayed upon days, then opened.
مقام
قورنت
A large populated city on a strait, thirty miles from the narrows that lie between them; an island lies off it joined to the mainland.
مقام
قورية
An ancient town with a strong wall, where vines and olive trees are most common; two stages from the Sayf bridge.
مقام
قوص
مقام
قصدار
Qusdar of Makran; first opened by Sinan ibn Salama who died there at its breach — retaken by al-Mundhir ibn al-Jarud with captives.
مقام
رابغ
مقام
ردمان
A place in Yemen where al-Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf, the uncle of Abd al-Muttalib, died, in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account after Ibn Hisham.
مقام
رفح
A decent town one stage from Gaza, on the road to al-Arish.
مقام
الرافقة
al-Rafiqa, the Abbasid companion-city beside al-Raqqa; it had no ancient trace — al-Mansur built it in year 155 on the model of his city at Baghdad, stationing a Khurasani army in it, works continuing under al-Mahdi as heir apparent, al-Rashid building its palaces and al-Raqqa's markets being moved into the space between.
مقام
رغولدة
A populous city on a sea-river, attributed to the land of Tabst; the author gives one hundred miles from Qalmār.
مقام
رحبة مالك
A fertile, populous town on the Euphrates at the edge of the desert, thirty miles from al-Dalia; named for Malik ibn Tawq.
مقام
رحقان
مقام
رامدين
Ramadin, a town of Baykand's two farsakhs on; taken with it by Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad.
مقام
رامهرمز
Ramhurmuz of al-Ahwaz; twice truced — Abu Maryam's eight-hundred-thousand compact — twice betrayed, and taken by force in Abu Musa's last days.
مقام
الرائج
A large island in the Zanj archipelago, about four hundred miles around. It has a high, defended mountain where outlaws take refuge. Its people are dark-skinned; rice, sugar and bananas grow there, and merchants visit each year.
مقام
الرملة
The city of al-Ramla in the Filastin jund; it did not exist before Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik — its site was a sandy tract — he founded it while governing the district for his brother al-Walid and made it an amsar, building his palace and the house of the dyers with its central cistern, then the congregational mosque, granting people leave to build and digging the Barada canal and wells; Dar al-Sabbaghin passed to the heirs of Salih ibn Ali ibn Abdullah ibn al-Abbas, seized with Umayyad wealth; Filastin holds fiefs under separate caliphal registers distinct from the common kharaj — the takhafif and rudud categories arising when al-Rashid had Harthama ibn A'yan restore estates abandoned in his reign, bringing back their people on lightened kharaj.
مقام
رمسلي
A city on the Dnestr river; the author gives twelve stages along the river to Zāqa.
مقام
رنج برك
A city in the land of Bābīr, with many houses, settled country, gardens and vineyards, set south of the Danube; the author gives seventy miles east to Batsawa.
مقام
الرقة
al-Raqqa on the Euphrates in the Jazira; Iyad ibn Ghanm took it by treaty after five days of siege — lives, wealth and city secured, the land left in their hands on kharaj — writing them an aman forbidding new churches and the display of clapper, paschal or cross; beside it rose al-Rafiqa, built in year 155 on Madinat al-Salam's model for the Khurasani army, al-Rashid building its palaces while Ali ibn Sulayman moved al-Raqqa's markets into the space between.
مقام
رقوان
The only city of the Sīsiyān lands that the author says had been rebuilt amid the ruins.
مقام
رأس العين
Ra's al-Ayn — that is Ayn al-Warda — of the Jazira cities on the Khabur; it resisted Iyad ibn Ghanm, and Umayr ibn Sa'd took it by force after bitter fighting under mangonels, then compounded with its people — the land theirs, four dinars' jizya on each head, no women or children taken — crying 'no harm, to me, to me' as their aman; a body of them departed and the Muslims worked and sowed their fields by land-grant.
مقام
رأس المحجمة
A high headland on the coast, passed by travellers overland, with pearl beds off its tip.
مقام
راسك
A city with two districts, whose sugar cane is plentiful; refined sugar is made there and carried to distant lands.
مقام
رشيد
A civilised town on the Nile with farms, wheat and barley, fine vegetables and fresh fruit, and much Nile fish, including the dulays fish carried to other regions; sixty miles from Alexandria.
مقام
راوند
A town of Isbahan's district; there lie the Graves of the Boon-Companions — three Kufans of al-Hajjaj's Daylam army who drank together, died one by one, each buried beside his friend, the last singing 'know you not that I am alone at Rawand'.
مقام
راور
Rawar, a Sind city; stormed by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim — a wife of Dahir there burned herself, her maids and wealth rather than be taken.
مقام
ريغة
A village with long stretches of tilled land, orchards and a market, and running springs.
مقام
ريو
A small town of the Calabrian lands on the sea shore with much fruit and vegetables, seven miles from Messina across the strait.
مقام
ريشهر
Rayshahr of Sabur's land near Tawwaj; there al-Hakam and the marzban Shahrak fought fiercely — Sawwar killed Shahrak, Shahrak's son killed Sawwar, and the town fell by force on a day likened to al-Qadisiyya.
مقام
الري
An ancient city near present-day Tehran, among the largest cities of the Persian lands in the Abbasid era; the physician Abu Bakr al-Razi is ascribed to it.
مقام
رينش
A large city with populous land, strong, with brisk markets and standing crafts, on the salt sea; about eighty miles from Shant Majal.
مقام
ريحا
Among the finest places of the Ghawr, one of its best sites; one stage from Jerusalem.
مقام
ريكة
A town at the foot of the Atlas, near Aghmat, with good soil and plenty of plants; a modest river crosses the town and gardens surround it.
مقام
ريشهر
A small but populated town with buildings, villages and farms, and a pulpit.
مقام
رندة
Ronda, the strong city west of Malaga; besieged in Jumada I 890 while its men were away relieving Cartama, it surrendered on aman and the whole west-Malaga country followed.
مقام
رطوماغش
A large, well-known city on the river in the land of Nurmandiya; the author places Bentiz thirty miles to the south as the last settlement of Nurmandiya.
مقام
الروذان
A large city rich in produce and gains, with wealthy people and a populous district; in appearance it resembles Abarqawayh.
مقام
روذستو
A fine city on the road from Salūnī, which the author places near a major capital to the east.
مقام
رودس
In al-Baladhuri: among the most fertile islands, about sixty miles, with olives, vines, fruits and sweet waters; Janada ibn Abi Umayya opened it in year 53, the Muslims staying seven years in a fort until Yazid ordered its demolition and return — Mujahid ibn Jabr residing there teaching Qur'an.
مقام
رودس
An island in the Levantine sea; al-Idrisi gives one hundred miles from Nisil and three channels' distance to Cyprus.
مقام
رغوصة
A fine, populous, inhabited city of Slavs who are raiders with ships; the last Slav land toward the west, thirty miles from Shighnu.
مقام
الرخج
Rukhkhaj, the Sijistan region; by its road Ibn Samura mastered the lands as far as the Dawar country.
مقام
رومة
A great city with a stone wall, a river covered with copper slabs and a great church, and a palace of the king called the Papa; al-Idrisi calls it a pillar of the Christians, about fifty miles from Pisa.
مقام
رصافة هشام
Rusafat Hisham, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik's estate in the Raqqa district; he founded it having earlier dwelt at al-Zaytuna, dug the al-Hani and al-Mari canals and laid out Wasit al-Raqqa there; the estate was seized at the dynasty's opening and passed to Umm Ja'far Zubayda bint Ja'far ibn al-Mansur, who built the estate named for her.
مقام
روشية
A city on a great river, whose people the author describes as always ready for war; he gives twenty-seven miles from Maṭraḫā.
مقام
الروسية
A large land with few towns and scattered settlements; the author says its people have constant raids and wars with their neighbours, and names Zāqa, Tarūbiyya and Ghalīsiya among its cities.
مقام
رستمباذ
A tract at Qazwin bought by Musa al-Hadi and endowed for the benefit of Madinat Musa whose building he commanded.
مقام
رويست
A handsome, populous town without walls, three stages from Tarum.
مقام
الروذراور
A fine district and settled land, which al-Idrisi lists with Hamadhan, Nihawand and Burujird among the districts of the Jibal.
مقام
سعلا
A populous city on a riverbank with plentiful trade and close-set buildings, fourteen stages from Qabtu.
مقام
صاع
A small, pleasant city on a large river that cuts through its outskirts and passes between its houses.
مقام
صعدة
A cultured city in Yemen with tanneries where good leather is cured; the road to Sanaa runs from it.
مقام
سعال
A small populated town on Wadi al-Falaj, with many palms, gardens and orchards, watered from the river.
مقام
سبلان
Azerbaijan's great mountain holding the Sabalan Kurds; Hudhayfa's treaty barred exposing the land to the Kurds of Balasajan, Sabalan and Satrudan.
مقام
ساباط
place below al-Mada'in; in al-Baladhuri opened by Khalid ibn Urfuta on Sa'd's vanguard before his arrival.
مقام
سبيطلة
Once among the most pleasing cities of the region, with fine air, soil, gardens and orchards; al-Idrisi says Muslims took it and killed its great king. Several stages from Qayrawan.
مقام
صبرة
A city that was once a royal seat with palaces and houses; now in ruin with no hope of repair and no residents.
مقام
نهر سبو
A great river that rises far off and passes east of Fez, gathering the springs and streams of its valley.
مقام
سابور
Sabur of Fars; Uthman's aman-sulh of 23 or 24h after Shahrak's brother's dream — then the people's breach, and Abu Musa took it by force in 26h with Uthman on his vanguard.
مقام
سد مأرب
A great dam across the watercourse near the city of Marib, built with care by its people, who lived beside it and watered their fields from it. Al-Idrisi says a great flood broke the dam and scattered the people of the city and the Arabs across the land.
مقام
سدوم
A large village with many springs and vineyards, and wells of water.
مقام
سدوسان
Sadusan of Sind; its samaniyya-brokered aman gave Muhammad ibn al-Qasim kharaj, hostages, and four thousand Zutt auxiliaries.
مقام
صفروي
A small town where most people are farmers, with abundant crops and fresh water, two stages from Qal'at Mahdi.
مقام
سفوان
مقام
الصغانيان
al-Saghaniyan, the lands on the river's east bank; its folk joined the thirty-thousand Tukharistan mass against al-Ahnaf — its king's spear was wrenched from his hand and he was killed, after al-Ahnaf had slain three drum-bearers in turn.
مقام
جزيرة السحاب
An island named for the white cloud that hangs over it. A wind-driven column from the cloud meets the water and churns like a whirlwind, and rain falls with sea debris. Four days from the island of al-Muwajjah.
مقام
جزيرة سهيلان
A large sandy island with no plants; people catch many black birds there; it lies in the Caspian near the Kur.
مقام
سكاوند
A town well peopled, seven days from Kabul, with snow in places and a cold climate.
مقام
سلى
A large city on the north bank of the Nile and a meeting point for Sudan trade, under the ruler of Takrur. Sixteen stages from Awlil, and forty days by caravan to Sijilmasa.
مقام
صلاو
A city; the author gives one hundred miles east of Nārūs.
مقام
سلرنو
A great city with busy markets on the coast, near the harbour of Salerno, about twelve miles along the Sils valley.
مقام
سلماس
A town set back from Lake Kabudhan, with many boats crossing the lake, and with towns and pastures around it between Tabriz and Dakhraqan.
مقام
صلونيك
A large city, populous on land and sea, on a small gulf; twenty-five miles to Randhina, with busy markets, in al-Idrisi's account.
مقام
سلوني
A city; the author gives fifty miles east of Fārūy and sixty miles to Rūdhistū.
مقام
سمندر
A city on a creek reached from Qashmir, with much grain and rice, about thirty miles from Kanja.
مقام
سمندر (بحر الخزر)
Once a great city built by Anushirwan with trees, vines and fields beyond description; the Rus tribe later destroyed and changed it. Four days from the Gate of the Gates.
مقام
سمنجان
A town at the foot of a mountain from which silver is gathered, two stages from Taliqan.
مقام
سمنود
مقام
سمرقند
Samarqand, the great city of Sughd; Sa'id ibn Uthman besieged it under oath not to stir till it opened, lost an eye in three days' fighting — and al-Muhallab his — then truced at seven hundred thousand and royal hostages after besieging the kings'-sons castle, his stone lodging in the qahandaz's loophole.
مقام
سامراء
City on the Tigris founded in 836 CE as the Abbasid capital, with the Great Mosque and its spiral minaret.
مقام
سمسطا
An estate-village about two miles from the main Nile, populated and with sugar-cane fields producing sugar and fanid. Along with Tarfa, the author counts it among the inhabited estates of Egypt.
مقام
سمنة
A town in Tajuwi land on the Nubian border. Travellers report that a governor sent by the Nubian king burned and destroyed it and scattered its people, leaving it in ruins.
مقام
سمقندة
A pleasant town on the bank of the Nile, eight days from Saghmara and nine from Ghurbil.
مقام
سمورة
Chief town of the Jalaliqa realm, praised for its walls; al-Nasir's host of a hundred thousand met king Rudhmir there in Shawwal 327, three days after the eclipse — a Muslim victory turned rout costing some fifty thousand dead.
مقام
صنعاء
Capital of Yemen, an early centre of Islam in the south of Arabia with a UNESCO-listed old city and a very old Great Mosque. The native son al-Hamdani praised it in verse as 'Sana'a of the halls and towering clay towers', the abode of kingship whose twin wonders were Ghumdan and the Qalis.
مقام
جزيرة سناسا
An island facing Tarighyawqan with a well that, according to report, sends out burning fire which at times dies down.
مقام
سنباط
A populated town with trade and profit on the western bank of the Nile, which al-Idrisi describes as wealthy and well provided.
مقام
سندان
A large, civilised city of wealthy travelling merchants with broad land, many fields, palms and coconuts; an island of the same name lies to its east.
مقام
صندى فولات
A large island with fresh water, crops and rice, ruled by a king named Zanbad, whose people wear cloth wraps. Rugged mountains on its China side make it one of the gates to China. Ten days from the island of Sanf.
مقام
جزيرة صنف
An island near the coast a few miles from Qumar, where the best kind of oud is found. It has cattle, coconuts, bananas, cane and rice. Its people eat cattle only when they die naturally and do not kill them.
مقام
سنترية
A small town on the edge of the desert, with a pulpit, Berbers and settled Arabs. It drinks from few wells and springs, four stages from al-Bahrayn oasis,.
مقام
سقيفة بني ساعدة
The roofed hall of Banu Sa'ida where the Ansar met after the Prophet's death and Abu Bakr was acclaimed; al-Samhudi argues it stood by the market of Medina at what is now Darb al-Suwayqa — in the Jirar Sa'd quarter where Sa'd ibn Ubada's sept lived — not at the Banu Sa'ida village by Bi'r Buda'a as al-Matari held, for Sa'd was among his own sept and the saqifa stood by his house.
مقام
سراييفو
Bosnian city founded by the Ottomans in the 15th century, with the 16th-century Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque.
مقام
سرخس
Sarakhs of Khurasan; fought by Ibn Khazim till its marzban Zadhuya truced on a hundred men's aman and the surrender of its women — his daughter becoming Ibn Khazim's Maysha' — or, in the other telling, killed for excluding himself, the town then taken by force.
مقام
سرنديب
A large island in the Indian Ocean ruled by a very wealthy king. The author says it has gems, rubies and other precious stones, and that Chinese ships call there. Its people live by farming and fishing, and scholars of different faiths meet to debate before the king.
مقام
سردانية
A large island of many mountains and mines, with a populous city in its south and silver deposits; al-Idrisi places it between Minorca and Corsica.
مقام
صرفند
A place on the coast, twenty miles from the preceding point along the shore, with some settlement.
مقام
سارية
A Tabaristan town; Yazid ibn al-Muhallab raided it with Jilan on his way to Dihistan.
مقام
السرجة
مقام
سرقسطة
A city of the Arnit district of al-Andalus, named by al-Idrisi with Wasqa and Tutaila, in the north-east of al-Andalus.
مقام
سروان
A small town with broad land, farms and districts, and many vineyards, lying some distance from Bust.
مقام
ساترودان
An Azerbaijani tract holding the Satrudan Kurds, covered by the no-exposure clause of Hudhayfa's treaty with Ardabil's marzban.
مقام
ساوة
a Jibal city; in al-Baladhuri, where Layla al-Akhyaliyya died and was buried on her way to al-Hajjaj's Rayy agent.
مقام
ساوندرا
Sawandra of Sind; its folk won aman on hosting and guiding the Muslims — Muslims today.
مقام
سوار
A town near Bulghār with wooden buildings, where its people take shelter.
مقام
صول
A large village with markets, palms and fruit, at the mouth of the canal called Khalij al-Manha. The author says the canals of al-Fayyum were dug from it.
مقام
صونو
A city of the Magians on the coast; the author gives seventy miles from Madsūna.
مقام
السوسقان
A place of many gardens and pleasant spaces, with running water and orchards, twelve miles from Marw.
مقام
سيالة
A halt on the pilgrim road about thirty-four miles from al-Ruwaytha, with sweet drinking water.
مقام
صيداء
A city on the salt sea named after a woman of pre-Islamic times, cheap, ringed by orchards and trees, where a fish is cured for use.
مقام
صَيْهَد
The great waste of Yemen also called al-Gha'it — al-Hamdani traces it branching off the Dahna by the Yamama and 'Alj side, pressed by the peninsula's highlands, widening between Najran, Bayhan and Hadramawt to four or five stages, waterless save at its few road-wells like al-'Abr.
مقام
السيلة
A civilised city with standing markets and permanent buildings on the sea coast, on the left as one enters from the river mouth.
مقام
الصيمرة
city of Mihrajanqadhaf; in al-Baladhuri taken by al-Sa'ib ibn al-Aqra' on Abu Musa's mission — blood spared, captives left, the safra' and bayda' pardoned — on jizya and land kharaj.
مقام
صيمور
A handsome city of fine buildings with coconut palms and a fragrant plant carried to every land.
مقام
سطيف
A large, populous fortress two stages south of Bijaya, with fruit trees of many kinds and fragrant produce sold cheaply.
مقام
إشبيلية
Spanish city known in Arabic as Ishbiliya, a major city of al-Andalus and a capital under the Almohads.
مقام
صفاقس
مقام
شبرة
A bright village about five miles from its neighbour, where al-Idrisi says a famous fine honey is made.
مقام
شبرونة
A large, important city with many resources, busy markets and streets, tall houses and fertile land; the author gives twenty miles between it and the river.
مقام
شبوة
An old Himyarite city between Bayhan and Hadramawt with a salt mountain whose second ridge belonged to Ma'rib. Al-Hamdani reports: when Himyar and Madhhij warred, the people of Shabwa abandoned it for Hadramawt, and from them Shibam took its name — 'the original was Shabah, the mim replacing the ha'.
مقام
شذخو
A city on the eastern sea, four stages from Baja and nine from Bashhiyar, with a further stretch of four stages to the sea.
مقام
الشاذروان
A great dam built in front of Tustar in the water channel by Sasanian rulers, faced with stone; al-Idrisi says it held back the water until it stood above the land around it.
مقام
شهذروج
A notable, populous city in the middle of a large island in a lake, with markets and crafts; the author places it north of Dādmī.
مقام
شهرزور
A city on Iraq's upper flank toward the mountain; Uzra ibn Qays failed at it and Utba ibn Farqad took it after fighting on Hulwan's terms — the approach-fever killing Muslims — with al-Samaghan and Darabadh treating alongside; its district stayed joined to Mosul till late in al-Rashid's reign.
مقام
شَكَر
A mountain of the people of Jurash in Yemen where Surad ibn Abdullah al-Azdi turned on his pursuers and slaughtered them; the people of Jurash called it Kashr, and the Prophet told their two envoys it was Shakar, not Kashr, announcing at the hour of the battle that God's sacrificial camels were being slaughtered there.
مقام
شامة
A small town in Zaghawa country, like a large village. Most of its people moved to Kawkaw, sixteen stages away. They drink milk, and the author reports that a skin disease is common among them.
مقام
جزيرة شامل
A populated island at the far end of the Sanf sea, four days from the coastal city of Sanf. Many people live there, with sugar cane and large fish that spare the islanders from eating meat.
مقام
شمكور (المتوكلية)
an ancient city of Arran taken by Salman's man, ruined by the Sawardiyya, then rebuilt by Bugha mawla of al-Mu'tasim in year 240, peopled with safe-conducted Khazars desiring Islam and Bardha'a's transferred merchants, and renamed al-Mutawakkiliyya.
مقام
شنشا
A handsome town of many trees and farms with abundant produce, lying on the way down toward al-Buhat.
مقام
شنت ياقوب
A great church visited by Christians from every side, fine in build and wide in its courts, with much gold and silver set with rubies, about three hundred crosses and icons of gold and silver; al-Idrisi calls it the greatest church after Jerusalem.
مقام
شنت مارية
A medium-sized town on the Atlantic coast with a harbour the tide enters, where ships come and go; about twenty-eight miles from Silves.
مقام
شنترة
Xativa — whose wheat and barley, says Ibn al-Yasa', are reaped forty days after sowing and whose apples span three handbreadths.
مقام
شنطوف
A town at the point where the Nile divides into two arms; two great canals leave from there and run to Tinnis and Damietta.
مقام
الشاقة
A town on the sea coast with wide open ground, which in al-Idrisi's time was the mother of the districts, visited by travellers from Ifriqiya and the island's edges.
مقام
شقر
A town of fine ground with many people, on the main road, about three stages from Valencia.
مقام
شقوبية
Joined villages rather than a city; its people ride horses, the buildings are close together, the people are many, and they breed livestock; about fifty miles from Toledo.
مقام
شرهام
A notable, civilised city with building and construction, on the sea; the author gives sixty miles from Hintūna.
مقام
شرمة
A town on the Yemeni coast, one day from Lasa, with hot springs like those of Lasa.
مقام
شرشال
The ancient city facing Milyana on the mid-western coast, said to be the ship-seizing king's own; al-Umari says it surpasses description for the span of its courts, the height of its buildings, its great arches, vaulted cellars and thick walls.
مقام
شاطبة
A town whose beauty and strength are proverbial, where fine paper is made and shipped to East and West; thirty-two miles from Valencia.
مقام
شط عثمان
Shatt Uthman at Basra — Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi bought it from Caliph Uthman for his Ta'if money, or, as told, for his brother's Medina house which the caliph annexed to the Mosque.
مقام
شعب أبي طالب
A ravine at Mecca where Banu Hashim and Banu al-Muttalib, believers and unbelievers alike, were confined with the Prophet for three years under the boycott Quraysh imposed, from the night of the Muharram crescent in the seventh year of the mission.
مقام
شبام
A city in the Hadramawt land, with another town about one stage away. Both lie along the route inland from Aden. Al-Hamdani derives its very name from the refugees of Shabwa who settled Hadramawt when Himyar and Madhhij warred — 'the original was Shabah, the mim replacing the ha'.
مقام
شكلة
One of the finest fortresses, on the best ground, populous and rich, with gardens bearing every fruit and a spring known as the spring of the hours, one stage from Nutas along the coast.
مقام
شلطيش
A town on an island about a mile long, without a wall or enclosure, with a market and an ironworking trade that makes the anchors used by ships; it lies by the sea near Labla.
مقام
شمشاط
Shimshat (Arsamosata) — the fourth Armenia — of the Jaziran frontier; Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri and Safwan ibn al-Mu'attal al-Sulami took it under Mu'awiya in Uthman's days on the like of al-Ruha's treaty, Safwan settling and dying there; Constantine camped on it in year 133 gaining nothing; it stayed kharaj-land until al-Mutawakkil made it tithe-land like the rest of the thughur; from it Malik al-Sawa'if rode raiding in year 46, and around it turn the fortunes of Kamkh, Yaghra and Khilat.
مقام
شيراز
A city in southern Iran, birthplace of the poets Sa'di and Hafez, and a centre of learning and literature.
مقام
الشيرجان
al-Shirjan, chief city of Kirman; Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud took it by storm after days of siege and a horse-sally, left a man behind, and many of its folk went into exile.
مقام
شروسان
A large city with many springs and streams; its people have a modest living, and its trade and goods are good.
مقام
شروان
Shirwan of the Caucasian lands beyond Arran; Qubadh's general trod what lay between the river al-Rass and Shirwan, and Qubadh built the wall of al-Lubn between Shirwan's land and Bab al-Lan; among the mountain kings Anushirwan confirmed on their kingdoms is the king of Shirwan, called the Shirwanshah.
مقام
جبال شروين
The Shirwin mountains of Tabaristan — its most impregnable and hardest, thickest in jungle and thicket — conquered by Muhammad ibn Musa and Mazyar ibn Qarin under al-Ma'mun.
مقام
شومان
Shuman of Khurasan; opened by al-Mufaddal ibn al-Muhallab in his governorship.
مقام
شنيل
A fine town with a wonderfully built bridge, busy markets, standing shops and gardens, about thirty-five miles from Istija.
مقام
شوزاص
A large, populous city with fine markets, settled houses and many vineyards and trees; the author gives eighty miles from Sīkla.
مقام
سبيبة
An ancient city with a strong stone wall and a suburb of markets, watered by a large running spring that feeds its gardens and orchards; one stage from al-Juhayniyyin.
مقام
جبل شلير
The snowy mountain called Shilir; the author says it is two days long, holds snow in winter and summer, and feeds the river that runs below Granada.
مقام
مجلماسة
A desert town near the Lamtuna lands and the caravan route to Sudan. About forty days by caravan from Sala and Takrur, and about forty stages from Awlil.
مقام
سجستان
a province; in al-Baladhuri, whose king honored the fugitive Yazdgard until asked for kharaj he feigned deafness and moved on to Khurasan.
مقام
سيكلة
A large city on low ground, with well-set quarters and busy markets, which the author places at the centre of the land of the Frisians, eighty miles west of Astrik.
مقام
السيلا
Al-Sila — the gold-rich land beyond China
مقام
سلابرس
A notable city on the east bank of a river that flows to the sea; the author gives sixty miles by land from Sīsitār.
مقام
شلب
Silves (Shalb) — capital of the Kura of Ossonoba in western al-Andalus, 'a fine seat with towns and strongholds' beside Lisbon's district.
مقام
سمنجان
Siminjan of Tukharistan; alone of its lands it resisted Qays ibn al-Haytham's march and was besieged and stormed.
مقام
السند
al-Sind, India's seaboard; Hakim ibn Jabala's verdict to Uthman — scant water, worthless fruit, a trifling thief; small armies lost, large ones starved.
مقام
سندابور
A city on a large creek where ships anchor, with buildings and a good trade.
مقام
سندان
Sindan on India's coast; al-Fadl ibn Mahan's conquest and Muslim seat with its caliph-praising jami' — his sons' feud ended in a crucifixion and Hind's reconquest.
مقام
سينيز
A town near the sea, where al-Idrisi says a product called al-Sinizi is made; nothing equals it in quality. It lies near Jannaba.
مقام
صينية الصين
A city matched by none in size and building, to which merchants gather from every land; the great king of China, called Baghbugh, resides there.
مقام
سنجار
مقام
سن سميرة
an eastern turret of the Jibal where the raiding Muslims sheltered; named for Sumayra, a Dubba woman of the Muhajirat whose tower it was — in al-Baladhuri.
مقام
صقلية
In al-Baladhuri: an island in the sea first raided by Mu'awiya ibn Khudayj al-Kindi in Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan's days and raided ever since; the house of al-Aghlab ibn Salim opened over twenty of its cities, in Muslim hands.
مقام
سيقلاو
A large, fine city with buildings and markets on the bank of a river; the author says its land has deposits of good iron.
مقام
سيراف
Siraf on Fars's coast; in one telling its Surayanj fort is where the Muslim slave's arrow-aman was written, which Umar ordered honored — others call it Shahrij.
مقام
السيرجان
A fortified city built of stone for lack of timber, where governors and officials stay; its wealthy people are known for their modesty and fair dealing, and it is the largest city of Kerman in al-Idrisi's account.
مقام
صرت
A town on sandy ground two miles from the sea, with remnants of palms but no olives and many figs; its wells are few, so the people rely on rain stored in cisterns.
مقام
صرواح
Capital of the Sabaean mukarribs in the centuries before 650 BCE in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's reckoning; its ruins lie a day's journey west of Marib and are known as Kharibah; the Marib dam was begun in that age.
مقام
السيسجان
of the first Armenia's lands; its people fought Habib ibn Maslama, who routed them, took Ways and compounded with its castle-folk for kharaj; from it Umm Yazid bint Usid, daughter of its patrikios, was taken captive in Muhammad ibn Marwan's campaign.
مقام
سيسر
the Jibal city between Hamadhan, al-Dinawar and Adharbayjan; in al-Baladhuri built by Sulayman ibn Qayrat and Salam al-Tayfuri at al-Mahdi's command to shelter his herds from brigands — 'thirty heads and a hundred springs' — made a kura, garrisoned by al-Rashid's thousand, and reverted to caliphal estates under al-Ma'mun.
مقام
سيسيان
One of the sixteen cities of the Kimak kings, which al-Idrisi names with Buragh, Manan and Mustanah; twelve days from Astur.
مقام
سقطرى
A large island with many trees, mostly aloe, which the islanders harvest. Al-Idrisi says its people are Christian, through an old tradition he attributes to Alexander's time, when Greeks were settled there to tend the aloe. Earlier, al-Hamdani counts the island near eighty farsakhs with some ten thousand Mahra fighting men, all Christians — its own tradition saying Romans were cast ashore there in Kisra's time, settled by Mahra who partly converted; rich in palms, cast-up amber, dragon's-blood and aloes. The Aden version denies the Romans ever entered, holding hermits inhabited it then died out.
مقام
صحار
A city on the shore of the Gulf, among the wealthiest in Oman both in the past and in al-Idrisi's day; merchants visit it and the goods of Yemen are brought there.
مقام
سوسة
مقام
سوبارة
A civilised city about a mile and a half from the sea, a port of India with fisheries and pearl beds; the island of Thara lies off it.
مقام
السغد
al-Sughd, the Transoxanian land whose greatest city is Samarqand; its folk joined the Turks, Kish and Nasaf against Sa'id ibn Uthman at a hundred and twenty thousand, broken before Bukhara.
مقام
سحيم
A fortified stronghold whose people, according to al-Idrisi, are strong and proud.
مقام
سوخ
A town set apart with sixty villages in a single district; mercury is extracted from it.
مقام
سليمانان
A fine-looking town on the Tigris with much meat and provision.
مقام
سميساط
Sumaysat (Samosata) on the Euphrates in the Jazira; Iyad sent Safwan ibn al-Mu'attal and Habib ibn Maslama who mastered villages and forts of its district before its people compounded on the like of al-Ruha's terms, then it apostatised and Iyad returned and besieged it until he took it.
مقام
سيومة
A fertile island with many crops, grains and birds, and plenty of coconuts. Joined to another populated island ruled by a king named Qamrun, with two passages between them.
مقام
سوق الأحد
In al-Baladhuri: a site in Ifriqiya where Harish and his companions were killed after their rout from Qayrawan following al-Aghlab ibn Salim's death.
مقام
سوق الأهواز
Suq al-Ahwaz, the chief town of al-Ahwaz — al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba raided it, its dahqan Piruz truced on money then broke, and Abu Musa took it by force in 17h under Samura ibn Jundab al-Fazari.
مقام
سوق الأربعاء
A fine town with a famous market that draws people from the district, rich in goods and trade, one stage from Askar Mukram.
مقام
سوق أسد
Village and market at Kufa; in al-Baladhuri founded by Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri, Khalid's brother, who moved people into it — whence 'Suq Asad' — his camp when he set out for Khurasan as its governor being by this market.
مقام
سوق إبراهيم
A populated town on the bank of the Shelif river, one stage from Ghazza.
مقام
سوق يوسف
Market at al-Hira; in al-Baladhuri named for Yusuf ibn Umar ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi Aqil al-Thaqafi — al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf's cousin and Hisham's governor over Iraq.
مقام
سقماقية
A city on a mountain top with farms and resources, run by its elders and chiefs, which the author places east of the Foul Land.
مقام
سقوسية
A long island north of the large island, without buildings or villages; the author gives its length as one hundred and fifty miles.
مقام
مرسى السقية
A populated village on the coast three stages from al-Sirin, serving as a resting place for ships.
مقام
صور
A populated town on the shore of the Gulf in Oman, with fishing and drinking water from wells.
مقام
صور (لبنان)
A city on the coast with anchorage and departure for ships, walled on three sides.
مقام
سراوس
A town on the river Shurya, a river of many benefits rising in the Ashlub mountains and flowing into the lake of Ghaghan; one of the towns of the Kimak.
مقام
سرقوسة
One of the famous cities of Sicily, visited by merchants from every land; it has two harbours, the northern one more famous, and a rich district around it.
مقام
سرق
Surraq of al-Ahwaz; taken on Ramhurmuz's terms, betrayed, Haritha ibn Badr's army repulsed, and Abdallah ibn Amir took it by force — Haritha its governor after.
مقام
السوس الأدنى
Sus al-Adna, the province beyond Tangier — some twenty-odd days short of Sus al-Aqsa; Uqba ibn Nafi' roamed it in his second Maghreb charge with none confronting or fighting him, and Musa ibn Nusayr's cavalry reached it, settling its people and taking captives.
مقام
السوس الأقصى
In al-Baladhuri: the farthest Sus at the Maghreb's far end; Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib ibn Abi Ubayda ibn Uqba ibn Nafi' raided to it under Abdallah ibn al-Habhab's governorship, together with the Sudan lands, triumphing as none had ever seen.
مقام
السوس (خوزستان)
A civilised city with every good thing, palms and much sugar cane made into sugar, and known for fruit and cloth.
مقام
سوسة الصين
A famous city in eastern China with continuous buildings, known for Chinese porcelain and embroidered silks.
مقام
السويس
Two towns that stood at Qulzum, now mostly in ruins; al-Idrisi says their people drank from the Suways spring, a brackish spring hard to drink.
مقام
تبالة
A small town in the Makkan districts, with flowing springs, many palms and gardens, lying in a hollow among low hills.
مقام
طبرستان
a province; in al-Baladhuri, whose marzban offered its fastness to Yazdgard at Isbahan before he turned aside to Kirman.
مقام
طبرية
The great city of the Jordan, as al-Idrisi calls it, ninety miles from Jerusalem and two light days from Acre.
مقام
طبرمين
A lofty town among the old famous forts, with many tuna fisheries; one stage from Messina along the coast.
مقام
طبرقة
A harbour on the coast seventy miles from Banzart, which Andalusian ships visit.
مقام
الطبس
A city with palms and mud-brick buildings, drinking from water brought in from outside, on the edge of the desert.
مقام
طبنة
A city of abundant water, orchards, crops and cotton, with crafts and trade; two stages from al-Musayla.
مقام
تبريز
A city in northwestern Iran; it was the Ilkhanid capital, then an early Safavid capital.
مقام
تبوك
Town in northwest Arabia, the furthest point of the Prophet's expedition of 630 CE toward the Byzantine frontier.
مقام
تادلة
A town of many buildings, on a busy caravan route, whose people grow much cotton that is carried to every region.
مقام
تدلس
A fortified city on a height with a strong wall, houses and gardens; prices and food are cheap there. Four stages from Marsa al-Dajaj.
مقام
تدمر
The desert city between Iraq and Sham, six days from Damascus side, counted by al-Umari among the famous monuments for its wondrous building and mighty works; Arabs of Quda'a still dwelt there.
مقام
تاهرت
A city four stages from the sea which, in the past, was two large towns, one old and walled on a hilltop.
مقام
تاهرت
In al-Baladhuri: a Maghreb city near which Muhammad ibn al-Aghlab ibn Ibrahim founded in year 239 a city he likewise named al-Abbasiyya — Aflah ibn Abd al-Wahhab al-Iyadi destroyed it.
مقام
الطائف
Hill town southeast of Mecca, visited by the Prophet in 619 CE and besieged in 630 CE.
مقام
تاجوة
The seat of the land of the Tajuwi, a people the author describes as Magian. Their land borders Nubia. Thirteen stages from Zaghawa.
مقام
تكرور
A city south of the Nile, about two days from Sala, larger and busier than Sala. Merchants from the far Maghreb bring wool, copper and beads, and carry out gold and slaves. Its ruler, the Takruri, had soldiers and was known for justice.
مقام
طلبيرة
A city on the bank of the Tagus, which al-Idrisi calls the most handsome of the lands, with well-arranged markets, fine houses and ancient buildings.
مقام
الطالقان
al-Talaqan of Khurasan; taken by sulh under al-Ahnaf after the Tukharistan battle.
مقام
تملمة
A small town in the land of Kawar on a small hill within a rugged mountain. It has palms and livestock, no wall, and its people drink from deep wells.
مقام
تامدفوس
A small ruined town, with part of its wall standing, ancient remains and stone idols; eighteen miles east of Algiers.
مقام
طميسة
A Tabaristan town; Sa'id ibn al-As took it in the 29 AH raid with the village of Namna.
مقام
تانه
Tana, an Indian seaboard post; raided from Uman under Uthman ibn Abi al-As — Umar's rebuke: 'you set worms upon wood; had they been struck I'd have taken their like from your people'.
مقام
تانه (الهند)
A coastal town on a large creek entered by ships, whose land yields cane and chalk-like product carried to many lands.
مقام
تنس
An ancient city on the salt sea, on a plain, drinking from a spring, one stage from Baja.
مقام
تنيسبر
A fine city rich in produce on the south bank of the river Tisia; the author gives four stages from Jirnjarāta.
مقام
طنجة
Tangier, the far-Maghreb city on the sea; Musa ibn Nusayr opened it in his governorship of Ifriqiya and settled it — the first to lodge there — laying out khittas for the Muslims; and the patrikios's sultanate of Ifriqiya had run from Tripoli to it.
مقام
جبل طنطنة
A mountain around which the Azqar pasture; springs and grazing lie at its foot. The author reports a good iron mine in it,.
مقام
تنومة
A populated island with fresh water, rice and coconuts, and a pearl-diving ground. Oud and camphor grow there. Five days from Qumar.
مقام
تاقررت
A handsome, populous town, more densely settled than the Banu Ziyad lands, about ten miles from Meknes.
مقام
طرابلس (الغرب)
A fortified city with a wall of white stone, handsome streets and well-made markets, with olives, figs, palms and many fruits; al-Idrisi says King Roger took it, and it is now under his rule.
مقام
طرابلس (الشام)
A great city with a strong wall, rich in olives, fruit and grains; al-Idrisi describes it as a stronghold of Islam on the Syrian coast.
مقام
طرندة
Taranda (Taranta), a fortress lying in Byzantine country three stages from Malatya; the Muslims settled it after Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik raided it in year 83, building dwellings while Malatya lay ruined — Jaziran troops coming up each summer to stay until the snows fell, then marching home; Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz removed its people against their will, fearing the enemy for them — they smashed their vinegar and oil jars — settled them in Malatya and demolished Taranda.
مقام
طرويا
A populous city in the inner land of the Qumans; the author gives one hundred miles south of Ṣalāw.
مقام
الطاربند
al-Tarband, the Shash king's seat; from it he answered Sughd's summons with his fighters, and Qutayba broke them.
مقام
ترفة
An estate-village with palaces some distance from the main Nile, populated and with sugar-cane fields. Sugar and fanid are produced there in quantities that the author says would supply most of Egypt.
مقام
طريفة
The city on the Strait named for Tarif — Musa ibn Nusayr's Berber client who raided the coast with Julian of Ceuta's ships, or Tarif ibn Malik who landed in Tariq's fleet — the first Andalusi shore trodden by the Muslims.
مقام
طريغيوقن
A city on the sea facing the island of Sanasa, on a salt-water channel, six stages from Qatighura.
مقام
تريم
A great city of Hadramawt in al-Hamdani's register of the valley's towns, listed after Shabwa and before Daw'an.
مقام
ترير
An Azerbaijani town, once a village with a crumbling old palace, settled by Mu'awiya ibn Amr al-Mawsili al-Ta'i who housed his sons there; they raised palaces, made it a town and built the Bajirwan Market, enlarged and set apart for them by the Sultan outside the Azerbaijan governors' charge.
مقام
طرجينس
A stronghold overlooking the district, with continuous farms and buildings, a populated and overlooking rise; eighteen miles from Jarami.
مقام
طارنت
A large, ancient and fine city with markets, merchants and travellers, from which ships take cargo; it has a harbour on its west side and a lagoon fed by the sea twice a day.
مقام
طركونة
A strong, well-defended city with a marble wall and a few Romans; fifty miles from Tortosa in al-Idrisi's account.
مقام
طرسوس
Tarsus, greatest city of the Syrian marches; it lay in ruins after its people's evacuation in the conquest until al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba described it to al-Mahdi in year 162, who bequeathed its building, and when word reached al-Rashid in year 171 that the Byzantines had conspired to fortify it, Harthama ibn A'yan forestalled them, rebuilding it under Faraj ibn Sulaym's hand; the Khurasani and Syrian levies settled it in year 172 across four thousand surveyed lots of twenty cubits each; it became the launching-point of the summer raids, the Jihad gate and the greatest of the Muslims' border strongholds.
مقام
تارودنت
A city in Sus al-Aqsa surrounded by many villages, with varied fruit and sugar cane; al-Idrisi praises the sugar of Sus.
مقام
تساوة
A town in Fezzan near Jarma, with wells and palms. The author notes a silver mine on a mountain some three stages away, which he says yields little, and places the Berber tribe of Azqar about twelve days away.
مقام
تشمس
A great town once full of markets and profit, on the Safdad river about a mile from the sea; wars wore it away and only remains survive. Two days from Tangier.
مقام
تاورة
A civilised, populous town with markets, abundant produce and fruit, and water passing through its houses.
مقام
الطواويس
A populous town inside the walls of Bukhara, with the largest pulpit in the district, visited by people and merchants from everywhere, with much goods brought in.
مقام
تاودا
A town that once stood on its own; the Masmuda destroyed its walls, and later people resettled it and farmed its land for the good soil. About twenty miles from Fez.
مقام
تاورت
A large, populated village whose people drink from springs dug in a valley that comes down from the mountains.
مقام
توج
Tawwaj of Ardashir-Khurra's land in Fars; opened by al-Hakam — or Uthman — ibn Abi al-As in 19h, its mosques built and Abd al-Qais settled in it as the Muslims' base for the Fars campaigns, fortified after Shahrak's death.
مقام
تيماء
A populated fortress and ancient settlement with a rushing spring and many palms, three days from the beginning of Syria and four stages from Medina.
مقام
الثعلبية
A desert town where caravans gather, which al-Idrisi lists among the stops on the road between Kufa and the Hijaz.
مقام
ثابون
A fortified city on a mountain top with much fertility, in the land of the Bulghars, with the mountain Qūqāyā to its north.
مقام
ثنية المرار
مقام
ثنية الوداع
A mountain pass overlooking Medina trodden by anyone bound for Mecca, in the editors' reckoning; the Prophet pitched his army's camp on it when he set out for Tabuk.
مقام
جزيرة ثارة
A small island off Subara, with a few palms.
مقام
ثينخ
A fortified town in Tibet with a stone wall and a single gate, with much trade with its neighbours.
مقام
التبت
The land of Tibet, linked to al-Khuttal and Wakhsh; its people trade in iron, silver and the Tibetan musk, and it has towns such as Thinkh, Buruan and Ujj.
مقام
تيفاش
An old city built of stone and lime with a running spring; its main crop is barley; one stage from al-Arbus.
مقام
تفليس
on the Kura in the district of Jurzan al-Qirmiz; Habib ibn Maslama wrote its people a peace securing selves, worship-houses, monasteries and religion for a dinar's jizya per house with terms of quartering, counsel and conveyance, and al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah later ratified their aman over their mills and vineyards at a hundred dirhams a year.
مقام
تهامة
A low coastal land between the Red Sea and the mountains of Yemen, running from the Qulzum coast to Aden in about twelve stages, with mountains to the east and the sea to the west.
مقام
تكريت
Town on the Tigris; in al-Baladhuri raided by al-Nusayr and Hudhayfa ibn Mihsan after the Day of the Bridge, its people then safe-conducted with a written document that Utba ibn Farqad al-Sulami enforced when opening al-Tirhan and Mosul.
مقام
تلملة
A small town of Kawar, one day from Ibzar, with little water and few palms but good dates. Its alum mine is of little value because the ore is mixed with earth veins.
مقام
تمبكتو
A city in Mali on the edge of the desert; it was a centre of Islamic learning in the Middle Ages and holds the Sankore and Djinguereber mosques.
مقام
تنبغ
The chief city of the Taghazghaz Turks, a great walled city; al-Idrisi says its people are Magians who worship fire.
مقام
تينجس
A small town with an earthen wall, drinking from springs, with abundant crops; one stage from al-Arbus.
مقام
تنّيس
Tinnis, a lower-Egypt city; Amr ibn al-As sent Umayr ibn Wahb al-Jumahi to it with Dimyat, Tuna, Damira, Shata, Diqahla, Bana and Busir — their villages compounding on Fustat's terms.
مقام
تقيوس
A town about twenty miles from al-Hamma, with fine tender vegetables and crops.
مقام
الترمذ
al-Tirmidh on the Jayhun; the Khatun's sulh won from Sa'id ibn Uthman sitting on it, then its king's shelter of Musa ibn Abdallah ibn Khazim — who cast him out and held it in rebellion — then the governors', breached, and retaken by Qutayba ibn Muslim.
مقام
تيرقى
A large city with many people, without walls or enclosure. It obeys the ruler of Ghana, who hears its disputes, and lies six days from Ghana along the Nile.
مقام
تيتلوس
A populous city on the river to the east, with wealthy people and herds, bordering the land of Isqalūniya.
مقام
طيزناباذ
Estate in the Sawad; in al-Baladhuri granted by Uthman to al-Ash'ath ibn Qays al-Kindi.
مقام
تلمسان
Algerian city, capital of the Zayyanid kingdom (1235-1554) and a centre of Maghrebi scholarship.
مقام
طرطوشة
A strong city on a mountain slope with a sturdy wall, where large ships are built from the pine timber of its hills, which worms do not easily damage.
مقام
طرناي
A well-built, civilised city in the land of Lubān with districts, villages and settlements; the author gives thirty miles from Ghent to the south-west and fifteen miles from Shant Mīr.
مقام
طرابنش
مقام
أطرابزندة
A fine city on the coast that was once a trading centre and destination for merchants; the author gives nine and a half sea-stages from Constantinople.
مقام
كورة تدمير
The south-eastern kura of al-Andalus named for its lord Tudmir, its capital Orihuela; wholly taken by treaty after his famous ruse.
مقام
طوغما
A large city from which many goods are shipped and many trades are supplied; eight stages from Siniyyat al-Sin.
مقام
طغورا
A medium-sized city with ample buildings on a mountain; the author gives six stages from Suqmāqiya.
مقام
طحا
A well-known town below al-Ushmunayn, famous for woollen hangings and blankets named after it. The author reports that crocodiles harm the bank opposite al-Ushmunayn but not the bank of Ansina.
مقام
طوخا
A populous city where the Tukhi silk garments are made, six days from Isqiriya.
مقام
طخارستان
A region south of Balkh, whose towns include Khulm, Samangan, Baghlan and Talaqan, linked to Badakhshan.
مقام
توكرة
A large palace on the road, with cultivated land around it; two stages from Qafiz.
مقام
طليطلة
Toledo, the Gothic capital of al-Andalus on the Tagus; Tariq ibn Ziyad took it and seized there the great table Musa ibn Nusayr presented to al-Walid at Damascus in 96. Ibn Khallikan's famous tale: each Gothic king added a lock to a sealed house until Roderic, the twenty-seventh, opened it and found only a scroll and painted Arab horsemen, prophesying that whoever opened it would see those pictured men enter al-Andalus.
مقام
طلميثة
A good fortress with a wall, ten miles from Qumanis.
مقام
تومشكت
Tumushkat beyond the river; campaigned by Qutayba with Karminiya in 88h and brought to sulh.
مقام
تونين
A village at the start of a broad plain that takes two stages to cross, inhabited by Berber tribes.
مقام
تونس
مقام
تونكث
A large city, the capital of Ilaq, with two strong walls, many gates and markets; water runs through its lanes and waters its districts; it is less than half the size of Binkat, nine miles away.
مقام
ترشيز
A city of the Nishapur district, populated, walled and ditched, with gardens and trade; two stages from Yanabadh.
مقام
تروبي
A city in the land of the Rus, which the author mentions on the road between Zāqa and Ghalīsiya.
مقام
طوس
Tus of Khurasan; its marzban Kanazbak compounded it with Ibn Amir at six hundred thousand dirhams.
مقام
تستر
In al-Baladhuri: a town where Jaban massed in a great host; Khalid sent al-Muthanna ibn Haritha and Hanzala the Scribe against him, and he fled at their approach.
مقام
توتس
Tutus, a town of Ifriqiya; Zuhayr ibn Qays al-Balawi opened it in his governorship for Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, then turned back to Barqa where he was martyred meeting Romans landed from their ships — their graves being called Qubur al-Shuhada.
مقام
الطويران
A fortified city with gardens and open spaces, capital of a valley of fields and buildings, near Fahraj in Kerman.
مقام
تويوين
A town in the Sus lands, with vineyards, trees and many kinds of fruit, between Tarudant and the other settlements of the region.
مقام
أبدة
A small town near the great river, between Jayyan and Basta, with fertile land and useful crops.
مقام
ابدة
A small city near the great river, seven miles east of Baeza, with farms and large crops of wheat and barley.
مقام
الأبلة
al-Ubulla, Basra's port on the Tigris; Suwayd ibn Qutba helped Khalid ibn al-Walid fight its people when he reached Basra in year 12.
مقام
عذيب
A stage on the route from Jidda, at the foot of a mountain, with a well.
مقام
جبل أحد
Mountain just north of Medina, below which the Battle of Uhud was fought in 625 CE.
مقام
أوج
A town on the bank of Lake Buruan, drinking from the lake, with markets and crafts sufficient for its needs; a short distance from Buruan.
مقام
عكبراء
Town on the Tigris; in al-Baladhuri its people were safe-conducted by al-Nusayr and brought food and fodder to his men.
مقام
ألّيس
In al-Baladhuri: a Sawad town — one copy reads al-Lays — against which a great host came out, met by al-Muthanna ibn Haritha at Nahr al-Damm; Khalid made peace with its people on being the Muslims' eyes on the Persians, guides and helpers.
مقام
أم ربيع
A large river running over rocks and boulders, crossed by boats, with the village of Umm Rabi' on its bank; al-Idrisi notes milk, fish and vegetables there.
مقام
عقبة الجارود
Uqbat al-Jarud, the pass between Jarra and Shiraz — al-Jarud al-Abdi lagged at dawn for a need with his water-flask, Kurds surrounded and killed him, and the pass bears his name.
مقام
أور (آر)
A town on the west bank of the Euphrates near Kufa, the origin of Ibrahim, ancestor of the Arabized Arabs, in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account; excavations there gave details of the town and Ibrahim's family, and mention the Sabaeans twenty-five centuries before the Common Era.
مقام
أوريولة
A town on a river the boats enter, with a fortified citadel, markets and estates; twenty miles from the sea and twelve from Murcia.
مقام
أرمية
An ancient city of Azerbaijan which the Magians claim as their prophet Zarathustra's home; Sadaqa ibn Ali ibn Sadaqa ibn Dinar, the Azd's mawla, fought its people till he entered and mastered it, building palaces with his brothers.
مقام
أورشت
Urusht of Farghana; opened by Salih ibn Muslim, breached, and last retaken by Nuh ibn Asad under al-Mansur.
مقام
عسفان
مقام
أوش
A fine town on the bank of a river with a strong wall joined to the city wall and a fine citadel, on the border of Farghana toward the Turkish lands.
مقام
أشروسنة
Ushrusana beyond the river between Samarqand and al-Shash; campaigned by Qutayba ibn Muslim.
مقام
عيون الطف
Springs on the Sawad's fringe — Ayn al-Sayd, al-Qutqutana, al-Ruhayma, Ayn Jamal and their sisters; in al-Baladhuri they belonged to the holders of the frontier posts beyond the Sawad, being the springs of Sabur's trench dug between him and the Arabs manning its posts — Sabur having granted them the land, worked without kharaj. At Dhu Qar the Arabs took some springs; the Persians kept some, then plugged most on fleeing the Muslim advance on al-Hira; what the Arabs kept they cultivated tithe-free, and the spring-lands abandoned after al-Qadisiyya and al-Mada'in were given to the Muslims who granted them likewise as ushri. Uyun al-Taff's revenues ran with Medina's crown lands and Najd villages to Medina's officials until Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Mus'ab took the Sawad for al-Mutawakkil, annexed them, farmed their ushr and made them Sawadi — as they remain; he also dug 'Islamic springs' of the same dispensation.
مقام
أزين
Uzayn in Hind; raided by al-Junayd's armies with al-Maliba and Baharmad, whose suburbs they burned.
مقام
بلنسية
Valencia, the great city of eastern al-Andalus; held for the Almoravids by the qadi Ibn Jahhaf, taken by Rodrigo el Campeador in 488 after a twenty-month siege — the poet Ibn al-Banna among its burn victims — retaken by the Almoravid amir Mazdali in 495.
مقام
بلش مالقة
Velez-Malaga — first of the east-Malaga cities to fall in the final war; it went over to the captive sultan's peace-party, then surrendered on Friday 10 Jumada I 892 when the relief army broke before contact on the rumour Granada had risen.
مقام
خليج البنادقة (الأدرياتيكي)
One of two gulfs branching from the Syrian sea. It starts east of Calabria near Adrat, runs north along the Venetian shore, and is about 1,100 miles long with some fifteen islands.
مقام
بجانة
A city that was famous before Almeria; its people moved to Almeria, which grew while Vera declined, leaving only traces of buildings and its standing congregational mosque, with gardens and orchards around it.
مقام
أرض وبار
The lost land in the sands of 'Alij where Wabar's people perished — in the tellers' account once earth's most fertile ground, then guarded by jinn who hurl sand and whirlwinds at intruders and sire the wild-camel herds upon their camels, though al-Mas'udi notes sober men call it vain.
مقام
ودّان
A land of palm groves stretching west and north. The author says it was once thickly settled, but after Islam arrived its people fled into the desert. Only remnants are left, and the old town of Dawud is in ruins.
مقام
ودان
مقام
وادي العلاقي
A valley in Beja land with many people, to which the Upper Egyptians and the Beja come. It has sweet wells, and its people search the sands at night for gold.
مقام
وادي الفلج
A valley carried by the al-Falaj river, two days' journey across the desert from Mahar, with two small populated towns along it.
مقام
وادي الحجارة
A strong, pleasant town with fine markets and buildings, a congregational mosque, and a small river to its west with gardens; much saffron is sent out from it. Two stages from Toledo.
مقام
وادي المُشَقَّق
A valley on the Prophet's road back from Tabuk holding a little water that issued from a trickle.
مقام
وادي القرى
A valley of villages north of Medina on the Syrian road; Zayd ibn Haritha fought Banu Fazara there twice, wounded in the first and victorious in the second when Umm Qirfa was killed; al-Mas'udi notes that some counted the Prophet's return from Khaybar through Wadi al-Qura as a separate expedition.
مقام
وادي آش
A medium-sized town with a ring of walls and a small year-round stream running through it, on the road about eight miles from Granada.
مقام
وادي برهوت
A fire-vent of Hadramawt and the Shihr lands, named among the earth's atmas — springs of fire welling from the ground.
مقام
وادي حنين
A deep, hollow valley in the Tihama lowlands between Mecca and Ta'if with narrow gorges where the Hawazin confederation laid their ambush against the Muslim army in Shawwal 8 AH.
مقام
وادي محسر
مقام
وهران
A city on the coast with a well-built earthen wall, set markets and crafts; it faces Almeria on the Andalusian shore across the sea.
مقام
وجاه
A Tabaristan fortress where Jurjan's marzban fortified against Yazid, ringed by thickets and jungle; seven months and mangonels availed nothing till an informer showed a path and hide-ladders carried Jahm ibn Zahr up — the captives were slaughtered in Wadi Jurjan till the blood ran.
مقام
ولاشجرد
A small, populous and densely built town on the Hormuz road, one stage from Mughun.
مقام
والبة
A self-sufficient, populous city on a river; the author gives four stages south of Tanīsbur.
مقام
جزائر الواق واق
A chain of islands which al-Idrisi says connects with the Sila islands, beyond which no one knows. He reports much gold there and ebony of unmatched quality, and that merchants enter to smelt gold,.
مقام
وارقلان
A town the author places thirty-one stages from Awdaghast. He says the Zaghawa bring wheat to it from there,.
مقام
ورثان
An Azerbaijani bridge-town like the Wahsh and Arshaf bridges of Babak's days; Marwan ibn Muhammad built and revived it as his estate, it fell with the Umayyad seizures to Zubayda umm Ja'far whose agents razed the wall — lately rebuilt — and there al-Afshin Haydar ibn Kawus camped and fortified during the Babak war.
مقام
واشجرد
A town of good size with many prosperous people, known for much saffron, the best crop of its district.
مقام
وشقة
A fine civilised city with a wall and markets, standing and busy, fifty miles from Sarqusta.
مقام
واسط
A garrison city founded by al-Hajjaj in year 83 or 84; in al-Baladhuri he built its mosque, palace and Green Dome — it was reed-land, whence Wasit al-Qasab — equidistant from al-Ahwaz, Basra and Kufa; his letter to Abd al-Malik, 'I have founded a city in a karsh of land between the mountain and the two garrison towns,' is why the Wasitis were called al-Karshiyyin.
مقام
وَيْص
a fortress in the Sisajan built by Anushirwan, taken by Habib ibn Maslama after he routed the land's people.
مقام
وزان
Wazan on the Sijistan road; its folk fled before Ibn Samura, who took it.
مقام
شيآن
A Chinese city that was the ancient capital of China and the end of the Silk Road; its Great Mosque dates its founding to the eighth century CE.
مقام
يافا
A town on the Mediterranean coast about twenty miles from Ramla, with a harbour.
مقام
يلل
A town with good farmland and thriving crops, one stage from al-Mu'askar.
مقام
ينبع
Red Sea port on the Hejaz coast, long the port of Medina.
مقام
اليرموك
A river between Filastin and al-Urdunn on whose banks the great battle of the Yarmuk was fought in Rajab year 15 between the Muslims and Heraclius's hosts.
مقام
يزد
A populous city of low prices, about thirty miles east of Kath, on the edge of a desert that joins the Khurasan road.
مقام
اليمن
The southwest corner of Arabia, homeland of the Qahtani Arabs and seat of the successive Sabaean, Himyarite, Abyssinian and Persian powers narrated in the sira's prologue.
مقام
زبيد
Yemeni coastal town, a centre of Islamic learning in the later Middle Ages and a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1993.
مقام
زابل
Zabil of Sijistan; taken by compact with Bust under Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura.
مقام
زابلستان
Zabulistan, the land south of Kabul and Sijistan; taken by Ibn Samura after its people broke, with captives — then overrun by Rutbil as far as Bust.
مقام
ظفار
Once the capital of Yahsub and home to the famous Rayban palace, it is now largely in ruins, with a few of its people still living there.
مقام
ظفار قصبة يخصب
مقام
ظفار الحموض
مقام
زغاوة
A town with many people, surrounded by Zaghawa tribes who herd camels. Their water comes from wells and their food is sorghum, dried meat and fish. Eight stages from Manan.
مقام
زاغول
Zaghul of Marw al-Rudh at al-Shawsa; there al-Muhallab died returning from Kish and Nasaf, his illness begun in grief for al-Mughira.
مقام
زالع
A city on the coast of Abyssinia, on the sea that joins the Red Sea. Many people live there and ships bring many kinds of trade. Slaves and silver leave from it; gold is scarce.
مقام
زالة
A town with a strong fortress, nine days from a place called Marat, eight days from Wadan and ten from Zuwayla.
مقام
زالق
Zaliq, the Sijistan fortress five farsakhs from the capital; raided by al-Rabi' on Mihrjan, its dahqan ransoming himself with his spear planted and heaped over with gold and silver.
مقام
الزالقان
A city some distance from Bust, with a wall, markets, running water, palms and vineyards; similar in size to al-Qarnayn, most of its people weavers and merchants.
مقام
زم
A town nearly as large as Amul, with buildings, fields, trade and crafts, on the road of travellers to Khurasan; four stages from Tirmidh.
مقام
زماخر
A city on the west bank of the Nile, above the mouth of the al-Manhi branch. The author describes it as well built, with many orchards, abundant fruit and several kinds of grain.
مقام
زامين
A populous, strong town with a wall, twenty-seven miles from Samarqand.
مقام
زندورد
In al-Baladhuri: a town of Kaskar — one copy reads Zandarud — which Khalid ibn al-Walid passed and opened on the march to al-Hira, opening Durna and her daughter-towns — formerly of Zandaward's people — by aman, then Hurmuzjird whose people he safe-conducted and opened.
مقام
زنجان
A town in Qazwin's marches; al-Bara' ibn Azib took it by force after Qazwin's treaty and his raids on Daylam, Jilan, al-Babar and al-Taylasan.
مقام
زنجبار
An island off the East African coast, an Islamic trading centre of Swahili culture; the Sultanate of Oman ruled it in the nineteenth century.
مقام
زاقة
A city in the land of the Rus; the author gives one hundred and eighty miles to Turūbī.
مقام
زرند
A town on the edge of the great desert, with fertility, farming and tanneries, where the Zarandi linings are made and carried to Iraq and sometimes to Egypt.
مقام
زرنج
Zaranj, the great city of Sijistan; besieged by al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad its marzban Aparwiz truced for a thousand wadif with gold cups — seated on a corpse — in a two-and-a-half-year governorship that took forty thousand captives; then Ibn Samura besieged its marzban on their feast-day for two million dirhams and two thousand wadif.
مقام
زرود
مقام
زوادة
A large city with much building; the author says the land is known through it, and gives a distance to Alba.
مقام
زويلة
Zawila, a town of the Maghreb between Barqa and Fazzan; Uqba ibn Nafi' al-Fihri reached it in his first charge over the Maghreb from Amr ibn al-As, laying on its people and those between it and Barqa what he judged they could bear.
مقام
زبطرة
Zibatra, an old Roman fortress of the frontier; Habib ibn Maslama took it with the old fortress of al-Hadath in Umar's days; the Romans wrecked it in al-Walid ibn Yazid's days and again in Marwan ibn Muhammad's civil war — al-Mansur rebuilt it, the Romans damaged it, al-Rashid rebuilt and garrisoned it through Muhammad ibn Ibrahim, and al-Ma'mun repaired and fortified it after a raid on its people's herds; in al-Mu'tasim's caliphate the Romans came to it, killed the men, captured the women and wrecked it — the proximate cause of his expedition to Amorium — after which it was rebuilt, fortified and garrisoned, the Romans later attempting it in vain.
مقام
زفتة
A large village adjoining Shantuf, fifteen miles from Shalaqan, with a market serving the villages around it.
مقام
زبالة
Once a town, now neither a city nor a fortress; a halt where travellers on the Hijaz road rest.
مقام
زويلة
A town north of Wadan. The author says it was named after the man who built it and settled there with his cousins in the year 306 AH, and that it is now populated,.
مقام
الزوزن
A town with busy markets, fine and strong, three stages from Qayn.
ریاست
الدولة العباسية
750 عیسوی · 132 ھ†A caliphate established in 750 CE and ended in 1258 CE; its capital was Baghdad, then Cairo.
ریاست
مملكة أكسوم (الحبشة)
The Ethiopian power across the Red Sea which twice occupied Yemen — first 340–378 exploiting Himyarite rivalries, then in 525 under Aryat with Roman ships, in revenge for Dhu Nuwas’s trenches of fire — and whose commander Abraha led the elephant campaign on Mecca.
ریاست
الدولة الموحدية
1121 عیسوی · 515 ھ†A caliphate established in 1121 CE and ended in 1269 CE.
ریاست
دولة المرابطين
تقریباً 1042 عیسوی · تقریباً 435 ھThe dynasty raised by Abd Allah ibn Yasin al-Jazuli among the Mulaththamun tribes of Lamtuna, Guddala and Massufa, named Murabitun after their ribat island on the Niger; their amir Yahya ibn Umar took Sijilmasa in 445 AH, Yusuf ibn Tashfin founded Marrakesh in 454 AH, subdued the Maghreb and annexed al-Andalus after Zallaqa, until the Almohads took Marrakesh in 541 AH.
ریاست
الدولة الأرتقية
1090 عیسوی · 483 ھThe state of the sons of Artuq ibn Aksak, mamluk of Sultan Malikshah, masters of Mardin and Diyar Bakr; Artuq died in Jerusalem in 483 AH leaving his sons Abu al-Ghazi and Sukman holding al-Ruha and Saruj, and when the Franks took Antioch in 491 Sukman won renown in the jihad against them — after his son Yaquti's death he took Mardin itself, which stayed in his line together with Hisn Kayfa and Nisibis, branching into Mardin, Hisn Kayfa and Harran lines until Ayyubids inherited Mardin.
ریاست
أولاد منديل
The emirate of the Awlad Mandil of Maghrawa in Wadi Shelif and the Middle Maghreb marches; they restored their people's kingship after the Khazirids' fall, descending from Abd al-Samad ibn Muhammad ibn Khazrun of the Tripoli Khazrunids who fled to the Aures then Zawawa then intermarried with the Shelif Maghrawa — his line were called Banu Muhammad then the Khazriyya: Abu Nas the pious, granted Wadi Shelif by the Almohads; his son Abd al-Rahman, born of a Makkhukh princess and gathering the Maghrawa tribes under Almohad favour; his sons Mandil and Tuhaym; and al-Abbas ibn Mandil, who contested Tlemcen with the Yaghmurasanids and Abd al-Wadids until the Marinid fitnas extinguished the state.
ریاست
الدولة الأيوبية
1171 عیسوی · 566 ھ†A ruling dynasty established in 1171 CE and ended in 1341 CE; its capital was Cairo.
ریاست
السلطنة البهمنية
1347 عیسوی · 748 ھ†A sultanate established in 1347 CE and ended in 1527 CE.
ریاست
بنو أبي العافية
Banu Abi al-Afiya ibn Abi Na'il, the Miknasa branch that ruled Tasul and the Taza–Malwiyya–Melilla marches; first clients then scourges of the Idrisids — Musa ibn Abi al-Afiya drove them from Fez under the Fatimid da'wa, warred the eunuch Maysur, was driven into the desert and returned, and the house survived as Zirid clients until Yusuf ibn Tashfin's Almoravids destroyed its last chiefs.
ریاست
بنو غانية
Banu Ghaniya, remnant of the Almoravids; a Massufa house of the veiled tribes — Yahya al-Massufi their champion honoured by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, slain leaving by a wife named Ghaniya two sons Muhammad and Yahya raised in the sultan's care; Ali ibn Yusuf granted Yahya the western Andalus seated at Cordoba and Muhammad the eastern isles Majorca, Menorca and Ibiza in 520, and Ishaq ibn Muhammad held all until his death in 580 leaving eight sons — then his son Ali ibn Muhammad carried the house to Ifriqiya, striking Béjaïa unawares in Safar 581, taking Algiers, Mazuna and Milyana, besieging the Qal'a, ruling Qafsa and investing Tripoli, fighting the Almohads by land and sea in famous wars until their house was extinguished.
ریاست
بنو جامع الهلاليون أمراء قابس
1043 عیسوی · 435 ھThe amirate of the Hilali Banu Jami' at Gabes under the Sanhaja era; Bakr ibn Kamil ibn Jami', amir of the Manaqisha of Duhman of Banu Ali of the Riyah, threw off obedience in 435 AH and drew the bay'a of Tozeur, Gafsa, Sus, al-Hama, Nafzawa and all the Constantine districts until his sultanate grew mighty — his sons Isa, Rashid, Muhammad and Mudafi' held it in turn until they entered Abd al-Mu'min's obedience in 554 and their house ended.
ریاست
بنو قتادة أمراء مكة
Banu Qatada, amirs of Mecca after the Hawashim; of Musa al-Jawn's line dwelling as nomads in Wadi Yanbu — Abu Aziz ibn Qatada intermarried with the Hawashim and on their decline inherited Mecca through the female line (d. 589); then Qatada ibn Idris multiplied his mamluks and stretched his writ from Yemen's borders to Medina from Yanbu's castle, his descendants ruling on to Abu Numayy who held Mecca's affairs some fifty years, then his sons Rumaytha and Humayda — Mecca's amirs in Ibn Khaldun's own day and ancestors of its later sharifs.
ریاست
بنو صالح بن منصور ملوك نكور
تقریباً 750 عیسوی · تقریباً 132 ھThe amirate of Banu Salih ibn Mansur at Nekour and the Ghumara–Habat lands; from the line of Salih ibn Mansur al-Himyari under whom Ghumara embraced Islam in the Umayyad state — a Maliki imam of upright rule until his death at Tamsasan in 182 AH — held by his heirs Sa'id, Salih and Sa'id ibn Salih through their Berber wars, and restored by the grandson Salih 'al-Yatim', who escaped the Kutama sword and took the bay'a at Marsa Ghassan in 305 under Cordoban da'wa, until Musa ibn Abi al-Afiya stormed it, killed al-Mu'ayyad ibn Sa'id and sacked the city in 317.
ریاست
بنو الأخيضر باليمامة
865 عیسوی · 251 ھThe emirate of Banu al-Ukhaydhir of Yamama, Hasanids; from the line of Musa al-Jawn ibn Abdallah ibn al-Hasan al-Muthanna — Ismail and his brother Muhammad al-Ukhaydhir, sons of Yusuf ibn Ibrahim ibn Musa. Ismail 'al-Saffak' rose among the Hijaz Arabs in 251, drove Mecca's governor out, plundered the caliphal households and the Ka'ba's kiswa for fifty days, starved Medina under siege until none prayed in the Prophet's mosque, and roamed the Hijaz twenty-two years; his brother Muhammad al-Ukhaydhir then founded their Yamama kingship, which lasted until the Qarmatians overwhelmed them.
ریاست
بنو يعلى ملوك تلمسان
The emirate of Banu Ya'la of the Khazirid Maghrawa at Tlemcen; descendants of Ya'la ibn al-Khayr ibn Muhammad ibn Khazir, neighbours of the Fez Zirids and the Salé Yafranids, whose amirs warred the Zughba Arabs, the Hammadids, the Musamida and Barghawata — their last amir al-Abbas ibn Bakhti, against whom Yusuf ibn Tashfin sent Mazdali ibn Tablakan's Lamtuna host that swept the Middle Maghreb, killed his son Ya'la and then al-Abbas himself when Tlemcen fell in 475, ending the dynasty and making Tlemcen an Almoravid march.
ریاست
أتابكية أربل البجتجنية
The Begtiginid atabegs of Erbil; named for Begtigin, a Seljuk army mamluk seated at Erbil — their most famous Zayn al-Din Ali Kuchuk ibn Begtigin, lieutenant of Mosul, and his son Muzaffar al-Din Gokburi, lord of Erbil and Harran who became one of Saladin's great amirs — the house lasting in the Jazira until it passed into Ayyubid then Mongol allegiance.
ریاست
الدولة البورية (أتابكة دمشق)
1104 عیسوی · 497 ھThe state of the Atabeg Tughtakin and his sons at Damascus; a mamluk of Tutush, he took sole rule on Duqaq's death in 497 AH, warred on the Franks and met their kings at Marj al-Saffar in 520, died in 522 and was followed by his son Taj al-Dawla Buri and his line until Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zengi's seizure of Damascus in 549 ended their state.
ریاست
الدولة البويهية
934 عیسوی · 322 ھThe Buyid state of the Daylamites; Daylamite commanders who reached for the Abbasid caliphs' lands when they saw them undefended, taking Isfahan and Rayy, then Fars (Shiraz and Arrajan), with Mu'izz al-Dawla seizing al-Ahwaz in 325 AH then Wasit and Baghdad in 334 — the caliphs falling under their wardship from al-Mustakfi until the dynasty's extinction at Tughril Beg's entry into Baghdad in 447. The state ran in three branches: Fars for Imad al-Dawla's line, the Jibal for Rukn al-Dawla's, and Iraq for Mu'izz al-Dawla's.
ریاست
الدولة البيزنطية (الروم)
The Roman power that ruled Egypt and Syria, controlled the sea trade routes that strangled Yemen’s caravan economy, set up client kings among the Arabs of al-Sham, and armed Abyssinia’s fleet for the second occupation of Yemen.
ریاست
السلاجقة الدانشمندية
The Danishmendid state; the Turkish chief Jumushtekin ibn Danishmend made his power fast in Cappadocia at Sivas, Kayseri and Malatya — routing the Franks at the last — and his heirs Ghazi, Muhammad II, Dhu'l-Nun and Ya'qib Arslan played a splendid part in the Crusader wars until the house was absorbed into its great Seljuk neighbour of Rum.
ریاست
دولة بني مهدي باليمن
The state of Ali ibn Mahdi al-Himyari and his sons in Yemen; begun in the preacher's da'wa when the mountain folk swore to him after Umm Fatik's death in 545 — his cause flared over Tihama and its mountains, he crushed the Najahids and took Zabid in 554, and the Sulaymanids' whole Yemeni kingship passed into Banu Mahdi's hands until the Ayyubid state came and took the country.
ریاست
سلطنة دلهي
1206 عیسوی · 602 ھ†A sultanate established in 1206 CE and ended in 1526 CE; its capital was Delhi.
ریاست
مملكة غرناطة
1238 عیسوی · 635 ھ†An emirate established in 1238 CE and ended in 1492 CE; its capital was Granada.
ریاست
الإمارة بالحجاز (حكومة مكة)
The leadership of Mecca and custody of the House from Ismail to Quraysh in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account: Ismail and his sons, then Jurhum for about twenty centuries, then Khuza'a for three hundred years, then Qusayy and Quraysh from about 440 CE; a government mixing worldly primacy and religious leadership, ruling among the Arabs in religion's name and overseeing the pilgrims' affairs, with parliament-like offices, yet weak, as the Abyssinian invasion showed.
ریاست
الإمارة الصقلية
827 عیسوی · 212 ھ†An emirate established in 827 CE and ended in 1091 CE.
ریاست
دولة بني ارتنا ببلاد الروم
تقریباً 1335 عیسوی · تقریباً 736 ھThe state of the Banu Eretna, Mongol-blooded kings of Rum after the Ilkhanids; their root Eretna, an Ilkhanid commander who held the shihna governorship of the Rum lands, who with his sons took its throne at Kayseri and Sivas and the realms from Aqsaray to Malatya and Samsat and what they had annexed of Armenia — their kingship lasted until the Turkmen and Ottoman states rose over them.
ریاست
الدولة الفاطمية
909 عیسوی · 296 ھ†A caliphate established in 909 CE and ended in 1171 CE; its capital was Cairo.
ریاست
مملكة غانة القديمة
تقریباً 300 عیسویThe greatest of the old Sudanese kingdoms, its capital Ghana standing in two cities on the banks of the Niger among the largest cities of the world, Muslim from early times, whose first convert king was Barmandana the pilgrim, until the Susu then Mali absorbed it.
ریاست
مملكة الغساسنة
تقریباً 220 عیسویThe Arab client kingdom of Rome in al-Sham: the house of Jafna of the Azd displaced the Salihid Dajaʾima and ruled as Rome’s wardens of the desert frontier until Yarmuk, when their last king Jabala ibn al-Ayham entered Islam in Umar’s reign.
ریاست
الدولة الغزنوية
962 عیسوی · 351 ھ†An empire established in 962 CE and ended in 1187 CE.
ریاست
الدولة الغورية
The Ghurid state, kings of Ghor who held the sultanate after the Ghaznavids; mountain kings at Firuzkuh in Subuktigin's days, when Bahramshah of Ghazna killed Muhammad ibn al-Husayn and crucified his brother Suri at Ghazna's gate their brother Ala al-Din al-Husayn marched in 547 AH, took and burned the city — then the state settled with his nephews Ghiyath al-Din and Shihab al-Din who overran Khurasan and India until Shihab al-Din granted Delhi as iqta' to Qutb al-Din Aybak.
ریاست
دولة بني جوجي بالدست (القبيل الذهبي)
The state of the sons of Jochi (Dushi Khan) ibn Genghis in the Qipchaq Dasht from Filak to Bulgar; Jochi's sons Naju and Berke inherited it, Berke converting at a Bukhara shaykh's hand of Najm al-Din Kubra's school and seeking his brother Monke's leave to strike the caliphate's lands — their throne sat at Saray until Uzbek's reign when Islam spread among them and they intermarried with Egypt's kings.
ریاست
الدولة الحفصية
1229 عیسوی · 626 ھ†A ruling dynasty established in 1229 CE and ended in 1574 CE.
ریاست
الدولة الحمدانية
The state of the Banu Hamdan ibn Hamdun al-Taghlibi, of Banu Taghlib ibn Wa'il of the Jazira; it began with authority over Mosul when al-Muktafi appointed Abu al-Hayja Abd Allah ibn Hamdan over it, then extended through the Jazira and Syria, settling under its great amirs Nasir al-Dawla at Mosul and Sayf al-Dawla at Aleppo, acting independently under the Abbasid call — in Ibn Khaldun's description.
ریاست
دولة آل حماد بالقلعة
1007 عیسوی · 398 ھThe house of Hammad ibn Buluggin at the Qal'a, Sanhaja kings of the Middle Maghreb; a branch of the Zirid state — al-Mansur Buluggin invested his brother Hammad with Ashir and Msila, and in 398 AH he seceded in Badis's day, ground down the Zanata, founded the fortress-city of the Qal'a (settled by Jarawa and finished about 400) which drew scholars and craftsmen from afar, and the dynasty lasted at the Qal'a and Bijaya until Abd al-Mu'min the Almohad erased it.
ریاست
دولة بني حمود
1016 عیسوی · 407 ھThe state of Banu Hammud ibn Maymun of the Idrisids at Ceuta, Tangier and the Ghumara lands, then in al-Andalus; when the Amirid state collapsed the Berbers set up Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, and the brothers Ali and al-Qasim ibn Hammud stood him in good stead — Ali took Tangier, rebelled, crossed to Andalus and assumed the caliphate, and his house (al-Qasim, Yahya, Idris) held Cordoba, Malaga and Algeciras, until their Saqali client the hajib Sakkut the Barghawati seized Ceuta and Tangier, whom Yusuf ibn Tashfin destroyed in 476, finding among his hoard the seal-ring of Yahya ibn Ali — and the Hammudid state ended.
ریاست
الدولة الحسنويهية
تقریباً 959 عیسوی · تقریباً 349 ھThe state of the sons of Hasanwayh ibn al-Husayn the Kurd, of the Rizankas' Duwaylatiyya clan; he inherited kingship from his uncles Wandad and Ghanim ibn Ahmad ibn Ali of the Abbabiyya Kurds, mastering the Dinawar, Hamadan, Nihawand and Samaghan marches into Azerbaijan's edge, built Sarmij castle of dressed stone and Dinawar's mosque, and died in 369 — his sons scattered until Adud al-Dawla raised Abu al-Najm Badr, who crushed Musharrif al-Dawla's host under Qaratikin in 377 and received Baha' al-Dawla's investiture and the laqab Nasir al-Dawla in 388.
ریاست
دولة الهواشم بمكة
The Hawashim state of Mecca of the Banu Hasan; Muhammad ibn Ja'far and his brothers seized its emirate after the Sulaymanids, and its khutba swung between the Abbasid and Ubaydi calls through their years — al-Muqtadi sending Mecca's gold-inscribed minbar in year 470 and Khatlagh the first Turkic amir of the hajj, the minbar broken and burned in the Sunni-Shi'i fitna — until, with the Fatimid state's extinction and the Hawashim enfeebled, Abu Aziz ibn Qatada (d. 589) intermarried with them and Banu Qatada inherited the rule of Mecca through the female line.
ریاست
مملكة حمير
تقریباً 115 قبل مسیحThe Himyarite power that took over Saba around 115 BCE and ruled from Zafar; its last centuries saw decline, the Abyssinian occupations after Dhu Nuwas’s massacre of Najran’s Christians, then Persian control until Badhan’s conversion in 638 CE.
ریاست
الدولة الإدريسية
789 عیسوی · 172 ھThe Idrisid state of the Far Maghreb; the first Alid polity there, raised when Idris ibn Abdallah took refuge at Walila and the Berbers gave him bay'a — his son Muhammad divided the realm among his sons, Ghumara, the Rif and Nekour among their shares; the dynasty warred the Aghlabids and Fatimids until Musa ibn Abi al-Afiya drove them from Fez in 313 to the Ghumara fastness of Hajar al-Nasr, where Abu al-Aysh ibn Idris and then al-Hasan ibn Kannun led them under Cordoban da'wa (routing al-Hakam's army in 362), until Ghalib exiled them east and al-Hasan was killed returning — Idrisid kingship ended save for the later Hammudid branch at Ceuta and Tangier.
ریاست
الدولة الإخشيدية
The Ikhshidid state of Banu Tughj in Egypt and Syria, founded by Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, held after him by his sons and their master Kafur al-Ikhshidi until it ended with Jawhar al-Siqilli's entry into Egypt in 358 AH, the da'wa turning Alid and his founding of Cairo.
ریاست
أتابكية أذربيجان
1136 عیسوی · 531 ھThe atabegs of Azerbaijan; sprung from Shams al-Din Eldiguz, a Qipchaq mamluk of Sultan Mas'ud of Iraq, whose state rose in 531 — succeeded by Muhammad Bahlawan Jahan in 568, Qizil Arslan Uthman in 587, and Abu Bakr — ruling the Jibal, Azerbaijan and Persian Iraq until Khwarazmshah Ala al-Din Muhammad ended them under their last amir Uzbek al-Bahlawan in 622.
ریاست
الدولة الإلخانية
1256 عیسوی · 654 ھ†A state established in 1256 CE and ended in 1335 CE.
ریاست
الدولة الكاكويهية (آل كاكويه)
The state of the Kakuyids, Daylamite kings of Isfahan and Yazd; Ala al-Dawla ibn Kakuya held Isfahan and gave Sultan Mahmud ibn Subuktigin allegiance and the khutba in 420 AH, Mas'ud took the city from him and he recovered it, and Ala al-Dawla Karsasf ibn Qaramard ibn Kakuya ruled Yazd as son-in-law of the sultans Muhammad and Sanjar upon their sister — the house held the Jibal until the Seljuks prevailed.
ریاست
بنو خزرون ملوك سجلماسة
977 عیسوی · 366 ھThe emirate of Banu Khazrun ibn Fulful of Maghrawa at Sijilmasa; Khazrun marched on it in 366, routed and killed its Midrarid amir al-Mu'tazz, erased the Kharijite Midrarid state for ever and raised the khutba for the caliph Hisham al-Mu'ayyad — the first Marwanid da'wa over Sijilmasa. His son Wanudin held it from 390 under Wadih's covenant of yearly tribute in coin, horses and shields, and after the Cordoban caliphate's thread snapped he ruled Sijilmasa and Dra'a independently, until the Almoravids swept the Maghreb and the Banu Khazrun perished at Sijilmasa and Tripoli.
ریاست
الدولة الخوارزمية
1077 عیسوی · 469 ھ†An empire established in 1077 CE and ended in 1231 CE.
ریاست
مملكة سبأ
تقریباً 1100 قبل مسیحThe oldest named power of Yemen in the sira’s prologue: its traces reach twenty-five centuries before the Common Era in the excavations of Ur, its flourish begins in the eleventh century BCE, and it passed through the Mukarrib era at Sirwah and the kingdom era at Maʾrib before Himyar absorbed it around 115 BCE.
ریاست
مملكة الحيرة (المناذرة)
تقریباً 268 عیسویThe Arab client kingdom at al-Hira on Persia’s border: from Amr ibn Adi under Shapur until the last Lakhmid al-Mundhir (al-Maʾrur) in 632, serving the Sasanians as a buffer against Arab raiders and Rome’s own Arab clients.
ریاست
مملكة مالي
تقریباً 1235 عیسوی · تقریباً 632 ھThe greatest Islamic kingdom of the western Sudan, founded by Mari Jata after wresting power from the Susu, reaching its height in the eighth century AH when its rule stretched from the Niger headlands to the ocean approaches.
ریاست
الدولة المرينية
1215 عیسوی · 612 ھ†A ruling dynasty established in 1215 CE and ended in 1465 CE.
ریاست
الدولة المروانية الكردية
The Kurdish Marwanid state of Diyar Bakr after the Hamdanids — not Arab, as Ibn Khaldun notes; founded by Bad al-Kurdi Husayn ibn Dushik who seized Amid and Diyar Bakr, then carried on by his nephew Abu Ali ibn Marwan who took the Kayfa stronghold and secured Diyar Bakr, his descendants' rule lasting until the Seljuk states arose.
ریاست
الدولة المزيدية
The state of Banu Mazyad of Banu Asad, kings of al-Hilla in Iraq, whose range ran from Baghdad to Basra and Najd; their chief Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Mazyad took the Dubaysi islands and in his lifetime authority passed to his son Dubays Nur al-Dawla, the state peaking under his grandson Sadaqa ibn Mansur — builder of al-Hilla, titled king of the Arabs — until he was killed in 501 AH fighting Sultan Muhammad ibn Malikshah, after whose sons their line faded.
ریاست
الدولة المرداسية
1033 عیسوی · 424 ھThe state of Banu Salih ibn Mirdas of Banu Kilab ibn Amir ibn Sa'sa'a at Aleppo and the lands down to Ana; Salih began by taking al-Rahba, then seized Aleppo from Ibn Sha'ban al-Katami in 424 AH so his realm stretched from Baalbek to Ana — after his death in 429 his sons Nasr (Shibl al-Dawla) and Thimal held it until their line ended with the rise of the Seljuk kings in Syria.
ریاست
دولة التتر (الإمبراطورية المغولية)
تقریباً 1206 عیسوی · تقریباً 602 ھThe Tatar state of the Turkish nations beyond the Khita lands on China's marches; Genghis Khan, king of the Mongols, arose among them and they overran the Islamic realms and tore the caliphate's seat from Baghdad — then their state split into kingdoms: the rulers of Transoxiana, the Juchid house of the Dasht and the Ilkhans of Iraq, and in time they embraced Islam.
ریاست
الدولة المسافرية (بنو سلار)
941 عیسوی · 330 ھThe state of Muhammad ibn Musafir, Daylamite master of al-Tarum, and his sons in Azerbaijan; among his many sons were Salar, Sa'luk, Wahsudan and al-Marzuban, who wrested Azerbaijan from Daysim ibn Ibrahim the Kurd in 330 AH — in their days came the Rus descent on Barda'a in 332 and al-Marzuban's victory over them.
ریاست
بنو المظفر اليزدي
1335 عیسوی · 736 ھThe Muzaffarid (Mubariz al-Dinid) dynasty that ruled Isfahan, Fars and Kirman after the Ilkhanid fall; their root Ahmad al-Muzaffar of Yazd held the watch of Fars's roads under Abu Sa'id — at the Ilkhan's death in 736 his son Sharaf al-Din Mahmud seized Isfahan and Fars, then his brother Mubariz al-Din Muhammad took Kirman, wrested Shiraz and Isfahan and killed his nephew Abu Ishaq Amir Shaykh; his sons Mahmud, Shah Shuja', Mansur ibn Shah Wali and Zayn al-Abidin held the kingship until Timur stormed in 795, exterminated them and took Shiraz, Isfahan, Yazd and Kirman.
ریاست
مملكة الأنباط
The strong north-Hijazi kingdom of the sons of Nabit ibn Ismail in the traditional account, capital at Petra, which dominated the peninsula’s fringes until Rome broke it.
ریاست
بنو نجاح بزبيد
Banu Najah of Zabid, mawali of Banu Ziyad; when al-Sulayhi took Zabid, Najah's sons Mu'arik, Sa'id and Jayyash scattered — Sa'id and Jayyash fleeing to Dahlak island to learn Qur'an and adab — until they ambushed Ali al-Sulayhi by night in the saddle-lines on his march to Mecca and Jayyash killed him with his own hand in 473; they took Zabid, ruling under the Abbasid khutba against the Sulayhids' Ubaydi one, Jayyash famed for justice until his death at the turn of the fifth century, his son al-Fatik succeeding until Ali ibn Mahdi the Khariji ended the house in 554.
ریاست
الدولة العثمانية
29 جولائی 1299 عیسوی · 28 شوال 698 ھ†An empire established in 1299 CE and ended in 1922 CE; its capital was Constantinople.
ریاست
الدولة القاجارية
1789 عیسوی · 1203 ھ†A state established in 1789 CE and ended in 1925 CE.
ریاست
الدولة الخاقانية (القراخانية)
The Turkic state of Kashghar and the Turkestan marches — kings of Turkestan whose seat was Kashghar with Saqun and Khimo reaching the Shash lands; the first of them to accept Islam was Sabuq Qara Khan, named Abd al-Malik, and they served the Samanids as levied allies until Abu Ali ibn Simjur tempted them with Bukhara in the Samanid collapse of the 390s — Bughra Khan took the country piecemeal and died on the road from Bukhara (the text reads year 403 of the fourth century), pious, just, learned-loving and Sunni in leaning; his brother Ilig Khan Sulayman 'Shihab al-Dawla' then entered Bukhara on 10 Dhu'l-Qa'da of year 389 on the text's reading, seized Buktuzun and Abd al-Malik and the deposed Abu'l-Harith Mansur — and the Samanid state was ended.
ریاست
بنو قرمان
Banu Qaraman, Turkmen amirs of Rum; they won a piece of the Rum lands between Sivas and the Ottomans' country — Antalya and the Alanya coast mountains to Konya — seated on the Armenian marches, their forefather the man who routed Hayton (Hetum) the Leo king of Sis in 720, their house bound thereafter to the Banu Uthman by ties and marriage until the Ottoman state absorbed them.
ریاست
خانات قطلغ بكرمان
1222 عیسوی · 619 ھThe Kirman atabegate known as the Qutlugh khans; founded by Baraq Hajib, a Qara-Khitai commander who entered Khwarazmshah Muhammad's service at Kirman in 619 — nominal vassal then rival of Jalal al-Din Mingburnu, courting the Mongols to break free in 623 — the state lasting under Ilkhanid suzerainty through Rukn al-Din Khwaja al-Haqq and Qutb al-Din Muhammad to his widow Qutlugh Khatun who ruled Kirman herself from 655 to 681, until the house faded about 703.
ریاست
الخلافة الراشدة
جون 632 عیسوی · ربیع الاول 11 ھ†A caliphate established in 632 CE and ended in 661 CE; its capital was Kufa, then Medina.
ریاست
بنو الرسي بصعدة
Banu al-Rassi, the Zaydi imams of Sa'da; from the line of al-Qasim al-Rassi ibn Ibrahim Tabataba — first to rise there was Yahya ibn al-Husayn al-Rassi, who summoned Sa'da to himself, took the laqab al-Hadi and was sworn as imam, a mujtahid in legal rulings whose fiqh Ibn Hazm saw and judged not far from the Sunni way; his son Muhammad al-Murtada's tenure faltered but his brother al-Nasir Ahmad's held, and the imamate ran unbroken in his sons until the Sulaymanids of Mecca, driven out by the Hawashim, seized Sa'da and ended the state there in the sixth century — though the Rassid claim lived on in their descendants past 700.
ریاست
الدولة الرسولية
1229 عیسوی · 626 ھ†A ruling dynasty established in 1229 CE and ended in 1454 CE.
ریاست
سلطنة سلاجقة الروم
تقریباً 1071 عیسوی · تقریباً 463 ھThe state of Qutulmush and his sons, Seljuk kings of Konya and the land of Rum; Qutulmush entered Anatolia and held Konya, Aqsaray and their districts, rebelled against Alp Arslan and was killed in 456 AH — his son Sulayman succeeded, took Antioch from the Romans in 477 and fell fighting Tutush in 479; his son Qilij Arslan contested the Franks and seized Mosul and Diyar Bakr until he drowned in the Khabur fighting Jawali, leaving his son Mas'ud over the Rum lands, and their line held Konya until the Tatars ended their state.
ریاست
الدولة السعدية
1549 عیسوی · 956 ھ†A ruling dynasty established in 1549 CE and ended in 1659 CE.
ریاست
الدولة الصفوية
1501 عیسوی · 906 ھ†An empire established in 1501 CE and ended in 1736 CE.
ریاست
الدولة الصفارية
تقریباً 861 عیسوی · تقریباً 247 ھ†The Saffarid state, kings of Sistan; it arose from the mutatawwi'a volunteers who gathered in Sistan to fight the Kharijite Shurat as the Baghdad state faltered after al-Mutawakkil's killing, first rallying to Salih ibn Nasr al-Kinani, then led by Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar who mastered Herat, Kirman, Fars and Khurasan with caliphal investiture — he died in 265 AH and his brother Amr succeeded until Isma'il al-Samani captured him at Balkh, ending their great state.
ریاست
أتابكية فارس السلغرية
1148 عیسوی · 543 ھThe Salghurid atabegs of Fars; named for Salghur, a Turkmen chief who joined Tughril Beg's court — his descendant Sunqur ibn Mawdud seized Fars in 543, founding a century-and-a-half state seated at Shiraz with arms over Kirman; Sa'd ibn Zengi took Isfahan and the Iraqi 'Ajam lands, broke before Khwarazmshah at Rayy yet was honourably restored on a khutba-only tribute, and his son Abu Bakr stretched the realm to Bahrain and the Gulf isles, buying Genghis off with gifts — the house ending in 686.
ریاست
السامانيون
819 عیسوی · 203 ھ†A ruling dynasty established in 819 CE and ended in 999 CE.
ریاست
الدولة الساسانية (الفرس)
The Persian power rebuilt by Ardashir from 226 CE: it ruled Iraq and the Gulf, kept the Lakhmid kings of al-Hira as frontier wardens, and absorbed Yemen as a province after expelling the Abyssinians until Badhan’s conversion.
ریاست
الدولة السلجوقية
1037 عیسوی · 428 ھ†An empire established in 1037 CE and ended in 1194 CE; its capital was Nishapur.
ریاست
سلاجقة كرمان
1041 عیسوی · 433 ھThe Seljuks of Kirman; a branch of the Seljuk house founded by Qawurd Beg Imad al-Din Qara Arslan in 433 — followed by Kirman Shah, Husayn, Qizil Arslan, Uzbak, Rukn al-Din Sultan Shah, Turan Shah, Imiran Shah, Arslan Shah and Mughith al-Din Muhammad I — their emirate lasting in Kirman to the late sixth century.
ریاست
شاهات أرمينية بأخلاط
1100 عیسوی · 493 ھThe Shah-i Arman state of Akhlat; founded by Sukman al-Qutbi in 493, the strongest of Seljuk Armenia's lesser states though Armenian-majority and a fifth of the country — ruled by Zahir al-Din Ibrahim Shah-i Arman, Ahmad, Nasir al-Din Sukman II, Sayf al-Din Bektumr and Badr al-Din Aqsunqur until the Banu Sukman line ended in 581, passing to the mamluk Bak Timur, then to the Ayyubids in 604 — al-Adil seating his son al-Awhad then al-Ashraf — until Hulagu took al-Muzaffar Ghazi's kingdom of Akhlat in 642.
ریاست
خلافة صكتو
1804 عیسوی · 1219 ھ†A caliphate established in 1804 CE and ended in 1903 CE.
ریاست
الدولة السليمانية بمكة
The Sulaymanid state of the Hasanids at Mecca and later Yemen; when Quraysh's folk died out of Mecca in the second-century fitnas the ra'asa arose for the Banu Sulayman ibn Dawud ibn Hasan al-Muthanna — their chief Muhammad ibn Sulayman 'al-Zaydi' (after his Imami creed), the amir whom Abu Tahir al-Qarmati met on the Day of Tarwiya and slaughtered the pilgrims in 317 — their emirate lasted through the Alid-Qarmatian wars until it faded.
ریاست
الدولة التيمورية
1370 عیسوی · 771 ھ†An empire established in 1370 CE and ended in 1507 CE.
ریاست
الدولة الطولونية
868 عیسوی · 254 ھThe state of Ahmad ibn Tulun, his sons and his mawali Banu Tughj in Egypt and Syria; Ahmad entered Egypt in Ramadan 254 AH as Bayakbak's deputy, made it independent, joined Syria to it and built al-Qata'i' east of Fustat — succeeded by his sons Khumarawayh, al-Jaysh and Harun until their state failed and the Qarmatians ravaged Syria, whereupon al-Muqtafi sent Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib who retook Syria, entered Egypt, chained the Banu Tulun and burned al-Qata'i' in 292 AH, ending their dynasty.
ریاست
الدولة الأموية
661 عیسوی · 41 ھ†A caliphate established in 661 CE and ended in 750 CE; its capital was Damascus.
ریاست
الدولة العقيلية
The state of Banu Uqayl ibn Ka'b at Mosul and the Jazira; they rose as Hamdanid power failed — Abu al-Darda' Muhammad ibn al-Musayyib seized Mosul, then his brother al-Muqallad (titled Husam al-Dawla under Baha' al-Dawla's patronage) held Mosul, Kufa, al-Qasr and the two congregational towns, and their sons Qirwash and Badran succeeded until Muslim ibn Quraysh extended the realm to Syria and Aleppo.
ریاست
دولة بني واسول بسجلماسة
757 عیسوی · 140 ھThe state of Banu Wasul ibn Maslan ibn Abi Yazul, Miknasa kings of Sijilmasa and its districts; the people of Sijilmasa's site embraced the Sufrite Kharijite creed, forty of their chief men renounced caliphal obedience, elected Isa ibn Yazid al-Aswad and founded the city in 140 AH — the imamate then passed to Abu al-Qasim Samku and his sons, who built its wall, workshops and palaces, until Khazrun ibn Fulful of the Maghrawa kings marched in 366, killed their amir al-Mu'tazz bi'llah and seized the land and its hoard.
ریاست
دولة بني عبد الواد
1236 عیسوی · 635 ھThe Abd al-Wadid kingdom of Zanata at Tlemcen, founded by Yaghmurasen ibn Zayyan who took the city after an eight-year siege — who answered, when an Idrisid pedigree was offered him, in their tongue: 'if true it profits us with God, but this world we won with our swords'; they held the central Maghreb between the Marinids and the Hafsids until the Marinids entered Tlemcen and ended their state.
ریاست
الدولة الزنكية
1127 عیسوی · 521 ھ†A ruling dynasty established in 1127 CE and ended in 1250 CE; its capital was Damascus.
ریاست
دولة آل زيري بن مناد
969 عیسوی · 358 ھThe house of Ziri ibn Manad al-Sanhaji, Fatimid governors of Ifriqiya; al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah chose Buluggin ibn Ziri for the affairs of Ifriqiya and the Maghreb (save Sicily) when he departed east in 358 AH, styling him Abu al-Futuh Sayf al-Dawla — his heirs al-Mansur then Badis held the kingship until his brother Hammad broke away in the Middle Maghreb, and after Banu Hilal and Sulaym's Arab migration overwhelmed them they retired to Mahdiyya, where they lasted until Abd al-Mu'min the Almohad ended them in 555.
ریاست
الدولة الزيارية
تقریباً 928 عیسوی · تقریباً 316 ھThe state of Mardawij ibn Ziyar, his brother Washmakir and his sons of Gilan, brothers of the Daylamites; Daylamite commanders first for the Utrushids then the Alids, who scattered seeking kingship when the Utrushid state fell amid Abbasid weakness — Mardawij took Isfahan and Rayy and summoned Washmakir from Gilan in 320 AH to back him, then after Mardawij's killing Washmakir ruled Tabaristan and Jurjan and contested Rayy and Isfahan with Rukn al-Dawla ibn Buya.
ریاست
بنو الزريع بعدن
1138 عیسوی · 533 ھBanu al-Zuray' of Aden, the Ubaydi da'is of Yemen; of the Hamdan clan of Jasm ibn Yam nearest to al-Sulayhi, seated at Aden by Ahmad al-Mukarram — then splitting into factions, the Banu Zuray' ibn al-Abbas prevailed after great wars, their first king al-Da'i ibn Abi al-Su'ud taking Aden in 533 and dying seven months after the conquest; his son al-Agharr, then their mawla Muhammad ibn Saba', styled al-Da'i al-Mu'azzam Sayf Amir al-Mu'minin, who bought Dhi Jibla castle itself; last of their kings the poet-munificent Yasir ibn Bilal, praised by Ibn Qalaqis, until Sayf al-Dawla Saladin's brother took Aden and ended their state — they who had founded al-Hudayda near Aden.
الرحلة الكبرى
Ismaël Ferroukhi's film about a Moroccan father who makes his French son drive him from France to Mecca for the hajj — the classic fictional hajj road movie.
داخل مكة
A National Geographic documentary following pilgrims from three continents through the hajj inside Mecca, with background on the Kaaba and the rites.
عندما حكم المسلمون أوروبا
Bettany Hughes's Channel 4 documentary on the Islamic civilisation of al-Andalus and its influence on Europe.
ليلة في الأقصى
Abrar Hussain's documentary filmed on Laylat al-Qadr inside al-Aqsa — following Palestinian worshippers, guardians and workers through the holiest night of the year.
مدن النور: صعود وسقوط إسبانيا الإسلامية
Gardner/UPF's PBS documentary on seven centuries of Muslim-Christian-Jewish coexistence in al-Andalus and its end.
رحلة إلى مكة
An IMAX docudrama dramatising Ibn Battuta's first pilgrimage in 1325, filmed alongside real modern hajj footage inside the Haram.
طريق إلى مكة: رحلة محمد أسد
Georg Misch's Austrian documentary retracing Leopold Weiss's transformation into Muhammad Asad — Vienna to Jerusalem to Mecca — through his book The Road to Mecca.
تمبكتو
Abderrahmane Sissako's Oscar-nominated film on Timbuktu under Ansar Dine's jihadist rule in 2012 — an indictment of violent extremism made from inside Muslim life.
٩٩ ضوءاً في سماء أوروبا
An Indonesian film following a Muslim couple in Vienna who trace the Islamic heritage of Europe while facing Islamophobia — a major Indonesian box-office success.
يوم في الحرم
Abrar Hussain's documentary observing a full day in Masjid al-Haram through the eyes of its muezzins, imams, cleaners and guards.
زخرف العالم
Michael Schwarz's PBS documentary based on Maria Rosa Menocal's book on eight centuries of convivencia in medieval al-Andalus.
تصنیف
أحسن التقاسيم في معرفة الأقاليم
Al-Muqaddasi's Ahsan al-Taqasim — the division of the inhabited quarter's climes with their lands, seas, mountains, rivers, routes, mines and properties, compiled from his own travels and verified inquiry; 'indispensable to travellers, scholars and chiefs'.
تصنیف
الأعلاق الخطيرة في تاريخ الشام والجزيرة
Ibn Shaddad's al-A'laq al-Khatira fi Tarikh al-Sham wal-Jazira — the great historical topography of Syria and the Jazira.
تصنیف
الخطط التوفيقية الجديدة
Ali Mubarak Pasha's al-Khitat al-Tawfiqiyya — a twenty-part description of Egypt on the model of al-Maqrizi's Khitat.
تصنیف
الأنس الجليل بتاريخ القدس والخليل
Mujir al-Din's al-Uns al-Jalil — the classic topographical history of Jerusalem and Hebron, gathering the earlier Jerusalem histories with annals and obituaries; written in four months from Dhu al-Hijja AH 900.
تصنیف
آثار البلاد وأخبار العباد
Qazwini's geography — a muqaddima and seven climes gathering what he knew, heard and witnessed of the lands' and peoples' peculiarities, dated 674.
تصنیف
فتوح البلدان
Al-Baladhuri's (d. c. 279 AH) book of the conquests, described by its author in its opening as a relaying and abridgement of the reports of the learned in hadith, siyar and the conquests of the lands, collated against one another; it opens with a condensed siyar from the halt at Quba' through the Ridda news, then pursues the conquests region by region — Syria, Egypt and the Maghreb to al-Andalus and the islands, the Sawad and the foundations of Kufa, Basra, Wasit and Baghdad, the Jibal and Hamadhan and Isfahan, the killing of Yazdajird, Ray, Qumis, Qazwin, Azerbaijan, Mosul, Shahrazur, Jurjan and Tabaristan, the Tigris districts, Ahwaz, Fars, Kirman, Sijistan, Kabul, Khurasan and Sind — closing with the rulings of kharaj and stipends; the editors note in their introduction that al-Baladhuri narrated several reports around a single event, showing the insight of a critical historian rather than a mere recorder (Mu'assasat al-Ma'arif ed., intro pp. 5–7 and book opening p. 8).
تصنیف
مسالك الأبصار في ممالك الأمصار
Ibn Fadl Allah al-Umari's geographical encyclopedia: a first section on the earth — its measure, climes, seas, qibla, roads and the kingdoms of its cities — and a second on its inhabitants: nations, faiths, devotees, and the dynasties before and under Islam.
تصنیف
صفة جزيرة العرب
Al-Hamdani's Sifat Jazirat al-Arab — the peninsula's dimensions, boundaries, climes, saraya, waters, tribal homelands, fortresses and shrines, opened by a treatise on Arabia's place in the inhabited earth and its virtue.

أبو الهول

المسجد الأقصى

الجامع الأزهر

الحرم الإبراهيمي

الجامع الكبير بسامراء

سوق المدينة (حلب)

المدرسة البيهقية بنيسابور

المدرسة النظامية ببغداد

المدرسة السعدية بنيسابور

القليس (الكعبة اليمانية)

قصر الحمراء

عمود الصواري

مسجد بادشاهي

بيت الحكمة (خزانة الحكمة)

بازار إصفهان الكبير

بازار تبريز

جامع بيبي خانم

دار الأنماط

دار الأرقم

دار الحكمة بالقاهرة

دار الندوة

الدير الأبيض

دير الكلب

دير الناعقي

دير الطور

دير فيق

دير هند

دير هند الأقدم

دير هزقل

دير مرسرجس

دير رُمانين

ذو الخلصة (الكعبة اليمانية)

قبة الصخرة

جامع أيوب سلطان

مسجد فيصل

فاس الجديد

مسجد فرحات باشا

السوق المغطى الكبير

جامع قرطبة

الجامع الكبير النوري

جامع البصرة

المسجد الكبير

مسجد الكوفة

المسجد الكبير (قلعة بني حماد)

آيا صوفيا

مسجد الحسن الثاني

هيكل أقاصي الصين

بيت كأوسان بفرغانة

جامع القيروان

الكعبة

الكهف بقاسيون (كهف جبريل)

خان الخليلي

خربة المفجر

خزانة السروج الفاطمية

كور أمير (ضريح تيمور)

سد مأرب

مشهد خالد خارج حمص

المسجد الحرام

مسجد القبلتين

مسجد عمرو بن العاص

مسجد الضرار

جامع ابن طولون

مسجد قباء

مسجد ومدرسة السلطان حسن

سوق التوابل (المصرية)

مسجد عمر

سوق مطرح

يني جامع

المسجد النبوي

مجمع قلاوون

قصر العباس بن عمرو الغنوي

قصر الكوفة

قصر المشتى

قصر الشاذياخ

قصر قباذ (قصر الحجاج) بالبصرة

قصر هرقل (شمس الملوك)

قصر سنداد

قصر زيدان

قبة المظالم للمهتدي

قصير عمرة