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خلفاء براؤزر

اسلام کے خلفاء، اپنی خلافت کے لحاظ سے مرتب — راشدہ، اموی دمشق و قرطبہ، عباسی بغداد و قاہرہ، فاطمی، موحّد، عثمانی اور سوکوتو — ہر خلیفہ کے ساتھ اس کا عہد، تسلسل میں اس کا مقام، اس کے عہد کے واقعات اور مستند مآخذ۔

دعویدارانہ سلاسل — زبیری، حمودی اور شریفی خلافتیں — آخر میں بطور دعویٰ دکھائی گئی ہیں۔ عجائب گھر ہر ولا کو ویسے بیان کرتا ہے جیسے مآخذ بیان کرتے ہیں؛ مشروعیت پر فیصلہ نہیں کرتا۔

اس بناء میں درج خلفاء: 165۔ ہر کارڈ کا عہد اور سلسلہ عجائب گھر کے مستند ریکارڈ سے بنا ہے اور گراف کے ساتھ بڑھتا ہے۔

خلافت راشدہ

یہ خلافت 632ء میں قائم ہوئی اور 661ء میں ختم ہوئی۔

  1. 1 · 0632–0634

    ابوبکر صدیق

    نبی کے قریبی ساتھی اور پہلے خلیفہ ⁦(632–634ء)⁩؛ ان کی خلافت کو سنی اور شیعہ روایت مختلف طور پر سمجھتے ہیں۔
  2. 2 · 0634–0644

    عمر بن خطاب

    دوسرے خلیفہ؛ بریٹانیکا انہیں صراحت سے مسلمان کہتا اور ہجری سن کے انتظامی اختیار کو ان سے منسوب کرتا ہے؛ قمری مہینوں کی ایجاد کا دعویٰ نہیں ۔ دائرۃ المعارف اسلامیہ، دوسرا ایڈیشن، انہیں سخت مزاج، مضبوط ارادے والا اور محمد، قرآن اور اسلام کے لیے وقف بتاتی ہے، کہتی ہے کہ سنی روایت انہیں مثالی عادل حکمران مانتی ہے جبکہ شیعی روایت نے ان سے ناپسندیدگی کبھی نہیں چھپائی، اور جدید اختلاف بیان کرتی ہے کہ ابتدائی اشرافیہ متحد تھی یا منقسم۔
  3. 3 · 0644–0656

    عثمان بن عفان

    تیسرے خلیفہ راشد ⁦(644 سے 656)⁩، بنو امیہ سے، جنہوں نے نبی کی دو صاحبزادیوں سے باری باری نکاح کیا۔ دائرۃ المعارف الاسلامیہ کا مقالہ بتاتا ہے کہ عمر کی ترتیب دی ہوئی شوریٰ نے انہیں چنا، ان کے عہد میں فتوحات ہوئیں، رشتہ داروں کی تقرری اور مالی پالیسی پر اعتراضات اٹھے، مدینہ میں ان کے گھر کے دو محاصرے ہوئے اور جون 656 میں قتل ہوا جس سے فتنوں کا دور شروع ہوا۔ ان کے عہد میں قرآن ایک معتمد مصحف میں یکجا ہوا۔
  4. 4 · 0656–0661

    علی بن ابی طالب

    نبی کے چچا زاد اور داماد اور چوتھے خلیفہ ⁦(656–661ء)⁩؛ شیعہ روایت میں پہلے امام۔ دائرۃ المعارف اسلامیہ کے مطابق وہ اولین ایمان لانے والوں میں تھے، محمد کی حیات میں تقریباً تمام مہمات میں شریک رہے، اور عثمان کے قتل کے بعد 18 ذوالحجہ 35ھ کو مدینہ میں خلیفہ منتخب ہوئے۔ ان کے دور میں جنگ جمل، صفین کی لڑائی، تحکیم اور نہروان میں خوارج سے قطع تعلق پیش آیا۔ 40ھ میں ایک خارجی نے کوفہ کی مسجد کے دروازے پر انہیں مارا اور وہ تقریباً دو دن بعد فوت ہوئے۔
  5. 5 · 0661-01–0661-08~

    حسن بن علی

    علی بن ابی طالب اور فاطمہ کے بیٹے؛ علی کے بعد بیعت لی اور پھر معاویہ کے ساتھ صلح کے ذریعے اقتدار سے الگ ہوئے۔ دائرۃ المعارف اسلامیہ کے مطابق علی کے قتل کے بعد کوفہ میں ان کی بیعت ہوئی، مدائن کے قریب ساتھ چھوڑنے سے ان کا لشکر کمزور ہوا، اور انہوں نے ان شرائط پر خلافت چھوڑی جنہیں ماخذ مختلف طرح بیان کرتے ہیں۔ شیعہ انہیں اپنا دوسرا امام مانتے ہیں، اور ماخذ کے مطابق وہ تقریباً 49ھ میں مدینہ میں بیماری یا زہر سے فوت ہوئے۔

اموی خلافت

ایسی خلافت جس نے شام کے مرکز سے 41ھ/661ء سے 132ھ/750ء تک عرب مسلم علاقوں پر حکومت کی اور جس کا دارالحکومت دمشق تھا۔ اس کے تمام خلفاء قریش کے امیہ بن عبد شمس کی نسل سے تھے اور دو شاخوں میں بٹے تھے، سفیانی اور مروانی۔ اس دور میں پہلا خالص اسلامی سکہ آیا، سرکاری ریکارڈ عربی میں رکھے جانے لگے اور قبۃ الصخرہ بنا، اور وسطی ایشیا سے اندلس تک کے علاقے پہلی بار نمایاں طور پر مسلمان اور عربی بولنے والے ہوئے۔ مسلم روایت میں خاندان کی تصویر زیادہ تر منفی ہے، جبکہ انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف اسلام کے مطابق یہ روایت زیادہ تر خاندان کے مخالف حلقوں سے آئی ہے۔

  1. 1 · 661–680

    معاویہ بن ابی سفیان

    اموی قبیلے کا قریشی، ابو سفیان اور ہند بنت عتبہ کا بیٹا، جو نبی کے ساتھ رہا اور ان کے کاتبوں میں شمار ہوا۔ عمر نے بھائی یزید کے بعد انہیں شام میں مقرر کیا؛ بعد میں انہوں نے علی کی بیعت نہ کی اور صفین میں ان سے لڑے، اور 41ھ/661ء میں عام الجماعت کے سال، جب حسن دستبردار ہوئے، خلیفہ تسلیم کیے گئے۔ انہوں نے 60ھ/680ء تک حکومت کی، بیزنطیوں کے خلاف بری اور بحری محاذ سنبھالا، قبائلی سرداروں کے ذریعے نظم چلایا اور بیٹے یزید کے لیے بیعت لی؛ دائرۃ المعارف اسلامیہ کے مطابق بعد کے مصنفین نے ان کے بارے میں بہت مختلف رائے رکھی۔
  2. 2 · 680–683

    يزيد بن معاوية

    یزید بن معاویہ بن ابی سفیان، بنو امیہ کے دوسرے خلیفہ، نے 60 سے 64ھ/680 سے 683ء تک حکومت کی، جب ان کے والد معاویہ نے انھیں جانشین مقرر کیا۔ ان کی والدہ میسون کلبی سردار ابن بحدل کی بہن تھیں۔ ان کے عہد میں فتنہ کا بحران شروع ہوا: حسین بن علی کربلا میں قتل ہوئے، اہلِ مدینہ نے بیعت توڑ دی اور شامی فوج سے حرہ میں معرکہ ہوا، پھر مکہ میں ابن زبیر کا محاصرہ ہوا اور کعبہ کو آگ سے نقصان پہنچا۔ اسلامی دائرۃ المعارف کہتا ہے کہ روایتی بیان عموماً ان کے خلاف ہے، جدید محققین اسے مختلف طرح پڑھتے ہیں، اور دستیاب شواہد شاید ان کی قابلیت یا شخصیت پر فیصلے کی اجازت نہ دیں۔
  3. 3 · 683–684

    معاوية بن يزيد بن معاوية

    Third Umayyad caliph, succeeded by his father's testament in Rabi' I 64 — a righteous youth whose forty-day (or three-month) caliphate passed in illness without public appearance; he refused to name a successor, saying 'I tasted none of its sweetness — why should I shoulder its bitterness?', and died about twenty-one.
  4. 4 · 684–685

    مروان بن الحكم

    Marwan ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As ibn Umayya; he rode in Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh's reinforced army to Ifriqiya in Uthman's raid with his brother al-Harith ibn al-Hakam; his rule came later, after Mu'awiya ibn Yazid's death amid Ibn al-Zubayr's fitna.
  5. 5 · 685–705

    عبد الملک بن مروان

    اموی سلسلے کے پانچویں خلیفہ، جن کی حکومت 65 سے 86ھ/685 سے 705ء تک رہی۔ انھوں نے مصعب بن الزبیر کی شکست اور مکہ میں عبداللہ بن الزبیر کے قتل کے بعد ریاست کی وحدت بحال کی، عراق کی حکومت میں حجاج پر بھروسا کیا، مالی دفاتر کی زبان عربی کی، اسلامی سونے کا دینار جاری کیا، اور دائرۃ المعارف اسلامیہ کے مطابق بیت المقدس میں قبۃ الصخرہ تعمیر کروائی۔ ان کی وفات شوال 86ھ/اکتوبر 705ء میں ہوئی اور ان کے بیٹے ولید ان کے جانشین بنے۔
  6. 6 · 705–715

    الوليد بن عبد الملك

    اموی خلیفہ جنھوں نے 86 تا 96ھ/705 تا 715ء حکومت کی اور چچا عبدالعزیز بن مروان کی وفات کے بعد بلا مخالفت اپنے والد عبدالملک کے جانشین بنے۔ دائرۃ المعارف اسلامیہ ان کے عہد کو اندرونی امن اور اندلس، ماوراء النہر اور سندھ تک بیرونی توسیع کا دور بتاتا ہے، اور انھیں فن تعمیر کا بڑا سرپرست کہتا ہے، جس میں دمشق کی جامع مسجد کی موجودہ صورت اور مدینہ میں مسجد نبوی کی تعمیر نو شامل ہے۔ مقالہ سوال اٹھاتا ہے کہ خود ان کا حصہ کتنا تھا، اور تجویز کرتا ہے کہ ان کی بڑی کامیابی حکمران خاندان کے گروہوں میں توازن رکھنا تھی۔
  7. 7 · 715–717

    سليمان بن عبد الملك

    بنو امیہ کے ساتویں خلیفہ ⁦(96 سے 99ھ/715 سے 717ء)⁩، عبد الملک بن مروان کے بیٹے۔ اسلامی انسائیکلوپیڈیا کے مطابق وہ غالباً مدینہ میں تقریباً 55ھ میں پیدا ہوئے، ولید کے دور میں جند فلسطین کے والی رہے اور 96ھ میں بلا مزاحمت تخت نشین ہوئے۔ ان کے دور میں قسطنطنیہ کے خلاف عظیم مہم ہوئی جو ناکام محاصرے پر ختم ہوئی، اور ان کی وفات دابق میں 99ھ میں ہوئی.
  8. 8 · 717–720

    عمر بن عبد العزیز

    عمر بن عبد العزیز، کنیت ابو حفص، اموی خاندان کی مروانی شاخ کے پانچویں خلیفہ تھے اور 99ھ/717ء سے 101ھ/720ء تک حکمران رہے۔ غالباً 60ھ/680ء کے لگ بھگ مدینہ میں پیدا ہوئے، 87ھ/706ء سے مدینہ کے گورنر رہے، سلیمان بن عبد الملک نے انھیں جانشین نامزد کیا، اور ان کی وفات معرۃ النعمان کے قریب دیر سمعان میں ہوئی۔ دائرۃ المعارف الاسلامیہ کے مطابق ان کی مالیاتی پالیسیاں اب بھی واضح نہیں اور ان کی بعد کی تصویر پیچیدہ ہے۔
  9. 9 · 720–724

    يزيد بن عبد الملك

    The ninth Umayyad caliph, Abu Khalid, born in year 71; he took the caliphate after Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz by his brother Sulayman's designation. On accession he declared 'follow the sira of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz' — forty elders testified there is no reckoning or torment upon caliphs — yet per Ibn al-Majishun he kept Umar's ways forty days then turned aside. In year two Yazid ibn al-Muhallab rose and was routed by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik at al-Aqr. He died in late Sha'ban 105.
  10. 10 · 724–743

    ہشام بن عبد الملک

    اموی خلیفہ جو یزید بن عبد الملک کے بعد تخت نشین ہوا اور رصافہ میں وفات پائی؛ طبری اور مسعودی اس کے عہد اور وفات کا ذکر کرتے ہیں۔
  11. 11 · 743–744

    الوليد بن يزيد بن عبد الملك

    The eleventh Umayyad caliph, who succeeded Hisham in 126 by his designation; Ahmad's Musnad carries the hadith that a man called al-Walid would be harder on this umma than Pharaoh on his people, and Ibn Fadlallah in al-Masalik calls him the obstinate tyrant who shot the Mushaf with arrows. His cousin Yazid ibn al-Walid rose against him, killed him and took power, his caliphate lasting six months less a fraction at age thirty-five, or forty-six.
  12. 12 · 744–744

    إبراهيم بن الوليد بن عبد الملك

    Abu Ishaq, sworn in after his brother Yazid al-Naqis died — some say designated, others not; per Burd ibn Sinan, Qatan forged a deed of succession on Yazid's lips and had men witness it though Yazid had designated nothing. He held the caliphate seventy nights, then was deposed Monday 14 Safar 127 when Marwan ibn Muhammad marched on him; al-Mada'ini says his authority never settled — some greeted him as caliph, some as amir, some refused the bay'a. His seal read 'Ibrahim trusts in God'. He lived until 132, then was killed among the Banu Umayya in al-Saffah's massacre.
  13. 13 · 744–750

    مروان بن محمد بن مروان

    طبری مروان بن محمد کی خلافت، 132 ہجری میں زاب پر ان کی شکست اور اس کے بعد ان کے قتل کا ذکر کرتے ہیں۔
  14. 14 · 744–744

    يزيد بن الوليد بن عبد الملك

خلافتِ قرطبہ

اندلس کی اموی ریاست جس کا دارالخلافہ قرطبہ تھا، عبد الرحمن الداخل کے داخلے 138ھ سے لے کر ابن عذاری کی روایت کے مطابق آخری خلیفہ ہشام معتد کے معزول ہونے 424ھ تک؛ دمشق کی اموی خلافت سے ممیز.

  1. 1 · 0976–1009

    هشام المؤيد بالله

    The Umayyad caliph of al-Andalus acclaimed at nine years old; the hajib Ibn Abi Amir murdered his uncle al-Mughira, isolated him from his wazirs, and reduced his caliphate to the pulpit prayer and the mint legend.
  2. 2 · 1009–1009

    محمد الثاني المهدي

    محمد الثاني المهدي، اموی قرطبہ خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1009ء سے 1009۔
  3. 3 · 1009–1016

    سليمان المستعين

    سليمان المستعين، اموی قرطبہ خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1009ء سے 1016۔
  4. 4 · 1018–1018

    عبد الرحمن الرابع المرتضى

    عبد الرحمن الرابع المرتضى، اموی قرطبہ خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1018ء سے 1018۔
  5. 5 · 1023–1024

    عبد الرحمن الخامس المستظهر بالله

    Draft card for Abd al-Rahman V al-Mustazhir bi-llah, the Umayyad caliph of Cordoba in 1023–1024 during the Andalusi fitna; the source entry is not yet checked on the page.
  6. 6 · 1024–1025

    محمد الثالث المستكفي

    محمد الثالث المستكفي، اموی قرطبہ خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1024ء سے 1025۔
  7. 7 · 1027–1031

    هشام الثالث المعتد

    هشام الثالث المعتد، اموی قرطبہ خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1027ء سے 1031۔
  8. 8 · 929–961

    عبد الرحمن سوم الناصر

    اندلس کے اموی حکمران عبد الرحمن بن محمد، جنہوں نے الناصر لدین اللہ اور امیر المؤمنین کے القاب اختیار کیے اور اندلس کے بیشتر حصے پر اپنی حکومت مضبوط کی۔
  9. 9 · 961–976

    الحكم الثاني المستنصر

    الحكم الثاني المستنصر، اموی قرطبہ خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 961ء سے 976۔

عباسی خلافت

عباسی خلفاء کا وہ خاندان تھے جس نے 132ھ/750ء سے 656ھ/1258ء تک حکومت کی، اموی خلافت کے جانشین بنے اور نبی کے چچا عباس کی نسبت سے مشہور ہوئے۔ انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف اسلام ان کے اقتدار کو دو ادوار میں بانٹتا ہے: پہلے خلفاء کا اختیار فوجی سرداروں کے سامنے گھٹتا گیا یہاں تک کہ 334ھ/945ء میں بویہی بغداد میں داخل ہوئے، پھر خلفاء کے پاس برائے نام بالادستی رہی اور حقیقی طاقت سیکولر خاندانوں کے ہاتھ میں تھی۔ منگولوں نے 656ھ/1258ء میں بغداد کی خلافت ختم کی، اور مملوک قاہرہ میں برائے نام عباسی سلسلہ 1517ء تک جاری رہا۔

  1. 1 · 1031–1075

    القائم بامر اللہ عبد اللہ بن القادر

    عباسی خلیفہ، جن کا عہد 422–467ھ تھا۔ سیوطی کے بیان کے مطابق بساسیری نے انہیں 450ھ میں قید کیا؛ بعد میں وہ بغداد میں دوبارہ خلافت پر بحال ہوئے۔
  2. 2 · 1075–1094

    مقتدی باللہ

    عباسی خلیفہ، جنہوں نے ۴۶۷ھ سے ۴۸۷ھ تک حکومت کی؛ قائم کے پوتے تھے اور ابو اسحاق شیرازی کی موجودگی میں ان کی بیعت ہوئی۔
  3. 3 · 1094–1118

    المستظهر بالله أحمد بن المقتدي

    Abbasid caliph [487–512], Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn al-Muqtadi, born Shawwal 470, hailed at sixteen; Ibn al-Athir praises his mildness, noble hand and fine rescripts — 'his caliphate never knew calm: his days were turbulent, full of wars'.
  4. 4 · 1118–1135

    المسترشد بالله الفضل بن المستظهر

    Abbasid caliph [512–529], Abu Mansur al-Fadl ibn al-Mustazhir, born Rabi' I 485. Of soaring resolve and dread presence he revived the caliphate's dignity and campaigned in person till his last expedition broke near Hamadan. A calligrapher without peer among caliphs, he corrected slips in his books; al-Shashi wrote his fiqh al-Umda for him — 'Umdat al-Dunya wa'l-Din. He was killed by Batiniyya at Maragha, Thursday 16 Dhu'l-Qa'da 529.
  5. 5 · 1135–1136

    راشد باللہ منصور بن مسترشد

    عباسی خلیفہ، 529 تا 530 ہجری؛ والد کے قتل کے بعد بیعت ہوئی، سلطان مسعود نے معزول کیا، اور 532 ہجری میں ان کے خدمت گاروں نے انہیں قتل کیا۔
  6. 6 · 1136–1160

    المقتفي لأمر الله محمد بن المستظهر

    Abbasid caliph [530–555], hailed at forty when his nephew was deposed — his laqab from a dream of the Prophet bidding him 'follow my steps'. Stripped by Mas'ud, his famous answer won his estates back; with the sultans broken his word rose — 'the beginning of the Abbasid state's recovery'. Dhahabi: among the noblest caliphs, nothing ran without his rescript. He deeded Egypt to Nur al-Din, renewed the Ka'ba's door, and died Sunday 2 Rabi' I 555.
  7. 7 · 1160–1170

    المستنجد بالله يوسف بن المقتفي

    Abbasid caliph [555–566]; he lifted Iraq's tolls and was hard on mischief-makers — to the man offering ten thousand dinars for a prisoner he answered 'take them, and show me another like him to jail'. Ibn al-Najjar praises his piercing mind and his craft of astrolabes and spheres. In his first year al-Adid, last of the Ubaydids, rose in Egypt; he died 8 Rabi' II 566.
  8. 8 · 1170–1180

    المستضيء بأمر الله الحسن بن المستنجد

    Abbasid caliph [566–575], born 536 to an Armenian umm walad; Ibn al-Jawzi: 'he proclaimed the lifting of tolls and the righting of wrongs, showed a justice and largesse we never saw in our days' — 1,300 silk robes cut in his first khil'a. In his reign the Ubaydid state ended and the khutba ran his name from Yemen to Aswan; he died at Shawwal's end, 575.
  9. 9 · 1180–1225

    الناصر لدین اللہ احمد بن المستضیء

    عباسی خلیفہ، جن کا عہد 575–622ھ پر محیط تھا۔ سیوطی ان کے طویل اقتدار، مختلف درباروں سے رابطوں، حدیث میں دلچسپی اور ان کی حکومت کے بارے میں مختلف مؤرخین کی آرا نقل کرتے ہیں۔
  10. 10 · 1225–1226

    الظاهر بأمر الله محمد بن الناصر

    Abbasid caliph [622–623], fifty-two at accession — 'who opens a shop after asr, what does he earn?' Ibn al-Athir: 'he showed a justice that revived the way of the two Umars; had it been said none ruled after Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz like him, it were true' — confiscated estates returned, tolls lifted, Ba'quba's eighty thousand back to ten, the treasury's heavy weight denounced with 'Woe to the defrauders', a hundred thousand of wronged money restored. 'Treasuries are not made to fill but to be spent in God's way'. Nine months, dying 13 Rajab 623.
  11. 11 · 1226–1242

    مستنصر باللہ منصور بن ظاہر

    بغداد کے عباسی خلیفہ، جنہوں نے ۶۲۳ھ سے ۶۴۰ھ تک حکومت کی اور چار فقہی مذاہب کی تدریس کے لیے مدرسۂ مستنصریہ قائم کیا۔
  12. 12 · 1242–1258

    مستعصم باللہ عبد اللہ بن مستنصر، بغداد کے آخری عباسی خلیفہ

    640 تا 656 ہجری کے عباسی خلیفہ اور بغداد کے آخری عباسی حکمران؛ موجودہ عربی روایت ان کی تخت نشینی اور ہلاکو کی آمد کے بعد 656 ہجری میں ان کے قتل کا ذکر کرتی ہے۔
  13. 13 · 750–754

    أبو العباس السفاح

    Acclaimed caliph in Rabi' II 132. Al-Tabari mentions his coming to Abu Muslim and his death in 136. According to al-Suyuti, he was born in 108, or as some say in 104, at al-Humayma in the district of al-Balqa', where he grew up; his mother was Ra'ita al-Harithiyya. The motto on his seal was: God is the trust of the servant of God, and by Him he is kept safe. He was the most generous of men: he never promised a sum without delaying it past its due time. Al-Dhahabi said that in his reign the community split and obedience was abandoned from Tahert and Tubna to the lands of the Sudan and the whole realm of al-Andalus. According to al-Mas'udi, describing al-Saffah through a report from al-Qahir's informant, he was quick to shed blood, and his governors in East and West followed him in this, such as Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath in the Maghrib, Salih ibn Ali in Egypt, Khazim ibn Khuzayma and Humayd ibn Qahtaba; yet he was also a generous, open-handed man who gave much money. According to al-Mas'udi, when Ibrahim knew there was no escape for him, he made al-Saffah his heir and charged him not to remain at al-Humayma until he had set out for Kufa. A Bedouin woman met them on the road and said: 'I have never seen faces like these, between one caliph, another caliph and a rebel: this one will hold it, you will succeed him, and that one will rise against you.' Dawud ibn Ali, in awe of him at Dumat al-Jandal, said: 'Whoever loves life is humbled,' and turned his mount to go with him. Abu Hamid al-Tusi discovered his affair at the Kunasa market and gave him the oath of allegiance on Friday, twelve nights into Rabi' II 132. He gave the sermon standing, unlike the practice of the Umayyads, and the people cried out: 'You have revived the sunna!' His caliphate lasted four years, nine months and twenty days, and he died at al-Anbar, in the city he had built. No caliph loved conversing with men as he did. When two of his intimates fell out, he would not accept the testimony of either against the other, saying that old grudges breed bitter enmity. When he was present, his face was at its most open. Al-Abdi, according to al-Mas'udi, said that he was quick to shed blood and his governors in East and West followed his example, such as Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath in the Maghrib, Salih ibn Ali in Egypt, Khazim ibn Khuzayma and Humayd ibn Qahtaba; yet he was also a generous, open-handed man who gave much money
  14. 14 · 754–775

    ابو جعفر المنصور

    دوسرے عباسی خلیفہ اور بغداد کے نئے مرکز کے سرپرست؛ گول شہر کے منصوبے میں معماروں، کاریگروں اور قدیم مثالوں کی شرکت الگ رکھی گئی ہے، جبکہ ان کی سیاسی تاریخ اور ابوحنیفہ سے متعلق روایات برقرار ہیں ۔
  15. 15 · 775–785

    محمد المہدی

    محمد بن عبداللہ المنصور المہدی، تیسرے عباسی خلیفہ؛ بلاذری سرحدی تعمیرات اور ہارون کی مہم بیان کرتے ہیں، جبکہ سیوطی ان کی ذاتی نماز کی ایک روایت نقل کرتے ہیں؛ بوزکورت حسابی نگرانی اور مرکزی زمام کی تنظیم کو ان کے عہد سے منسوب کرتی ہیں ۔
  16. 16 · 785–786

    موسى الهادي

    Draft card for Musa al-Hadi, fourth Abbasid caliph, named from an open reference description (Wikidata); his entries in Tarikh al-Khulafa and Ibn al-Athir's al-Kamil are not yet checked on the page, so no dates are given.
  17. 17 · 786–809

    هارون الرشيد

    ہارون بن محمد مہدی، پانچویں عباسی خلیفہ، اسلامی انسائیکلوپیڈیا کی روایت میں رے میں 149ھ/766ء میں پیدا ہوئے اور 15 ربیع الاول 170ھ/786ء کو خلیفہ ہوئے۔ مضمون کے مطابق وزیر یحییٰ بن خالد برمکی اور ان کے بیٹے تقریباً سترہ سال اقتدار میں رہے یہاں تک کہ 187ھ میں ان کا زوال ہوا، انھوں نے سرحدوں کو عواصم کی اکائی میں منظم کیا اور 187ھ اور 190ھ میں رومیوں کے خلاف خود مہمات کی قیادت کی، اور ان کے عہد میں شام، مصر، افریقیہ، یمن اور خراسان میں بغاوتیں ہوئیں۔ مضمون کا فیصلہ ہے کہ بیٹوں میں سلطنت بانٹنے سے اس کا زوال شروع ہوا؛ ان کی وفات طوس میں 3 جمادی الآخر 193ھ/809ء کو ہوئی۔
  18. 18 · 809–813

    محمد الأمين

    Draft card for Muhammad al-Amin, sixth Abbasid caliph and al-Ma'mun's rival in the civil war, named from an open reference description (Wikidata); his entries in Tarikh al-Khulafa and Ibn al-Athir's al-Kamil are not yet checked on the page, so no dates are given.
  19. 19 · 813–833

    عبد اللہ المامون بن ہارون الرشید

    ساتویں عباسی خلیفہ، جو 170ھ/786ء میں ہارون الرشید کے بیٹے کی حیثیت سے پیدا ہوئے۔ انھوں نے ولی عہد کی حیثیت سے خراسان سنبھالا، پھر بھائی امین کے خلاف خانہ جنگی جیتی جس میں امین 198ھ/813ء میں قتل ہوئے۔ انھوں نے علی الرضا کو جانشین نامزد کیا اور 204ھ/819ء میں بغداد لوٹے، اور اسلامی انسائیکلوپیڈیا کے مطابق ترجمے کی حوصلہ افزائی کی، بیت الحکمت قائم کی، معتزلہ سے قربت رکھی اور 218ھ/833ء میں محنہ قائم کی۔ ان کی وفات رجب 218ھ/اگست 833ء میں طرسوس کے قریب ہوئی اور بھائی معتصم جانشین بنے۔
  20. 20 · 833–842

    المعتصم بالله

    Draft card for al-Mu'tasim, eighth Abbasid caliph and founder of Samarra, named from an open reference description (Wikidata); his entries in Tarikh al-Khulafa and Ibn al-Athir's al-Kamil are not yet checked on the page, so no dates are given.
  21. 21 · 842–847

    الواثق باللہ

    ہارون الواثق، معتصم کے بیٹے اور نویں عباسی خلیفہ؛ ماخذ ان کی بیعت، حکومت اور سامرا میں وفات کے احوال بیان کرتے ہیں۔
  22. 22 · 847–861

    المتوکل علی اللہ

    عباسی خلیفہ، جن کا قتل 247ھ میں ہوا؛ طبری اور دوسرے مؤرخین نے ان کی حکومت کے اقدامات اور دربار کے احوال بیان کیے ہیں۔
  23. 23 · 861–862

    المنتصر بالله

    Abbasid caliph, pledged allegiance after his father al-Mutawakkil was killed in 247, and he died in 248. According to al-Suyuti, he was first pledged heir apparent; then al-Mutawakkil wanted to advance al-Mu'tazz over him and asked him to step down, and when he refused, al-Mutawakkil kept lowering his standing. The Turks agreed with him to kill his father; five men entered upon the caliph and killed him on 5 Shawwal 247. According to al-Suyuti, he was handsome and dignified, of full intellect, eager for good and little given to injustice. Among his sayings: 'The pleasure of pardon is sweeter than the pleasure of vengeance, and the ugliest of al-Muqtadir's deeds was retaliation.' Yazid al-Muhallabi said of him: 'You were generous to the Talibiyyun after they had blamed the age, time after time, and you restored the kinship of Hashim, so that I see them, after enmity between them, as brothers'. According to al-Mas'udi, Bugha al-Saghir plotted his father's murder. He put Bugha to the test through his son Faris, then through his brother Wasif, then through Bugha himself, and Bugha said: 'He kills the son while the father remains; let us begin with the father first'. According to al-Mas'udi, he was proclaimed on the morning of the night his father was killed at al-Ja'fari, aged twenty-five. His mother was an umm walad called Habashiyya Rumiyya. He stayed seven days in the al-Makhura pavilion where his father was killed, the place where Shiruyah had killed his father Khusraw Parviz. Muhammad ibn Sahl the scribe saw in its carpet the figure of Shiruyah, who killed his father and ruled six months, and the figure of Yazid ibn al-Walid, who killed his cousin and ruled six months; he said: 'I do not see his rule lasting longer than six months', and so it was. He died in 248.
  24. 24 · 862–866

    المستعين بالله

    Abbasid caliph. Al-Tabari reports that Ibn Tahir resolved to depose him in 251; he was then deposed and killed in 252. According to al-Suyuti he was Ahmad ibn al-Mu'tasim, brother of al-Mutawakkil, whose mother was Mukhariq. When al-Muntasir died the commanders gathered and said, 'If you make any of al-Mutawakkil's sons caliph, not one of us will be left', so they pledged allegiance to Ahmad, who was twenty-eight. In 251, when Wasif and Bugha Baghr the Turk were killed, the Turks turned against him; he was called 'a caliph in a cage, who says what the two of them tell him, as the parrot does'. Afraid, he went down to Baghdad. They brought out al-Mu'tazz, pledged allegiance to him, and deposed him. Al-Mu'tazz sent an army against him, and the people of Baghdad prepared to fight; the clashes went on for months, killing increased and prices rose. He deposed himself at the beginning of 252 and was sent down to Wasit, held in custody for nine months. He was the first to introduce wide sleeves, about three spans across, and to make caps smaller. According to al-Mas'udi he knew well the days and reports of people and loved the accounts of the past. One anecdote: he told his boon-companion that he craved food; when a loaf, vinegar and salt were brought, on the second night he said he was hungry, and explained to him the difference between the two statements. He asked him to describe food, drink, perfume, women and horses. The best food, he answered, is what meets hunger with a taste that suits desire, and the most desirable woman is the one you leave unwillingly and return to besotted; so the caliph gave him two hundred dinars. According to al-Mas'udi he was taken down to the house of al-Hasan ibn Wahb in Baghdad, then to Wasit; Sa'id al-Hajib killed him near al-Qatul on Wednesday, six nights into Shawwal 252, aged thirty-five. Nine months and a day lay between his deposition and his killing. According to al-Mas'udi he was the first to introduce wide sleeves.
  25. 25 · 866–869

    المعتز بالله

    Abbasid caliph, given the oath in Muharram 252 after al-Musta'in was deposed; he was deposed in Rajab 255 and died in Sha'ban. According to al-Suyuti he was second in succession after al-Muntasir and before al-Mu'ayyad; al-Mutawakkil wished to advance him, out of love for his mother Qabiha, without whom he could not be patient. According to al-Suyuti he was given the oath when al-Musta'in was deposed in 252, at nineteen; no caliph before him had come to the throne younger. In the first year of his reign Ashnas died leaving five hundred thousand dinars, which he took. He was the first caliph to ride with gold trappings; the caliphs before him had ridden with light silver trappings. He conferred the robe of rule on Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Tahir, then dismissed him; then on his brother Abu Ahmad, who was crowned with a crown, two sashes and two swords; then he dismissed him and exiled him to Wasit; then he conferred it on Baga al-Sharabi, who rose against him a year later and was killed. In Rajab he deposed his brother al-Mu'ayyad, beat him and shackled him, and he died. According to al-Mas'udi, al-Mutawakkil had made him second in succession after al-Muntasir, and al-Muntasir and his brother Ibrahim deposed him in 248. According to al-Mas'udi he is al-Zubayr ibn Ja'far al-Mutawakkil, and his mother was a slave-mother called Qabiha. He was given the oath on Thursday, two nights into Muharram 252, at eighteen; he deposed himself on Monday, three nights before the end of Rajab 255, and died six days later at twenty-four and was buried at Samarra. Al-Buhturi, on the deposition of al-Musta'in, composed a jibe sending him off to Wasit: 'Let claws grow in the flesh of chickens, as far as Wasit, behind the chicken'. According to al-Mas'udi, all the Turks came to him on four nights before the end of Rajab 255, led by Salih ibn Wasif, rebuking him for his sins and demanding money; he agreed to abdicate on terms of safe-conduct, and was killed in his confinement six days after his deposition. He was the first caliph to display riding with gold trappings, when the caliphs before him had ridden with light silver trappings.
  26. 26 · 869–870

    المهتدي بالله

    Abbasid caliph, pledged allegiance in Rajab 255 after al-Mu'tazz was deposed; he was deposed in Rajab 256 and died. According to al-Suyuti, he was tawny-skinned, slender, pious, devout, just, firm in God's cause and a brave man, but he found neither helper nor supporter. He fasted continually from his accession until he was killed, and a woollen shirt and the cloak he wore at night in prayer were found in his chest. He abolished entertainments and banned singing, restrained the powerful from injustice, and kept close watch over the bureaus, never missing his sitting on Mondays and Thursdays. When Hashim ibn al-Qasim fed him bread, salt, vinegar and oil, he said that among the Umayyads there had been Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, so he was jealous on behalf of the Banu Hashim; and when Ja'far ibn Abd al-Wahid mentioned Ahmad ibn Hanbal, he said: 'If it were lawful for me to disown my father, I would have disowned him'. According to al-Mas'udi, he was Muhammad ibn al-Wathiq. When the Turks besieged al-Mu'tazz they sent for him to Madinat al-Salam, and he was brought to Samarra within a day and a night; he refused to sit on the throne or accept the oath until he had seen al-Mu'tazz, and when they met they embraced and sat together on the throne. Al-Mu'tazz released him from his pledge, and the people accepted it; al-Mu'tazz had exiled and imprisoned him. According to al-Mas'udi, he took the path of moderation and piety, drew near to the scholars and raised the standing of the jurists, and said: 'O Banu Hashim, leave me to follow the path of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz.' He ordered the gold and silver vessels brought out of the treasuries to be smashed and struck into dinars and dirhams, images were erased from the assembly halls, butting rams were slaughtered and captive beasts of prey killed, and brocade hangings were taken down. The caliphs' tables had cost ten thousand dirhams a day, but he set his table and provisions at about one hundred dirhams, and he kept up continual fasting. After his death a woollen shirt and a shackle, which he used to wear to bind himself at night while he bowed and prostrated until morning, were found in his chest. He was killed leaving seventeen sons and six daughters. He had the two secretaries Ahmad ibn Isra'il and Abu Nuh brought out to the public gate; each was given five hundred lashes, and both died.
  27. 27 · 870–892

    المعتمد على الله

    Abbasid caliph, given the oath in Rajab 256 under the name al-Mu'tamid ala Allah after the death of al-Muhtadi. According to al-Suyuti he was Ahmad ibn al-Mutawakkil, his mother Fatyan. When al-Muhtadi was killed he had been confined in al-Jawsaq; they brought him out and gave him the oath. He made his brother al-Muwaffaq governor of the East, made his son Ja'far his heir with the title al-Mufawwad ila Allah, and became absorbed in pleasure and neglected his subjects, so people disliked him and loved his brother Talha. According to al-Mas'udi he was Ahmad ibn Ja'far al-Mutawakkil, kunya Abu al-Abbas, and his mother was a slave-mother from Kufa called Fatyan. He was given the oath on Tuesday, fourteen nights before the end of Rajab 256, aged twenty-five, and died in Rajab 279 aged forty-eight, so his caliphate lasted twenty-three years. He appointed as viziers 'Ubayd Allah ibn Yahya ibn Khaqan, then al-Hasan ibn Makhlad, then Sulayman ibn Wahb, then Sa'id. According to al-Mas'udi he was passionately fond of music; drinking and all kinds of pleasures and entertainments dominated him, and he asked 'Ubayd Allah ibn Khurradadhbih who first took up the 'ud. According to Ibn Khaldun, Yusuf ibn Tashfin seized him, led him captive to Marrakesh, and kept him in confinement there. According to Ibn al-Jawzi, in 271 he cursed 'Amr ibn al-Layth in the presence of the pilgrims of Khurasan and ordered him cursed from the pulpits, after dismissing him from the post he had given him and granting Khurasan to Muhammad ibn Tahir. He came to Baghdad five nights before the end of Shawwal 272 and alighted at al-Za'faraniyya, with 'Abd Allah ibn Tahir going before him with the spear.
  28. 28 · 892–902

    المعتضد باللہ

    عباسی خلیفہ؛ طبری ان کی ولی عہدی، خلافت اور بنو شیبان کے خلاف مہم کا ذکر کرتے ہیں۔
  29. 29 · 902–908

    المكتفي بالله

    Abbasid caliph whose caliphate lasted six years and nineteen days; he died in 295 and was buried in the house of Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Tahir. According to al-Suyuti, he was born on 1 Rabi' II 264; his mother was a Turkish woman called Jijak, and his beauty was proverbial. His father named him heir, and he was pledged allegiance on the Friday eleven days before the end of Rabi' II 289, while he was at Raqqa. The vizier al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah took up the burden of the oath, and he reached Baghdad on 7 Jumada I. He demolished the dungeons his father had built and turned them into mosques, returned the gardens and shops his father had seized to their owners, and governed well, so the people loved him. In his last illness he said: 'I regret nothing but the seven hundred thousand dinars I spent of the Muslims' money on buildings I did not need.' He died young, on the night of Sunday, twelve days into Dhu al-Qa'da 295. According to al-Mas'udi, he left eight million dinars and twenty-five million dirhams in the treasuries, and nine thousand head of livestock, yet he was stingy and close-fisted. His daily table had ten dishes, and a kid every Friday; someone was set to count the leftover bread, sound loaves were returned the next day and broken pieces went into crumbled bread. He ordered a palace built at al-Shammasiyya opposite Qatrabbul and took estates and farms without payment, so many prayed against him, and he died before the building was finished. According to al-Mas'udi, when his illness grew severe with dysentery he summoned the judge Muhammad ibn Yusuf and Abd Allah ibn Ali ibn Abi al-Shawarib and had them witness his bequest of the succession to his brother Ja'far. He used to recite Ibn al-Rumi's line on the lauzinaj sweet, 'when it appears, you are amazed or wonder', and among his own verses is 'Life is only the hour you are in, and what has passed'. Ibn al-Nadim reports that the queen of the Franks wrote to him on white silk, seeking his friendship and asking to marry him, and sent the letter with a servant named Ali, one of Ibn al-Aghlab's servants, who had reached her land from the Maghrib. According to Ibn al-Jawzi, when he came to the caliphate (dated 295 in this account) he went down to the palace and ordered the dungeons demolished and the site made a congregational mosque, so that prayer was established in the three great mosques. On the day he entered the Hasani palace, al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah was given a kunya by word of mouth, put into six robes of honour, given a sword, and mounted on a horse whose bridle and saddle were gold. Also according to Ibn al-Jawzi, the oath of allegiance to him after his father was taken from the people of Baghdad on the Friday evening eleven nights before the end of Rabi' II 289, four days before al-Mu'tadid died; he was at Raqqa, took the oath from those there, then came down to Baghdad, arriving on Monday, eight days into Jumada I. He put al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah in charge of the soldiers' stipends and took the oath from them. The treasury held ten million dinars and jewels worth ten million dinars, apart from equipment and horses. He was twenty-five years, six months and twenty days old when he was pledged allegiance.
  30. 30 · 908–932

    المقتدر باللہ

    عباسی خلیفہ، جن کی بیعت 295ھ میں ہوئی؛ ماخذ ان کی معزولیوں، 317ھ میں بحالی اور 320ھ میں قتل کا ذکر کرتے ہیں۔
  31. 31 · 932–934

    محمد القاهر بالله

    Given the oath of the caliphate in 320, after al-Muqtadir was killed, and titled al-Qahir bi-llah. According to al-Suyuti he was Muhammad ibn al-Mu'tadid. Mu'nis and the amirs gave him their oath when they deposed al-Muqtadir on the night of 14 Muharram 317 and titled him al-Qahir bi-llah; he sat on the Sunday and held the procession on the Monday, when the troops came seeking al-Muqtadir to restore him. Al-Qahir was seized and brought in weeping, crying 'God, God, for my own sake!', and al-Muqtadir embraced him, saying: 'By God, you are blameless; take heart'. When al-Muqtadir was killed, al-Qahir and Muhammad ibn al-Muktafi were brought together. Ibn al-Muktafi was asked to take office and said he had no need of it and that this uncle of his had the better claim, so al-Qahir was given the oath. His first act was to confiscate the property of al-Muqtadir's family and torture them, beating al-Muqtadir's mother until she died under torture. He schemed against those who had risen against him, Mu'nis and Ibn Muqla, until he seized and slaughtered them; he walled up Ibn al-Muktafi between two walls, added to his titles 'the avenger of the enemies of God's religion', and had it struck on the coinage. He was rash, a shedder of blood, of bad conduct and addicted to wine. He made a great spear that he would not set down until he had killed a man with it. Then he was deposed and blinded. Al-Mas'udi says that he denied having money and was tortured, and then told al-Radi that the money was buried in the garden. They dug up the garden and the palace and found nothing, and he said: 'Is there money with me? My regret was only your sitting in it, and I wanted to grieve you there.' After his release he stood at the Mansur mosque, where people gave him alms, in the days of al-Mustakfi; he was prevented from leaving until he died in Jumada I 339, aged fifty-three. When he heard that al-Muttaqi had been blinded he said: 'We are two now and need a third', and so al-Mustakfi was blinded. Al-Mas'udi says he carried a great spear in his hand when he walked about his house, set it down before him when he sat, and struck with it whomever he meant to kill. He destroyed a number of men of the state, among them Mu'nis al-Khadim, Baliq and Ali ibn Baliq. Alone with Muhammad ibn Ali al-Abdi al-Khurasani, who was describing to him the caliphs of the Abbasid house, he lunged at him with the spear and missed. Al-Mas'udi also says that when he was pressed for the money he had hidden, he denied it and was harassed and tortured; al-Radi seized him, drew him near and honoured him, and swore that he would not seek his death. When he asked a favour, al-Radi granted it, and he said: 'I have no money except in the citron garden.' Al-Radi dug up the garden and uprooted its trees and found nothing, and said to him: 'Is there any money with me? My regret was your sitting in this place and enjoying it, and I grieved that others would be kept from it after me.' Al-Radi repented and sent him away, fearing that he would take some of its produce. Al-Qahir used to drink much in that garden, al-Jarib, which he had planted with citron brought from Basra and Oman; in it were turtle-doves and parrots. Ibn al-Athir says that at his deposition in 322, the Sajiyya and the Hajariyya found him asleep, having drunk most of the night; a young servant guided them to him with a sword in his hand, and he fought them with it until they softened their speech to him. It was also said that the cause of his deposition was that he cut the pay of the Sajiyya and the Hajariyya as far as possible, refused the requests of their chiefs, delayed their stipends, and treated harshly whoever addressed him among them. Ibn al-Athir also says that in 321 he seized Mu'nis, Baliq and Baliq's son Ali by a stratagem and slaughtered them in Sha'ban, and their heads were carried in trays from one to another. He sought Ahmad ibn al-Muktafi, found him and walled him up alive, and he died. He appointed Salama al-Tulunī chamberlain and Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Khaqan chief of police, and made Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah his vizier. The people saw from his severity that none of them would escape his hand, and everyone who had helped him regretted it. Ibn al-Jawzi says that his kunya was Abu Mansur and that his mother, a muwallada named Qabul, died before his caliphate; he tortured al-Muqtadir's mother with every kind of torment, until it was said that he hung her head-down while her urine ran. Ibn al-Jawzi also says that he died in 339.
  32. 32 · 934–940

    الراضي بالله أبو العباس محمد بن المقتدر

    Abbasid caliph [322–329], Abu'l-Abbas Muhammad ibn al-Muqtadir, born 297 to a Roman slave Zulum, hailed the day al-Qahir was deposed — Ibn Muqla wrote up the deposed caliph's faults to be read to the people.
  33. 33 · 940–944

    المتقي لله إبراهيم بن المقتدر

    Abbasid caliph [329–333], Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn al-Muqtadir, hailed at thirty-four; he altered nothing, never touched a slave-girl or wine, fasted much — 'I want no companion but the Mushaf'. Tuzun blinded him in 333; jailed opposite al-Sindiyya twenty-five years, he died in Sha'ban 357.
  34. 34 · 944–946

    المستكفي بالله سليمان بن الحاكم

    Third Cairo caliph [701–740], hailed by his father's will; moved with the Abbasids from Kabsh to a citadel house, and rode out with the sultan to the Tatar victory of 702.
  35. 35 · 946–974

    المطيع لله الفضل بن المقتدر

    Abbasid caliph [334–363], Abu'l-Qasim al-Fadl ibn al-Muqtadir, born 301 to the slave Mashghala, hailed on al-Mustakfi's deposition with a stipend of only a hundred dinars a day fixed by Mu'izz al-Dawla.
  36. 36 · 974–991

    طائع للہ عبد الکریم بن مطیع

    عباسی خلیفہ، جنہوں نے اپنے والد مطیع کے بعد ۳۶۳ھ میں خلافت سنبھالی؛ ان کا دور آل بویہ کے سیاسی غلبے میں گزرا۔
  37. 37 · 991–1031

    القادر باللہ احمد بن اسحاق

    عباسی خلیفہ، جن کا عہد 381–422ھ تھا۔ سیوطی کے بیان میں وہ ابو بشر ہروی کے شاگرد تھے اور انہوں نے اصول پر ایک کتاب لکھی جو جامع مہدی میں پڑھی جاتی تھی۔

قاہرہ کی عباسی خلافت

مملوکوں کی سرپرستی میں قاہرہ میں بحال عباسی خلافت، 1261ء تا 1517ء؛ بلا حقیقی اختیار خلفاء جنہیں سلاطین مقرر اور معزول کرتے، 1517ء میں سلِّم اول کے مصر فتح کرنے پر ختم ہوئی۔

  1. 1 · 1261–1262

    المستنصر بالله الثاني أحمد بن الظاهر

    First of the Cairo Abbasids; freed from Baghdad's prison, he was hailed at Cairo 13 Rajab 659, then vanished against the Tatars beyond Hit on 3 Muharram 660 — most say killed.
  2. 2 · 1262–1302

    الحاكم بأمر الله أحمد القبي

    Second Cairo caliph [661–701], of al-Mustarshid's line — he escaped the sack to the Arabs, fought the Tatars at Ana, Haditha, Hit and Anbar, reigned first at Aleppo where Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyya swore him, then ruled Cairo forty years, first Abbasid buried by Sayyida Nafisa. At his Cairo bay'a on 8 Muharram 661 Baybars extended his hand and swore first, then the notables, and al-Hakim invested Baybars with the sultanate; next day's khutba opened 'Praise God who raised for the Abbasid house a pillar and a backer' — and the caliph was sequestered at the Citadel of the Mountain in 663.
  3. 3 · 1303–1340

    المستكفي

    المستكفي، عباسی قاہرہ خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1303ء سے 1340۔
  4. 4 · 1340–1341

    الواثق بالله إبراهيم بن المستمسك

    Pretender-caliph at Cairo [740–741]; passed over by his grandfather for profligacy, he sowed the sultan's breach with al-Mustakfi and was hailed on his death — the commons calling him 'al-Musta'ti'. Ibn Fadl Allah's portrait: ram-butting rams, fighting cocks, long-eared goats, unpaid goods — 'the caliphate's name stepped down from the minbars'. The dying sultan repented and deposed him.
  5. 5 · 1341–1352

    الحاكم بأمر الله الثاني أحمد بن المستكفي

    Cairo caliph [741–753]; his father's deed — witnessed by forty just men of Qus — was read in al-Mansur Abu Bakr's council of 11 Dhu'l-Hijja 741, Ibrahim deposed and Ahmad hailed as al-Hakim II. Ibn Fadl Allah: 'imam of our age, cloud of our Egypt — he revived the caliphate's rites and reunited his scattered house'.
  6. 6 · 1352–1362

    المعتضد بالله أبو الفتح أبو بكر بن المستكفي

    Cairo caliph [753–763], hailed by his brother's deed — 'good, humble, loving the people of knowledge'.
  7. 7 · 1362–1406

    المتوكل على الله محمد بن المعتضد

    Sixth Cairo caliph [763–808] — 'father of the age's caliphs': of his hundred children five reigned (al-Musta'in, al-Mu'tadid II, al-Mustakfi II, al-Qa'im, al-Mustanjid), a thing without parallel, and all living Abbasids descend from him. Deposed fifteen days in 779, imprisoned and deposed by Barquq 785–791, he refused the amirs' offer of the sultanate itself in 778; died Tuesday 18 Rajab 808.
  8. 8 · 1377–1391

    المستعصم بالله زكريا بن إبراهيم

    Twice-set Cairo caliph: fifteen days under Aynbak in 779 'without bay'a or consensus', then under Barquq till 791 when the repenting sultan restored al-Mutawakkil; died deposed at home.
  9. 9 · 1383–1386

    الواثق بالله عمر بن إبراهيم

    Cairo caliph [785–788] under Barquq's deposition of al-Mutawakkil; died Wednesday 19 Shawwal 788.
  10. 10 · 1406–1414

    المستعين ⁦(القاهرة)⁩

    المستعين ⁦(القاهرة)⁩، عباسی قاہرہ خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1406ء سے 1414۔
  11. 11 · 1414–1441

    المعتضد بالله داود بن المتوكل

    Cairo caliph [815–845] — 'of the caliphs' elite: noble, bright, alert; scholars sat with him and he shared their pursuits; generous to a fault' — investing five sultans across thirty years; died Sunday 4 Rabi' I 845 near seventy.
  12. 12 · 1441–1451

    المستكفي بالله الثاني سليمان بن المتوكل

    Cairo caliph [845–854] — the author's own father wrote his deed of appointment and served as his imam: 'we grew up in none but his house and bounty; I doubt the earth bore a caliph's house more devout since Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's'. He died Friday, last day of Dhu'l-Hijja 854; the sultan walked his funeral and bore the bier himself, and Suyuti's father died forty days later.
  13. 13 · 1451–1455

    القائم ⁦(القاهرة)⁩

    القائم ⁦(القاهرة)⁩، عباسی قاہرہ خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1451ء سے 1455۔
  14. 14 · 1455–1479

    المستنجد بالله يوسف بن المتوكل

    The author's own reigning caliph [859–884], investing five sultans ending with Qaytbay; confined to the citadel by Khushqadam after Janim's bid, he died there Saturday 14 Muharram 884 near ninety, and was buried in the Abbasid cemetery by the Nafisa shrine.
  15. 15 · 1479–1497

    المتوكل على الله الثاني عبد العزيز بن يعقوب

    Cairo caliph [884–903] — a Hashimi between Hashimis, who read hadith with the author's father; hailed in the sultan's presence 16 Muharram 884. In his reign Qaytbay made the hajj no sultan had made for over a century; he died Wednesday, last of Muharram 903, naming his son Ya'qub al-Mustamsik.
  16. 16 · 1497–1517

    المستمسك

    المستمسك، عباسی قاہرہ خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1497ء سے 1517۔
  17. 17 · 1508–1517

    المتوكل الثالث

    المتوكل الثالث، عباسی قاہرہ خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1508ء سے 1517۔

فاطمی خلافت

ایک خاندان جس نے پہلے شمالی افریقہ میں اور پھر مصر میں 297ھ/909ء سے 567ھ/1171ء تک حکومت کی، اور جوہر کی فتحِ مصر کے بعد قاہرہ اس کا دارالحکومت بنا۔ انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف اسلام عبید اللہ المہدی سے العاضد تک چودہ خلفا گنتا ہے۔ مضمون اس کے نسب کے بارے میں مختلف مواقف، فاطمی، مخالف اور اسماعیلی، بغیر فیصلے کے بیان کرتا ہے، اور اس کی پالیسی، نظم و نسق، معیشت، ثقافت اور پڑوسیوں سے تعلقات، نیز 567ھ میں صلاح الدین کے ہاتھوں خاتمے کو بیان کرتا ہے۔

  1. 1 · 1021–1036

    الظاهر لإعزاز دين الله علي بن الحاكم

    Ali ibn al-Hakim, seventh Ubaydid caliph as al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah; his rule weakened — Aleppo and most of Syria lost — and he died in 428, succeeded by his seven-year-old son al-Mustansir.
  2. 2 · 1036–1094

    المستنصر بالله معد بن الظاهر

    Ma'add ibn al-Zahir, eighth Ubaydid caliph, enthroned at seven in 428 and reigning sixty years and four months — al-Dhahabi knows none in Islam who lasted so. In his days came the seven-year famine unmatched since Joseph; his khutba sounded at Baghdad's Mansur mosque when al-Basasiri held the city on his money.
  3. 3 · 1094–1101

    المستعلي بالله أحمد بن المستنصر

    Ahmad ibn al-Mustansir, ninth Ubaydid caliph as al-Musta'li bi'llah, succeeding on his father's death in 487.
  4. 4 · 1101–1130

    الآمر بأحكام الله منصور بن المستعلي

    Mansur ibn al-Musta'li, tenth Ubaydid caliph as al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, raised at five years old on his father's death in 495.
  5. 5 · 1132–1149

    الحافظ لدين الله عبد المجيد بن محمد بن المستنصر

    Eleventh Ubaydid caliph, raised when his nephew al-Amir was killed heirless in 524; died 544, succeeded by his son al-Zafir.
  6. 6 · 1149–1154

    الظافر بالله إسماعيل بن الحافظ

    Twelfth Ubaydid caliph, succeeding his father in 544; killed in 549, his boy al-Fa'iz raised as Egypt's power failed.
  7. 7 · 1154–1160

    الفائز بنصر الله عيسى بن الظافر

    Isa ibn al-Zafir, thirteenth Ubaydid caliph as al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah — a small boy raised in 549 as Egypt's power failed.
  8. 8 · 1160–1171

    العاضد لدین اللہ

    مصر کے آخری فاطمی خلیفہ تھے۔ ان کے عہد میں پہلے شیرکوہ اور پھر صلاح الدین وزیر بنے، اور ان کی وفات کے قریب مصر میں عباسی خطبہ بحال ہوا۔
  9. 9 · 909–934

    عبيد الله المهدي

    Forefather of the Ubaydid caliphs of Egypt; his da'wa appeared in Yemen in 270 and held till 278, when he hajj'd and met a band of Kutama — they liked his state, he went with them to the Maghreb, the Mahdi's first affair.
  10. 10 · 934–946

    القائم بأمر الله محمد بن المهدي

    Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad, the Ubaydid Mahdi's son and second ruler of the dynasty, succeeding on his father's death under al-Radi; earlier he had taken most of Upper Egypt and his armies held Fustat's riverine quarter.
  11. 11 · 946–953

    المنصور بالله إسماعيل بن القائم

    Isma'il ibn al-Qa'im, third Ubaydid ruler; he founded al-Mansuriyya and died there, the best-conducted of the line after his grandfather al-Mahdi, abolishing the exactions — and his son Ma'add succeeded as al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah.
  12. 12 · 953–975

    المعز لدين الله معد بن المنصور

    Ma'add ibn al-Mansur, fourth Ubaydid ruler, titled al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah; his mawla Jawhar took Egypt with a hundred thousand horse, laid out Cairo and built the Two Palaces; al-Mu'izz entered Egypt in Ramadan 362 carrying his fathers' coffins — the builder of Cairo.
  13. 13 · 975–996

    العزيز بالله نزار بن المعز

    Nizar ibn al-Mu'izz, fifth Ubaydid caliph as al-Aziz bi'llah; his envoy reached Baghdad in 369, and per al-Dhahabi Hims, Hama and Aleppo were opened for him beyond his forebears' gains, he was preached at Mosul and Yemen, his name on their coinage and banners — succeeded by his son al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
  14. 14 · 996–1021

    الحاکم بامر اللہ منصور بن العزیز

    منصور بن العزیز، چھٹے عبیدی خلیفہ، جن کا لقب الحاکم بامر اللہ تھا؛ مقریزی 411ھ میں ان کے غائب ہونے کا ذکر کرتے ہیں۔

موحدین کی خلافت

مہدی ابن تومرت اور ان کی دعوت توحید کے پیروؤں کی قائم کردہ ریاست، جس نے چھٹی اور ساتویں صدی ہجری میں مراکش سے شمالی افریقہ اور اندلس پر حکومت کی۔ عبد المؤمن 524ھ/1130ء میں خلیفہ قرار پائے، 542ھ/1147ء میں مراکش لیا اور پورے مغرب کو متحد کیا؛ موحدین 591ھ/1195ء میں الارک میں فتح یاب ہوئے، 609ھ/1212ء میں العقاب میں شکست کھائی، اور 668ھ/1269ء میں مرینیوں نے مراکش لے کر انہیں ختم کر دیا۔

  1. 1 · 1147–1163

    عبد المؤمن بن علي القمي

    عبد المؤمن بن علی بربر قبیلہ کومیہ سے تھے؛ بجایہ کے قریب ملالہ میں ابن تومرت سے ملے، ان کے قریبی ساتھی بنے اور پھر موحدین کی تحریک کی قیادت میں ان کے جانشین ہو کر مومنی سلطنت کی بنیاد رکھی۔ انہوں نے 527ھ/1133ء سے 558ھ/1163ء تک حکومت کی، مراکش کی فتح سے مرابطی اقتدار ختم کیا، اور افریقیہ اور موحدی اندلس کو مراکش کے ساتھ ملایا.
  2. 2 · 1163–1184

    أبو يعقوب يوسف بن عبد المؤمن

    Abu Ya'qub Yusuf ibn Abd al-Mu'min, second Almohad caliph — deposed the designated heir, his brother Muhammad, in Sha'ban 558, posted his brother Abu Hafs 'Umar over al-Andalus, and grew up between the cavalry and the scholars: a firm jurist whose bent ran to wisdom and philosophy, his dinars the 'Yusufis' of the Maghreb. He crossed in 566 with a hundred thousand horse, and at Seville the death of Ibn Mardanish (Rajab 567 — his mother was said to have poisoned him) brought the sons to surrender all the east of al-Andalus; Yusuf raided to the gates of Toledo, took Gafsa in 575, and died of illness (some said a Frankish arrow) at the month-long siege of Santarém in Rabi' I 580, carried home in a coffin while the Almohad commanders settled the succession on his son Ya'qub without a written will.
  3. 3 · 1184–1199

    يعقوب المنصور الموحدي

    The Almohad caliph al-Mansur, victor of Alarcos — dark, tall, handsome and sonorous, versed in usul, furu', chancery, history, geometry and medicine; when the truce with Alfonso of Castile lapsed at the end of 590 he fell deathly ill at Salé on the eve of the campaign, then rose and broke the Franks.
  4. 4 · 1199–1213

    محمد الناصر بن المنصور الموحدي

    The Almohad caliph Muhammad al-Nasir b. al-Mansur; fought Ibn Ghaniya in Ifriqiya, received Mahdiyya 603, marched to Seville 609 and was broken at al-Uqab at the end of Safar, dying at Marrakesh months later.
  5. 5 · 1213–1224

    المستنصر يوسف الموحدي

    Abu Ya'qub Yusuf ibn Muhammad ibn Amir Ya'qub al-Mansur al-Muwahhidi, called al-Mustansir. He succeeded his father al-Nasir; he was a young man fond of his ease. At his death, because his uncle was of advanced age, the state gave its allegiance to his uncle Abd al-Wahid ibn Yusuf ibn Abd al-Mu'min.
  6. 6 · 1224–1224

    عبد الواحد المخلوع الموحدي

    Abd al-Wahid ibn Yusuf ibn Abd al-Mu'min, an uncle of the caliph al-Nasir, known as al-Makhlu (the Deposed). After al-Mustansir the state gave him the oath of allegiance, for his advanced age and sound judgement; but he did not manage affairs well and did not placate the people of his state, so they deposed him and strangled him after a nine-month reign.
  7. 7 · 1224–1227

    العادل عبد الله الموحدي

    Abu Muhammad Abd Allah, son of the amir Ya'qub al-Mansur al-Muwahhidi, known as al-Adil. When Abd al-Wahid took power at Marrakesh he was in al-Andalus and held out at Murcia, believing himself more entitled to the command; he marched toward the Maghrib, endured hardships on the way, and fought his brother Abu al-Ala Idris, who had seized the command and styled himself al-Ma'mun.
  8. 8 · 1227–1229

    المعتضد يحيى الموحدي

    Abu Zakariyya Yahya ibn al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Muwahhidi, titled al-Mu'tadid. The people of Marrakesh chose him as caliph after Abd al-Wahid al-Makhlu' had been deposed. Within a few days Abu al-'Ala Idris claimed the caliphate at Seville and the people of al-Andalus pledged allegiance to him; Yahya besieged him in Marrakesh, but then his companions were routed, and the people of the city, regarding him as ill-omened, expelled him. He sought protection among a people in a fort in the direction of Tlemcen, and a young man of theirs, who held a vendetta against him over his father, stabbed him and killed him.
  9. 9 · 1229–1232

    المأمون بن المنصور الموحدي

    The Almohad caliph (624-630 AH) who revolted against his own dynasty's doctrine: acclaimed at Seville, he entered Marrakesh in 626 AH with a Christian army, reproached the Almohad shaykhs and killed a hundred of their notables, ordered Ibn Tumart's name erased from coinage and khutba and cursed in the Berber adhan, licensed a church in Marrakesh, lost Ifriqiya to Abu Zakariya al-Hafsi in 627 AH, and died at Wadi Umm al-Rabi' in 630 AH.
  10. 10 · 1232–1242

    الرشيد بن المأمون الموحدي

    Abd al-Wahid ibn al-Ma'mun, titled al-Rashid; acclaimed after his father's death in 630 AH, he defeated Yahya ibn al-Nasir and entered Marrakesh, restoring at the Almohad shaykhs' condition the Mahdi rites his father had erased, and contrived the killing of the Arab commander Mas'ud ibn Humaydan, ruling until his death in 640 AH.
  11. 11 · 1242–1248

    السعيد المعتضد الموحدي

    Draft card for Abu al-Hasan al-Said al-Mu'tadid, the Almohad caliph raised in Seville in 1242 and deposed in 1248; the dynastic handbook entry is not yet checked on the page.
  12. 12 · 1248–1266

    المرتضى عمر الموحدي

    The Almohad caliph al-Murtada, who fled Marrakesh for Azemmour when Abu Dabus entered in 665, was seized by his own governor and killed at Kutama in the last ten days of Rabi' II.
  13. 13 · 1266–1269

    عبد الواحد الثاني المأمون الموحدي

    Abd al-Wahid II b. Yusuf b. Abd al-Mu'min — the Almohad caliph deserted by his Berber amirs and strangled in Sha'ban 621 after a nine-month reign; in his days the Maghribi al-Adil's Andalus venture collapsed and Ibn Hud al-Judhami rose calling to the Abbasids.

عثمانی سلطنت

1299ء میں قائم ہونے والی سلطنت جو 1922ء میں ختم ہوئی؛ قسطنطنیہ اس کا دارالحکومت تھا۔ یہ اناطولیہ میں بازنطینیوں کی سرحد پر اٹھی، 1453ء میں قسطنطنیہ لیا، 1516ء اور 1517ء میں شام اور مصر شامل کیے، اور سلیمان عالی شان کے دور میں اپنی وسیع ترین حد کو پہنچی۔ صدیوں کے دباؤ، اصلاحات اور پہلی عالمی جنگ کے بعد انقرہ کی قومی اسمبلی نے یکم نومبر 1922ء کو استنبول کی حکومت ختم کر دی۔

  1. 1 · 1512–1520

    سليم الأول

    سليم الأول، عثمانی خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1512ء سے 1520۔
  2. 2 · 1520–1566

    سليمان القانوني

    آلِ عثمان کے دسویں اور سب سے نامور سلطان، جن کا دور 926 سے 974ھ/1520 تا 1566ء رہا اور یہ عثمانی تاریخ کا طویل ترین دور ہے۔ وہ طرابزون میں پیدا ہوئے اور بغیر کسی حریف کے تخت پر بیٹھے، اور تیرہ شاہی مہمات کی خود قیادت کی جن میں دس یورپ میں تھیں؛ انہوں نے بلغراد اور رودس لیے، موہاکس میں ہنگری کو شکست دی اور ویانا کا محاصرہ کیا۔ ترک روایت انہیں قانونی یاد کرتی ہے کیونکہ مفتی ابو السعود کی مدد سے سلطانی قانون کو شریعت کے ساتھ ترتیب دیا گیا، جبکہ مغرب نے انہیں عظیم کہا؛ معمار سنان نے ان کے لیے سلیمانیہ مجمع بنایا۔ وہ 974ھ/1566ء میں سیگیتوار کے محاصرے کے دوران اپنے خیمے میں فوت ہوئے۔
  3. 3 · 1566–1574

    سلیم دوم

    عثمانی سلطان؛ اس کے عہد سے ادرنہ کی سلیمیہ مسجد کی تعمیر اور دون و وولگا کو ملانے کی مہم وابستہ ہیں۔
  4. 4 · 1574–1595

    مراد الثالث

    Murad III (r. 982–1003/1574–1595) — trilingual poet-sultan; saw Poland placed under Ottoman protection, Tiflis and Tabriz taken from the Safavids, and in two Rajab 988/September 1580 letters offered the Sa'dids 300 sultanic galleys and an army to recover al-Andalus — then, facing al-Mansur's readiness and his near-agreement with Spain, ordered Uluj Ali to stand down. Sokollu's assassination in his reign opened the era of palace-made grand viziers. Buried in Hagia Sophia's courtyard.
  5. 5 · 1595–1603

    محمد الثالث

    Mehmed III (r. 1003–1012/1595–1603) — the last Ottoman sultan to take the field in person, reviving the custom his father and grandfather had let lapse; at Eger he held firm when his troops scattered and the victory came within the hour. A poet-sultan inclined to tasawwuf; died 18 Rajab 1012 aged 38.
  6. 6 · 1603–1617

    أحمد الأول

    Ahmed I, the fourteenth Ottoman sultan and son of Mehmed III, born at Manisa in 998/1590 and succeeded in 1012/1603. He built the Sultan Ahmed mosque at the Atmeydani in Istanbul, and died in 1026/1617 after a two-month illness.
  7. 7 · 1617–1623

    مصطفى الأول

    Mustafa I, Ottoman sultan who succeeded his brother Ahmad I in 1026 AH, was deposed after three months, restored after Osman II's murder in 1031, then deposed again for Murad IV; in his reign the government became a Janissary plaything.
  8. 8 · 1618–1622

    عثمان الثاني

    Osman II, Ottoman sultan (1026-1031 AH) at thirteen; fought Poland then resolved to abolish the Janissaries, who mutinied first, deposed and killed him in 1031; some of his verse survives.
  9. 9 · 1623–1640

    مراد الرابع

    Murad IV b. Ahmad I, Ottoman sultan (1032-1049 AH); reformed the interior and crushed the military tyrants, personally led the recovery of Baghdad from the Safavids in 1048, called 'second founder of the state' by historians; died 1640 leaving a full treasury.
  10. 10 · 1640–1648

    إبراهيم الأول

    Ibrahim I (r. 1640–1648) — opened the long Cretan war against Venice in 1645 by seizing Venetian goods and shipping a fleet to Crete; deposed and killed in the Istanbul mutiny that enthroned his seven-year-old son Mehmed IV.
  11. 11 · 1648–1687

    محمد الرابع

    محمد رابع انیسویں عثمانی سلطان تھے، جو 1058ھ سے 1099ھ، یعنی 1648ء سے 1687ء تک حکمران رہے اور سات برس کی عمر میں تخت نشین ہوئے۔ ان کے دور میں کوپرلو وزرا کی حکمرانی، کریٹ کی فتح، 1683ء میں ویانا کا ناکام دوسرا محاصرہ اور ہنگری کا بیشتر حصہ ہاتھ سے جانا شامل ہیں۔ موہاچ کی شکست کے بعد فوج کی بغاوت پر وہ 2 محرم 1099ھ، 8 نومبر 1687ء کو معزول ہوئے اور 1693ء میں ادرنہ میں فوت ہوئے۔
  12. 12 · 1687–1691

    سليمان الثاني

    Sulayman II (r. 1099–1102/1687–1691) — reign of retreat: Belgrade lost to Austria, Dalmatia and Greece to Venice; his vizier Mustafa Köprülü's protection of Istanbul's Christians prompted the Morean Greeks to expel the Venetians and choose Ottoman rule.
  13. 13 · 1691–1695

    السلطان أحمد الثاني

    Sultan Ahmed II (r. 1691–1694): a four-year reign of skirmishes in which the great Köprülü vizier Mustafa fell in battle and Venice seized Aegean islands.
  14. 14 · 1695–1703

    مصطفى الثاني

    Mustafa II (r. 1106–1115/1694–1703) — the sultan of Karlowitz: Hungary and Transylvania lost, the tributary powers stopped paying, and the Ottoman retreat from Europe began. Deposed by the Janissaries, dead within four months at 39.
  15. 15 · 1703–1730

    أحمد الثالث

    احمد ثالث عثمانی سلطنت کے تئیسویں سلطان تھے، جو 1084ھ/1673ء میں پیدا ہوئے اور 1115ھ/1703ء سے 1143ھ/1730ء تک حکمران رہے۔ ان کے دور میں روس، وینس اور آسٹریا سے جنگیں ہوئیں، مورہ وینس سے واپس لیا گیا اور 1718ء کے معاہدۂ پساروویتس میں بلغراد ہاتھ سے گیا۔ بعد کے برس عہد لالہ کہلاتے ہیں، جن میں دربار کی تفریح، فنون اور استنبول کا پہلا چھاپہ خانہ نمایاں رہے، یہاں تک کہ 1730ء کی بغاوت نے انہیں دستبردار ہونے پر مجبور کیا اور وہ 1149ھ/1736ء میں فوت ہوئے۔
  16. 16 · 1730–1754

    محمود الأول

    Mahmud I (r. 1143–1168/1730–1754) — brought in the first European military adviser (the Comte de Bonneval), yet won the war that produced the Treaty of Belgrade 1739: Austria ceded Belgrade, Serbia and Wallachia back, and Russia pledged no Black Sea fleet.
  17. 17 · 1754–1757

    عثمان الثالث

    Osman III, Ottoman sultan (1168-1171 AH); enthroned at fifty-eight with the oath in Abu Ayyub's mosque, ruled three war-free years devoted to internal reform and suppressing revolts, said to inspect his subjects' condition in disguise at night.
  18. 18 · 1757–1774

    مصطفى الثالث

    Mustafa III (r. 1171–1187/1757–1773) — a mujahid sultan who beat the Russians several times yet foresaw the decline and wrote it in verse; the 1768–1774 war that ended at Küçük Kaynarca broke him — he fell ill with grief and died at 57.
  19. 19 · 1774–1789

    عبد الحميد الأول

    Abd al-Hamid I (r. 1187–1203/1773–1788) — came from the palace seclusion to sign away the Black Sea: Küçük Kaynarca (1774) freed Crimea, opened Ottoman waters to Russian ships and gave Russia a protected church in Galata.
  20. 20 · 1789–1807

    سليم الثالث

    Selim III (r. 1203–1222/1788–1807) — refused the powers' peace overtures, blamed the late defeats on estrangement from religion, and when France took Egypt in 1798 proclaimed jihad, answered from the Hijaz to North Africa.
  21. 21 · 1807–1808

    مصطفى الرابع

    مصطفى الرابع، عثمانی خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1807ء سے 1808۔
  22. 22 · 1808–1839

    محمود الثاني

    محمود ثانی بن عبدالحمید اول 1223ھ/1808ء سے 1255ھ/1839ء تک عثمانی سلطان رہے، اور بیرق دار کی بغاوت اور سلیم سوم کے قتل کے بعد تخت نشین ہوئے۔ انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف اسلام کے مطابق انہوں نے صوبوں پر مرکز کا اقتدار بحال کیا، 1826ء میں ینی چری ختم کیے، مغربی طرز کی نئی فوج بنائی اور انتظامیہ کو وزارتوں اور مجالس میں منظم کیا، جبکہ سلطنت روس، یونان اور محمد علی کے مقابل زمین کھوتی رہی، اور وہ نصیبین کی شکست کے بعد یکم جولائی 1839ء کو فوت ہوئے۔ مضمون نگار کا فیصلہ ہے کہ ان کی اصلاحات نے عثمانی معاشرے کو جدیدیت کی راہ پر ڈال دیا، جبکہ صلابی کہتے ہیں کہ انہوں نے لباس میں مغربی تہذیب کی پیروی کی۔
  23. 23 · 1839–1861

    عبد المجيد الأول

    Abdülmecid I — Mahmud II's son, 'of slight build, sharp mind, realistic and merciful'; under Mustafa Rashid Pasha's hand the Tanzimat ran on three tracks: Western military and administrative models, secularising the social order, and centralising Istanbul's power over the provinces.
  24. 24 · 1861–1876

    عبد العزيز

    Abdülaziz (r. 1277–1293/1861–1876) — deposed and then killed in the 1876 palace coup, 'a matter known to history and recorded in the documents'.
  25. 25 · 1876–1909

    عبد الحميد الثاني

    Abd al-Hamid II (r. 1293–1327/1876–1909) — ruled under a constitution hostage to his person: ministers, treaties, war and law all his alone. His pan-Islamic counterweight: the Shaykhs' Council, the Arab Tribal School for sons of chiefs, and correspondence with the Arab amirs — against British approaches to the Sharif of Mecca and the imams of Yemen and Asir.
  26. 26 · 1876–1876

    مراد الخامس

    Murad V (r. 1293/1876) — sultan for ninety-three days: cultured, Francophile and constitutionalist, he broke down under the shock of his uncle's midnight deposition and was himself deposed by a shaykh al-Islam fatwa on incurable madness — the text of which the source quotes — then recovered and lived out his days in Çırağan palace.
  27. 27 · 1909–1918

    محمد الخامس رشاد

    محمد الخامس رشاد، عثمانی خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1909ء سے 1918۔
  28. 28 · 1918–1922

    السلطان وحيد الدين ⁦(محمد السادس)⁩

    Mehmed VI Vahdeddin — the last Ottoman sultan, in occupied Istanbul issuing the death warrant on Mustafa Kemal while the national resistance grew.
  29. 29 · 1922–1924

    الخليفة عبد المجيد الثاني

    Abdülmecid II — the last Ottoman caliph, who wore Mehmed the Conqueror's turban and Sulayman's sword to the Friday crowds until Mustafa Kemal barred him, halved his stipend and had the caliphate abolished and him exiled in March 1924.

خلافة صكتو

A caliphate established in 1804 CE and ended in 1903 CE.

  1. 1 · 1809–1817

    عثمان دان فودیو

    عثمان دان فودیو (1754–1817)، ہاؤسا لینڈ کے علاقے گوبیر کے فولانی عالم، خلافت سوکوتو کے بانی اور اس کے پہلے خلیفہ۔ وہ قادری صوفی اور مالکی فقیہ تھے؛ انھوں نے اسلامی علوم پر سو سے زائد کتابیں لکھیں اور 1804 سے اس جہاد کی قیادت کی جس نے ہاؤسا بادشاہتوں کو ختم کر کے اپنے دور کی مغربی افریقہ کی سب سے بڑی مسلم ریاست قائم کی، پھر ریاست کی انتظامیہ اپنے بیٹے محمد بیلو اور بھائی عبد اللہ کے سپرد کر کے خود تعلیم و تصنیف کی طرف لوٹ آئے۔
  2. 2 · 1817–1837

    محمد بیلو

    محمد بیلو (1781–1837)، سوکوتو کے دوسرے خلیفہ (1817–1837)، اس کے بانی عثمان دان فودیو کے بیٹے اور ان کے اولین معاون۔ انھوں نے 1809 میں سوکوتو شہر کی بنیاد رکھی، خلافت کی انتظامیہ، عدالتیں اور تعلیم مضبوط کیں، اور تاریخ، شریعت اور شاعری پر سیکڑوں تصانیف لکھیں جن میں فولانی جنگوں کی مستند تاریخ «انفاق المیسور» شامل ہے؛ 1837 میں ورنو میں ان کا انتقال ہوا۔
  3. 3 · 1837–1842

    أبو بكر عتيق

    أبو بكر عتيق، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1837ء سے 1842۔
  4. 4 · 1842–1859

    علي بابا بن بلو

    علي بابا بن بلو، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1842ء سے 1859۔
  5. 5 · 1859–1866

    أحمد عتيق

    أحمد عتيق، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1859ء سے 1866۔
  6. 6 · 1866–1867

    علي كرمي

    علي كرمي، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1866ء سے 1867۔
  7. 7 · 1867–1873

    أحمد الرفاعي

    أحمد الرفاعي، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1867ء سے 1873۔
  8. 8 · 1873–1877

    أبو بكر الثاني

    أبو بكر الثاني، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1873ء سے 1877۔
  9. 9 · 1877–1881

    معاذ

    معاذ، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1877ء سے 1881۔
  10. 10 · 1881–1891

    عمر بن علي

    عمر بن علي، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1881ء سے 1891۔
  11. 11 · 1891–1902

    عبد الرحمن

    عبد الرحمن، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1891ء سے 1902۔
  12. 12 · 1902–1903

    محمد الطاهر اول

    مغربی افریقہ کی خلافت سوکوتو کے بارہویں سلطان، جن کا دورِ حکومت اکتوبر 1902 سے مارچ 1903 تک رہا، اور انگریزوں کے قبضے سے پہلے سوکوتو کے آخری آزاد سلطان۔ انہوں نے اطاعت سے انکار کیا، مہدی کے ظہور کی تیاری کے لیے جسے انہوں نے ہجرت کہا اس پر سوکوتو چھوڑا، اور جولائی 1903 میں مبورمی کی لڑائی میں مارے گئے۔
  13. 13 · 1903–1915

    محمد الطاهر ثانی

    مغربی افریقہ کی خلافت سوکوتو کے تیرہویں سلطان، جن کا دورِ حکومت 1903 سے 1915 تک رہا، جب انگریزوں نے سوکوتو کی فتح کے بعد انہیں مقرر کیا؛ وہ نوآبادیاتی اقتدار کے تحت حکومت کرنے والے پہلے سلطان تھے۔ وہ خلافت کے بانی عثمان بن فودیو کے پڑپوتے اور چوتھے سلطان علی بابا بن بیلو کے بیٹے تھے۔
  14. 14 · 1915–1924

    محمد ماي توراري

    محمد ماي توراري، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1915ء سے 1931۔
  15. 15 · 1924–1931

    محمد تمباري

    محمد تمباري، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1931ء سے 1938۔
  16. 16 · 1931–1938

    حسن بن معاذ سوکوتو

    حسن بن معاذ، برطانوی نوآبادیاتی دور کے سوکوتو سلطان ⁦(1931–1938ء)⁩؛ محمد تمباری کی برطرفی کے بعد تعینات، وفات تک منصب پر فائز رہے؛ صدیق ابوبکر سوم جانشین ہوئے۔
  17. 17 · 1938–1988

    صديق أبو بكر الثالث

    صديق أبو بكر الثالث، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1938ء سے 1988۔
  18. 18 · 1988–1996

    إبراهيم داسوكي

    إبراهيم داسوكي، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1988ء سے 1996۔
  19. 19 · 1996–2006

    محمد مجيدو

    محمد مجيدو، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1996ء سے 2006۔
  20. 20 · 2006–تا حال

    سعد أبو بكر الثالث

    سعد أبو بكر الثالث، سوکوتو خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 2006ء سے تا حال۔

زبیر خلیفہ · مخالف دعویٰ

عبداللہ بن زبیر کی مکہ سے مخالف خلافت، 683ء تا 692ء؛ اپنی بلند ترین حالت میں حجاز، عراق، مصر اور خراسان پر قائم رہی۔

  1. 1 · 683–692

    عبد الله بن الزبير

    زبیر بن عوام اور اسماء بنت ابوبکر کے بیٹے، مدینہ میں تقریباً 624ء میں پیدا ہوئے۔ مکہ اور عراق کے لوگوں نے انھیں خلیفہ مانا اور حجاج نے مکہ میں ان کا محاصرہ کیا یہاں تک کہ وہ سنہ 73ھ/692ء میں قتل ہوئے؛ مسعودی سنہ 72 کے ذوالقعدہ سے پچاس راتیں بتاتا ہے، جبکہ دائرۃ المعارف اسلامیہ چھ ماہ سے زیادہ ۔ عثمان نے انھیں مصاحف نقل کرنے والی کمیٹی میں زید بن ثابت، سعید بن العاص اور عبد الرحمن بن الحارث کے ساتھ رکھا ۔

حمودی خلافت · مخالف دعویٰ

اندلس کی فتنہ کے زمانے میں حمودیوں کا خلافت کا دعویٰ، قرطبہ اور مالگا میں 1016ء سے؛ آخری دعوے 1057ء کے لگ بھگ۔

  1. 1 · 1016–1018

    علي بن حمود الناصر لدين الله

    First Hammudid caliph of Cordoba, bay'a'd the day Sulayman al-Musta'in fell; his eight months of justice — beheading a Berber for a bunch of grapes and parading the head — turned to oppression when al-Murtada rose in the east, until Slav pages killed him in the bath on 1 Dhu'l-Qa'da 408.
  2. 2 · 1018–1023

    القاسم بن حمود المأمون

    al-Qasim ibn Hammud ibn Maymun al-Idrisi, brother of Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir; the two stood by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam al-Musta'in when the Berbers set him up as caliph in al-Andalus and served him well, al-Qasim receiving Algeciras — after Ali's death he took the caliphate as al-Ma'mun, contested by his nephew Yahya ibn Ali who prevailed over him, one of the last Hammudid caliphs of Cordoba.
  3. 3 · 1021–1023

    یحییٰ المطالع حمودی

    یحییٰ المطالع بن ادریس حمودی، حمودیوں کا تیسرا خلیفہ قرطبہ میں؛ فتنہ قرطبہ میں دو بار خلافت ⁦(1021–1023 اور 1025–1026ء)⁩، پھر دستبردار ہو کر 1035ء تک مالقہ پر حکومت کی۔
  4. 4 · 1027–1027

    إدريس بن يحيى الحمودي

    The Hammudid claimant at Malaga who received panegyric from behind a curtain until Ibn Muqana's nuniyya moved him to raise the veil and welcome the poet.

شریفی خلافت · مخالف دعویٰ

شریف مکہ حسین بن علی کی مارچ 1924ء میں عثمانی خلافت کے خاتمے پر خلافت کا اعلان؛ وسیع تسلیم نہ ملی اور 1925ء میں ان کے دستبردار ہونے پر ختم ہوئی۔

  1. 1 · 1924–1925

    علی بن حسین شریف مکہ

    علی بن حسین، حجاز کے آخری بادشاہ؛ والد نے اکتوبر 1924ء میں تخت اور خلافت کا دعویٰ ان کے حوالے کیا؛ دسمبر 1925ء میں جدہ عبدالعزیز ابن سعود کے ہاتھوں گرنے تک برقرار رہے، پھر عراق فرار ہوئے۔
  2. 2 · 1924–1924

    الحسين بن علي شريف مكة

    الحسين بن علي شريف مكة، شریفی خلافت کے خلیفہ؛ 1924ء سے 1925۔