زمانہ

ادوار، زمانی خاکے، تاریخ میں یہ دن، اسلامی دنیا کا کوئی بھی سال۔

اب تک اس پہلو میں، وقت کی ترتیب سے؛ اوپر کا ہجری زمانی خاکہ انہیں ایک محور پر جمع کرتا ہے۔ روڈ میپ: مکمل زمانہ ہال ایک بعد کے مرحلے میں آئے گا۔

† ہجری تاریخ عیسوی سے حساب کر کے نکالی گئی — منتقل شدہ تاریخ سے ایک یا دو دن مختلف ہو سکتی ہے

† ہجری تاریخ عیسوی/جولین تاریخ سے حساب کے ذریعے نکالی گئی ہے؛ یہ منتقل شدہ تاریخ سے ایک یا دو دن مختلف ہو سکتی ہے۔

واقعہ
رحلات إبراهيم إلى مكة
تقریباً 2000 قبل مسیحIbrahim travelled to Mecca from time to time to see what he had left there; the number is unknown but the sources preserve four journeys: the dream and the ransom of Ismail, and three narrated by al-Bukhari from Ibn Abbas: finding Ismail's first wife complaining (change the threshold), his second wife grateful (keep the threshold), and finally meeting Ismail, when together they raised the Kaaba and Ibrahim proclaimed the pilgrimage.
واقعہ
إسكان هاجر وإسماعيل بمكة
تقریباً 2000 قبل مسیحIbrahim leaves his wife Hajar and the infant Ismail in a barren valley by the future site of the House, entrusting them to God; when the water runs out the spring of Zamzam breaks forth, and the Yemeni tribe of Jurhum settles by them with Hajar’s permission.
واقعہ
رفع قواعد الكعبة
تقریباً 1900 قبل مسیحOn the third recorded journey, Ibrahim finds Ismail sharpening arrows beneath a tree by Zamzam; together the aged father and the grown son raise the foundations of the House, and Ibrahim calls mankind to the pilgrimage as commanded.
واقعہ
أمر ذبح إسماعيل
تقریباً 1900 قبل مسیحOn one of Ibrahim’s visits to Mecca he is shown in a dream that he must sacrifice his son; father and son submit, and the son is ransomed with a great sacrifice — the trial the Quran recalls in Surat al-Saffat, and which the Raheeq narrative places before Isaac’s birth.
ریاست
مملكة سبأ
تقریباً 1100 قبل مسیحThe oldest named power of Yemen in the sira’s prologue: its traces reach twenty-five centuries before the Common Era in the excavations of Ur, its flourish begins in the eleventh century BCE, and it passed through the Mukarrib era at Sirwah and the kingdom era at Maʾrib before Himyar absorbed it around 115 BCE.
واقعہ
فناء طسم وجديس باليمامة
تقریباً 200 قبل مسیحTasm settled between Yemen and Yamama and Jadis at Yamama itself, then called Jaww; their wars destroyed most of Tasm — 'O Tasm, what Jadis did to you!' — till the remnant merged into Jadis; then the Tubba' Abd Kulal ibn Muthawwib came up from Yemen and killed both peoples, crucifying Yamama bint Murr on the gate of Jaww, which bears her name.
ریاست
مملكة حمير
تقریباً 115 قبل مسیحThe Himyarite power that took over Saba around 115 BCE and ruled from Zafar; its last centuries saw decline, the Abyssinian occupations after Dhu Nuwas’s massacre of Najran’s Christians, then Persian control until Badhan’s conversion in 638 CE.
واقعہ
إجلاء جرهم عن مكة
تقریباً 150 عیسویAfter some twenty centuries of Jurhumite rule over Mecca, their tyranny over pilgrims and appropriation of the Kaaba’s wealth turns the Adnani clans against them; Khuzaʾa, with Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manaf, expels them in the mid-second century CE — and the departing Jurhumites bury Zamzam and carry off the two golden gazelles and the Black Stone.
ریاست
مملكة الغساسنة
تقریباً 220 عیسویThe Arab client kingdom of Rome in al-Sham: the house of Jafna of the Azd displaced the Salihid Dajaʾima and ruled as Rome’s wardens of the desert frontier until Yarmuk, when their last king Jabala ibn al-Ayham entered Islam in Umar’s reign.
ریاست
مملكة الحيرة (المناذرة)
تقریباً 268 عیسویThe Arab client kingdom at al-Hira on Persia’s border: from Amr ibn Adi under Shapur until the last Lakhmid al-Mundhir (al-Maʾrur) in 632, serving the Sasanians as a buffer against Arab raiders and Rome’s own Arab clients.
ریاست
مملكة غانة القديمة
تقریباً 300 عیسویThe greatest of the old Sudanese kingdoms, its capital Ghana standing in two cities on the banks of the Niger among the largest cities of the world, Muslim from early times, whose first convert king was Barmandana the pilgrim, until the Susu then Mali absorbed it.
واقعہ
الاحتلال الحبشي الأول لليمن
340 عیسویIn the age of disorder after 300 CE the Romans entered Aden and with their help the Abyssinians occupied Yemen for the first time in 340 CE, exploiting the rivalry of Hamdan and Himyar; the occupation lasted until 378 CE and brought Christian missions into Yemen, in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account.
واقعہ
اقتسام مناصب مكة بين بني عبد مناف وبني عبد الدار
تقریباً 400 (تقریباً) عیسویAfter Abd Manaf's death his sons contested with their cousins of Abd al-Dar the offices Qusayy had bequeathed to Abd al-Dar; Quraysh split in two and nearly fought, then settled: the watering and feeding of pilgrims to Abd Manaf, Dar al-Nadwa, the banner and the custody of the Kaaba to Abd al-Dar; the Abd Manaf lot fell to Hashim, then al-Muttalib, then Abd al-Muttalib and his sons down to al-Abbas at the coming of Islam.
واقعہ
استيلاء قصي بن كلاب على مكة
440 عیسویAround 440 CE Qusayy wrests the custody of the Kaaba and the rule of Mecca from Khuzaʾa — by alliance and, in one account, purchase from Abu Ghubshan — the two sides fight, then accept the arbitration of Yaʾmar ibn Awf who rules for Qusayy; Qusayy then gathers Quraysh into Mecca’s quarters, founds Dar al-Nadwa, and assumes the five offices of Meccan leadership.
واقعہ
سيل العرم
تقریباً 450 عیسویThe great breach of the Maʾrib dam around 450–451 CE which the Quran recalls as Sayl al-Arim; in the sira’s account it ruins Yemen’s settled life and sends the Qahtani tribes scattering across the peninsula.
واقعہ
منافرة هاشم وأمية
تقریباً 470 عیسویThe famous munafara: unable to match Hashim's rifada, a mocked Umayya staked fifty black-eyed camels and ten years' exile; the soothsayer of Usfan judged Hashim had 'outstripped Umayya in every glory', and Umayya went to Syria for a decade — the seed of the Hashimite–Umayyad rivalry.
واقعہ
يوم البردان
تقریباً 490 عیسویThe day of al-Burdan: Ziyad ibn al-Habula, the Salihid king of Syria, raided the tents of Hujr 'Akil al-Murar', king of Kinda and Rabi'a, while their men were away campaigning in Bahrayn, carrying off Hind bint Zalim among the captives; Hujr's host caught up with him at al-Burdan by Ayn Abagh — famous for the night-scouting of Sudus ibn Shayban and Sulay' ibn Abd Ghanm inside Ziyad's camp.
واقعہ
حرب البسوس
تقریباً 494 عیسویThe Basus war, the longest and most storied of the Arabs' days: when the mare-camel Sarab strayed into Kulayb's forbidden spring pasture he shot her udder as threatened, and al-Basus's cry of shame — 'wa-dhalah!' — told her nephew Jasas ibn Murra that honour demanded blood; he speared Kulayb ibn Rabi'a, the Taghlibi lord under whom all Ma'add had united, and Kulayb's brother al-Muhalhil spent forty years exacting the feud between Bakr and Taghlib.
واقعہ
حلف المطيبين والأحلاف
تقریباً 500 عیسویThe pact of the Mutayyibin and the Ahlaf: Quraysh's split over the custodial offices of Qusayy — Banu Abd Manaf with Asad, Zuhra, Taym and Banu al-Harith ibn Fihr bound themselves by dipping their hands in a perfume-filled bowl and stroking the Ka'ba (hence 'the perfumed'), against the Confederates of Abd al-Dar with Makhzum, Sahm, Jumah and Adi; peace gave Banu Abd Manaf the siqaya and rifada while the hijaba, liwa and nadwa stayed with Abd al-Dar — the alliance holding into Islam.
واقعہ
مقتل حجر أبي امرئ القيس
تقریباً 500 عیسویThe killing of Hujr, father of Imru' al-Qays: Asad's tributary king answered their expulsion of his tax-collectors by seizing and clubbing their chiefs, until their kahin Awf ibn Rabi'a prophesied him 'first to be stripped tomorrow' — the tribe stormed his tent and Ilba' ibn al-Harith speared him, kindling Imru' al-Qays's long war of vengeance on Asad.
دور
شبه الجزيرة العربية قبل الإسلام
تقریباً 500 عیسویThe Arabian Peninsula and its neighbours in the generations before the revelation: trading towns, tribes, poetry, and Jewish, Christian and polytheist communities.
واقعہ
مذبحة نجران (أصحاب الأخدود)
اکتوبر 523 عیسویIn October 523 the Himyarite king Dhu Nuwas, a convert to Judaism, marched on the Christians of Najran demanding they renounce their faith; on their refusal he dug the great trench and burned them — men, women, children and elders, twenty to forty thousand by report — the Ashab al-Ukhdud of Surat al-Buruj, whose blood summoned the Abyssinian occupation.
واقعہ
الاحتلال الحبشي الثاني لليمن
525 عیسویIn 525, answering the Najran atrocity, the Roman emperors equipped an Abyssinian fleet which landed seventy thousand under Aryat; Aryat governed until his general Abraha killed him and ruled in his place — the Abraha of the elephant campaign against the Kaaba.
واقعہ
يوم الكلاب الأول
تقریباً 530 عیسویThe first day of al-Kullab, when the dead al-Harith's Kindite sons fell on each other at the water of al-Kullab between Basra and Kufa: Shurahbil with Bakr against Salama with Taghlib and the sana'i', a hundred camels cried for each brother's head, and at day's end Taghlib prevailed — Abu Hanash avenging his brother Dhu al-Sunayna by taking Shurahbil's head to Salama, who only grieved.
واقعہ
بناء أنوشروان سد الباب والأبواب
تقریباً 542 عیسویIn al-Baladhuri from those versed in Armenia's affairs: a general of Qubadh ibn Fayruz the king trod Arran's land with twelve thousand and took what lay between the river called al-Rass and Shirwan; Qubadh followed and built in Arran the city of al-Baylaqan, Bardha'a — the frontier's city entire — and Qabala, built the wall of al-Lubn between Shirwan's land and Bab al-Lan, and built upon it three hundred and sixty cities, ruined after the later building of Bab wa-l-Abwab; then his son Anushirwan Kisra ibn Qubadh ruled, built al-Shabiran and Masqat, then the city of Bab wa-l-Abwab and the Durzuqiyya, built in Jurzan's land the city of Sughdabil settling Sughdians and sons of Persians as a muslaha, built toward the Romans Bab Fayruzqubadh, Bab Ladhiqa, Bab Bariqa on the sea of Trebizond, Bab al-Lan and Bab Samsakhi, and the fortresses of al-Jardaman and Shamshalda, conquered all Armenia in Roman hands, settled and fortified Dabil, built Nashwa the city of Busfurrajan's district, built Hisn Ways and castles in Sisajan — among them Qal'at al-Kilab and Sahiyunis — and garrisoned these forts with the warlike and bold of the Siyasijiyya; Anushirwan wrote to the Turk king asking peace and sought his daughter's hand, sending him a slave-girl adopted by one of his wives as his daughter, then came and they met at al-Barshaliyya feasting for days; he ordered his intimates to night-raid and burn part of the Turk's camp, then denied and apologised, then had fire thrown into a part of his own camp where only straw huts stood, and in the morning complained to the Turk: 'your men nearly destroyed my army, and you have requited me with treachery' — the Turk swearing ignorance — so Anushirwan said: 'brother, your soldiers and mine hate our peace for the plunder lost in the raids and wars between us, and I fear they will make mischief to corrupt our hearts after our sincerity and friendship, returning us to enmity after kinship and affection — my counsel is that you let me build a wall between us with a gate through which none comes to you from us nor to us from you save whom we will'; he agreed and went home, and Anushirwan set to building the wall of rock and lead at the sea's edge, three hundred cubits wide, joined to the mountain-tops — ordering stones carried in ships and sunk until they rose above water to be built upon, so the wall ran three miles into the sea — and when finished hung iron gates at its entry, posted a hundred riders to guard where fifty thousand soldiers had once been needed, and set an armoured redoubt upon it; afterwards the Khaqan was told 'he deceived you — married you to one who is not his daughter, and fortified himself against you' — and he could contrive nothing.
واقعہ
قتل عمرو بن هند مضرط الحجارة
تقریباً 550 عیسویAmr ibn Kulthum's killing of Amr ibn Hind 'Mudarrat al-Hijara', king of al-Hira: seeking a man whose mother would scorn to serve his own, the king contrived that Hind should order Layla bint Muhalhil to pass her a dish; Layla's cry 'wa-dhalah, O Taghlib!' reached her son, who seized the king's own hanging sword and struck off his head.
واقعہ
حرب الحارث الأعرج على بني تغلب
تقریباً 550 عیسویThe Ghassanid king al-Harith ibn Abi Shamir's war on Taghlib: ungreeted by their riders on his march, he swore a raid that 'would leave them wide-awake for his coming'; Amr ibn Kulthum answered that peoples wake only to their own counsel — and when al-Harith invaded he was routed and his brother slain, the occasion of Amr's great qasida.
واقعہ
قتل تميم بالمشقر
تقریباً 550 عیسویThe al-Mushaqqar massacre of Banu Tamim: after Tamim — urged on by Sa'sa'a ibn Najiya, al-Farazdaq's grandfather — plundered Khusraw's Yemeni tax convoy, Khusraw had his Bahrayn governor Azad Firuz 'al-Muka'bbir' (the hand-and-foot cutter) lure Tamim into the fort at Hajar with a promise of provisions; the men were killed, the boys shipped to Persia, and Hawdha ibn Ali — freshly crowned 'dhu al-taj' by Khusraw — begged a hundred captives and freed them.
واقعہ
غلبة ثقيف على الطائف
تقریباً 550 عیسویThaqif's acquisition of Ta'if: the valley had passed from Adwan to Banu Amir ibn Sa'sa'a by the sword; Thaqif, camped around it, persuaded Amir to hand them the land to till and plant at no cost for half the harvest — then, grown strong, walled the town, kept the halves, and Amir could not win it back.
واقعہ
يوم النسار
تقریباً 550 عیسویThe day of al-Nasar: when Tamim pressed their 'paternal' claims on Dabba and Abd Manat, Dabba raised for the first time the cry 'ya Al Khindif' — the federation-name — and the Rabbab confederates (dipped in rubb-pitch at their pact) joined Asad and Ghatafan under Husayn ibn Hudhayfa; Tamim and Banu Amir broke, their chief Shurayh al-Qushayri fell, and noblewomen of Amir were taken, Salma bint al-Mukhallaf among them.
واقعہ
يوم الشقيقة ومقتل بسطام بن قيس
تقریباً 550 عیسویThe day of al-Shaqiqa, Dabba's day over Shayban, when their sayyid Bustam ibn Qays fell: warned in a dream and by the bird-diviner Naqid he raided Malik ibn al-Muntafiq's thousand-camel herd anyway, holding the rear on his dark stallion al-Za'faran — until the half-wit Asim ibn Khalifa, who had long kept a spear 'to kill Bustam on', took him.
واقعہ
يوم أوارة الثاني
تقریباً 550 عیسویThe second day of Awara: Amr ibn al-Mundhir 'al-Muharriq' avenged his foster-son As'ad, killed by Suwayd al-Darimi, by burning ninety-nine Darim captives to fulfil his vow of a hundred — and when a man of the Burajim wandered up drawn by the smell of roasting meat, he cried 'the wretch is the one who comes to Burajim' and had him cast into the fire to complete the count; Jarir taunted al-Farazdaq with it.
واقعہ
يوم أوارة الأول
تقریباً 550 عیسویThe first day of Awara — the Lakhmid al-Mundhir ibn Imru' al-Qays against Bakr ibn Wa'il, who had sheltered the Taghlibi exile Salama ibn al-Harith; refusing allegiance, Bakr were bound by al-Mundhir's oath to be slaughtered on the hill of Awara until the blood reached its foot; when the blood froze they poured water on it so it flowed, and the women were burned, until a man of Qays ibn Tha'laba interceded and the captives were freed — the boast al-A'sha made of it in verse.
واقعہ
يوم ذي نجب
تقریباً 550 عیسویThe day of Dhi Najb, a year after Jabala: seeking to finish Tamim, Banu Amir brought in the Kindite king Hassan ibn Kabsha with his retainers against Banu Hanzala — but Yarbu' stood the brunt, Jushaysh ibn Numran brained the king himself, Amir's chief Amr ibn al-Ahwas fell, and Jarir still boasted of the day under Islam.
واقعہ
حرب زهير بن جناب على بكر وتغلب
تقریباً 550 عیسویZuhayr ibn Janab's war on Bakr and Taghlib: set over them as Abraha's tax-collector in a famine year, he pressed them until their herds nearly died — whereupon Ibn Ziyaba the Taym Allah drove a sword clean through the sleeping Zuhayr without killing him, and Zuhayr had his men stage a mock burial of bundled clothes with the tribes' leave, then marched on them.
واقعہ
حرب زهير بن جناب على حرم غطفان
تقریباً 550 عیسویZuhayr ibn Janab's war on Ghatafan's rival sanctuary: when Banu Bughayd grew mighty they vowed to found a haram like Mecca's — its game unslain, its refuge unassailed — with Banu Murra ibn Awf as wardens; Zuhayr 'the kahin' swore Ghatafan would never have a haram while he lived, broke them in battle, killed a horseman inside the sanctuary and abolished it, then spared Ghatafan and returned their women.
واقعہ
يوم الجفار (الصيلم)
تقریباً 551 عیسویThe day of al-Jufar, called al-Saylim 'the shearing' for its slaughter: a year after al-Nasar the same hosts met again and Tamim stood fast, cutting deep into Banu Amir — Malik ibn Ka'b 'Jawab' fled from his two wives, and Bishr ibn Abi Khazim sang of Tamim's squadrons.
واقعہ
الحرب بين الأحلاف وبني مالك
تقریباً 570 عیسویThe civil war of Thaqif's two moieties — the Ahlaf and Banu Malik: when the Ahlaf's herds drove them to fence the Jalathan pasture of Banu Nasr, Banu Malik allied with Yarbu' and war rolled through the day of Ta'if, the al-Aban defile massacre, the days of Umr dhi Kinda and Karuba, and Afif ibn Awf's battle-cry said to have made seventy pregnant women miscarry; it ended when the Ansari Uhayha refused Mas'ud ibn Mu'tib a pact — 'your brother is the one you left behind; reconcile with him though it cost your nose' — and gave him instead a slave who built Ta'if's first fortress-tower.
واقعہ
غلبة الأنصار على المدينة وقتل الفطيون
تقریباً 570 عیسویThe end of Jewish supremacy at Yathrib: the tyrant al-Fityawn of Banu La'laba claimed every Jewish bride before her husband until Malik ibn al-Ajlan the Khazraji killed him in his chamber at his own sister's wedding; Malik fled to Abu Jubayla — a Khazraji grandee at the Ghassanid court — who swore off perfume and women until the Jews were humbled, marched to Yathrib feigning a Yemen campaign, summoned the Jewish notables and slaughtered them at his door, leaving Aws and Khazraj masters of palm and dwelling.
شخصیت
محمد
تقریباً 570 عیسویThe Prophet of Islam (c. 570–632 CE), through whom Muslims believe the Qur'an was revealed, and the founder of the first Muslim community in Medina.
واقعہ
عام الفيل ومولد النبي
تقریباً اپریل 571 عیسویThe traditional year of the Prophet Muhammad's birth in Mecca — Monday 9 Rabi' I of the Year of the Elephant, given in the book as 20 or 22 April 571 CE.
واقعہ
أخبار الإرهاصات في إيوان كسرى عند مولد النبي
تقریباً 571 عیسویIbn Jarir and others, as cited by Salihi, report that the Persian king's palace arch cracked, the Tigris breached its dam, and the king's soothsayers found the omens foretold a prophet from Hijaz.
واقعہ
حادثة شق الصدر
تقریباً 574 عیسویThe tradition, narrated by Muslim via Anas, that Jibril opened the boy Muhammad's breast while he played with the lads in Banu Sa'd, removed 'Satan's share' and washed his heart with Zamzam water — after which Halima returned him to his mother. ويروي البخاري الشق الثاني ليلة الإسراء بلسان مالك بن صعصعة: «فشُقّ من النحر إلى مراقّ البطن ثم غُسل البطن بماء زمزم ثم مُلئ حكمة وإيماناً».
واقعہ
تحرير اليمن والولاية الفارسية
575 عیسویIn 575 the Yemenis under Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan, aided by Persia, expelled the Abyssinians and won independence; but Sayf’s assassination by his own Abyssinian guard ended the royal house, and Khosrow made Yemen a Persian province whose governors ruled until the last, Badhan, embraced Islam in 638.
واقعہ
وفاة آمنة بالأبواء
تقریباً 577 عیسویOn the way back from a month in Yathrib visiting the grave of her husband, Amina bint Wahb fell ill and died at al-Abwa between Mecca and Medina, leaving her six-year-old son an orphan a second time.
واقعہ
وفاة عبد المطلب وكفالة أبي طالب
تقریباً 578 عیسویAbd al-Muttalib died at Mecca when his grandson Muhammad was eight years, two months and ten days old, having shown him a tenderness he showed none of his sons; before dying he entrusted the boy to his uncle Abu Talib, full brother of his father, who took up the charge and protected him for over forty years.
واقعہ
يوم شعب جبلة
تقریباً 580 عیسویThe day of Sha'b Jabala — Tamim and the Rabab against Kilab and its allies; Laqit ibn Zurara fell in the ravine duel with Shurayh ibn al-Ahwas, dying with his Lakhmid wife Dukhtanus on his lips while Banu Abs beat his corpse.
واقعہ
استسقاء أبي طالب بالغلام محمد
تقریباً 580 (تقریباً) عیسویA report Ibn Asakir transmits from Jalhama ibn Urfuta: arriving at Mecca in a drought he saw Quraysh ask Abu Talib to pray for rain; Abu Talib went out with a boy, set his back to the Kaaba while the boy pointed with his finger under a cloudless sky, and the clouds gathered and the valley flooded; Abu Talib's verse about the fair one by whose face rain is sought refers to this.
واقعہ
لقاء الراهب بحيرا ببصرى
تقریباً 583 عیسویWhen Abu Talib's trade caravan stopped at Busra in Syria, the monk Bahira (whose name the book gives as Jirjis) recognized the twelve-year-old Muhammad by 'the seal of prophethood' between his shoulders, and advised his uncle to take him home for fear of the Jews.
واقعہ
حرب الفجار
تقریباً 586 عیسویThe sacrilegious war between Quraysh and Kinana on one side and Qays 'Aylan on the other, so named because it violated the sanctity of the sanctuary and the sacred months; the fifteen-year-old Muhammad attended, readying arrows for his uncles.
واقعہ
حلف الفضول
تقریباً 586 عیسویA pact sworn in Dhu al-Qa'da at the house of Abdullah ibn Jud'an by the clans of Hashim, al-Muttalib, Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza, Zuhra ibn Kilab and Taym ibn Murra, to stand with anyone wronged in Mecca until his right is restored; the young Muhammad witnessed it and praised it after prophethood.
واقعہ
يوم رحرحان
تقریباً 590 عیسویThe day of Rahrahan between Banu Amir and the Darim of Tamim: after al-Harith ibn Zalim's treacherous murder of Khalid ibn Ja'far — sheltered by Ma'bad ibn Zurara — al-Ahwas led Banu Amir to the reckoning, and Ma'bad himself was dragged wounded from the horse-dust by two Ghanni clients.
واقعہ
زواج النبي من خديجة
تقریباً 595 عیسویThe marriage of Muhammad and Khadija bint Khuwaylid, arranged after her trade trip under his management to Syria; the book gives her dowry as twenty young camels and her age as forty, and notes she remained his only wife until she died.
واقعہ
رحلة النبي التجارية إلى الشام في مال خديجة
تقریباً 595 عیسویAt twenty-five the Prophet went to Syria as a trader with the goods of Khadija bint Khuwaylid, who had heard of his truthfulness, trustworthiness and noble character and offered him better terms than other merchants, sending her servant Maysara with him; she found in her goods a trustworthiness and blessing she had never seen, which led to their marriage.
واقعہ
يوم الهباءة
تقریباً 600 عیسویThe day of al-Haba'a, when Banu Abs killed Hudhayfa ibn Badr the chief of Fazara — the outrage that broke the Abs–Dhubyan alliance and opened the forty-year war of Dahis and al-Ghabra'.
واقعہ
حرب كعب بن عمرو المازني
تقریباً 600 عیسویThe war of Ka'b ibn Amr al-Mazini: Banu Juhjuba of Aws against Banu Mazin of Khazraj — Uhayha ibn al-Julah had Ka'b ambushed and killed for visiting his Banu Salim wife, whereupon his brother Asim declared war; at al-Rihaba Juhjuba were routed and Uhayha fled to his fortress with Asim's arrow lodging in its gate.
واقعہ
حرب سمير
تقریباً 600 عیسویThe first dissension and war among the Ansar: over a Ghatafani's horse at the Banu Qaynuqa market, Samir of Banu Amr ibn Awf killed the client Ka'b ibn al-Ajlan; the quarrel over the client-half diyya became a war that drew in every clan of the Ansar, until al-Mundhir ibn Haram al-Najjari — grandfather of Hassan ibn Thabit — arbitrated full blood-money and a return to the old custom; the hatred had by then taken root.
واقعہ
يوم السرارة
تقریباً 600 عیسویThe day of al-Sarara — the war between Yathrib's Banu Amr ibn Awf and Banu al-Akhrath before Islam, sung by Hassan ibn Thabit and answered in verse by Qays ibn al-Khatim.
واقعہ
يوم ذي قار
تقریباً 604 عیسویKhosrow’s marzabans and the governor Iyas ibn Qabisa marched to wrest al-Nuʾman’s deposited family and wealth from Hani ibn Masʾud; Banu Shayban met them at Dhu Qar and routed the Persians utterly — the first day the Arabs defeated the Persians, shortly after the Prophet’s birth.
واقعہ
إعادة بناء الكعبة وقضية الحجر الأسود
تقریباً 605 عیسویQuraysh's rebuilding of the Kaaba when Muhammad was thirty-five — a flood-weakened structure rebuilt with 'lawful money only' — and the arbitration over the Black Stone that he settled with the cloak solution.
واقعہ
انشقاق القمر
610 اور 622 کے درمیان عیسویThe sign the people of Mecca asked of the Prophet: he showed them the moon in two halves until they saw Mount Hira between them; in another report they said 'Muhammad has bewitched us'. Ibn Mas'ud reports 'the moon split while we were with the Prophet at Mina; he said: bear witness — and one part went toward the mountain', and once said it split at Mecca; Ibn 'Abbas reports the moon split in the Prophet's lifetime. Muslims read the event in the opening of Surat al-Qamar 'the Hour has drawn near and the moon has split'.
واقعہ
ثلاث سنوات من الدعوة السرية
تقریباً 610 عیسویThe first stage of the call to Islam — individual and secret for three years — in which the first band believed: Khadija, Ali, Zayd and Abu Bakr on the first day, then those whom Abu Bakr called, then a company Ibn Hisham numbers at over forty from every clan of Quraysh; during it prayer was first prescribed.
واقعہ
فترة الوحي
تقریباً 610 عیسویThe pause in revelation after the first descent at Hira — days rather than years in the reading of Ibn Sa'd via Ibn Abbas that the book prefers — ending when Jibril appeared seated on a throne between heaven and earth and surat al-Muddaththir came down with the command to rise and warn.
واقعہ
نزول جبريل بالوحي مرة ثانية: أوائل المدثر
تقریباً 610 عیسویAfter the pause in revelation the Prophet heard a voice from heaven and saw the angel who had come to him at Hira seated on a throne between heaven and earth; he returned home asking to be wrapped, and God sent down the opening of surat al-Muddaththir with the command to rise and warn, after which revelation came thick and fast; the author reads in its commands the substance of the call.
دور
العصر النبوي
تقریباً 610 عیسویThe years of the Prophet Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina, from the first revelation to his death in 632 CE.
واقعہ
بدء الوحي في غار حراء
10 اگست 610 عیسوی · 21 رمضان 12 قبل ہجرتThe descent of Jibril upon the Prophet in the cave of Hira with the opening verses of surat al-Alaq — on the night of Monday 21 Ramadan in the book's preferred reckoning, corresponding to 10 August 610 CE, when the Prophet was forty lunar years, six months and twelve days old.
واقعہ
الدعوة في الأقربين
تقریباً 613 عیسویAfter «وأنذر عشيرتك الأقربين» came down, the Prophet twice gathered Banu Hashim — about forty-five men with some of Banu al-Muttalib — declared himself God's messenger to them in particular and to people in general; Abu Lahab sabotaged the first gathering, and at the second Abu Talib pledged his protection while refusing to leave his fathers' religion.
واقعہ
اضطهاد المستضعفين
تقریباً 613 عیسویAfter mockery and bargaining failed, a twenty-five-man committee of Quraysh's chiefs headed by Abu Lahab resolved to fight Islam and torture its adherents; the clanless and enslaved Muslims bore the worst — Bilal under the midday rocks, the family of Yasir, Sumayya the first martyr speared by Abu Jahl, Abu Fakiha, Khabbab, and slave women whom Abu Bakr bought and freed.
واقعہ
الصيحة على الصفا
تقریباً 613 عیسویAssured of Abu Talib's protection, the Prophet climbed al-Safa and cried 'Ya sabahah', gathering the clans of Quraysh; he warned them of a severe punishment ahead, named them clan by clan down to Fatima bint Muhammad, and Abu Lahab's 'Tabban laka' drew the revelation of surat al-Masad.
واقعہ
مجلس الوليد بن المغيرة
تقریباً 613 عیسویWith the pilgrimage season approaching, Quraysh's leaders sat with al-Walid ibn al-Mughira to agree one word to say to the Arabs about Muhammad; he rejected 'soothsayer', 'madman', 'poet' and even 'sorcerer' as literal descriptions, then advised them to call his word sorcery that separates a man from his family — and they sat on the pilgrims' roads warning people of him.
واقعہ
الهجرة الأولى إلى الحبشة
تقریباً 615 عیسویIn Rajab of the fifth year of prophethood, twelve men and four women — led by Uthman ibn Affan with the Prophet's daughter Ruqayya — slipped away by night to the port of Shu'ayba and sailed in two merchant ships to the kingdom of the Negus, 'a just king under whom no one is wronged'; most returned in Shawwal on the false report that Quraysh had converted.
واقعہ
سجدة النجم
تقریباً 615 عیسویIn Ramadan of the fifth year, before a great assembly of Quraysh's chiefs in the sanctuary, the Prophet recited surat al-Najm; when he reached its closing prostration and prostrated, none present held back and all fell prostrate — Muslims and polytheists alike, as Bukhari reports.
واقعہ
مقاطعة بني هاشم في شعب أبي طالب
تقریباً 616 عیسویA comprehensive political and economic boycott imposed by Quraysh against Banu Hashim and Banu al-Muttalib, confining them to Shib Abi Talib for three years until its repeal.
واقعہ
إسلام حمزة بن عبد المطلب
تقریباً 616 عیسویIn late year six, Abu Jahl passed the Prophet at al-Safa and abused him while he stayed silent; a freedwoman of Abdullah ibn Jud'an told Hamza, returning from the hunt, who struck Abu Jahl with his bow and declared 'I abuse him while I follow his religion — take that if you can' — anger first, then faith settled in his heart.
واقعہ
وفادة قريش إلى النجاشي
تقریباً 616 عیسویQuraysh sent Amr ibn al-As and Abdullah ibn Abi Rabi'a with gifts to the Negus to demand the return of the Muslim emigrants; he heard Ja'far ibn Abi Talib recite the opening of Maryam, refused to surrender them and returned the gifts.
واقعہ
تهديد قريش لأبي طالب ومقايضة عمارة
تقریباً 616 عیسویQuraysh's notables threatened Abu Talib with open war, then offered him Umara ibn al-Walid in exchange for his nephew's death; Abu Talib refused, and the Prophet told him he would not give up the matter even if the sun were placed in his right hand and the moon in his left.
واقعہ
الهجرة الثانية إلى الحبشة
تقریباً 616 عیسویWhen torture intensified after the first migrants' brief return, eighty-three men — Ammar's inclusion doubtful — and eighteen or nineteen women migrated again to Abyssinia; Quraysh sent Amr ibn al-As and Abdullah ibn Abi Rabi'a to win them back, but the Negus heard Ja'far ibn Abi Talib's account and sura Maryam, refused to surrender them, and returned the envoys' gifts.
واقعہ
مساومة عتبة بن ربيعة
تقریباً 616 عیسویAfter the conversions of Hamza and Umar, Utba ibn Rabi'a volunteered to offer Muhammad wealth, leadership and kingship if he would abandon his call; the Prophet listened to the end, then recited the opening of sura Fussilat down to its prostration, and Utba went back urging Quraysh to leave the man be.
واقعہ
إسلام عمر بن الخطاب
تقریباً دسمبر 616 عیسویIn Dhu al-Hijja of year six — three days after Hamza — Umar, who had set out with his sword to kill the Prophet, was redirected by Nu'aym ibn Abdullah to his own sister's house; he heard the opening of sura Ta-Ha from Sa'id and Fatima, then went to the house of al-Arqam and declared the shahada, and the Muslims marched out in two rows and prayed openly at the Kaaba.
واقعہ
يوم بُعاث
تقریباً 617 عیسوی · 6 قبل ہجرتThe last and greatest of the Aws–Khazraj wars before Islam, about five years before the Hijra on the soundest view; before it ran the war of Mutaymir, the war of Ka'b ibn 'Amr, the day of al-Sarara and the day of al-Dayk — al-Samhudi adds the day of Fari', the two Fijar wars, and the wars of Hudayr ibn al-Aslat and Hatib ibn Qays — until al-Khattabi reports a tradition that war stood between them a hundred and twenty years to Islam. They fought at Bu'ath, a site at the head of Qawra, after the long-bested Aws allied with Qurayza and al-Nadir — its earlier bid for a Quraysh pact at Mecca having been dissolved by a ruse Ibn Shabba ascribes to al-Walid ibn al-Mughira — and some of its clans withdrew about a year to Khaybar. When the Khazraj boasted of victory and seized the Jews' hostages, the war was joined. Both chiefs fell: Hudayr 'al-Kata'ib', father of Usayd, for the Aws, and 'Amr ibn al-Nu'man al-Bayadi for the Khazraj — 'Abdallah ibn Ubayy had warned him he would be borne off slain, and four men carried him in as foretold; the rout first fell on the Khazraj until Hudayr rallied the Aws to victory, and Sa'd ibn Mu'adh escaped under 'Amr ibn al-Jamuh's protection; in the Sahih 'A'isha says 'the day of Bu'ath was a day God sent ahead of His Messenger for their entering Islam — he came when their assembly had scattered and their chiefs been slain', a report al-Samhudi also transmits in her chapter.
واقعہ
أبو طالب يجمع بني هاشم وبني المطلب
تقریباً 617 عیسویReading the escalating incidents — the deputations, the attempt to trade him for Amara ibn al-Walid, Abu Jahl's stone, Uqba's strangling attempt, Umar's unsheathed sword — Abu Talib sensed danger to his nephew and gathered Banu Hashim and Banu al-Muttalib to stand with him; all answered except Abu Lahab, who sided with the enemy.
واقعہ
نفر من الجن يستمعون القرآن بوادي نخلة
تقریباً 619 عیسویWhile the Prophet stayed at Wadi Nakhla on his way back from al-Taif, a company of jinn listened to the Qur'an without his knowing of their presence until God informed him; they believed and returned to warn their people.
واقعہ
آخر وفد لقريش إلى أبي طالب
تقریباً 619 عیسویA delegation of Quraysh notables visiting Abu Talib on his sickbed to seek a compromise with Muhammad; the Prophet answered by demanding a single word: 'La ilaha illa Allah'.
واقعہ
زواج النبي من سودة بنت زمعة
تقریباً 619 عیسویThe marriage of Prophet Muhammad to Sawda bint Zam'a in Shawwal of the tenth year of prophethood, his first marriage after the death of Khadija.
واقعہ
نقض صحيفة المقاطعة وخروج بني هاشم من الشعب
تقریباً 619 عیسویIn Muharram of the tenth year of the mission Hisham ibn Amr and Zuhayr ibn Abi Umayya, joined by al-Mut'im ibn Adi, Abu al-Bakhtari and Zam'a ibn al-Aswad, moved to tear up the covenant Quraysh had hung in the Kaaba; they found that termites had eaten all of it except the Name of God, and Banu Hashim left the ravine.
واقعہ
عام الحزن
تقریباً 619 عیسویThe tenth year of prophethood in which the Prophet's protective uncle Abu Talib and his supportive wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid passed away within a short span.
واقعہ
وفاة خديجة بنت خويلد
تقریباً اپریل 619 عیسویKhadija, mother of the believers, died in Ramadan of the tenth year of the mission, about two or three months after Abu Talib, aged sixty-five while the Prophet was fifty.
واقعہ
خروج النبي إلى الطائف
تقریباً مئی 619 عیسویThe Prophet Muhammad's journey on foot with Zayd ibn Haritha to al-Ta'if in Shawwal of the tenth year of prophethood, seeking support from Thaqif, their rejection, the incident of Addas in the orchard, and the encounter with the Jinn at Nakhla on return.
واقعہ
عرض الإسلام على القبائل في المواسم
تقریباً جون 619 عیسویIn Dhu al-Qa'da of the tenth year of the mission the Prophet returned to Mecca to offer Islam to the tribes and individuals at the season; among the tribes he approached Banu Kalb, Banu Hanifa and Banu Amir, none of whom accepted, while some individuals, such as Suwayd ibn al-Samit and Iyas ibn Mu'adh, later embraced it.
واقعہ
وفاة أبي طالب
تقریباً جولائی 619 عیسویAbu Talib, the Prophet's uncle and protector, died in Rajab of the tenth year of the mission, six months after Banu Hashim left the ravine on the book's reckoning, though another view places it in Ramadan three days before Khadija's death; the Prophet asked him at the end to say there is no god but God, and he refused, remaining on the religion of Abd al-Muttalib.
واقعہ
يوم الردم بين مراد وهمدان
تقریباً 620 (تقریباً) عیسویA battle shortly before Islam between Murad and Hamdan in which Hamdan did as they wished with Murad and inflicted heavy losses; Hamdan was led by al-Ajda' ibn Malik according to Ibn Ishaq, by Malik ibn Harim al-Hamdani according to Ibn Hisham. Farwa ibn Musayk of Murad composed verses on it, and the Prophet asked him on his arrival whether what befell his people on the Day of al-Radm grieved him.
واقعہ
لقاء النبي بالنفر الستة من الخزرج بالعقبة
تقریباً جولائی 620 عیسویThe historic meeting at al-Aqaba during the pilgrimage season of the 11th year of prophethood (July 620 CE) between the Prophet and six notables from the Khazraj clan of Yathrib, who embraced Islam and carried its call to Medina.
واقعہ
ستة نفر من أهل يثرب يسلمون في منى
تقریباً جولائی 620 عیسویAt the pilgrim season of the eleventh year of the mission the Prophet met six young men of the Khazraj at the Aqaba of Mina; he explained Islam and recited the Qur'an to them, they embraced it, and they promised to call their people, hoping God would unite them.
واقعہ
بيعة العقبة الأولى
تقریباً جولائی 621 عیسویAt the pilgrim season of the twelfth year of the mission twelve men from Yathrib, five of the six who had embraced Islam the year before and seven others, pledged allegiance to the Prophet at al-Aqaba at Mina in the manner of the women's pledge; he asked them to choose twelve chiefs over their people, and sent Mus'ab ibn Umayr with them to teach them the Qur'an and Islam.
واقعہ
بيعتا العقبة
تقریباً جولائی 621 عیسویThe First and Second Pledges of Aqaba at Mina in the 12th and 13th years of prophethood (621 and 622 CE), in which delegates from Yathrib pledged allegiance to the Prophet, preparing Medina as the haven of the Hijra.
واقعہ
هجرة المسلمين إلى يثرب بعد البيعة
تقریباً 622 عیسوی · تقریباً 1 قبل ہجرت†After the second pledge of al-Aqaba the Prophet authorised the Muslims to emigrate, and they left in groups; the Meccans hindered some, such as Abu Salama and his wife Umm Salama, Suhayb who ransomed himself with his wealth, and Ayyash and Hisham, who were held back; the Prophet, Abu Bakr and Ali remained at Mecca.
واقعہ
الإسراء والمعراج
تقریباً 621 عیسویThe miraculous nocturnal journey of Prophet Muhammad from al-Masjid al-Haram to al-Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, and his ascent through the seven heavens, where the five daily prayers were ordained. ونص رحلة المعراج كاملاً عند البخاري في حديث مالك بن صعصعة.
واقعہ
بيعة العقبة الثانية
تقریباً جون 622 عیسوی · تقریباً ذوالقعدہ 1 قبل ہجرت†At the pilgrim season of the thirteenth year of the mission, June 622, about seventy-three men and two women from Yathrib met the Prophet secretly at the ravine of al-Aqaba; al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib spoke of the gravity of the covenant; they pledged hearing and obedience, spending in hardship and ease, enjoining good, standing for God, and protecting him; they chose twelve chiefs, and a voice from the hills gave the alarm, after which the Prophet ordered them to disperse.
واقعہ
الهجرة النبوية
تقریباً 12 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · تقریباً 29 صفر 1 ھ†The migration of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, the event from which the Islamic calendar is counted.
واقعہ
ليلة الخروج في الهجرة
تقریباً 12 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · تقریباً 29 صفر 1 ھ†The night of 27 Safar when eleven Quraysh chiefs surrounded the Prophet's house to kill him at dawn; Ali slept in his bed wrapped in his green Hadrami cloak while the Prophet walked through the cordon unscathed and reached Abu Bakr's house. ويروي البخاري الليلة كاملة في حديث الهجرة الطويل عن عائشة — نوم علي على الفراش والخروج إلى الغار وطلب قريش — ويليه قصة سراقة بن مالك بلسانه حين تبعهما فساخت قوائم فرسه.
واقعہ
خروج النبي من داره ليلة الهجرة والاختباء في غار ثور
تقریباً 12 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · تقریباً 29 صفر 1 ھ†After Gabriel warned him of Quraysh's plot, the Prophet left his house at night, threw dust over the heads of those watching it, and went out through a back door of Abu Bakr's house to the cave of Thawr, where they hid three nights; Abu Bakr's son brought them news and Amir ibn Fuhayra grazed sheep over their tracks; Quraysh pursued them but did not reach the cave's door.
واقعہ
اجتماع دار الندوة وقرار اغتيال النبي
تقریباً 12 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · تقریباً 29 صفر 1 ھ†The fateful meeting of Quraysh's parliament in Dar al-Nadwa on Thursday 26 Safar 14 AH (12 September 622 CE) where chiefs debated expelling, imprisoning, or assassinating Muhammad, resolving on Abu Jahl's proposal to strike him simultaneously with a young warrior from each clan.
واقعہ
ليالي غار ثور الثلاث
تقریباً 13 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · تقریباً 1 ربیع الاول 1 ھ†The Prophet and Abu Bakr hid in the cave of Thawr for the nights of Friday, Saturday and Sunday while Quraysh combed the country offering a hundred camels for each man; their pursuers reached the cave's mouth and turned back.
واقعہ
الإقامة بقباء
23 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · 8 ربیع الاول 1 ھThe Prophet's stay at Quba from Monday 8 Rabi' I 1 AH: hosted by Kulthum ibn al-Hidm, he founded the mosque of Quba — the first mosque 'upon taqwa' — before riding to Medina on Friday; the length of the stay is debated (four days per Ibn Ishaq, up to 24 nights in Bukhari).
واقعہ
رحلة الهجرة من غار ثور إلى المدينة ودخولها
23 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · 11 ربیع الاول 1 ھ†The Prophet and Abu Bakr left the cave with the guide Abdullah ibn Uraykit and Amir ibn Fuhayra by the coast road; they passed the tent of Umm Ma'bad, Suraqa ibn Malik pursued them and his horse sank into the ground so that he asked for safe-conduct; they reached Quba on Monday 8 Rabi' I and stayed four days, then entered Medina on Friday.
واقعہ
أول جمعة في بني سالم بن عوف
24 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · 12 ربیع الاول 1 ھOn the Friday of his entry into Medina, prayer time overtook the Prophet among Banu Salim ibn Awf, and he led a congregation of a hundred men in the mosque in the valley bottom — counted in the sira as the first Jumu'a.
واقعہ
بناء المسجد النبوي
تقریباً 27 ستمبر 622 عیسوی · ربیع الاول 1 ھSoon after arriving in Medina, the Prophet and his companions built a mosque and living quarters on a plot of land, a model for later mosques.
واقعہ
كتاب قريش إلى عبد الله بن أبي بعد الهجرة
تقریباً اکتوبر 622 عیسوی · تقریباً ربیع الثانی 1 ھ†Quraysh wrote to Abdullah ibn Ubayy and the pagans with him threatening war or the expulsion of the Prophet; Ibn Ubayy gathered to fight him, but when the Prophet came out to them they dispersed and he refrained from fighting.
واقعہ
الإذن بالقتال ونشاط السرايا قبل بدر
تقریباً 623 عیسوی · تقریباً 1 ھ†The permission to fight was revealed after the Hijra in Medina, meant only to lift oppression and to uphold the rites of God; the Prophet sent scouting parties and raids to secure Quraysh's trade route and made alliances with the tribes along it, beginning with the expedition of Sif al-Bahr in Ramadan of the second year of the Hijra, and the raids continued until Badr.
واقعہ
سرية سيف البحر
تقریباً مارچ 623 عیسوی · رمضان 1 ھThe first expedition dispatched by the Prophet, led by Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib with 30 Muhajirun in Ramadan 1 AH to intercept a Quraysh caravan; mediated by Majdi ibn Amr without clash.
واقعہ
سرية رابغ
تقریباً اپریل 623 عیسوی · شوال 1 ھAn expedition led by Ubayda ibn al-Harith in Shawwal 1 AH with 60 Muhajirun; witnessed the first arrow shot in Islam by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and the defection of al-Miqdad and Utba ibn Ghazwan to the Muslims.
واقعہ
سرية الخرار
تقریباً مئی 623 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 1 ھAn expedition led by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas with 20 Muhajirun in Dhu al-Qada 1 AH marching on foot by night towards al-Kharrar; found the caravan had passed the day before.
واقعہ
المؤاخاة بين المهاجرين والأنصار
تقریباً 622 عیسوی · 1 ھThe Prophet paired emigrants from Mecca with helpers from Medina as brothers, sharing support in the first months after the Hijra.
واقعہ
صحيفة المدينة
تقریباً 622 عیسوی · 1 ھA document, preserved in early sources, regulating relations among the Muslims and the other communities of Medina.
واقعہ
أول جمعة بيثرب قبل الهجرة
تقریباً 622 عیسوی · 1 ھThe first congregational Friday in Islam, on the account of 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ka'b ibn Malik: As'ad ibn Zurara gathered it at Naqi' al-Khadimat in the harra of Banu Bayada with forty men, and his father Ka'b used to pray for As'ad's forgiveness whenever he heard the Friday call, for he was the first to gather them; al-Zuhri's version that Mus'ab ibn 'Umayr gathered twelve men is reconciled in that As'ad held the prayer with the twelve and Mus'ab led it.
واقعہ
غزوة الأبواء (ودان)
تقریباً اگست 623 عیسوی · صفر 2 ھThe first expedition led personally by the Prophet in Safar 2 AH with 70 Muhajirun; established an alliance treaty with Amr ibn Makhshi of Banu Damra.
واقعہ
غزوة بواط
تقریباً ستمبر 623 عیسوی · ربیع الاول 2 ھAn expedition led by the Prophet in Rabi' al-Awwal 2 AH with 200 companions to intercept a Quraysh caravan led by Umayya ibn Khalaf; reached Mount Buwat without encounter.
واقعہ
غزوة سفوان (بدر الأولى)
تقریباً ستمبر 623 عیسوی · ربیع الاول 2 ھAn expedition led by the Prophet in Rabi' al-Awwal 2 AH in pursuit of Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri after he raided the pastures of Medina; chased him to the valley of Safwan near Badr.
واقعہ
غزوة ذي العشيرة
تقریباً نومبر 623 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 2 ھAn expedition led by the Prophet in Jumada al-Ula/al-Akhirah 2 AH with 150-200 Muhajirun to intercept a Quraysh caravan to Sham (the caravan pursued later at Badr); concluded a treaty with Banu Mudlij.
واقعہ
سرية نخلة
تقریباً جنوری 624 عیسوی · رجب 2 ھA secretive expedition dispatched by the Prophet under Abdullah ibn Jahsh in Rajab 2 AH with 12 Muhajirun; intercepted a Quraysh caravan at Nakhla, resulting in the death of Amr ibn al-Hadrami and captives; resolved by Qur'an 2:217.
واقعہ
تحويل القبلة
تقریباً فروری 624 عیسوی · شعبان 2 ھThe direction of prayer was changed from Jerusalem to the Kaaba in Mecca, about a year and a half after the Hijra. Al-Samhudi gathers the reports: toward Bayt al-Maqdis sixteen months on al-Bara's account in Muslim (seventeen for Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib), the turn falling in mid-Rajab of year two on the soundest view — at zuhr in the Banu Salama mosque where two rak'as had been prayed, or at fajr in Quba in the Sahihayn's version carried by a runner — while Ibn Hajar makes 'asr the first prayer faced to the Kaaba.
واقعہ
المجلس الاستشاري عشية بدر
رمضان 2 ھThe consultative council the Prophet held at Dhi Afran after news of the Quraysh levy reached him, in which the Muslim commanders — and Sa'd ibn Mu'adh speaking for the Ansar — pledged to fight beyond the letter of the Aqaba pledge.
واقعہ
قضية أسارى بدر
رمضان 2 ھThe aftermath decision over the seventy Badr captives: the consultation in which Abu Bakr advised ransom and Umar advised execution, the ransom terms (1000–4000 dirhams, or teaching ten boys to write), the executions of al-Nadr and Uqba, and the exegetical comments in 8:67-68 and 47:4.
واقعہ
القليب — دفن قتلى المشركين ببدر
رمضان 2 ھAfter the battle the Quraysh dead were cast into a pit (the qulayb) at Badr, where the Prophet addressed them by name; when Umar asked how he spoke to the dead he answered that they heard him no less than the living.
واقعہ
بعد بدر: القتلى والأسرى والأنفال وأخبار المدينة ومكة
تقریباً مارچ 624 عیسوی · تقریباً رمضان 2 ھ†Fourteen Muslims were martyred, about seventy Meccans were killed and about seventy taken captive; the dead were thrown into a well, Mecca received the news of the rout, the Prophet sent two messengers to Medina, the spoils were divided after a dispute, the captives were ransomed, and fasting and zakat al-fitr were prescribed.
واقعہ
التعبئة قبل بدر: عير أبي سفيان ونفير مكة وخروج النبي
تقریباً مارچ 624 عیسوی · تقریباً رمضان 2 ھ†In Ramadan of the second year of the Hijra the Prophet set out to intercept Abu Sufyan's caravan returning from Syria; Quraysh mustered to defend it, and the two armies moved towards Badr; Abu Sufyan turned the caravan to the coast, Banu Zuhra withdrew under al-Akhnas ibn Shariq, and the Meccan army pressed on to Badr, where the Prophet learned their numbers from two water-carriers.
واقعہ
مبارزة بدر
13 مارچ 624 عیسوی · 17 رمضان 2 ھThe opening single combat of Badr: Utba, Shayba and al-Walid of Quraysh against Ubayda, Hamza and Ali; all three Qurayshis fell, and Ubayda died of his wound days later.
واقعہ
غزوة بدر الكبرى
13 مارچ 624 عیسوی · 17 رمضان 2 ھThe first major battle between the Muslims of Medina and the Quraysh of Mecca, fought at the wells of Badr on 17 Ramadan 2 AH.
واقعہ
يوم بدر: الصف والمبارزة ونصر الله
تقریباً 17 مارچ 624 عیسوی · تقریباً 21 رمضان 2 ھ†On the Friday of 17 Ramadan in the second year of the Hijra the two armies met at Badr; the Prophet prayed to his Lord at the height of the fighting, the angels came down, God routed the Meccan army, and their chiefs fell after duels whose first were between Hamza, Ali and Ubayda and Utba, Shayba and al-Walid; Iblis fled in the form of Suraqa.
واقعہ
إسلام عمير بن وهب
تقریباً اپریل 624 عیسوی · شوال 2 ھUmayr ibn Wahb and Safwan ibn Umayya plotted at the Kaaba to assassinate the Prophet in Medina; when Umayr arrived, the Prophet disclosed their secret pact, leading Umayr to embrace Islam.
واقعہ
غزوة بني سليم بالكدر
تقریباً اپریل 624 عیسوی · شوال 2 ھAn expedition of 200 Muslims led by the Prophet in Shawwal 2 AH to al-Kudr to disperse Banu Sulaym and Ghatafan gathering against Medina; the tribes scattered and Muslims captured 500 camels.
واقعہ
غزوة بني قينقاع
تقریباً 9 اپریل 624 عیسوی · 15 شوال 2 ھA fifteen-day siege of the Jewish tribe Banu Qaynuqa in Shawwal 2 AH after their breach of the covenant; ended in their unconditional surrender and expulsion from Medina.
واقعہ
غزوة السويق
تقریباً مئی 624 عیسوی · ذوالحجہ 2 ھAn expedition in Dhu al-Hijjah 2 AH pursuing Abu Sufyan who raided the outskirts of Medina with 200 riders; the Meccans dumped bags of roasted barley flour (sawiq) to lighten their load during flight.
واقعہ
فرض صيام رمضان
تقریباً 624 عیسوی · 2 ھThe fast of the month of Ramadan was prescribed for the Muslims of Medina in the second year after the Hijra.
واقعہ
زواج فاطمة وعلي
تقریباً 624 عیسوی · 2 ھThe Prophet's daughter Fatima married his cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib in Medina, from which the Prophet's line of descendants continued.
واقعہ
غزوة ذي أمر (غطفان)
تقریباً جولائی 624 عیسوی · محرم 3 ھAn expedition led by the Prophet with 450 men in Muharram 3 AH to disperse Banu Thalaba and Muharib at Dhu Amarr; the Bedouins fled to mountain tops without fighting.
واقعہ
مقتل كعب بن الأشرف
تقریباً ستمبر 624 عیسوی · 14 ربیع الاول 3 ھThe assassination of the Jewish poet Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf in Rabi' al-Awwal 3 AH by a band led by Muhammad ibn Maslama, after he incited Quraysh to war and satirized Muslim women.
واقعہ
غزوة بحران
تقریباً اکتوبر 624 عیسوی · ربیع الثانی 3 ھAn expedition led by the Prophet with 300 men in Rabi' al-Thani 3 AH to Buhran in the direction of al-Furu'; stayed through Jumada al-Ula without encounter.
واقعہ
سرية زيد بن حارثة إلى القردة
تقریباً نومبر 624 عیسوی · جمادی الثانی 3 ھA successful raid in Jumada al-Akhirah 3 AH led by Zayd ibn Haritha with 100 riders to al-Qarada in Najd, intercepting a rich Quraysh caravan led by Safwan ibn Umayya valued at 100,000 dirhams.
واقعہ
غزوة أحد
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھA battle near Mount Uhud in which the Quraysh gained the upper hand and Hamza, the Prophet's uncle, was killed.
واقعہ
انسحاب عبد الله بن أبي بن سلول بثلث الجيش
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھThe withdrawal of Abdullah ibn Ubayy with about a third of the army (some 300 men) on the march to Uhud; al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's author reads it as an attempt to sow confusion in the Muslim ranks.
واقعہ
المجلس الاستشاري لغزوة أحد
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھA military council where the Prophet and his companions discussed the defense plan, debating between fortifying Medina or exiting to face the enemy.
واقعہ
تجهيز الجيش الإسلامي لأحد
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھThe departure of the Muslim army of 1,000 fighters, divided into three battalions (Muhajirun, Aws, and Khazraj).
واقعہ
استخبارات المدينة عن جيش أحد
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھAl-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib sending a detailed message to the Prophet regarding Quraysh's army movements.
واقعہ
استعدادات قريش لغزوة أحد
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھA large-scale military and financial mobilization by Quraysh to avenge their defeat at Badr.
واقعہ
تمويل جيش أحد
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھThe sale of a thousand camels by Quraysh to raise fifty thousand dinars to fund their war against Muslims.
واقعہ
التوزيع التكتيكي لجيش المسلمين في أحد
مارچ 625 عیسوی · شوال 3 ھThe distribution of forces on the right and left wings, and the appointment of fifty archers on the Archers' Hill to protect the army's rear.
واقعہ
المجلس الاستشاري وتجهيز الجيش لأحد
22 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 6 شوال 3 ھWhen news of the Quraysh army heading for Medina reached the Prophet he held a senior war council. His view was to stay in Medina and fight the polytheists through the alleys, and Abdullah ibn Ubayy agreed; but the young Companions who had missed Badr pressed to march out until he yielded. The Prophet put on his armour and girt his sword, then divided his army into three battalions: the Muhajirun under the banner of Mus'ab ibn Umayr, the Aws under Usayd ibn Hudayr, and the Khazraj under al-Hubab ibn al-Mundhir.
واقعہ
القتال على لواء المشركين في أحد وإبادة حمَلَتِه
23 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 7 شوال 3 ھThe weight of the battle circled the polytheists' standard, which was carried by the Banu Abd al-Dar. The first to bear it, Talha ibn Abi Talha, was killed by al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam. The Banu Abd al-Dar carried it in turn until they were wiped out: Uthman, Abu Sa'd, Artat, Shurayh, Abu Zayd ibn Abd Manaf, Ibn Sharhabil and others. Last to carry it was an Abyssinian slave named Sawab, who fought until his hands were cut off and fell upon it with his chest until he was killed. The standard fell to the ground with none left to bear it.
واقعہ
دفن شهداء أحد
23 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 7 شوال 3 ھThe Messenger of God looked over the martyrs and said: 'I am witness over these.' He ordered that anyone who had carried a slain man back to Medina return him, and that they be buried where they fell, in their clothes, the iron and leather removed, unwashed; two or three were laid in one grave, the one who had taken most of the Qur'an placed first. Abdullah ibn Amr ibn Haram and Amr ibn al-Jamuh were buried together for the love between them. They looked for Hanzala and found him dripping water; the Prophet said the angels were washing him, and he was called the angels' washed. Among the martyrs they found Mus'ab ibn Umayr, for whom no shroud was found but a striped cloak.
واقعہ
انسحاب المنافقين يوم أحد
23 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 7 شوال 3 ھOn the road to Uhud, when the army was near al-Shawt, Abdullah ibn Ubayy broke away and withdrew with some three hundred fighters on the pretext that the Messenger had rejected his advice to stay in Medina. This withdrawal revealed for the first time the hypocrisy that had been hidden. The Banu Haritha of the Aws and Banu Salama of the Khazraj wavered toward going back, then held firm by God's help; Abdullah ibn Haram, Jabir's father, tried to turn the hypocrites back and they refused.
واقعہ
الدفاع عن رسول الله في أحد
23 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 7 شوال 3 ھAfter the wheeling manoeuvre only nine men remained with the Prophet at the rear. Utba ibn Abi Waqqas threw stones at him; his lower right incisor was broken and his lip wounded. Abdullah ibn Qami'a struck his cheek with a sword so that two rings of the helmet sank into it. In the hardest moment Talha ibn Ubaydullah and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas stood with him and shielded him. Sa'd shot until his quiver was emptied; Talha fought like eleven men until his fingers were cut and he bore thirty-five or thirty-nine wounds. Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah pulled the two helmet rings from his cheek with his front teeth. Abu Dujana shielded him with his back from the arrows. Umm Umara Nusayba bint Ka'b defended him until she took twelve wounds.
واقعہ
تعبئة الجيش الإسلامي عند أحد وتعيين فصيلة الرماة
23 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 7 شوال 3 ھThe Prophet halted with seven hundred fighters in the gorge of Mount Uhud, facing Medina with his back to the mountain — the best position on the field. He picked fifty skilled archers under Abdullah ibn Jubayr ibn al-Nu'man al-Ansari al-Awsi and posted them on a small hill southeast of the camp known as the Archers' Hill, ordering them not to leave their position in victory or defeat, and told their commander: 'keep the cavalry off us with your arrows so they cannot come at us from behind.' He put al-Mundhir ibn Amr on the right wing and al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam on the left, supported by al-Miqdad.
واقعہ
حركة الالتفاف التي نفّذها خالد بن الوليد في أحد
23 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 7 شوال 3 ھWhen the Muslims' backs were left bare of archers, Khalid ibn al-Walid wheeled with lightning speed to the rear of the Muslim army and wiped out Abdullah ibn Jubayr and his nine companions on the hill, then fell on the Muslims from behind. Hearing the cry of Khalid's cavalry, the polytheists turned back on the Muslims. A woman named Umra bint Alqama al-Harithiyya raised the fallen polytheist standard and they rallied around it. The Muslims were trapped between Khalid's horse behind them and Quraysh's army returning from the front.
واقعہ
استشهاد حمزة بن عبد المطلب في أحد
23 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 7 شوال 3 ھHamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib was fighting in the open like a grey camel, sweeping the ranks aside. Wahshi ibn Harb, an Abyssinian slave of Jubayr ibn Mut'im, lay in wait behind a tree or rock; Jubayr had promised Wahshi his freedom if he killed Hamza in revenge for his uncle Tu'ayma ibn Adi, slain at Badr. 'I shook my spear until I was satisfied, then hurled it at him; it struck his flank and came out between his legs'. Wahshi finished him and returned to Mecca and was freed. Then Hind bint Utba came and cut open his liver and chewed it but could not swallow it.
واقعہ
الانسحاب المنظم إلى شعب الجبل في أحد
23 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 7 شوال 3 ھWhen about thirty Companions had gathered around the Prophet he began an orderly withdrawal into the mountain gorge, cutting a path through the attacking polytheists. During the retreat he killed Ubayy ibn Khalaf with his own hand. The polytheists made a last attempt to climb the mountain under Abu Sufyan and Khalid, and Umar and a party of the Muhajirun fought until they drove them down. The Messenger of God settled in the gorge, where Fatima washed his wound and cauterised it with a burnt mat to stop the bleeding. Muhammad ibn Maslama brought fresh water from which the Prophet drank and prayed for him; he prayed the noon prayer sitting, from the effect of his wounds.
واقعہ
غزوة حمراء الأسد
24 مارچ 625 عیسوی · 8 شوال 3 ھOn the morning of Sunday 8 Shawwal 3 AH the Prophet called the people to pursue Quraysh and said: only those who fought with us may come. The Muslims answered despite their wounds. They reached Hamra al-Asad, eight miles from Medina, and camped. The Prophet sent Ma'bad ibn Abi Ma'bad al-Khuza'i to Abu Sufyan, and at al-Rawha he waged a propaganda war of nerves on him: 'Muhammad has come out with a gathering I have never seen the like of, burning for you.' The Meccan army's resolve collapsed and they kept withdrawing to Mecca. Abu Sufyan sent riders of Abd al-Qays to threaten the Muslims, which only increased their faith. The Prophet stayed Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, then returned and executed Abu Azza al-Jumahi, who had broken his pledge.
واقعہ
غزوة سالم بن عمير لقتل أبي عفك
تقریباً 625 عیسوی · تقریباً 3 ھIbn Ishaq relates that Abu Afak, of Banu Amr ibn Awf and then of Banu Ubayda, showed his hypocrisy openly when al-Harith ibn Suwayd ibn al-Samit was killed, and composed verses reviling a rider who had split the sons of Qayla and broken their unity; the Prophet said: who will deal with this wretch for me? and Salim ibn Umayr, one of the Weepers, went out and killed him; Umama al-Muzayriyya spoke two verses on it.
واقعہ
غزوة عمير بن عدي الخطمي لقتل عصماء بنت مروان
تقریباً 625 عیسوی · تقریباً 3 ھIbn Ishaq relates from Abdullah ibn al-Harith ibn al-Fudayl from his father that Asma' bint Marwan, of Banu Umayya ibn Zayd and married to Yazid ibn Zayd of Banu Khatma, showed hypocrisy after Abu Afak's killing and composed verses reviling Islam and its people and inciting against the Prophet, which Hassan ibn Thabit answered; when it reached the Prophet he said 'is there no one to deal with the daughter of Marwan for me?' Umayr ibn Adi al-Khatmi heard him, went to her house that night and killed her, and the Prophet told him 'you have helped God and His Messenger, Umayr', and that no two goats would butt heads over her. Ibn Ishaq says that day was the first on which Islam became strong among Banu Khatma.
واقعہ
سرية الرجيع
تقریباً جولائی 625 عیسوی · صفر 4 ھIn Safar 4 AH (July 625 CE), a party of ten Companions led by Asim ibn Thabit was sent as teachers following a deceptive request by the Adal and al-Qarah tribes; they were betrayed to Banu Lihyan at al-Raji', where seven were killed in combat and three taken captive.
واقعہ
مأساة بئر معونة
تقریباً جولائی 625 عیسوی · صفر 4 ھIn Safar 4 AH, seventy senior Muslim reciters (qurra') led by al-Mundhir ibn Amr were sent to Najd at the request of Abu Bara' Amir ibn Malik; they were ambushed and massacred at Bi'r Ma'una by Amir ibn al-Tufayl and allied Sulaym clans.
واقعہ
غزوة بني النضير
تقریباً اگست 625 عیسوی · ربیع الاول 4 ھIn Rabi' I 4 AH (August 625 CE), following Banu al-Nadir's attempt to assassinate the Prophet by dropping a millstone and their conspiracy with the hypocrites, the Muslims besieged their fortresses for six nights until they surrendered and were exiled to Khaybar and Syria, leaving behind weapons and heavy armour. وعند البخاري يروي عمر أن أرض بني النضير كانت من صفايا النبي «حبساً لنوائبه» فأبقاها صدقة بعد موته، وفيها خصومة العباس وعلي عند عمر.
واقعہ
غزوة بدر الموعد
تقریباً جنوری 626 عیسوی · شعبان 4 ھIn Sha'ban 4 AH (January 626 CE), the Prophet marched with 1,500 fighters to Badr to meet Abu Sufyan according to their Uhud rendezvous; Abu Sufyan departed with 2,000 Meccans but retreated from Majanna citing a drought year, leaving the Muslims in full mastery of the annual Badr fair for eight days.
واقعہ
غزوة عبد الله بن أنيس لقتل خالد بن سفيان بن نبيح الهذلي
تقریباً 625 عیسوی · تقریباً 4 ھNews reached the Prophet that Ibn Sufyan ibn Nubayh al-Hudhali was gathering men at Nakhla or Urana to attack him; he summoned Abdullah ibn Unays and ordered him to go and kill him, giving as the sign that he would shiver on seeing him. Ibn Unays went girded with his sword, found him with women in litters seeking a camping place at the afternoon hour, prayed by nodding his head as he walked toward him, told him he was an Arab who had heard of his gathering and come for it, walked with him until he could and struck him dead with the sword, leaving the women bent over him. On his return the Prophet said 'the face has prospered' and gave him a staff as a sign between them on the Day of Resurrection. Ibn Ishaq has it from Muhammad ibn Ja'far ibn al-Zubayr from Ibn Unays.
واقعہ
بعث عمرو بن أمية الضمري لقتل أبي سفيان وما صنع في طريقه
تقریباً 626 عیسوی · تقریباً 4 ھIbn Hisham tells it, from a scholar he trusts, among what Ibn Ishaq did not include: after the killing of Khubayb ibn Adi and his companions the Prophet sent Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri to Mecca to kill Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, with Jabbar ibn Sakhr al-Ansari; they circled the Ka'ba at night, Amr was recognised and the two fled to a mountain and spent the night in a cave, where Amr killed a Qurayshi who came upon them; he then took down Khubayb's body from its stake and threw it into a ravine; on his way home he killed a one-eyed old man of Banu al-Dil who sang that he would never be a Muslim, killed one of two Quraysh spies and brought the other bound to Medina.
واقعہ
غزوة دومة الجندل
تقریباً اگست 626 عیسوی · ربیع الاول 5 ھIn Rabi' I 5 AH (August 626 CE), the Prophet led a 1,000-strong expedition to Dumat al-Jandal on the borders of Syria to secure the trade routes against marauding tribes; the gathering dispersed, and the Muslims established security and concluded non-aggression terms with tribal chiefs.
واقعہ
غزوة الأحزاب (الخندق)
تقریباً فروری 627 عیسوی · شوال 5 ھIn Shawwal 5 AH (February-March 627 CE), a confederate army of 10,000 Meccans and Bedouin allies besieged Medina; upon Salman al-Farisi's advice the Muslims dug a protective trench on their northern boundary; the siege endured for nearly a month amidst cold, hunger, and the treachery of Banu Qurayza, until broken by Nu'aym ibn Mas'ud's stratagem and a violent night windstorm.
واقعہ
زواج النبي بزينب بنت جحش
تقریباً ذوالقعدہ 5 ھThe Prophet married Zaynab bint Jahsh after Zayd ibn Haritha divorced her, in Dhu al-Qa'da 5 AH, abolishing by act the jahili adoption rule that had treated an adopted son's wife as a real son's wife; verses of sura al-Ahzab were revealed about it and the hypocrites spread propaganda around it.
واقعہ
غزوة بني قريظة
تقریباً مارچ 627 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 5 ھIn Dhu al-Qa'da 5 AH (March 627 CE), immediately after the confederates withdrew, the Prophet marched on Banu Qurayza for breaking their treaty during the siege of Medina; after twenty-five nights of siege they surrendered unconditionally and accepted the arbitration of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, who decreed the execution of the combatants and captivity of women and children.
واقعہ
سرية عبد الله بن أنيس إلى سفيان بن خالد
تقریباً اپریل 627 عیسوی · تقریباً ذوالقعدہ 5 ھ†A single-man sariyya the Prophet sent in Muharram of the sixth year, as Waqidi reports, to kill Sufyan ibn Khalid al-Hudhali, who was gathering forces at Uranah; Ibn Unays went alone, identified him by the Prophet's description, and joined him to get close.
واقعہ
مقتل أبي رافع سلام بن أبي الحقيق
تقریباً مئی 627 عیسوی · ذوالحجہ 5 ھIn Dhu al-Hijja 5 AH, five Khazrajite Companions led by Abdullah ibn Atik infiltrated Khaybar by night and eliminated Sallam ibn Abi al-Huqayq (Abu Rafi'), a primary financier and organizer of the confederate army at the Trench.
واقعہ
غزوة بني المصطلق (المريسيع)
تقریباً دسمبر 627 عیسوی · شعبان 6 ھIn Sha'ban 6 AH (December 627 CE), the Prophet led an expedition against Banu al-Mustaliq at the watering-place of al-Muraysi' after intelligence revealed their mobilization; following a brief exchange, their forces scattered, their camp was taken, and the Prophet married Juwayriyya bint al-Harith, prompting the Muslims to free a hundred families of her clan.
واقعہ
حادثة الإفك
تقریباً دسمبر 627 عیسوی · شعبان 6 ھOn the return from the Expedition of al-Muraysi', Aisha was accidentally left behind when searching for a lost necklace and was escorted back to Medina by Safwan ibn al-Mu'attal; Abdullah ibn Ubayy orchestrated a malicious slander campaign that troubled the community for a month until verses of Surat al-Nur established her innocence.
واقعہ
بيعة الرضوان
تقریباً مارچ 628 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 6 ھIn Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AH at al-Hudaybiyya, following rumors that Uthman ibn Affan had been murdered in Mecca, the Prophet summoned the 1,400 Companions to pledge under an acacia tree not to flee and to fight unto death; God revealed His pleasure with the pledge in Surat al-Fath.
واقعہ
صلح الحديبية
تقریباً مارچ 628 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 6 ھIn Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AH (March 628 CE), the Prophet marched towards Mecca with 1,400 companions for Umrah; halted at al-Hudaybiyya by Quraysh, negotiations through Suhayl ibn Amr produced a historic ten-year peace treaty described in the Qur'an as a 'Manifest Victory'.
واقعہ
مكاتبة الملوك والأمراء
تقریباً مئی 628 عیسوی · ذوالحجہ 6 ھIn late 6 AH (early 628 CE) following the Hudaybiyya truce, the Prophet initiated an international diplomatic initiative, sending envoys with silver-sealed letters to the major emperors, kings, and regional chiefs of the surrounding world: the Negus of Abyssinia, the Muqawqis of Egypt, Chosroes of Persia, Heraclius of Byzantium, al-Mundhir ibn Sawa of Bahrain, Hawdha ibn Ali of al-Yamama, al-Harith al-Ghassani of Damascus, and the rulers of Oman.
واقعہ
أسر ثمامة بن أثال الحنفي وإسلامه
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 6 ھIbn Ishaq relates from Abu Sa'id al-Maqburi from Abu Hurayra: a cavalry party of the Prophet's seized a man of Banu Hanifa without knowing who he was; the Prophet said 'this is Thumama ibn Uthal al-Hanafi, treat your captive well', and had his household's food and his milch-camel sent to him; he kept inviting him to Islam and Thumama answered: if you kill, you kill a man of blood, and if you want ransom, ask what you will; then he ordered him released, and Thumama went to al-Baqi', purified himself and pledged Islam; when he then ate little, the Prophet said the unbeliever eats with seven bowels and the believer with one. Ibn Hisham adds his umra and loud talbiya at Mecca, and his cutting off the grain of al-Yamama from Mecca until the Prophet wrote to him to let the caravans through.
واقعہ
قدوم رفاعة بن زيد الجذامي وإسلامه وكتاب النبي لقومه
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 6 ھRifa'a ibn Zayd al-Judhami, of the Dubayb, came to the Prophet during the Hudaybiyya truce before Khaybar, gave him a slave and became a good Muslim; the Prophet wrote him a letter to his people: he sent him to all his people and whoever joined them, to call them to God and His Messenger, and whoever came forward was in God's party and the Messenger's, while whoever turned away had two months' safety. His people answered and embraced Islam, then moved to Harrat al-Rajla' and settled there.
واقعہ
غزوة عبد الله بن رواحة إلى خيبر ومقتل اليسير بن رزام
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 6 ھAl-Yasir ibn Rizam, also given as Ibn Razim, was at Khaybar gathering Ghatafan to attack the Prophet, who sent Abdullah ibn Rawaha with a party including Abdullah ibn Unays; they persuaded him that the Prophet would appoint and honour him, and he set out with them with a group of Jews. At al-Qarqara, six miles from Khaybar, he repented; Ibn Unays saw him reaching for the sword, struck him and cut off his leg, al-Yasir hit him on the head with a staff of shawhat wood, and each Muslim killed his Jewish companion except one who fled; the Prophet spat on Ibn Unays's wound and it did not fester.
واقعہ
غزوة زيد بن حارثة بني فزارة ومقتل أم قرفة
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 6 ھZayd ibn Haritha raided Wadi al-Qura and met Banu Fazara; some of his men were hit, he was carried off wounded from among the dead, and Ward ibn Amr ibn Madash was killed, so Zayd swore no water would touch his head from major impurity until he raided Fazara. When he recovered the Prophet sent him with an army; he slaughtered them at Wadi al-Qura, Qays ibn al-Musahhar al-Ya'muri killed Mas'ada ibn Hakama ibn Malik ibn Hudhayfa ibn Badr, and Umm Qirfa, Fatima bint Rabi'a ibn Badr, an old woman married to Malik ibn Hudhayfa, was captured with a daughter and Abdullah ibn Mas'ada. Zayd ordered Qays to kill Umm Qirfa, 'and he killed her violently', and they brought her daughter and Ibn Mas'ada to the Prophet; the daughter fell to Salama ibn al-Akwa', the Prophet asked for her and gave her to his maternal uncle Hazn ibn Abi Wahb. The episode is contested and carries perspectives.
واقعہ
غزوة زيد بن حارثة إلى جذام وردّ النبي ما أُخذ منهم
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 6 ھWhen Dihya ibn Khalifa al-Kalbi returned from Caesar, al-Hunayd ibn Us and his son of the Dula' of Judham robbed him in the valley of Shinar; men of the Dubayb, Rifa'a ibn Zayd's clan who had converted, recovered his goods. When Dihya complained to the Prophet and asked for al-Hunayd's blood, the Prophet sent Zayd ibn Haritha with an army, which raided from al-Awlaj at al-Maqis, took property and people, killed al-Hunayd and his son and three others, and captured converts among them. A party of the Dubayb with Hassan ibn Milla rode to Zayd, who had Umm al-Kitab recited and proclaimed their quarter inviolable; they then rode to Rifa'a and three nights on to Medina, where the Prophet read his own letter to Rifa'a, asked three times what he should do about the dead, and sent Ali with his sword to Zayd, who restored everything down to a woman's cushion. Ibn Ishaq has it from men of Judham learned in it.
واقعہ
سرية عبد الرحمن بن عوف إلى دومة الجندل
تقریباً 627 عیسوی · تقریباً 6 ھIbn Ishaq tells it from Ata' ibn Abi Rabah, from a man who asked Abdullah ibn Umar about letting the turban's end hang behind: Ibn Umar was one of ten Companions sitting with the Prophet in his mosque when a young Ansari asked which believers were best and wisest; the Prophet then addressed the Muhajirun with the five afflictions, then ordered Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf to prepare for a detachment, wound a black cotton turban on him with his own hands leaving four fingers hanging behind, handed him the banner and charged him: fight in God's way, do not steal from the spoils, do not break faith, do not mutilate, do not kill a child. Ibn Hisham adds: he set out for Dumat al-Jandal.
واقعہ
سرية كرز بن جابر لقتل البجليين الذين قتلوا يساراً
تقریباً 627 عیسوی · تقریباً 6 ھIbn Hisham tells it from a scholar, from Muhammad ibn Talha, from Uthman ibn Abd al-Rahman: in the raid on Muharib and Banu Tha'laba the Prophet acquired a slave named Yasar and put him in charge of his milch-camels grazing near al-Jamma'; a party of Qays Kubba of Bajila came to Medina, fell sick and their spleens swelled, so the Prophet told them to go out to the camels and drink their milk and urine; when they recovered they attacked Yasar, slaughtered him, drove thorns into his eyes and drove off the camels. The Prophet sent Kurz ibn Jabir after them; he caught them and brought them to the Prophet on his return from the Dhu Qarad raid, and he cut off their hands and feet and put out their eyes.
واقعہ
سرية زيد بن حارثة إلى مدين وقصة السبي
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 6 ھIbn Hisham tells it from Abdullah ibn Hasan ibn Hasan from his mother Fatima bint al-Husayn: the Prophet sent Zayd ibn Haritha towards Madyan with Dumayra, the client of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and a brother of his; he took captives from the people of Mina', the coasts, who were sold and separated; the Prophet came out as they wept, asked what ailed them, was told they had been separated, and said: sell them only together. Ibn Hisham: he meant mothers and children.
واقعہ
غزوة خيبر
تقریباً مئی 628 عیسوی · محرم 7 ھIn Muharram 7 AH (May-June 628 CE), the Prophet marched with 1,400 companions of Hudaybiyya against the formidable Jewish oasis of Khaybar; following fierce assaults and the capture of eight major fortresses (including Na'im, al-Sa'b ibn Mu'adh, al-Zubayr, Ubayy, and al-Qamus), the Jewish leaders surrendered and agreed to cultivate the land for half of its produce.
واقعہ
غزوة ذي قرد (غزوة الغابة)
تقریباً مئی 628 عیسوی · محرم 7 ھShortly before Khaybar in 7 AH, Uyayna ibn Hisn raided the Prophet's milch camels at al-Ghaba; Salama ibn al-Akwa' pursued them alone on foot with stones and arrows, holding off the raiders until the cavalry arrived, recovering the camels.
واقعہ
حادثة الشاة المسمومة بخيبر
تقریباً جون 628 عیسوی · صفر 7 ھFollowing the conquest of Khaybar, Zaynab bint al-Harith (wife of Sallam ibn Mishkam) sent the Prophet a roasted sheep heavily laced with poison; upon chewing a morsel, the Prophet spat it out stating that the bone informed him it was poisoned, while Bishr ibn al-Bara' swallowed a bite and died.
واقعہ
غزوة ذات الرقاع
تقریباً جولائی 628 عیسوی · ربیع الاول 7 ھIn the 7th year AH after Khaybar (debated timing), the Prophet led an expedition into Najd against gathering clans of Ghatafan; named from the rags the Muslims wrapped around their injured feet; here Salat al-Khawf (prayer of fear) was performed and the incident of Abbad ibn Bishr praying while struck by arrows occurred.
واقعہ
عمرة القضاء
تقریباً مارچ 629 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 7 ھIn Dhu al-Qa'da 7 AH (March 629 CE), fulfilling the treaty of Hudaybiyya, the Prophet and 2,000 Muslims entered Mecca unarmed to perform Umrah while Quraysh watched from the hills; the Prophet married Maymuna bint al-Harith and the demonstration of Muslim devotion profoundly shifted Meccan sentiment, leading to the conversions of Khalid ibn al-Walid, Amr ibn al-As, and Uthman ibn Talha.
واقعہ
حمل النجاشي مهاجري الحبشة إلى النبي في سفينتين
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 7 ھIbn Ishaq says: those of the Prophet's Companions who remained in Abyssinia stayed until the Prophet sent Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri to the Negus, who carried them in two ships and brought them to him at Khaybar after al-Hudaybiyya. The total who arrived in the two ships was sixteen men, and with them were carried wives of Muslims who had died there.
واقعہ
بعث العلاء بن الحضرمي إلى المنذر بن ساوى وإسلامه
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 7 ھBefore the conquest of Mecca the Prophet sent al-Ala' ibn al-Hadrami to al-Mundhir ibn Sawa al-Abdi, lord of Bahrayn, who became a good Muslim; al-Ala' stayed as the Prophet's governor of Bahrayn until al-Mundhir died after the Prophet and before Bahrayn's apostasy. Later sources place it among the letters to the kings after al-Hudaybiyya.
واقعہ
قدوم جعفر بن أبي طالب على النبي بخيبر
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 7 ھIbn Hisham, not Ibn Ishaq, transmits a report from Sufyan ibn Uyayna from al-Ajlah from al-Sha'bi: Ja'far ibn Abi Talib arrived to the Prophet on the day Khaybar fell; the Prophet kissed him between the eyes and embraced him, saying he did not know which gave him more joy — the conquest of Khaybar or the arrival of Ja'far.
واقعہ
قدوم مهاجري الحبشة مع جعفر بن أبي طالب
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 7 ھAfter Hudaybiyya, the Prophet sent Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri to the Negus, who transported the remaining Muslim emigrants in two ships to the Prophet at Khaybar after the conquest. The Prophet received Ja'far with a kiss between the eyes, saying 'I do not know which gives me greater joy — the opening of Khaybar or the arrival of Ja'far.' Sixteen men came on the two ships; thirty-four others came later or died in Abyssinia; sixteen women emigrated in all, counting those who came back and those who died there, apart from daughters born there.
واقعہ
صلح فدك
تقریباً 628 عیسوی · تقریباً 7 ھIn al-Baladhuri: on his return from Khaybar the Prophet sent Muhayyisa ibn Masud al-Ansari to the people of Fadak calling them to Islam — their chief then being a man of theirs called Yusha' ibn Nun the Jew — and they made peace for half the land with its soil, which he accepted; another report has a remnant of Khaybar's people fortify themselves and ask for their blood to be spared and safe passage, whereupon the people of Fadak came down on the like terms — so half of Fadak became the Prophet's alone, since it was not charged upon with horse or camel, and he used to spend its yield on wayfarers.
واقعہ
غزوة مؤتة
ستمبر 629 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 8 ھA Muslim force of three thousand sent north toward the Byzantine frontier met a larger Byzantine-led army at Mu'tah in Jumada I, 8 AH; after its three appointed commanders fell one by one, Khalid ibn al-Walid took command and withdrew the survivors. Ibn Ishaq (via Urwa ibn al-Zubayr) records a tactical withdrawal; Ibn Hisham cites al-Zuhri that God granted them victory.
واقعہ
تجهيز جيش مؤتة وتوديعه
تقریباً ستمبر 629 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 8 ھIn Jumada I of year 8 AH, the Prophet dispatched an army of three thousand to Syria, appointing three commanders in succession — Zayd ibn Haritha, then Jafar ibn Abi Talib, then Abd Allah ibn Rawaha — and the people bade farewell to the commanders at their departure.
واقعہ
توقف الجيش بمعان وخطبة ابن رواحة
تقریباً ستمبر 629 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 8 ھThe Mu'tah army camped at Ma'an in Syria; news reached them that Heraclius had encamped at Ma'ab in al-Balqa' with a hundred thousand Romans, joined by equal numbers from Lakhm, Judham, al-Qayn, Bahra' and Bali under Malik ibn Zaflah. When the men debated sending for reinforcements, Abd Allah ibn Rawaha urged them forward with a speech about the two good outcomes.
واقعہ
قيادة خالد بن الوليد وانسحاب الجيش
تقریباً ستمبر 629 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 8 ھAfter the three commanders' deaths, Thabit ibn Aqram picked up the standard and declined command; the men chose Khalid ibn al-Walid. Khalid maneuvered defensively and withdrew the army intact. Ibn Hisham cites al-Zuhri with a divergent tradition that God granted victory under Khalid.
واقعہ
استشهاد عبد الله بن رواحة بعد تردده
تقریباً ستمبر 629 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 8 ھWhen Ja'far was killed, Ibn Rawaha took the standard and hesitated; he exhorted his soul in verse then dismounted. His cousin brought him a bone of meat; he bit from it, heard the battle roar and threw it down, advancing to fight until killed. The Prophet reported seeing Ibn Rawaha's throne in Paradise tilted slightly relative to the thrones of Zayd and Ja'far because he had hesitated.
واقعہ
استشهاد جعفر بن أبي طالب وعقره فرسه
تقریباً ستمبر 629 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 8 ھAfter Zayd's death Ja'far took the standard, dismounted and hamstrung his chestnut horse — the first such act in Islam — then fought until killed. Ibn Hisham adds (from a trusted source) that he gripped the banner with his right hand (cut off), then his left (cut off), then clasped it between his arms, dying at thirty-three. Ibn Hisham also records (ويقال) that a Roman cut him in two.
واقعہ
استشهاد زيد بن حارثة قائدًا أول
تقریباً ستمبر 629 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 8 ھAt Mu'tah, Zayd ibn Haritha carried the Prophet's standard and fought until he was killed. The Prophet announced his martyrdom in Medina before news arrived, and reported seeing him raised on a golden throne in a vision.
واقعہ
حزن النبي على جعفر وأمره بإطعام أهله
تقریباً 629 عیسوی · تقریباً جمادی الاول 8 ھWhen Ja'far was killed the Prophet visited Asma' bint Umays, asked for Ja'far's children, smelled them and wept. He told her they had been struck down that day, and instructed the community not to neglect Ja'far's household and to send them food. Aisha reported that grief was visible on the Prophet's face when the news of Ja'far arrived.
واقعہ
سرية ذات السلاسل
تقریباً اکتوبر 629 عیسوی · جمادی الثانی 8 ھIn Jumada II 8 AH (October 629 CE), following the Battle of Mu'tah, the Prophet dispatched Amr ibn al-As with 300 men (later reinforced by 200 led by Abu Ubayda) to Dhat al-Salasil on the borders of Syria to win over and neutralize the Quda'a and Bali tribes; Amr demonstrated tactical prudence, routed the gatherings, and established Muslim authority in the northern deserts.
تصنیف
كتاب حاطب إلى قريش
The letter Hatib ibn Abi Balta'a sent to warn Quraysh that the Prophet had resolved to march on Mecca; hidden in a woman's braided hair, it was intercepted at al-Khaliqa and its contents known.
واقعہ
إسلام أبي قحافة عثمان بن عامر
جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھAt Dhu Tuwa or upon the entry into Mecca, Abu Bakr led his aged, blind father Abu Quhafa to the Prophet to profess Islam; the Prophet remarked with tenderness that he should have gone to the old man instead, and instructed that his white hair be dyed.
واقعہ
إسلام أبي سفيان بن حرب بمر الظهران
جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھAt Marr al-Zahran on the eve of the Conquest, al-Abbas brought Abu Sufyan into the Muslim camp; after witnessing the ten thousand campfires and parading contingents, Abu Sufyan professed Islam, and the Prophet granted general sanctuary to whoever entered his house.
واقعہ
هدم العزى ومنائر الأصنام الكبرى
تقریباً جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھIn Ramadan 8 AH immediately following the conquest of Mecca, the Prophet dispatched detachments to obliterate the major pagan sanctuaries of Arabia: Khalid ibn al-Walid destroyed al-Uzza at Nakhla, Amr ibn al-As demolished Suwa' of Hudhayl, and Sa'd ibn Zayd al-Ashhali destroyed Manat at al-Mushallal.
واقعہ
تطهير الكعبة وتكسير الأصنام
جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھUpon entering the sacred precinct, the Prophet circumambulated the Kaaba on his mount, toppled three hundred and sixty lead-fastened idols with his staff while reciting Qur'an 17:81, opened the sanctuary with Uthman ibn Talha's key, effaced the wall frescoes inside while reciting Qur'an 3:67, and had Bilal deliver the adhan from atop the roof.
واقعہ
من أهدرت دماؤهم يوم فتح مكة
جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھPrior to entering Mecca, the Prophet ordered the army to fight only those who offered armed resistance, except for a small named group of individuals accused of apostasy combined with murder, severe physical harm, or treasonous incitement, ordered slain even if found under the Kaaba's curtains. Several were executed, while others were granted protection and returned to Islam.
واقعہ
خطبة النبي عند باب الكعبة والأمان العام
جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھStanding at the threshold of the Kaaba, the Prophet addressed the assembled people of Mecca, abolishing pre-Islamic blood feuds, reciting Qur'an 49:13 on human equality, returning the hereditary custodianship of the key to Uthman ibn Talha, and declaring a comprehensive general amnesty with the renowned words: 'Go, for you are the free ones' (al-Tulaqa').
واقعہ
وقعة الخندمة
جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھA sharp clash on the heights of al-Khandama where armed resisters from Quraysh and Banu Bakr under Safwan ibn Umayya, Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl, and Suhayl ibn Amr attempted to bar Khalid ibn al-Walid's entry; the resistance was quickly routed, leaving twelve to thirteen Meccan fighters dead, while Kurz ibn Jabir, Khunays ibn Khalid, and Salama ibn al-Mayla' fell on the Muslim side.
واقعہ
مقتل ابن الأنوع وخطبة النبي في حرمة مكة
جنوری 630 عیسوی · رمضان 8 ھAfter the general safety was proclaimed, Khirash ibn Umayya ambushed and killed Ibn al-Anwa' al-Hudhali to settle an old blood dispute; the Prophet strongly condemned the murder, paid the full wergild from his own funds, and the next day delivered a decisive sermon proclaiming the perpetual inviolability of Mecca's blood, trees, and game.
واقعہ
فتح مكة (الفتح الأعظم)
تقریباً 11 جنوری 630 عیسوی · 20 رمضان 8 ھIn Ramadan 8 AH (January 630 CE), following Banu Bakr and Quraysh's breach of the Hudaybiyya peace at al-Watir, the Prophet mobilized 10,000 Muslims and entered Mecca in triumphant humility; dividing the army into four columns, the city was taken almost without resistance; the 360 idols around the Kaaba were shattered, and the Prophet announced a general amnesty to the populace: 'Go, for you are free'. وخطب يوم الفتح فأعلن حرمة البلد إلى يوم القيامة «لم يحل القتال فيه لأحد قبلي ولم يحل لي إلا ساعة من نهار» واستثنى الإذخر لقينهم وبيوتهم.
واقعہ
سرية أوطاس
تقریباً جنوری 630 عیسوی · شوال 8 ھA detachment sent by the Prophet under Abu Amir al-Ash'ari in pursuit of the routed Hawazin remnants encamped at Awtas; Abu Amir was struck by an arrow and martyred after routing nine enemy champions, whereupon Abu Musa al-Ash'ari took the banner and secured victory.
واقعہ
قصة ذات أنواط
جنوری 630 عیسوی · شوال 8 ھOn the march to Hunayn the army passed the sacred tree Dhat Anwat, where pagans hung their weapons and held rites; some of the newly converted soldiers asked the Prophet to 'appoint for us a Dhat Anwat as they have one', and he rebuked the request, likening it to the Israelites' demand that Moses make them a god.
واقعہ
حصار الطائف
جنوری 630 عیسوی · شوال 8 ھAfter Hunayn, the Muslims besieged the fortified town of Ta'if, home of the Thaqif; the siege was lifted without taking it, and the Thaqif accepted Islam the next year.
واقعہ
خطبة النبي في الأنصار بالجعرانة
فروری 630 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 8 ھWhen the Ansar received nothing of the lavish Hunayn grants and grumbled that 'the Prophet has rejoined his own people', Sa'd ibn Ubada conveyed their hurt and gathered them in an enclosure; the Prophet reminded them they had been astray and God guided them, destitute and God enriched them, enemies and God reconciled their hearts — then asked whether they were not content that people return with sheep and camels while they return to their homes with the Messenger of God; the Ansar wept until their beards were wet and declared themselves content with the Messenger of God as their share.
واقعہ
قسمة غنائم حنين وعطايا المؤلفة بالجعرانة
فروری 630 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 8 ھAt al-Ji'rana the Prophet divided the vast spoils of Hunayn (twenty-four thousand camels, forty thousand sheep, and four thousand silver awqiya); he warned against the misappropriation of spoils, and bestowed major grants upon Meccan notables and Najdi tribal chieftains to reconcile their hearts to Islam. وعند البخاري جمع النبي الأنصار في قبة من أدم بعدما قالت فيهم نفسها حين أعطى قريشاً وتركهم «وسيوفنا تقطر من دمائهم»، فقال «أما ترضون أن يذهب الناس بالأموال وتذهبون بالنبي إلى رحالكم»، وقال «الأنصار شعار والناس دثار، إنكم ستلقون بعدي أثرة فاصبروا حتى تلقوني على الحوض» ،. وجاءه وفد هوازن يسأل رد الأموال أو السبي فخيرهم بينهما فاختاروا سبيهم فردّهم.
واقعہ
وفد هوازن واسترداد السبايا بالجعرانة
فروری 630 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 8 ھA delegation of Hawazin came to the Prophet at al-Ji'rana after professing Islam, invoking his foster-kinship among their clans; the Prophet relinquished his own share and that of Banu Abd al-Muttalib, and inspired the Muhajirun and Ansar to return six thousand captives to their families in a grand act of reconciliation.
واقعہ
خطبة النبي للأنصار في الحظيرة بالجعرانة
فروری 630 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 8 ھAfter the Ansar felt grieved that newly reconciled Qurashi and Bedouin chieftains received large gifts while they received nothing, the Prophet gathered them in an enclosure at al-Ji'rana and delivered an impassioned, tearful address: 'Are you not pleased that people return with sheep and camels while you return with the Messenger of God to your dwellings?', moving the entire gathering to tears.
واقعہ
عمرة النبي من الجعرانة
فروری 630 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 8 ھAfter completing the distribution of spoils, the Prophet entered the state of ihram from al-Ji'rana by night, entered Mecca to perform the rites of Umrah, confirmed Attab ibn Asid as governor of Mecca, and departed back to Medina in Dhu al-Qa'dah 8 AH.
واقعہ
بعثة أبي سفيان إلى المدينة لتجديد العقد
629 عیسوی · 8 ھFrightened by what had been done at al-Watir, Quraysh sent Abu Sufyan ibn Harb to Medina to stiffen the pact and extend its term. The Prophet gave him no answer; Abu Bakr and Umar declined to intercede; Ali advised him to grant protection himself, which he did and returned home empty-handed.
واقعہ
استغاثة خزاعة بالنبي
629 عیسوی · 8 ھAfter al-Watir, Amr ibn Salim al-Khuza'i stood before the Prophet in the Medina mosque and recited his plea invoking the pact of the fathers — 'and that was what stirred the conquest of Mecca' — then Budayl ibn Warqa' arrived with Khuza'i men reporting Quraysh's backing of Bakr.
واقعہ
القتال بين بني بكر وخزاعة على الوتير
629 عیسوی · 8 ھA night raid by Banu al-Dil of Banu Bakr — secretly armed and joined by men of Quraysh — on Khuza'a at their watering place al-Watir in lower Mecca. The breach of the Hudaybiyya truce it caused is the spark the tradition gives for the conquest of Mecca.
واقعہ
عودة جيش مؤتة إلى المدينة وتلقي النبي لهم
تقریباً 629 عیسوی · تقریباً 8 ھWhen the army neared Medina, the Prophet and Muslims went out to meet it; boys ran ahead. The Prophet asked for Ja'far's son and carried Abd Allah ibn Ja'far on his mount. Some people threw dust and called the army 'deserters'; the Prophet replied: 'They are not deserters; they are the ones who will charge again, God willing.' Salama ibn Hisham hid at home in shame.
واقعہ
غزوة غالب بن عبد الله الليثي بني الملوح بالكديد
تقریباً 629 عیسوی · تقریباً 8 ھThe Prophet sent Ghalib ibn Abdullah al-Laythi with a detachment to raid Banu al-Mulawwah at al-Kudayd; Jundab ibn Makith al-Juhani, who was in it, tells it: at Qudayd they seized al-Harith ibn Malik ibn al-Barsa' al-Laythi, who claimed he was going to embrace Islam, and bound him; Jundab served as lookout on a hill and a man of the camp shot him with two arrows, but he kept still; before dawn they raided, killed and drove off the herds, and when the pursuers reached Wadi Qudayd God sent a flood without a cloud that cut them off. The Muslims' watchword that night was 'amit, amit'.
واقعہ
غزوة غالب بن عبد الله أرض بني مرة ومقتل مرداس بن نهيك
تقریباً 629 عیسوی · تقریباً 8 ھGhalib ibn Abdullah al-Kalbi al-Laythi's detachment to the land of Banu Murra; Mirdas ibn Nahik, an ally of theirs from al-Huraqa of Juhayna, was killed there by Usama ibn Zayd and a man of the Ansar after he had said 'I testify there is no god but God'. When they told the Prophet, he said to Usama: 'Who will answer for la ilaha illa Allah on your behalf?' and kept repeating it until Usama wished his Islam had begun that very day and that he had not killed him, and vowed never again to kill a man who said it.
واقعہ
غزوة ابن أبي حدرد الغابة ومقتل رفاعة بن قيس الجشمي
تقریباً 629 عیسوی · تقریباً 8 ھThe Prophet sent Abdullah ibn Abi Hadrad with two men to Rifa'a ibn Qays al-Jushami, who had camped at al-Ghaba with a large clan of Jusham meaning to gather Qays against the Prophet, to bring back news of him; they lay in ambush, Rifa'a went out alone after his shepherd and Ibn Abi Hadrad shot him through the heart and cut off his head; they shouted the takbir, the camp fled, and they drove off camels and sheep. The Prophet gave Ibn Abi Hadrad thirteen camels towards his dowry of two hundred dirhams.
واقعہ
غزوة ابن أبي حدرد بطن إضم ومقتل عامر بن الأضبط
تقریباً 629 عیسوی · تقریباً 8 ھA detachment the Prophet sent before the conquest of Mecca to Idam, with Abu Qatada and Muhallim ibn Jaththama among its men; Amir ibn al-Adbat al-Ashja'i passed them and gave the greeting of Islam, but Muhallim attacked and killed him over an old grudge and took his camel and goods; Ibn Abi Hadrad says Qur'an 4:94 was revealed about them. At Hunayn Uyayna ibn Hisn and al-Aqra' ibn Habis disputed the blood before the Prophet until blood-money was accepted, and the Prophet prayed three times: 'O God, do not forgive Muhallim'.
واقعہ
سرية أبي عبيدة بن الجراح إلى سيف البحر (غزوة الخبط)
تقریباً 629 عیسوی · تقریباً 8 ھA detachment the Prophet sent to the sea coast under Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, provisioned with a single bag of dates; Ubada ibn al-Samit tells it: Abu Ubayda rationed the dates until each man received one a day, and when hunger wore them down God brought out for them a sea creature on whose flesh and fat they lived twenty nights until they grew fat; the commander propped up one of its ribs and the tallest man on the biggest camel passed beneath it. When they asked the Prophet about having eaten it he said: a provision God provided you.
واقعہ
غزوة حنين
تقریباً 630 عیسوی · شوال 8 ھA battle in a valley near Mecca against the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif, shortly after the conquest of Mecca.
واقعہ
بعث المُصَدِّقين إلى القبائل
جنوری 631 عیسوی · محرم 9 ھWith the new moon of Muharram 9 AH the Prophet sent the musaddiqun — alms-tax collectors — to the tribes: Uyayna ibn Hisn to Banu Tamim, Yazid ibn al-Husayn to Aslam and Ghifar, Abbad ibn Bishr to Sulaym and Muzayna, Rafi' ibn Makith to Juhayna, Amr ibn al-As to Banu Fazara, al-Dahhak ibn Sufyan to Banu Kilab, Bashir ibn Sufyan to Banu Ka'b, Ibn al-Lutbiyya to Banu Dhubyan, al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya to San'a', Ziyad ibn Labid to Hadramawt, Adi ibn Hatim to Tayy' and Banu Asad, Malik ibn Nuwayra to Banu Hanzala, al-Zibriqan ibn Badr and Qays ibn Asim to parts of Banu Sa'd, al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami to Bahrayn, and Ali ibn Abi Talib to Najran for sadaqa and jizya alike.
واقعہ
سرية عيينة بن حصن الفزاري إلى بني تميم
جنوری 631 عیسوی · محرم 9 ھIn Muharram 9 AH the Prophet sent Uyayna ibn Hisn al-Fazari with fifty horsemen — none Muhajirun or Ansar — against Banu Tamim, who had been inciting tribes and withholding jizya; he surprised them in the desert and took eleven men, twenty-one women and thirty children to Medina, where ten of their chiefs came for the famous oratory and poetry contest; al-Aqra' ibn Habis declared the Muslims' orator and poet superior, they accepted Islam, and their families were returned.
واقعہ
سرية قطبة بن عامر إلى خثعم
فروری 631 عیسوی · صفر 9 ھIn Safar 9 AH the Prophet sent Qutba ibn Amir ibn Hadida with twenty men on ten camels they shared in turns against a clan of Khath'am near Tabala in the Turba region; the raid met hard fighting with many wounded on both sides, and the Muslims drove cattle, captives and sheep back to Medina.
واقعہ
سرية علي بن أبي طالب إلى الفلس صنم طيء
مارچ 631 عیسوی · ربیع الاول 9 ھIn Rabi' al-Awwal 9 AH the Prophet sent Ali ibn Abi Talib with one hundred and fifty men — a hundred camels and fifty horses, a black banner and a white standard — to demolish al-Fuls, the idol-temple of Tayy'; they raided Hatim's quarter at dawn, demolished it, and took captives among them Adi ibn Hatim's sister, whose appeal to the Prophet led to her release and to Adi's coming from Syria and accepting Islam.
واقعہ
سرية الضحاك بن سفيان الكلابي إلى بني كلاب
مارچ 631 عیسوی · ربیع الاول 9 ھIn Rabi' al-Awwal 9 AH the Prophet sent al-Dahhak ibn Sufyan al-Kilabi to his own people Banu Kilab to invite them to Islam; they refused and fought, and the Muslims routed them and killed one man.
واقعہ
سرية علقمة بن مجزز المدلجي إلى سواحل جدة
اپریل 631 عیسوی · ربیع الثانی 9 ھIn Rabi' al-Akhir 9 AH the Prophet sent Alqama ibn Mujazziz al-Mudliji with three hundred men against a band of Abyssinians gathered near the Jeddah coast for piracy against the people of Mecca; he crossed the sea to an island, and they fled when they heard of the Muslims' approach.
واقعہ
تخلف أبي ذر ولحاقه ماشياً
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھMan after man fell behind the Prophet on the march, and he would say: leave him; if there is good in him, God will bring him up to you. Then Abu Dharr was reported to have fallen behind, his camel slowing him, so he took his baggage on his back and set out on foot following the Prophet's tracks. When a watcher saw him the Prophet said: let it be Abu Dharr; and it was he. The Prophet prayed for him and said that he walks alone, dies alone and is raised alone.
واقعہ
لحاق أبي خيثمة بالنبي
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھDays after the Prophet had marched, Abu Khaythama returned to his family on a hot day and found his two wives in two bowers they had prepared for him with cold water and food. He refused to enter, saying he would not sit in cool shade while the Prophet was out in the midday wind and heat; he took his provisions and his camel and went after the Prophet until he caught up with him at Tabuk.
واقعہ
حديث أبي رهم عن المتخلفين من غفار وأسلم
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھIbn Ishaq relates from al-Zuhri, from Ibn Ukayma al-Laythi, from the nephew of Abu Ruhm al-Ghifari that Abu Ruhm Kulthum ibn al-Husayn — one of those who pledged under the tree — campaigned to Tabuk. Riding near the Prophet at al-Akhdar his mount jostled the Prophet's, and the Prophet asked him about the Ghifar men who had stayed behind, then about a party of their Aslam allies, and said that the dearest of his people to him were those who did not stay behind: the Muhajirun of Quraysh, the Ansar, Ghifar and Aslam.
واقعہ
استئذان الجد بن قيس في التخلف
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھAl-Jadd ibn Qays of Banu Salima asked the Prophet whether he had any part in fighting the Banu al-Asfar, meaning the Byzantines, and excused himself as a man too fond of women who feared temptation; the Prophet turned away from him and gave him leave. Ibn Ishaq says a verse of Sura al-Tawba was revealed about him, explaining that his falling into temptation by staying behind was greater than what he feared.
واقعہ
استخلاف علي على أهل النبي وقول النبي له
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet left Ali in charge of his family and ordered him to stay with them. The hypocrites spread the rumour that he had found Ali a burden, so Ali took up his weapons and caught up with the Prophet at al-Jurf. The Prophet told him he had left him behind for what he had left behind him, and asked: are you not content to be to me as Aaron was to Moses, except that there is no prophet after me? Ali returned to Medina.
واقعہ
المعذّرون من الأعراب
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھBedouin came making excuses to the Prophet, and God did not excuse them, according to Ibn Ishaq; they were reported to him as a group of Banu Ghifar.
واقعہ
تخلف أربعة من المؤمنين عن غير شك
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھIbn Ishaq records that a number of Muslims whose resolve lagged stayed behind the Prophet without doubt or suspicion, naming among them Ka'b ibn Malik, Murara ibn al-Rabi', Hilal ibn Umayya and Abu Khaythama, and describing them as truthful men whose Islam was not to be questioned.
واقعہ
مقاطعة الثلاثة المخلفين خمسين ليلة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھAfter his return the Prophet forbade the Muslims to speak to Ka'b, Murara and Hilal; people shunned them and their world changed for fifty nights. Two of them kept to their houses, while Ka'b went out to prayer and the markets and no one spoke to him.
واقعہ
دفن عبد الله ذي البجادين بتبوك
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھIbn Ishaq relates from Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn al-Harith al-Taymi that Abdullah ibn Mas'ud told how he rose in the depth of night on the Tabuk campaign and saw a fire-brand at the edge of the camp: the Prophet, Abu Bakr and Umar were burying Abdullah Dhu al-Bijadayn al-Muzani, who had died; the Prophet was in the grave receiving the body, saying: bring your brother close to me. He then prayed for him, and Ibn Mas'ud said: would that I had been the man of that grave.
واقعہ
تحريق بيت سويلم
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھIbn Hisham reports from 'a trusted source' that the Prophet was told that some of the 'hypocrites' were gathering in the house of Suwaylim the Jew at Jasum, discouraging people from him on the Tabuk campaign, so he sent Talha ibn Ubaydullah with a party and ordered him to burn the house down on them; he did so, and al-Dahhak ibn Khalifa rushed out of the back of the house and broke his leg while his companions escaped.
واقعہ
نزول المسلمين بالحجر ونهي النبي عن الماء
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھOn the road to Tabuk the Prophet stopped at al-Hijr, and the people drew water from its well. After they had rested he forbade them to drink its water, perform ablutions from it or eat dough kneaded with it, and ordered that no one go out at night without a companion; two men of Banu Sa'ida disobeyed — one was strangled and the wind carried the other to the mountains of Tayy.
واقعہ
وفاة أبي ذر بالربذة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھIbn Ishaq relates, through Burayda ibn Sufyan al-Aslami from Muhammad ibn Ka'b al-Qurazi from Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, that when Uthman exiled Abu Dharr to al-Rabadha and his death came there, he had with him only his wife and his servant. He charged them to wash and shroud him and lay him on the road; Ibn Mas'ud passed in a party of Iraqis and helped bury him, and recalled what the Prophet had said to Abu Dharr on the march to Tabuk.
واقعہ
هدم مسجد الضرار
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھWhen the Prophet stopped at Dhi Awan on his return from Tabuk, news of the mosque reached him; he summoned Malik ibn al-Dukhshum and Ma'n ibn Adi (or his brother Asim) and ordered them to demolish and burn it. They did so, its people dispersed, and Qur'an was revealed about them, according to Ibn Ishaq.
واقعہ
غزوة تبوك
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet led a large expedition north toward the Byzantine frontier as far as Tabuk; no battle took place. وفي صحيح البخاري يروي كعب بن مالك قصة تخلفه عنها بلسانه: المسير في الحر الشديد والمفازة البعيدة، وأن النبي كان يوري بغير الغزوة حتى جلاها هذه المرة، وأن المسلمين كانوا «كثيراً ولا يجمعهم كتاب حافظ» ، وعدّها يعلى بن أمية «أوثق أعمالي».
واقعہ
كتاب ملك غسان إلى كعب بن مالك
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھWhile Ka'b was walking in the market during the boycott, a Nabataean from the Nabataeans of al-Sham who had brought food asked after him and handed him a letter from the king of Ghassan, wrapped in a scrap of silk, inviting him to join him; Ka'b thrust it into a lit oven.
واقعہ
قول بعضهم: لا تنفروا في الحر
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھSome of the 'hypocrites', in Ibn Ishaq's account, said to one another: do not march out in the heat — in disdain for the campaign, doubt of the truth and to demoralise the Prophet's side; he says two verses of Sura al-Tawba were revealed about them.
واقعہ
سخرية رهط من المنافقين واعتذارهم
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھA party of the 'hypocrites', among them Wadi'a ibn Thabit and Makhshan ibn Humayr al-Ashja'i, were riding toward the Prophet as he set out for Tabuk and said that fighting the Banu al-Asfar was not like fighting the Arabs and that they would be tied up in ropes tomorrow. The Prophet sent Ammar ibn Yasir to question them; they excused themselves that they had only been jesting and playing, and God revealed a verse of Sura al-Tawba about them.
واقعہ
معسكر عبد الله بن أبي وتخلفه
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھAbdullah ibn Ubayy pitched his own camp below the Prophet's camp toward Dhubab — as they claim, no smaller than the Prophet's own. When the Prophet marched on, Ibn Ubayy stayed behind with those of the 'hypocrites and doubters' who stayed.
واقعہ
كعب وأبو قتادة على جدار الحائط
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھDuring the boycott Ka'b climbed the wall of his cousin Abu Qatada's garden and greeted him; he did not answer. Ka'b adjured him three times: did he know that Ka'b loved God and His Messenger? On the third Abu Qatada said: God and His Messenger know best — and Ka'b's eyes welled up.
واقعہ
تأخر كعب بن مالك عن التجهز لتبوك
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھKa'b related that he had never stayed behind from any campaign except Badr, and that he was never stronger or better provided than when he stayed behind from Tabuk: he kept putting off his preparations day after day until the army left without him. When the Prophet asked about him at Tabuk, Mu'adh ibn Jabal spoke in his defence.
واقعہ
كعب يعرض ماله وينذر الصدق
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھKa'b told the Prophet that part of his repentance was to give up his wealth in charity; the Prophet said: keep some of your wealth, it is better for you, so Ka'b kept his share of Khaybar and vowed to speak nothing but the truth as long as he lived, counting his truthfulness to the Prophet the greatest blessing after Islam.
واقعہ
كعب يصدق النبي القول
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھWhen news of the Prophet's return from Tabuk reached Ka'b he resolved on honesty. When he greeted the Prophet in the mosque and was asked why he had stayed behind, he admitted he had no excuse; the Prophet said: you have told the truth — rise until God decides your case. Men of Banu Salima followed him out, blaming him.
واقعہ
بعث خالد إلى أكيدر دومة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet summoned Khalid ibn al-Walid and sent him to Ukaydir ibn Abd al-Malik al-Kindi, the Christian king of Duma, telling him he would find him hunting wild cows. Khalid set out, and on a moonlit night Ukaydir came out when the cows rubbed their horns against his palace gate; the Prophet's cavalry met him, captured him and killed his brother Hassan. Khalid took his brocade gown laced with gold and sent it to the Prophet.
واقعہ
أصحاب المسجد يطلبون من النبي الصلاة فيه
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھShortly before marching to Tabuk, the people of the mosque they had built came to the Prophet saying they had built it for the sick and needy and for rainy and wintry nights, and asked him to pray in it for them; he put them off until his return.
واقعہ
الأمر باعتزال نساء الثلاثة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھWhen forty nights had passed, the Prophet's messenger came to Ka'b ordering him to stay apart from his wife and not approach her, and the same was sent to his two companions. Ka'b sent his wife to her family, while Hilal ibn Umayya's wife was allowed to serve him without him approaching her.
واقعہ
مساجد النبي بين المدينة وتبوك
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھIbn Ishaq names seventeen places where the Prophet had known, named mosques between Medina and Tabuk — the first a mosque at Tabuk and the last a mosque at Dhi Khushub.
واقعہ
رجوع النبي واعتذار المتخلفين
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet reached Medina in the morning, began at the mosque where he prayed two rak'as and sat for the people. Those who had stayed behind came swearing oaths and making excuses — eighty-odd men by Ka'b ibn Malik's count; he accepted their outward professions and oaths, asked forgiveness for them, and left their inner thoughts to God.
واقعہ
المطر بعد دعاء النبي بالحجر
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe people woke with no water and complained to the Prophet; he prayed, and God sent a cloud that rained until they were quenched and carried away what they needed. In Mahmud ibn Labid's account, a man known for hypocrisy said on seeing it: a passing cloud.
واقعہ
قبول توبة الثلاثة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھAt dawn on the fiftieth night Ka'b heard a caller on Mount Sal' bringing him good news and fell prostrate. After the dawn prayer the Prophet announced God's acceptance of their repentance and people congratulated them; Talha ibn Ubaydullah rose to Ka'b and congratulated him, and the Prophet told him this was the best day that had come upon him since his mother bore him.
واقعہ
خروج النبي من المدينة والاستخلاف عليها
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet pitched his camp at Thaniyyat al-Wada'. Ibn Hisham says he put Muhammad ibn Maslama al-Ansari in charge of Medina, and he reports from al-Darawardi from his father that he appointed Siba' ibn Urfuta.
واقعہ
أمر النبي الناس بالتهيؤ لغزو الروم
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھIbn Ishaq says the Prophet stayed in Medina from Dhu al-Hijja to Rajab, then ordered the people to prepare for the campaign against the Byzantines — in a time of hardship, fierce heat and drought, when the fruit had ripened. He rarely went on a campaign without concealing its destination, but for Tabuk he declared it plainly because the distance was far, the time harsh and the enemy many.
واقعہ
الإقامة بتبوك والرجوع إلى المدينة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet stayed at Tabuk a few nights, no more than a dozen, then turned back toward Medina.
واقعہ
ضلال ناقة النبي وقول زيد بن اللصيت
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet's she-camel strayed on the road and his Companions went out searching for her. With him was Umara ibn Hazm, and in his litter rode Zayd ibn al-Lusayt al-Qaynuqa'i, a hypocrite in Ibn Ishaq's account, who said mockingly: does Muhammad bring news of the heavens yet not know where his camel is? The Prophet announced what he had said and where the camel was; it was found where he described, and Umara drove Zayd from his litter.
واقعہ
الثلاثة الذين خُلّفوا بعد تبوك
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھAfter the Prophet returned to Medina he forbade speech with three Muslims who had stayed behind from Tabuk 'without doubt and without hypocrisy' in Ibn Ishaq's words — Ka'b ibn Malik, Murara ibn al-Rabi' and Hilal ibn Umayya. People withdrew from them for fifty nights until their repentance was announced after the dawn prayer.
واقعہ
البكاؤون: سبعة طلبوا الحمل
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھSeven men of the Ansar and of Banu Amr ibn Awf, called the Weepers, needy men, came to the Prophet begging for mounts; he said: I find nothing to carry you on — and they turned away, their eyes overflowing with tears that they had nothing to spend. Ibn Yamin ibn Umayr al-Nadri gave one of them a camel and dates.
واقعہ
صلح النبي مع يحنة بن رؤبة صاحب أيلة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھWhen the Prophet reached Tabuk, Yuhanna ibn Ru'ba, the master of Ayla, came to him, made peace and paid the jizya; the people of Jarba and Adhruh also came and paid it, and he wrote them a document they still hold. For Yuhanna and the people of Ayla he wrote a letter of safe-conduct whose text Ibn Ishaq preserves.
واقعہ
صلح النبي مع أكيدر
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھKhalid brought Ukaydir to the Prophet, who spared his blood, made peace with him on payment of the jizya, and released him; he returned to his village.
واقعہ
إنفاق عثمان على جيش العسرة
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھThe Prophet urged the wealthy to spend and provide mounts in God's path, and men among them did. Uthman ibn Affan spent a vast sum such as no one else spent, in Ibn Ishaq's account; Ibn Hisham adds, from 'one who is trusted', that it was a thousand dinars and that the Prophet said: God, be pleased with Uthman, for I am pleased with him.
واقعہ
ماء وادي المشقق
اکتوبر 630 عیسوی · رجب 9 ھOn the road was a trickle of water in a valley called Wadi al-Mushaqqaq, enough only for a rider or two. The Prophet forbade anyone to reach it before him; some of the 'hypocrites' went ahead and drew what was in it, and he cursed them and prayed against them. He then placed his hand beneath the trickle, the water gushed forth, and the people drank.
واقعہ
مكر المنافقين بالعقبة في رجوع تبوك
تقریباً جنوری 631 عیسوی · رمضان 9 ھOn the return from Tabuk, twelve hypocrites — faces veiled — attempted to frighten the Prophet's camel at a steep pass; Ammar was holding its halter and Hudhayfa driving it, and Hudhayfa struck the ambushers' mounts with his staff until God terrified them into flight; the Prophet told Hudhayfa their names and their plot, whence Hudhayfa was called 'keeper of the Prophet's secret'.
واقعہ
رؤيا النبي في السوارين من ذهب وتأويلهما بالكذابين
631 اور 632 کے درمیان عیسوی · 10 ھThe Prophet addressed the people from his minbar saying he had seen the Night of Power and then been made to forget it, and had seen on his arms two gold bracelets which he disliked and blew away, interpreting them as the two liars, the man of Yemen and the man of al-Yamama, that is al-Aswad al-Ansi and Musaylima; Ibn Ishaq has it from Yazid ibn Abdullah ibn Qusayt from Ata' ibn Yasar or his brother Sulayman from Abu Sa'id al-Khudri. He also reports from Abu Hurayra that the Hour will not come until thirty impostors appear, each claiming prophethood.
واقعہ
حجة أبي بكر
مارچ 631 عیسوی · ذوالحجہ 9 ھThe Prophet sent Abu Bakr to lead the pilgrimage of the ninth year after the Hijra, the first led by the Muslims after the conquest of Mecca.
واقعہ
الأذان ببراءة يوم النحر
مارچ 631 عیسوی · ذوالحجہ 9 ھOn the Day of Sacrifice in 9 AH Ali ibn Abi Talib, sent after Abu Bakr by the Prophet, proclaimed the opening of Surat Bara'a (al-Tawba) at the Jamrah: treaties with the polytheists were dissolved with a four-month respite, and after that year no polytheist would perform the pilgrimage nor would anyone circle the House naked.
واقعہ
أسر ابنة حاتم الطائي وإطلاقها
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · تقریباً 9 ھA cavalry force of the Prophet took Hatim's daughter among the captives of Tayy after her brother Adi fled to Syria, and she was held in the enclosure by the mosque door. For three days she addressed the Prophet, the father is dead and the envoy absent, be gracious to me, until Ali ibn Abi Talib signalled her to speak again; the Prophet released her, told her to wait for trustworthy kin, then clothed her, mounted her and provisioned her, and she joined her brother in Syria.
واقعہ
وفاة عبد الله بن أبيّ والصلاة عليه
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · 9 ھSoon after the return from Tabuk in 9 AH, Abdullah ibn Ubayy — chief of the hypocrites — died; the Prophet sought forgiveness for him and prayed over him despite Umar's attempt to dissuade him, and the revelation afterwards sided with Umar's objection, forbidding prayer over such people or standing at their graves.
واقعہ
موت عامر بن الطفيل
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · 9 ھOn the Banu Amir delegation's way home a plague-swelling struck Amir ibn al-Tufayl in the neck and he died in the house of a woman of Banu Salul, saying: a swelling like a young camel's, in the house of a Saluli woman. Ibn Ishaq places it after the Prophet's prayer 'O God, suffice me against Amir ibn al-Tufayl'; Ibn Hisham records another wording.
واقعہ
موت أربد بن قيس بالصاعقة
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · 9 ھWhen Arbad's companions reached Banu Amir's land and asked what news he brought, he said Muhammad had called them to worship something he wished he had at hand to shoot with arrows; a day or two later he went out with a camel and God sent a thunderbolt that burned him and the camel. Ibn Hisham reports from Zayd ibn Aslam, from Ata' ibn Yasar, from Ibn Abbas that verses of sura al-Ra'd were revealed about Amir and Arbad; his maternal brother Labid mourned him in several poems.
واقعہ
وفاة أم كلثوم بنت النبي
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · 9 ھIn 9 AH Umm Kulthum, the Prophet's daughter and wife of Uthman ibn Affan, died; the Prophet grieved her deeply and told Uthman, 'Had I had a third daughter I would have given her to you in marriage' — whence Uthman was called Dhu al-Nurayn, the possessor of the two lights.
واقعہ
قدوم وفد بني تميم ومفاخرتهم النبي
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · 9 ھUtarid ibn Hajib led the notables of Banu Tamim to the Prophet in 9 AH, with al-Aqra' ibn Habis, al-Zibriqan ibn Badr, Amr ibn al-Ahtam, al-Hutat ibn Yazid, Qays ibn Asim and others, and Uyayna ibn Hisn with them. They called him from behind his apartments, then challenged him to a boasting contest; Thabit ibn Qays answered Utarid and Hassan answered al-Zibriqan, al-Aqra' conceded that the Muslims' orator and poet were better, and they embraced Islam and were given gifts. The opening of sura al-Hujurat was revealed about them.
واقعہ
قدوم ضمام بن ثعلبة وافداً عن بني سعد بن بكر
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · 9 ھBanu Sa'd ibn Bakr sent Dimam ibn Tha'laba to the Prophet; he knelt his camel at the mosque door, walked in and asked which of them was Ibn Abd al-Muttalib, then adjured him by God on each duty in turn: did God send you? did He order us to worship Him alone and cast off the idols? the five prayers? zakat, fasting, hajj? and the Prophet answered each time, O God, yes. He testified, promised to add nothing and omit nothing, and the Prophet said: if the man with the two plaits is truthful he will enter Paradise; he went home and his people embraced Islam in a day. Ibn Ishaq's isnad reaches Ibn Abbas.
واقعہ
قدوم فروة بن مسيك المرادي وإسلامه
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · تقریباً 9 ھFarwa ibn Musayk al-Muradi came to the Prophet, breaking with the kings of Kinda, reciting two verses on the way about seeking Muhammad's favours; the Prophet asked whether what befell his people on the Day of al-Radm grieved him and said it had only increased them in Islam's good. He set him over Murad, Zubayd and all Madhhij and sent Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As with him over the sadaqa, who stayed in his land until the Prophet died.
واقعہ
قدوم الأشعث بن قيس في وفد كندة
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · تقریباً 9 ھAl-Ash'ath ibn Qays came with Kinda's delegation, eighty riders according to al-Zuhri, who entered the mosque with combed locks and kohl, wearing Hira robes edged with silk; the Prophet asked whether they had not become Muslims, and what the silk on their necks was, and they tore it off. Al-Ash'ath said, we are Banu Akil al-Murar and you are Ibn Akil al-Murar; the Prophet laughed, attributed that lineage-claim to al-Abbas and Rabi'a ibn al-Harith who used it for prestige as merchants, and said: no, we are Banu al-Nadr ibn Kinana, we do not trace ourselves through our mother nor disown our father.
واقعہ
قدوم صرد بن عبد الله الأزدي وإسلامه
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · تقریباً 9 ھSurad ibn Abdullah al-Azdi came in an Azd delegation to the Prophet and became a good Muslim; the Prophet set him over the Muslims of his people and ordered him to fight, with those who had converted, the neighbouring polytheist tribes of Yemen.
واقعہ
قدوم زيد الخيل في وفد طيء
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · 9 ھThe delegation of Tayy came with their chief Zayd al-Khayl; the Prophet offered them Islam and they became good Muslims. The Prophet said, as Ibn Ishaq heard from men of Tayy, that every Arab praised to him fell short of the praise when he came, except Zayd al-Khayl, who exceeded it; he renamed him Zayd al-Khayr, granted him Fayd and other lands and wrote it for him. On the way home fever struck him at a water called Farda and he died, and his wife burned the Prophet's writs.
واقعہ
قدوم عمرو بن معدي كرب في أناس من بني زبيد
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · تقریباً 9 ھAmr ibn Ma'dikarib came to the Prophet with men of Banu Zubayd and embraced Islam, believing in him. He had earlier urged Qays ibn Makshuh al-Muradi, chief of his people, to go together and find out about the Qurashi who claimed prophethood; Qays refused and belittled the idea, so Amr rode alone. Qays then threatened him and Amr lampooned him. Amr stayed among his people under Farwa ibn Musayk, and when the Prophet died he apostatised.
واقعہ
صلاة النبي على النجاشي صلاة الغائب
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · 9 ھIn 9 AH news reached Medina of the death of Ashama, the Negus of Abyssinia, who had sheltered the Muslim emigrants; the Prophet announced his death the day he died and led the funeral prayer for him in absentia.
واقعہ
هرب عدي بن حاتم إلى الشام ثم قدومه وإسلامه
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · 9 ھAdi ibn Hatim, chief of Tayy, a Christian who took the quarter-share, hated the Prophet on hearing of him and kept camels ready; when his slave saw the banners of Muhammad's armies he carried his family to the Christians of Syria, leaving Hatim's daughter, who was captured, released and came to rebuke him and urge him to go to the Prophet. He came to Medina; the Prophet rose, took him home, stood long for a weak old woman who stopped him, threw Adi a cushion and sat on the ground, and Adi said to himself, this is not the way of a king. The Prophet asked whether he had not been a Rakusi taking the quarter-share, which his religion did not allow, and foretold three things: wealth overflowing, a woman travelling safely from al-Qadisiyya to the House, and the white palaces of Babylon opened; Adi embraced Islam and used to say two had come to pass and the third would.
واقعہ
اللعان بين عويمر العجلاني وامرأته
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · 9 ھAfter the return from Tabuk in 9 AH, Uwaymir al-Ajlani accused his wife before the Prophet; the Prophet administered between them the mutual oath of condemnation (li'an) prescribed in Surat al-Nur, then separated them — an early application of the li'an ruling.
واقعہ
بعث معاذ بن جبل إلى اليمن ووصية النبي له
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · تقریباً 9 ھAfter the letter of Himyar's kings the Prophet sent Mu'adh ibn Jabal as amir of his envoys to Yemen and charged him on departure: make things easy, not hard; give good tidings, do not repel; you will come to People of the Book who will ask what the key of Paradise is, so say: the testimony that there is no god but God alone without partner. Ibn Ishaq has it from Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr, who was told it, and adds a Yemeni woman's question to Mu'adh about a husband's right over his wife.
واقعہ
ارتداد مسيلمة وادعاؤه النبوة باليمامة
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · تقریباً 9 ھWhen the Banu Hanifa delegation returned to al-Yamama, Musaylima apostatised and claimed prophethood, saying he had been made a partner in the matter with Muhammad and citing the Prophet's words that he was 'not the worst placed of you'. He produced rhymed sayings imitating the Qur'an, permitted wine and fornication and lifted the prayer, while still testifying that Muhammad was a prophet, and Hanifa rallied to him. Ibn Ishaq has it from a shaykh of Banu Hanifa and adds: God knows best which account is true.
واقعہ
عمال النبي على اليمن
تقریباً 630 عیسوی · تقریباً 9 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when the people of Yemen accepted Islam on hearing of the Prophet's ascendancy he sent them his envoys and agents to teach Islam's laws, collect their alms and levy jizya on those remaining Christian, Jewish or Magian; per al-Waqidi he appointed Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As over San'a and its land, while others held that al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya al-Makhzumi was appointed over San'a and died in office, others that Abu Bakr appointed him, with Khalid ibn Sa'id over the highland districts of upper Yemen — Hisham ibn al-Kalbi and al-Haytham ibn Adi giving al-Muhajir Kinda and al-Sadif; all agreed he appointed Ziyad ibn Labid al-Bayadi al-Ansari over Hadramawt, Abu Musa al-Ash'ari over Zabid, Rima', Aden and the coast, Mu'adh ibn Jabal over al-Jund with the judiciary and collection of all Yemen's alms, and Amr ibn Hazm al-Ansari over Najran — some saying Abu Sufyan ibn Harb was appointed after him; Mu'adh's letter instructed him to take the alms on wheat, barley, dates, raisins and sorghum, and when offered the awaqis of cattle and honey he said 'I was not commanded concerning this'.
واقعہ
رجم المرأة الغامدية
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · 9 ھIn 9 AH a woman of Ghamid came to the Prophet and confessed to fornication; he repeatedly turned her away hoping she would recant, then deferred her until she bore and weaned her child, whereupon she was stoned — an application of the prescribed penalty which the Prophet described as a repentance that would suffice seventy of Medina's people were it apportioned.
واقعہ
صلح أهل مقنى
تقریباً 630 عیسوی · 9 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the Prophet made peace with the people of Maqna — Jews of Banu Habiba — during the Tabuk campaign for a quarter of the 'uruk catch (a wood used in fishing), a quarter of the women's spinning and a quarter of the fruits; he wrote them a letter a man reported seeing in the hands of the Jews of Egypt on red leather with a faded script — its text granting security, God's protection and His messenger's, pardon for every blood, reserving for the Prophet the buzza, the captives, the kira' and the armour except what he excused, lifting from them every jizya and corvée, with no commander over them but one of themselves or of the Prophet's household, written by Ali in year 9 per the copy — though the edition's editors reject its attribution to Ali, who was not with the Prophet at Tabuk, judging the document fabricated.
واقعہ
صلح أيلة
تقریباً 630 عیسوی · 9 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Yuhanna ibn Ru'ba, lord of Ayla, came to the Prophet while he was at Tabuk and made peace on a dinar yearly upon every hālim of his land's people, totalling three hundred dinars, stipulating hospitality for Muslims passing by them, and the Prophet wrote them a letter of safeguard and protection; Talha al-Ayli reported that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz never took from the people of Ayla a thing beyond the three hundred dinars.
واقعہ
غزوة صرد بن عبد الله لجرش وإسلام أهلها
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · تقریباً 9 ھSurad marched at the Prophet's order to Jurash, a walled town sheltering Yemeni tribes and Khath'am, besieged it for about a month and withdrew; when at the mountain of Shakar its people pursued him thinking him beaten, he turned and slaughtered them. Jurash had sent two men to the Prophet, who told them after the afternoon prayer that God's sacrificial camels were being slaughtered at Shakar at that moment, then prayed at their request that it be lifted; they found their people struck that very day and hour. The delegation of Jurash then came and embraced Islam, and the Prophet set a protected reserve around their village for the horse, the mount and the plough-ox.
واقعہ
تخيير أمهات المؤمنين
تقریباً 9 ھWhen the Prophet's wives asked for a better standard of living amid the austerity of his household, the verse of choice was revealed (al-Ahzab 28-29): if you desire the life of this world and its adornment, come, I will provide for you and release you graciously; but if you desire Allah and His Messenger and the abode of the Hereafter, Allah has prepared a great reward for the doers of good among you. All of them chose Allah and His Messenger.
واقعہ
عام الوفود
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · 9 ھIn the ninth year after the Hijra, delegations from tribes across Arabia came to Medina to accept Islam or make agreements.
واقعہ
بعث خالد بن الوليد إلى بني الحارث بن كعب وإسلامهم وقدوم وفدهم
0631-07/0631-08 · تقریباً ربیع الثانی 10 ھIn Rabi' al-Akhir or Jumada al-Ula 10 AH the Prophet sent Khalid ibn al-Walid to Banu al-Harith ibn Ka'b at Najran with orders to invite them to Islam for three days before fighting; they converted without fighting, Khalid stayed to teach them and wrote to the Prophet, who told him to come with their delegation. He brought six of their chiefs; the Prophet asked who these men were who looked like men of India, asked four times whether they were the ones who advance when rebuked until Yazid ibn Abd al-Madan answered, told them that but for Khalid's letter he would have thrown their heads beneath their feet, and appointed Qays ibn al-Husayn over them. They returned at the end of Shawwal or the start of Dhu al-Qa'da, four months before the Prophet's death.
واقعہ
وفاة إبراهيم
تقریباً 27 جنوری 632 عیسوی · تقریباً 28 شوال 10 ھIbrahim, the Prophet's son by Maria the Copt, died an infant in Medina on 28 or 29 Shawwal 10 AH (January 632 CE); the Prophet wept and said: the eye weeps and the heart grieves, and we say only what pleases our Lord.
واقعہ
بعث عمرو بن حزم إلى بني الحارث بن كعب وعهد النبي إليه
تقریباً جنوری 632 عیسوی · تقریباً ذوالقعدہ 10 ھAfter the Banu al-Harith delegation left, the Prophet sent Amr ibn Hazm to teach them religion, the sunna and the landmarks of Islam and to collect their sadaqa, writing him a charge: fear of God, taking what is right, teaching the Qur'an which none may touch but the pure, gentleness in right and severity against wrong, the rites of hajj, the prayer and its times, ablution and Friday, the ban on tribal rallying-cries, the fifth of booty and the sadaqa rates, and the rule for People of the Book who convert and for those who keep their faith and pay the jizya.
واقعہ
شكوى جند علي بعد اليمن وخطبة النبي: لا تشكوا علياً
مارچ 632 عیسوی · ذوالحجہ 10 ھWhen Ali came up from Yemen to meet the Prophet at Mecca for the Farewell Pilgrimage he hurried ahead, leaving a companion over his troops who clothed every man in a robe from the Yemeni cloth Ali carried; when Ali met the army and saw the robes he ordered them stripped before reaching the Prophet, and the troops voiced their grievance. The Prophet stood and said: people, do not complain of Ali, for by God he is too rough in God's cause to be complained of. Ibn Ishaq gives two reports, from Yazid ibn Talha ibn Rukana and from Abu Sa'id al-Khudri.
واقعہ
حجة الوداع
مارچ 632 عیسوی · ذوالحجہ 10 ھThe only pilgrimage the Prophet led, during which he gave the sermon known as the Farewell Sermon.
واقعہ
غدير خم
مارچ 632 عیسوی · ذوالحجہ 10 ھA halt at the pool of Khumm on the return from the Farewell Pilgrimage, at which the Prophet spoke about Ali.
واقعہ
كتاب مسيلمة إلى النبي والجواب عنه
تقریباً مارچ 632 عیسوی · تقریباً ذوالحجہ 10 ھAt the end of 10 AH Musaylima ibn Habib wrote to the Prophet: from Musaylima the messenger of God to Muhammad the messenger of God; I have been made a partner with you in the matter, half the earth is ours and half Quraysh's, but Quraysh are a people who transgress. Two envoys brought it. The Prophet asked what they themselves said; they said, as he says; he said that were envoys not immune from death he would have struck off their heads, then wrote: from Muhammad the messenger of God to Musaylima the liar, peace on whoever follows guidance; the earth is God's, He gives it to whom He wills of His servants, and the outcome is for the God-fearing.
واقعہ
خطبة عرفة الجامعة
مارچ 632 عیسوی · 9 ذوالحجہ 10 ھOn the Day of Arafa, 9 Dhu al-Hijja 10 AH, the Prophet stood at the foot of the valley before more than a hundred thousand pilgrims and delivered the comprehensive sermon: sanctity of blood and property, abolition of pagan blood-feuds and usury beginning with his own house, counsel on women, the pledge of the Book of God, and the testimony 'have I conveyed?' ومنها عند البخاري قوله «إن الزمان قد استدار كهيئته يوم خلق الله السماوات والأرض، السنة اثنا عشر شهراً منها أربعة حرم: ثلاث متواليات ذو القعدة وذو الحجة والمحرم، ورجب مضر الذي بين جمادى وشعبان».
واقعہ
خطبة يوم النحر بمنى
مارچ 632 عیسوی · 10 ذوالحجہ 10 ھOn 10 Dhu al-Hijja the Prophet preached at Mina mounted on a grey mule while Ali relayed his words: time has come full circle as on the day of creation; the sacred months are four; blood, property and honour are inviolable; and let the witness inform the absent.
واقعہ
غزوة علي بن أبي طالب اليمن (غزاها مرتين)
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · تقریباً 10 ھIbn Ishaq says in his enumeration of detachments: and Ali ibn Abi Talib's expedition to Yemen, which he made twice; Ibn Hisham adds from Abu Amr al-Madani that the Prophet sent Ali to Yemen and Khalid ibn al-Walid with another force, saying: if you meet, Ali is the commander. Ibn Hisham notes that Ibn Ishaq mentioned Khalid's dispatch in his narrative but not in his count, so the number should be thirty-nine.
واقعہ
بعث أسامة بن زيد
تقریباً مئی 632 عیسوی · صفر 11 ھIn Safar 11 AH the Prophet equipped a great army under the young Usama ibn Zayd to strike the Byzantine marches of al-Balqa' and al-Darum in Palestine — answering the empire's killing of Muslim converts; the troops camped at al-Jurf until the Prophet's illness delayed them, and the campaign was carried out under Abu Bakr.
واقعہ
زيارة شهداء أحد الأخيرة
تقریباً اپریل 632 عیسوی · صفر 11 ھIn early Safar 11 AH the Prophet went out to Uhud and prayed over the martyrs 'as one bidding farewell to the living and the dead', then said from the minbar that he was their forerunner, that he could see his Basin, and that he feared not polytheism for them but rivalry over the world.
واقعہ
لدُّ النبي في مرضه
تقریباً مئی 632 عیسوی · تقریباً صفر 11 ھDuring the Prophet's illness, a group of his wives and some Muslim women, among them Asma' bint Umays, gathered with al-Abbas present and agreed to dose him; al-Abbas said 'I will dose him'; they did; when he came round he asked who had done it, was told it was his uncle, and said this was a medicine brought by women from the direction of Abyssinia; his uncle said they feared pleurisy; he said that was a disease God would not bring on him, and that everyone in the house should be dosed except his uncle, so Maymuna, who was fasting, was dosed as a punishment for what they had done.
ریاست
الخلافة الراشدة
جون 632 عیسوی · ربیع الاول 11 ھ†A caliphate established in 632 CE and ended in 661 CE; its capital was Kufa, then Medina.
واقعہ
إمامة أبي بكر في مرض النبي
تقریباً 26 مئی 632 عیسوی · 8 ربیع الاول 11 ھWhen the illness grew too heavy for the Prophet to come out, he sent word that Abu Bakr should lead the people; Abu Bakr led seventeen prayers, the Prophet once joined him sitting at his left, and Sunni tradition reads the appointment as a sign of Abu Bakr's standing.
واقعہ
وفاة النبي
8 جون 632 عیسوی · 12 ربیع الاول 11 ھThe Prophet Muhammad died in Medina after a short illness, and was buried in the house of Aisha. وفي الصحيح: أنه قال في مرضه «مروا أبا بكر يصلي بالناس» فلما استمهلته عائشة وحفصة أبى وقال «إنكن لأنتن صواحب يوسف» ، وأنه كان يسأل «أين أنا غدا؟» حرصاً على بيت عائشة فمات عندها بين سحرها ونحرها بعدما استاك بسواك عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر ، وكان آخر كلامه «في الرفيق الأعلى» ، وقال عائشة إنه قال «ما أزال أجد ألم الطعام الذي أكلت بخيبر، فهذا أوان وجدت انقطاع أبهري».
واقعہ
اجتماع السقيفة
8 جون 632 عیسوی · 12 ربیع الاول 11 ھAfter the Prophet's death, leaders of the Ansar and Muhajirun met in the hall of the Banu Sa'ida and chose Abu Bakr as leader of the community. ونص الاجتماع كاملاً عند البخاري من رواية عمر: اجتماع الأنصار في السقيفة، ومشي أبي بكر وعمر وأبي عبيدة إليهم، والخطابان، ويدا عمر وبشير بن سعد، فالبيعة.
واقعہ
إنكار عمر وفاة النبي وكلمة أبي بكر
8 جون 632 عیسوی · 12 ربیع الاول 11 ھWhen the Prophet died, Umar stood up and said that some hypocrites claimed he had died, that he had not died but had gone to his Lord as Moses did, and would return to cut off the hands and feet of men who said he was dead. Abu Bakr came, uncovered the Prophet's face and kissed him, then went out and said: whoever worshipped Muhammad, Muhammad has died; whoever worshipped God, God lives and does not die; and recited the verse about the messengers. Umar said that when he heard Abu Bakr recite it he collapsed, knowing the Prophet was dead.
واقعہ
دفن النبي
10 جون 632 عیسوی · 14 ربیع الاول 11 ھThe Prophet was buried in the room of Aisha, beside the mosque in Medina; the place later became part of the Prophet's Mosque.
واقعہ
ارتداد عمرو بن معدي كرب بعد وفاة النبي
632 عیسوی · 11 ھAmr ibn Ma'dikarib stayed among Banu Zubayd under Farwa ibn Musayk; when the Prophet died he apostatised and said two verses disparaging Farwa's rule, calling him Abu Umayr. He was later captured in the ridda and returned to Islam, as Ibn Hajar reports from Sayf.
واقعہ
وقعة بزاخة
تقریباً 632 عیسوی · تقریباً 11 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Abu Bakr, while at al-Qassa, gave the command of the army to Khalid ibn al-Walid and of the Ansar to Thabit ibn Qays, ordering Khalid to confront Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid al-Asadi — who had claimed prophecy and was then at Buzakha and Buzaha, the watering-place of Banu Asad ibn Khuzayma; Khalid marched on him sending ahead Ukasha ibn Mihsan al-Asadi, ally of Banu Abd Shams, and Thabit ibn Aqram al-Balawi, ally of the Ansar, whom Hibal ibn Khuwaylid met and killed — and Tulayha and his brother Salama then went out, met Ukasha and Thabit and killed them, Tulayha reciting his verse on it; the Muslims and their enemy then met in hard fighting, Uyayna ibn Hisn al-Fazari being with Tulayha in seven hundred of Banu Fazara, and when he saw the Muslims' swords had prevailed over the polytheists he asked Tulayha 'has Gabriel brought you anything?' — 'yes, he came and said you shall have a millstone like his and a day you will not forget' — whereupon Uyayna cried 'by God I see you shall have a day you will not forget! Banu Fazara — this man is a liar', wheeled his men away, the people routed and the Muslims prevailed; Uyayna was captured, brought to Medina, and Abu Bakr spared his blood and released him, while Tulayha fled, washed, entered ihram for an umra and then came to Medina.
واقعہ
قتل الأسود العنسي
تقریباً 632 عیسوی · تقریباً 11 ھIn al-Baladhuri: al-Aswad ibn Ka'b ibn Awf al-Ansi soothsaid and claimed prophecy, Ans and others followed him, and he styled himself Rahman of Yemen as Musaylima styled himself Rahman of al-Yamama; he had a trained donkey which would kneel and prostrate at his command whence he was called Dhu al-Mar — others say Dhu al-Khimar for being ever veiled and turbaned, and some Yemenis told al-Baladhuri his face was black, hence al-Aswad, his name being Ayhala; the Prophet sent Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali to him in the year of his death calling him to Islam — some transmitters deny the mission — and he came to San'a, took it and expelled the Prophet's agent Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As (al-Nu'man ibn Yazid of the Abna' says Aban ibn Sa'id), who withdrew toward Ziyad ibn Labid; he humiliated the Abna' — the sons of the Persians whom Kisra had sent to Yemen with Ibn Dhi Yazan under Wahriz — used them as labour and wronged them, and married the Marzbana, Badham their king's widow; the Prophet sent Qays ibn Hubayra al-Makshuh al-Muradi — so called for a cautery on his waist from an ailment — ordering him to win over the Abna', and sent with him Farwa ibn Musayk al-Muradi; reaching Yemen as the Prophet's death was reported, Qays feigned accord with al-Aswad until he entered San'a with a company of Madhhij, Hamdan and others, then won over Fayruz ibn al-Daylami of the Abna', who had embraced Islam, and the two came to Badham, chief of the Abna' — some say Badham was already dead and a successor named Dadhawayh converted and met Qays and won him over, spreading his missionaries among the Abna' until they converted; so they all agreed to kill and assassinate al-Aswad, and secretly informed his wife the Marzbana who, hating him, showed them a water-channel into his house — some say they pierced a hole in the wall of his chamber of vinegar — and entered on him at dawn while he lay drunk asleep, and Qays slaughtered him, his bellowing like a bull's startling the guards who asked 'what ails the Rahman of Yemen?' — his wife answered 'revelation descends on him' and they calmed; Qays cut off his head, stood on the city wall at dawn, magnified God and testified that al-Aswad was a liar and God's enemy, and when his followers gathered he cast the head to them and they scattered save a few, the sword falling on the remnant until none escaped but those who embraced Islam; some transmitters say Fayruz ibn al-Daylami killed him with Qays only striking off the head, and when Qays and Fayruz both claimed the killing in Medina Umar said 'this lion killed him' meaning Fayruz; some scholars date the killing five days before the Prophet's death — the Prophet saying in his illness 'God has killed al-Aswad al-Ansi; the righteous man Fayruz ibn al-Daylami killed him' — with the report reaching Abu Bakr ten nights into his caliphate; Qays was then accused of killing Dadhawayh and it reached Abu Bakr that he meant to expel the Abna' from San'a, which angered him, so he wrote to al-Muhajir his agent there to bring him, made him swear fifty oaths at the Prophet's minbar that he had not killed Dadhawayh, then released him and sent him to Syria.
واقعہ
قتل مالك بن نويرة
تقریباً 632 عیسوی · تقریباً 11 ھIn al-Baladhuri: after Buzakha Khalid ibn al-Walid marched on those of Banu Tamim at al-Butah and al-Ba'udha, fought them, scattered their gathering and killed Malik ibn Nuwayra, Mutammim ibn Nuwayra's brother — Malik having been the Prophet's agent over the alms of Banu Hanzala, who on the Prophet's death released what dues were in his hands saying 'see to your own wealth, Banu Hanzala'; some report Khalid met no one at al-Butah and al-Ba'udha but sent squadrons among Banu Tamim, one under Dirar ibn al-Azwar al-Asadi, who fought and captured Malik with a group, brought them to Khalid, who ordered their necks struck, Dirar himself taking Malik's; Malik is said to have told Khalid 'by God I did not apostatize', and Abu Qatada al-Ansari testified Banu Hanzala had laid down their arms and called the adhan — whereupon Umar told Abu Bakr 'you sent a man who kills Muslims and tortures with fire'; Mutammim ibn Nuwayra is reported coming to Umar, who asked of his grief for his brother — 'I wept for him a year until my failing eye aided my sound one, and I saw no fire but I nearly perished with sorrow for him, for he used to keep his fire lit till morning lest a guest come and not know its place' — then described him riding the strong horse leading the thirsty camel between two brimming water-skins on the cold night, a cloak on him, bearing a pliant spear, his face a moon's cleft; he recited his elegy beginning 'we were like Jadhima's two drinking-companions for an age until it was said they would never be split', and Umar said 'had I been good at verse I would have elegized my brother Zayd', to which Mutammim answered 'not equal, commander of the faithful — had my brother fallen where yours fell I would not have wept him', and Umar said 'no one has consoled me better than you consoled me'.
واقعہ
حروب الردة
تقریباً 632 عیسوی · تقریباً 11 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Abu Bakr succeeded, groups of the Arabs apostatized and withheld the alms, some saying 'we keep the prayer but will not pay the zakat', whereupon Abu Bakr said 'if they withheld from me a hobbling-cord — some say a she-goat kid — I would fight them', the 'iqal being a year's alms; Abdullah ibn Masud said the Muslims had stood after the Prophet at a station where they nearly perished had God not graced them with Abu Bakr: they had all agreed not to fight over a young she-camel or a weaned camel 'and to eat the Arab villages' yield and worship God until certainty came to us', but God resolved him to fight, and he accepted from them only the humiliating condition or the annihilating war — the first that they confess their slain are in the Fire and return what they took of Muslim property, the second that they leave their homes; in Tariq ibn Shihab's report he offered the Buzakha delegation the choice of the annihilating war or the humiliating peace: surrender of armour and mounts, return of what was taken, blood-money for the slain Muslims, their own slain in the Fire; Aisha said 'when the Prophet died there befell my father what would have crushed the firm mountains — hypocrisy reared its head in Medina and the Arabs apostatized'; Abu Bakr went out to al-Qassa directing the columns against the apostates, was attacked by Kharija ibn Hisn and Manzur ibn Zabban the Fazaris who were routed with Talha ibn Ubaydillah pursuing them to lower Thaniyyat Awsaja, then appointed Khalid ibn al-Walid over the army and Thabit ibn Qays over the Ansar, beginning with Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid at Buzakha, followed by the affairs of Yamama, Bahrain, Oman, Yemen, Hadramawt, Mecca, Tihama and Iraq.
واقعہ
حصار النجير
تقریباً 632 عیسوی · تقریباً 11 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the apostasy of Banu Wali'a and al-Ash'ath ibn Qays al-Kindi — Ziyad ibn Labid al-Bayadi, the Prophet's agent over Hadramawt with Kinda joined to him, took a young she-camel from some Kindis for the alms and branded it with the alms-brand, and when they asked him to take another he refused, saying 'I will not return what the brand has fallen on', whereupon all Kinda rose against him save al-Sukun who stood firm with him; Banu Amr ibn Mu'awiya massed against him and he struck them by night, killing men including Mikhwas, Mishrah, Jamid and Abda'a sons of Ma'di Karib — called the four kings, who had come in delegation to the Prophet then apostatized — their sister al-Marada being killed by one who took her for a man; as Ziyad brought back the captives and goods al-Ash'ath's pride burned and he attacked with a company of his people, and Ziyad routed them, whereupon the chiefs of Kinda joined al-Ash'ath; seeing this Ziyad wrote to Abu Bakr for reinforcement and Abu Bakr ordered al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya to aid him, and they scattered his gathering and wrought a great slaughter, the remnant taking refuge in al-Nujayr, their fortress, which the Muslims besieged until they were exhausted; al-Ash'ath asked safety for a number of them, leaving himself out of the count — al-Khifshish al-Kindi, Ma'dan ibn al-Aswad, having held him to his claim saying 'include me in the count' — and came down to Ziyad and al-Muhajir, who sent him to Abu Bakr, who spared him and married him to his sister Umm Farwa bint Abi Quhafa (some say his sister Qurayba), who bore him Muhammad, Ishaq, Qurayba, Hubaba and Ja'da; the caliph asked the Muslims to let him share in al-Nujayr's booty and they did, and ordered the hands and feet cut of women of al-Nujayr who had gloated at the Prophet's death, among them al-Thabja' al-Hadramiyya and Hind bint Yamin the Jewess; al-Nujayr's captives were ransomed back at four hundred dirhams a head, al-Ash'ath borrowing from Medina's merchants to redeem them and then repaying it; Abu Bakr had reinforced them with Ikrama ibn Abi Jahl after his return from Oman, who arrived to find al-Nujayr already taken; among Abu Bakr's three regrets: 'I wish that the day al-Ash'ath ibn Qays was brought to me I had struck off his head, for it came to me that he sees no evil but he hastens to it and aids it'; Khawlan had also apostatized, and Abu Bakr sent Ya'la ibn Munya who fought them until they yielded and affirmed the alms — some say he met no fighting and they returned to Islam — leaving Yemen between three: al-Muhajir (San'a and its districts), Ziyad (what was in his hands) and Ya'la.
دور
عصر الخلفاء الراشدين
632 عیسوی · 11 ھThe rule of the first four caliphs after the Prophet, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, when the community expanded from Arabia into the Levant, Iraq, Egypt and Iran.
واقعہ
بعثة أبي عبيد إلى العراق
تقریباً 634 عیسوی · تقریباً 13 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: when Umar succeeded he sent Abu Ubayd ibn Mas'ud ibn Amr ibn Umayr ibn Awf ibn Uqda ibn Ghiyara ibn Awf ibn Thaqif — being Abu al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd — to Iraq in a thousand, writing al-Muthanna to receive, hear and obey him, and sent with him Salit ibn Qays ibn Amr al-Ansari, telling him 'but for the haste in you I'd have appointed you — war is cunning, only the patient man suits it.' Abu Ubayd came on urging every Arab tribe to jihad and booty till a host joined him; at al-Mudhayyib he heard Jaban the Persian was at Tustar in a great host — met him, routed his host and took captives; then to Durna whose Persian host he routed to Kaskar; then to the Jalinus at Barusma where Ibn al-Andarzghar made peace at four dirhams a head on withdrawing; he sent al-Muthanna to Zandaward — found repudiated, fought, prevailed and captured — and Urwa ibn Zayd al-Khayl al-Ta'i to al-Zawabi whose dihqan he pacified on Barusma's terms.
واقعہ
مسير الفلاليج وطلب جابان بمستر
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: Khalid came to al-Falalij on his return from Baniqya — a Persian host there dispersed and he met no harm — then returned to al-Hira; hearing Jaban was at Tustar in a great host he sent against him al-Muthanna ibn Haritha al-Shaybani and Hanzala ibn al-Rabi' ibn Rabah al-Asadi of Banu Tamim — called Hanzala the Scribe — and when they reached him he fled.
واقعہ
غارة النسير وحذيفة إلى تكريت
تقریباً 634 عیسوی · تقریباً 13 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: al-Tusayr ibn Daysam ibn Thawr was sent from Ayn al-Tamr against a water of Banu Taghlib — he surprised them by night, killed and captured; a captive freed for guiding him to a Rabi'a clan led him to night-strike them for booty and captives, then he went to Tikrit's landward side and the Muslims took booty. Via Abu Mas'ud al-Kufi: he came to Ukbara' — its people safe-conducted, bringing food and fodder for his men — then passed al-Baradan whose people ran before the Muslims; he told them 'no harm' and that was their safe-conduct; then to al-Mukharrim — not yet called Mukharrim, only named after some descendant of Mukarram ibn Hazn ibn Ziyad ibn Anas al-Dayyan al-Harithi settled it, per al-Kalbi — then they crossed a bridge bound at Qasr Sabur, known today as Qasr Isa ibn Ali; Khurzad ibn Mahibandadh its garrisoned warden fought them and was routed, and they withdrew to Ayn al-Tamr. Al-Waqidi said: al-Muthanna ibn Haritha sent al-Nusayr and Hudhayfa ibn Mihsan after the Day of the Bridge and his withdrawal with the Muslims to Khaffan, in Umar's caliphate, with horse — they fell on some of Banu Taghlib, crossed to Tikrit and took cattle and sheep. Attab ibn Ibrahim via Abu Mas'ud: al-Tusayr and Hudhayfa safe-conducted Tikrit's people and wrote them a document which Utba ibn Farqad al-Sulami enforced for them when opening al-Tirhan and Mosul; it is also said al-Nusayr was sent by Khalid ibn al-Walid raiding villages at Maskin and Qatarrabul for a fine booty.
واقعہ
صلح بانقيا والطيلسان
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: Khalid ibn al-Walid sent Bashir ibn Sa'd al-Ansari to Baniqya; Persian cavalry under Farrukhbandadh met him, shot his men, he charged, routed them and killed Farrukhbandadh, returning wounded — the wound relapsed at Ayn al-Tamr and he died of it, though it is said Khalid himself met Farrukhbandadh with Bashir beside him. Then Khalid sent Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali to Baniqya's people; Busbuhra ibn Saluba came out, excused himself from fighting and offered peace — Jarir made peace on a thousand dirhams and a taylasan, though it is said Ibn Saluba came to Khalid himself for this peace. When Mihran was killed and the day of al-Tukhayla passed, Jarir called them to account and collected their and al-Hira's peace-money, writing them a receipt — though some deny Jarir came to Iraq before Umar's caliphate, Abu Mikhnaf and al-Waqidi holding he came twice. Khalid wrote Busbuhra a document and sent the taylasan with Hira's money and the thousand dirhams to Abu Bakr — who gifted the taylasan to al-Husayn ibn Ali. And via Abu Nasr al-Tammar via Sharik al-Nakha'i via al-Hajjaj ibn Arta' via al-Hakam via Abdallah ibn Mughaffal al-Muzani: 'the Sawad's people have no covenant save al-Hira, Ulays and Baniqya.'
واقعہ
قتال الأبلة
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: Khalid ibn al-Walid came to Basra where Suwayd ibn Qutba al-Dhuhli — per other-than-Abu Mikhnaf, Qutba ibn Qatada al-Dhuhli — of Bakr ibn Wa'il had a band of his people, meaning to do to Basra what al-Muthanna did to Kufa — Kufa not yet existing, only al-Hira. Suwayd told Khalid: Ubulla's people have gathered against me and only desist for your presence. Khalid said: my judgment is I leave Basra by day then return by night into your camp with my men — if they attack at dawn we fight them. He did so, marching toward al-Hira, and when night fell wheeled back into Suwayd's camp; the Ubullans — told of Khalid's departure — approached Suwayd, saw the camp's numbers, and broke. Khalid said 'charge them — I see a people into whose hearts God has cast terror'; they charged, routed them, killed many, and drowned a party in Basra's Tigris.
واقعہ
فتح الأنبار وغارة سوق بغداذ
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: Khalid marched to al-Anbar whose people fortified; a guide told him of Baghdad's market — the old market at Qarn al-Sarat — so he sent al-Muthanna ibn Haritha raiding on it and the Muslims filled their hands with gold, silver and light goods, then overnighted at al-Saylahin and came to al-Anbar where Khalid was; they besieged its people and burned through its outskirts — al-Anbar being named for the Persians' granaries there, from which al-Nu'man's retainers and clients drew their rations — so when they saw what befell them they made peace with Khalid on terms he accepted from them. It is also said Khalid sent al-Muthanna ahead to Baghdad then marched after and himself led the raid — not established. Via al-Sha'bi: Anbar's people have a covenant and contract. Shaykhs of Anbar told al-Baladhuri they were pacified in Umar's caliphate on their canals: four hundred thousand dirhams and a thousand Qatawani cloaks yearly, Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali conducting the peace — or, it is said, on eighty thousand; God knows best.
واقعہ
عهد أبي بكر للمثنى بن حارثة
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: al-Muthanna ibn Haritha ibn Salama ibn Damdam al-Shaybani raided the Sawad with men of his people; news reached Abu Bakr who asked about him, and Qays ibn Asim ibn Sinan al-Minqari said 'a man neither of hidden fame nor unknown lineage nor weak support — this is al-Muthanna ibn Haritha al-Shaybani.' Then al-Muthanna came to Abu Bakr saying 'O caliph of God's messenger, employ me over those of my people who have Islamized to fight these Persians'; Abu Bakr wrote him a patent for it, and he went to Khaffan, called his people to Islam and they Islamized. Then Abu Bakr wrote Khalid ibn al-Walid al-Makhzumi ordering him to march to Iraq — it is said he dispatched him from Medina — and wrote al-Muthanna ordering his hearing, obeying and supporting him.
واقعہ
حصار عين التمر وسبي كنيستها
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: Khalid ibn al-Walid came to Ayn al-Tamr, pressed against its fortress holding a great Persian garrison; its people fought then shut themselves in; Khalid besieged them till they asked safety — he refused to grant it, opened the fortress by force, killed and took captive, finding in a church there a band he took captive. Among that captivity: Humran ibn Aban ibn Khalid al-Tamri, Uthman's mawla; Sirin, father of Muhammad ibn Sirin, and his brothers Yahya, Anas and Ma'bad — the eldest — mawali of Anas ibn Malik; Abu Amra, grandfather of the poet Abdallah ibn Abd al-A'la; Yasar, grandfather of Muhammad ibn Ishaq author of the sira, mawla of Qays ibn Makhrama ibn al-Muttalib; Murra abu Ubayd, grandfather of Muhammad ibn Zayd ibn Ubayd ibn Murra and Nafis ibn Muhammad ibn Zayd, lords of the palace by al-Harra; and Nusayr, father of Musa ibn Nusayr the Maghreb's conqueror, mawla of the Umayyads. Al-Kalbi said Abu Farwa Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Aswad and Nusayr were two Arab men of Arasha of Bali captured in Abu Bakr's days from Syria's Jabal al-Jalil; Nusayr's name was Nasr, diminutivized — an Umayyad freed him, he returned to Syria and Musa was born to him at Kafr Mari village; he was lame. It was also said they were brothers of Ayn al-Tamr's captives whose wala' lay with Banu Dubba; al-Mada'ini: Na'im al-Asadi bought Abu Farwa, then Uthman bought him for grave-digging; when the people rose on Uthman he was with them against him, Uthman saying 'repel the wrongs' — he answered 'you are first among them: I bought you from alms-money to dig graves and you abandoned it'; Abu Farwa was named for the fur garment on him when captured. It was also said Khalid made peace with Ayn al-Tamr's fortress people and these captives were found in a church in some canal-district, and that Sirin was of Jarjaraya's people visiting kin when taken. Via al-Sha'bi: Khalid made peace with Hira's and Ayn al-Tamr's people and wrote Abu Bakr who approved — something on them, nothing on their lands. Hilal ibn Uqqa ibn Qays ibn al-Bushr al-Namiri was over al-Namar ibn Saqit at Ayn al-Tamr; he gathered for Khalid and fought him, was overcome, killed and crucified — al-Kalbi: it was Uqqa ibn Qays himself. Bashir ibn Sa'd al-Ansari's wound relapsed and he died, buried at Ayn al-Tamr, and beside him was buried Umayr ibn Ri'ab ibn Muhashshim ibn Sa'id ibn Sahm ibn Amr, martyred by an arrow there.
واقعہ
عزل عمر النعمان بن عدي عن ميسان
634 اور 644 کے درمیان عیسویIbn Ishaq relates that Umar ibn al-Khattab appointed al-Nu'man ibn Adi over Maysan in the Basra region, then dismissed him when verses attributed to him reached Umar. Al-Nu'man excused himself that he was a poet saying what poets say, and Umar answered that he would never employ him again as long as he lived.
واقعہ
وقعة اليمامة
تقریباً 634 عیسوی · 12 ھIn al-Baladhuri — who reports it in the first part of his book — Abu Bakr sent Khalid ibn al-Walid to al-Yamama ordering him to fight Musaylima the Liar; the first to meet the Muslims, al-Rajjal ibn Unfuwa, was killed, the foremost Muslims and the Quran-reciters fell as martyrs, then the Muslims returned and stood firm and God sent down His aid; Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr shot Muhakkim ibn al-Tufayl — called 'the arbiter of al-Yamama' — with an arrow and killed him, and the unbelievers were driven into the Garden, that day named the Garden of Death, formerly called Ubad; Musaylima was killed in the Garden and they disputed his slayer: Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy say Khidash ibn Bashir, some Ansar Abdullah ibn Zayd ibn Tha'laba who was shown the adhan, some Abu Dujana Simak ibn Kharasha who then fell, some Abdullah ibn Zayd ibn Asim brother of Habib ibn Zayd whose hands and feet Musaylima had cut off, Wahshi ibn Harb — Hamza's slayer — used to claim it saying 'I killed the best of men and the worst', some held they all shared in it, and Mu'awiya and the Umayyads claimed it for him until Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan told a Hanafi who described the killer 'by God I have judged it for Mu'awiya'; the Muslims' cry was 'O companions of Sura al-Baqara'; some Ansar reproached Khalid's lone resolve to butt Musaylima then followed him; al-Sa'ib ibn al-Awwam stood the men at their baggage: 'no man may flee beyond his saddle'; when the war wore the Muslims down Mujja'a ibn Murara told Khalid most of Yamama's people had not come out to fight and offered peace for half the captives and half the gold, silver, armour and mounts, then armed the old men, boys and women on the fortresses, returned claiming they refused, and beat the terms down to a quarter of the captives and half the wealth — settled thus, until Khalid entered, saw who remained and said 'you deceived me, Mujja'a'; the people of al-Yamama embraced Islam and the alms were taken from them, Abu Bakr's letter reached Khalid ordering him to aid al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami so he marched to Bahrain leaving Samura ibn Amr al-Anbari over al-Yamama; its conquest was in year 12; they disputed the martyrs' count — least said seven hundred, most seventeen hundred, some twelve hundred — among them Zayd ibn al-Khattab, Umar's brother (killed by Abu Maryam al-Hanafi or per Ibn al-Kalbi Labid ibn Burghuth), Thabit ibn Qays the Prophet's orator commanding the Ansar that day, Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utba and his mawla Salim, Abu Dujana, Abbad ibn Bishr and Salim; and Nusayba bint Ka'b — mother of Habib and Abdullah the sons of Zayd ibn Asim — fought that day and came away wounded, Musaylima having cut off her son Habib's hands and feet when the Prophet sent him with Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Aslami, whom he left unharmed.
واقعہ
صلح الحيرة
12 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Khalid ibn al-Walid passed Zandaward of Kaskar which he opened, opened Durna and her daughter-towns by aman, came to Hurmuzjird whose people he safe-conducted and opened, came to Ulays where a great-Jaban host met him — al-Muthanna ibn Haritha met it at Nahr al-Damm — and made peace with Ulays's people to be the Muslims' eyes on the Persians, guides and helpers; at the rivers' confluence Azadhbih, lord of Khosrow's frontier posts facing the Arabs, met him, fought and was routed; then Khaffan, then marching on al-Hira there came out Abd al-Masih ibn Amr ibn Qays ibn Hayyan ibn Buqayla — Buqayla's name being al-Harith, of Azd — Hani ibn Qabisa ibn Mas'ud al-Shaybani and Iyas ibn Qabisa al-Ta'i — or, it is said, Farwa ibn Iyas — who made peace on a hundred thousand dirhams a year, it is said eighty, on being the Muslims' eyes on Persia and no church or palace demolished. Via Abu Mikhnaf via al-Walid ibn al-Qatami: the aged Abd al-Masih met Khalid, who asked 'whence is your farthest origin, old man?' — 'from my father's back'; 'whence did you come out?' — 'from my mother's belly'; 'what are you in?' — 'my clothes'; 'what are you on?' — 'the earth'; 'are you sane?' — 'yes, and I wear anklets'; 'I only speak to you men's speech' — 'and I only answer you men's answers'; 'are you peace or war?' — 'peace'; 'then what are these fortresses?' — 'we built them for the fool until the wise man comes.' They agreed on a hundred thousand yearly — the first money carried to Medina from Iraq — on condition of no treachery and being eyes on Persia, in year 12. Via Yahya ibn Adam: Hira's people were six thousand men, each liable fourteen dirhams weight-five, making eighty-four thousand weight-five — sixty thousand weight-seven — a document he had read. Via Yazid ibn Nubaysha: we reached the Mudhayyib frontier post then came to Hira whose people fortified in the White Palace, the Palace of Ibn Buqayla and the Palace of the Madyasis — we exhausted stratagems in their courts, then they sued peace. Khuraym ibn Aws ibn Haritha ibn La'm al-Ta'i had told the Prophet 'if God opens Hira for you give me Buqayla's daughter'; at the peace he claimed her, Bashir ibn Sa'd and Muhammad ibn Maslama al-Ansari testified for him, she was excepted and delivered to him; her people bought her back for a thousand dirhams — she being old — and told him he sold cheap, they would have paid multiples; he said 'I did not think a number could exceed a thousand'; a hadith variant has the asker a man of Rabi'a — the first account is firmer.
واقعہ
فتح الشام
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Abu Bakr finished with the apostates he dispatched the armies to Syria, binding three banners — for Khalid ibn Sa'id (whom he deposed), Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Amr ibn al-As — directing them and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan by the Ayla and Tabuk roads until their number completed at twenty-four thousand; their first fighting came at Dathin and al-Araba, and al-Waqidi's account assigns Amr Filastin, Shurahbil al-Urdunn and Yazid Dimashq; Khalid ibn al-Walid then marched from Iraq reaching them in Rabi' al-Akhir year 13, and they made him commander in every battle; the great battle of Ajnadayn fell on Monday twelve nights remaining of Jumada I year 13, Busra fell by treaty, Shurahbil conquered al-Urdunn by force save Tabariyya, the battle of Fihl came five months into Umar's caliphate with Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah commanding by Umar's investiture, the day of Marj al-Suffar at the new moon of al-Muharram year 14, and then the conquest of Damascus and Bayt al-Maqdis.
واقعہ
قتل أكيدر وفتح دومة الجندل
تقریباً 633 عیسوی · تقریباً 12 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when the Prophet died Ukaydir withheld the sadaqa, broke the covenant and left Dumat al-Jandal for al-Hira, where he built a residence he called Dawma after Dumat al-Jandal, while his brother Hurayth ibn Abd al-Malik remained Muslim over what was in his hands; Abu Bakr then sent Khalid ibn al-Walid — who was at Mayn al-Tamr — ordering him to march on Ukaydir, so he went, killed him and conquered Dawma before proceeding to Syria; in al-Waqidi's report Khalid passed Dumat al-Jandal on his way from Iraq to Syria, took it and captured prisoners, among them Layla bint al-Judi al-Ghassani whom Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr later married.
واقعہ
توجيه جيوش الشام
تقریباً 12 اپریل 634 عیسوی · 1 محرم 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Abu Bakr had finished with the apostates he resolved to direct the armies to Syria, writing to the people of Mecca, al-Ta'if, Yemen and all the Arabs of Najd and the Hijaz summoning them to jihad and stirring their desire for Byzantine spoil, and they hastened from every quarter; he bound three banners for three men — Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As, Shurahbil ibn Hasana (per al-Waqidi son of Abdullah ibn al-Mutta' al-Kindi with Hasana his mother, per al-Kalbi son of Rabi'a ibn al-Mutta' of the children of Sufa) and Amr ibn al-As al-Sahmi — the binding being on Thursday at the opening of Safar year 13, after the armies had camped at al-Jurf the whole of al-Muharram, with Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah leading their prayers; Abu Bakr had wanted to bind a banner for Abu Ubayda who begged off — some report he did bind it, which is not established — and Abu Yakhnaf records Abu Bakr telling the commanders 'if you join in battle your commander is Abu Ubayda, otherwise Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan', while Amr is said to have been only a reinforcement and commander over those joined to him; when he bound Khalid ibn Sa'id's banner Umar disliked it and spoke to Abu Bakr of deposing him — 'he is a proud man who carries his charge with contentiousness and partisanship' — so he deposed him and sent Abu Adwa' al-Dawsi to take his banner, who met him at Dhu al-Marwa and took it, and it was given to Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, who marched with his brother Mu'awiya bearing it before him — others say it was handed to him at Dhu al-Marwa and he took over Khalid's army, Khalid ibn Sa'id marching on as a volunteer in Shurahbil's army; he ordered Amr to take the Ayla road toward Filastin, Yazid the Tabuk road and Shurahbil likewise; each commander set out with three thousand men, then he kept sending reinforcements until each had seven thousand five hundred, and their total completed at twenty-four thousand; al-Waqidi reports Abu Bakr gave Amr Filastin, Shurahbil al-Urdunn and Yazid Dimashq — 'if you have fighting, your commander is the one in whose charge you stand' — and that he ordered Amr verbally to lead the people in prayer.
واقعہ
شخوص خالد إلى الشام
تقریباً ربیع الاول 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Khalid marched from Ayn al-Tamr to Syria, telling al-Muthanna ibn Haritha 'return, may God have mercy on you, to your command — unsparing, unwasting'; his departure was in Rabi' al-Akhir — or, it is said, Rabi' al-Awwal — of year 13; some say he came to Duma from Ayn al-Tamr, opened it, then returned to al-Hira and thence to Syria — the sounder being his march direct from Ayn al-Tamr.
واقعہ
مسير خالد بن الوليد إلى الشام
تقریباً جون 634 عیسوی · ربیع الاول 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Abu Bakr's letter reached him at al-Hira he left al-Muthanna ibn Haritha al-Shaybani over the Kufa side and marched in Rabi' al-Akhir of year 13 with eight hundred — some say five hundred — taking Ayn al-Tamr by force (others say the letter reached him there after its conquest), then Sandawda', held by Kinda, Iyad and Persians, whose people fought and were overcome — he left Sa'd ibn Amr ibn Haram al-Ansari over it, whose descendants dwell there today; hearing of an apostate gathering of Banu Taghlib at al-Mudayyih and al-Musayyid under Rabi'a ibn Bujayr he defeated them, took captives and spoil and sent them to Abu Bakr — among them Umm Habib al-Sahba' bint Habib ibn Bujayr, mother of Umar ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib; he raided Qaraqir, a Kalbi watering-place, then traversed the desert to Suwa, likewise Kalbi, where Bahra' were with them, killing Hurqus ibn al-Nu'man al-Bahrani of Quda'a and sweeping up their wealth; entering the waterless stretch he watered the camels, slit their lips and made them drool so they would not ruminate and thirst, carrying abundant water which ran out on the way — so he slaughtered the camels one by one, drinking with his men the water of their bellies, his guide Rafi' ibn Umayra al-Ta'i earning the poet's verse 'God bless Rafi' — how he guided, traversing from Qaraqir to Suwa'; from Suwa to al-Kawa'il, then Qarqisiya whose lord abandoned it for Byzantine lands, then Arak whose people he besieged until it fell by treaty for a payment to the Muslims, then Dumat al-Jandal which he took, then Qusam whose Banu Mashja'a ibn al-Taym of Quda'a made peace for a written aman, then Tadmur whose people resisted and fortified themselves then asked safety — granted on being dhimma, quartering the Muslims and submitting to them — then al-Qaryatayn whose people fought and were overcome with spoil, then Hawwarin of Sanir whose people fought with reinforcements from Ba'labakk and Busra and were overcome with captives and killing, then Marj Rahit where he raided the Ghassan on their Easter taking captives and killing; he sent Busr ibn Abi Artat al-Amiri of Quraysh and Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri to the Ghouta of Damascus to raid its villages, stood at the pass known as Thaniyyat al-Uqab by Damascus unfurling his banner — a black banner that had been the Prophet's — whence its name that day, camped at the eastern gate of Damascus — some say Bab al-Jabiya — whose bishop brought him hospitality and service receiving a promise to keep the covenant, then marched to join the Muslims at the canal of Busra.
واقعہ
وقعة أجنادين
تقریباً 16 جولائی 634 عیسوی · 12 ربیع الثانی 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: then came the battle of Ajnadayn — also Ajtadayn — attended by near a hundred thousand Romans, Heraclius chaining most of them and their bravest gathering from the districts, Heraclius then residing at Hims; the Muslims fought them fiercely, Khalid ibn al-Walid showing fine valour that day, then God defeated His enemies and scattered them utterly, killing many; martyred that day were Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-As ibn Umayya and his brother Aban (some say Aban died in year 29), Tulayb ibn Umayr ibn Wahb ibn Qusayy — a Byzantine champion challenged him and severed his right hand so his sword fell with his palm, then covered and killed him, his mother Arwa bint al-Muttalib the Prophet's aunt, his kunya Abu Adi — Salama ibn Hisham ibn al-Mughira (some say he fell at Marj al-Suffar), Ikrama ibn Abi Jahl ibn Hisham al-Makhzumi (some say at Mu'ta), Nu'aym ibn Abdullah al-Nahham al-Adawi (some say at the Yarmuk), Hisham ibn al-As ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi (some say at the Yarmuk), Amr ibn al-Tuqayl ibn Amr al-Dawsi (some say at the Yarmuk), Jundub ibn Amr al-Dawsi, and Sa'id, al-Harith and al-Hajjaj sons of al-Harith ibn Qays ibn Adi al-Sahmi — Hisham ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi placing al-Na'am at Mu'ta, Sa'id at the Yarmuk, Tamim at Ajnadayn and his brother Ubaydullah ibn Abd al-Asad at the Yarmuk — and al-Harith ibn Hisham ibn al-Mughira fell at Ajnadayn; when the report reached Heraclius his heart sank, his hand failed and he was filled with terror, fleeing from Hims to Antioch — some say his flight came at the Muslims' very arrival in Syria; the battle fell on Monday twelve nights remaining of Jumada I year 13 — some say two nights into Jumada II, some say two remaining of it; the Romans then massed at al-Yaqusa — a valley whose mouth is al-Fawwara — where the Muslims met, exposed and routed them killing many, their remnant reaching Syria's towns; Abu Bakr died in Jumada II year 13, his obituary reaching the Muslims at al-Yaqusa.
واقعہ
يوم الجسر
تقریباً 30 رمضان 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the Day of Quss al-Natif, being the Day of the Bridge; the Persians sent against the Arabs Dhu al-Hajib Mardanshah — Anushirwan had named him Bahman for blessing, called Dhu al-Hajib for tying his brows up over his eyes in pride, though his name is said to be Rustam. Abu Ubayd ordered the bridge tied — Baniqya's people helping its knotting; it is said the bridge was old for Hira's people crossing to their estates, Abu Ubayd repairing it for it was broken. He and the Muslims crossed from al-Muzawwaha over the bridge and met Dhu al-Hajib in four thousand mailed men with an elephant — or several; they fought fiercely, wounds spreading through the Muslims. Salit ibn Qays said 'Abu Ubayd, I had forbidden you cutting this bridge to them and counselled withdrawing to some quarter and writing the Commander of the Faithful for reinforcement — you refused'; Salit fought till killed. Abu Ubayd asked where this beast's kill-spot was — 'its trunk' — charged and struck the elephant's trunk while Abu Muhjan ibn Habib al-Thaqafi struck its leg and hamstrung it; the polytheists charged and killed Abu Ubayd — or the elephant knelt on him and he died under it. His brother al-Hakam took the banner — killed; his son Jabr — killed; then al-Muthanna ibn Haritha held it a while and withdrew the people, each guarding another. Urwa ibn Zayd al-Khayl fought that day a fight worth a company's; Abu Zubayd al-Ta'i the poet fought hayya for the Muslims with the westerners — a Christian come to Hira on some affair. Al-Muthanna reached Ulays and wrote Umar the news with Urwa ibn Zayd. Killed at the Bridge per Abu Mikhnaf: Abu Zayd al-Ansari, one of those who collected the Qur'an in the Prophet's time. The Bridge battle was on Saturday at Ramadan's end, year 13.
واقعہ
وقعة فحل
تقریباً جنوری 635 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the battle of Fihl of al-Urdunn fell two nights remaining of Dhu al-Qa'da, five months after Umar ibn al-Khattab's accession, the people's commander being Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah — Umar having written to him investing him with Syria and the commanders concurring, together with Amir ibn Abi Waqqas, Sa'd's brother; some say Abu Ubayda's command reached him while the people were besieging Damascus and he concealed it from Khalid for days since Khalid commanded in war, telling him when asked 'I disliked to break you and weaken your standing while you were upon heights'; the battle's cause was Heraclius, come to Antioch, summoning the Romans and the people of the Jazira and setting over them a man of his intimates and trusted men, who met the Muslims at Fihl and fought them hardest until God gave them victory, their patrician and near ten thousand with him falling, the rest scattering through Syria's towns or joining Heraclius; Fihl's people fortified themselves and the Muslims besieged them until they asked safety on paying jizya for their heads and kharaj for their land, securing themselves and their wealth with their walls not to be demolished — Abu Ubayda concluding the compact, some say Shurahbil ibn Hasana.
واقعہ
اشتراط جرير ربع ما غلب عليه
تقریباً 635 عیسوی · تقریباً 14 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: Umar went a year not mentioning Iraq for the disaster of Abu Ubayd and Salit, al-Muthanna stationed near Ulays calling the Arabs to jihad; then Umar summoned the people to Iraq and they kept dodging and declining until he meant to raid himself — when a party of Azd came wanting to raid Syria, he called them to Iraq and made Khosrow's house's spoils desirable, so they left the choice to him and he ordered their departure. Jarir ibn Abdallah came from al-Sarat among Bajila asking to go to Iraq on condition he and his people be given a quarter of what they conquered — Umar agreed, and he marched toward Iraq; some allege he passed by Basra's road and fought the Madhar marzban, defeating him, others that he fought the marzban while with Khalid ibn al-Walid, and some say he took the road over Fayd and al-Ta'labiyya to al-Mudhayyib.
واقعہ
وقعة العربة
تقریباً 634 عیسوی · تقریباً 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, pursuing the patrician of Gaza, learned of a Roman gathering at al-Araba in the land of Filastin and sent against them Abu Umama al-Sudayy ibn Ajlan al-Bahili, who fell upon them, killed their chief and withdrew; Abu Mikhnaf reports of the day of al-Araba that six Roman commanders descended on al-Araba with three thousand, whereupon Abu Umama marched on them with a band of Muslims, defeated them and killed one of the commanders, then pursued them to al-Dabiyya and defeated them there, the Muslims taking good spoil; the elders of Syria hold the day of al-Araba was the Muslims' first engagement.
واقعہ
وقعة داثن
تقریباً 634 عیسوی · تقریباً 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the first engagement between the Muslims and their enemy at a village of Gaza's district called Dathin, against the patrician of Gaza; they fought hard, then God gave victory to His friends, defeated His enemies and scattered their gathering — this before Khalid ibn al-Walid's arrival in Syria; Abu Hafs al-Shami reports from the elders of Syria that the Muslims' first engagement was rather that of al-Araba, they having fought nothing since leaving the Hijaz and subdued every land between the Hijaz and its site without battle.
واقعہ
فتح بصرى
تقریباً 634 عیسوی · تقریباً 13 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Khalid ibn al-Walid reached the Muslims at Busra — the city of Hawran — they joined upon it and commissioned Khalid for its war, then pressed against it and fought its patrician until they forced it (some say Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan was the one undertaking the war, its governorship being his as it belonged to Dimashq); its people then made terms to be secured for their lives, wealth and children upon paying the jizya — some transmitters say they compounded for a dinar and a jarib of wheat per adult; the Muslims conquered all the land of the Hawran district and mastered it; Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah then went with a dense company of the commanders' men joined to him and came to Ma'ab in the land of al-Balqa' holding a gathering of the enemy, and conquered it by treaty on the like of Busra's terms — some say Ma'ab's conquest preceded Busra's, others that Abu Ubayda took it as commander of all Syria in Umar's days.
واقعہ
يوم مرج الصفر
تقریباً فروری 635 عیسوی · محرم 14 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the Romans massed a great gathering, Heraclius reinforcing them, and the Muslims met them at Marj al-Suffar as they made for Damascus at the new moon of al-Muharram year 14; they fought fiercely until blood ran in the water and drove the mill, some four thousand Muslims being wounded, then the unbelievers turned broken and scattered making for Damascus and Bayt al-Maqdis; martyred that day was Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As ibn Umayya, kunya Abu Sa'id, who had celebrated his wedding the night before the battle with Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham al-Makhzumiyya, the wife of Ikrama ibn Abi Jahl — when she heard of his fall she tore out the tent-pole and fought with it, said to have killed seven men that day with ragged clothes on her; in Abu Mikhnaf's report the battle of the Marj came twenty nights after Ajnadayn with Damascus's conquest after it and Fihl thereafter — al-Waqidi's ordering being sounder; on that day Khalid ibn Sa'id says 'who is the knight who hates the thrust, lending me a spear when they slip at Marj al-Suffar', and Hisham ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi records his martyrdom with the Samsama sword at his neck — the sword Amr ibn Ma'di Karib al-Zubaydi had given him when he was the Prophet's agent over Yemen — which Mu'awiya took from his neck when he fell, then Sa'id ibn al-As disputed it with him and Uthman judged it to him, the Umayyads inheriting it until Ayyub ibn Abi Ayyub sold it to al-Mahdi for eighty-odd thousand, al-Mahdi returning its ornament to him, Musa al-Hadi delighting in it and having the poet Abu al-Hawl describe it, then al-Wathiq calling for a sword-polisher who fattened it and changed it.
واقعہ
فتح دمشق
تقریباً 19 مارچ 635 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 14 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when the Muslims finished fighting those who had gathered at the Marj they stayed fifteen nights, then returned to Damascus fourteen nights remaining of al-Muharram year 14, taking the Futa and its churches by force while the townsfolk fortified themselves and shut their gate; Khalid camped at the eastern gate with some five thousand joined to him by Abu Ubayda (some say Khalid was commander and his deposition reached them while besieging), the monastery at his side being named Dayr Khalid; Amr ibn al-As camped at Bab Tuma, Shurahbil at Bab al-Faradis, Abu Ubayda at Bab al-Jabiya, and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan at the small gate to Bab Kaysan, Abu al-Darda' posting Uwaymir ibn Amir al-Khazraji on a watch at Barza; the bishop who had hosted Khalid would call and converse with him, saying one day 'Abu Sulayman, your affair ascends — I hold a pledge over you, so make terms with me for this city', and Khalid wrote his famous charter: 'In God's name, this is what Khalid ibn al-Walid grants the people of Damascus when he enters it: safety for themselves, their wealth, their churches and their city wall — it shall not be demolished nor any of their houses dwelt in; they have for it God's covenant and the protection of His messenger, the caliphs and the believers, and nothing but good shall befall them if they pay the jizya'; one of the bishop's men then told him it was a feast-night for the town, the eastern gate being blocked with stones, and advised a ladder — men of the monastery brought two ladders and a company of Muslims climbed the wall, descended on the gate held by a man or two, overpowered it and opened it at sunrise; Abu Ubayda meanwhile had struggled at Bab al-Jabiya, raised men on its wall, the Roman fighters inclining to him until they broke — he forced it open and entered, and he and Khalid met at the Maqsilat, the coppersmiths' quarter, the Baris of Hassan ibn Thabit's verse 'they give to drink whoever comes to Baris — Barada clapping with sweet wine'; Maytham ibn Adi claimed Damascenes compounded for half their houses and churches, but al-Waqidi says he read Khalid's charter and found no halves in it; many Damascenes joined Heraclius at Antioch leaving surplus houses the Muslims occupied; al-Waqidi dates the conquest to Rajab year 14, Khalid's charter being dated Rabi' al-Akhir 15 because he wrote it undated and it was renewed at the Yarmuk; the volume's editor judges the sound account to be Khalid entering the eastern gate by force and Abu Ubayda entering peacefully by Bab al-Jabiya, reasoning that the Muslims held only the mosque's eastern side before its rebuilding and the church stood west of it until al-Walid demolished it; afterwards the Muslims chose churches for which no jizya was paid and kept the church of John until the Christians surrendered all the churches of the Futa, Mu'awiya writing to Umar who was pleased and ratified it.
واقعہ
يوم مهران وهو يوم البويب
تقریباً 14 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the Muslims gathered at Dayr Hind in year 14, Shirawayh having perished and Buran daughter of Kisra ruling till Yazdgard ibn Shahriyar should come of age; she sent Mihran ibn Mihrbandadh al-Hamadhani against them in twelve thousand, and the Muslims gave him leave till he crossed the bridge to Dayr al-A'war's side. Sayf relates Mihran went on crossing to a place called al-Buwayb — where he was killed; al-Buwayb's flanks are said to have filled with bones till dust covered them in the civil-war time, and the stretch between al-Sakun and Banu Sulaym was the Euphrates' outflow into al-Jawf in the Khasraws' day. The Muslims camped at al-Nukhayla, Jarir ibn Abdallah over Bajila by some accounts and al-Muthanna over Rabi'a by others — or each over his own people. The armies met: Shurahbil ibn al-Simt al-Kindi fought well that day; Mas'ud ibn Haritha, al-Muthanna's brother, was killed, and al-Muthanna said 'let not my brother's fall dismay you — the falls of your best are such'; they charged as one man, steadfast, till God killed Mihran and routed the unbelievers, the Muslims pursuing with few escaping; Qurt ibn Jammakh al-Abdi fenced till his sword bent. Night fell and they crept back to camp, in year 14. Killing Mihran was claimed by Jarir ibn Abdallah and al-Mundhir ibn Hassan ibn Sirar al-Dabbi — each saying 'I killed him' — in a sharp dispute: al-Mundhir took his belt, Jarir the rest of his spoil; it is also said al-Husayn ibn Ma'bad ibn Zurara ibn Udas al-Tamimi was among his killers. Mihran and al-Qadisiyya are said to be eighteen months apart.
واقعہ
فتح حمص
تقریباً 635 عیسوی · تقریباً 14 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah finished with Damascus he put before him Khalid ibn al-Walid and Milhan ibn Zayyar al-Ta'i, then followed them; passing Ba'labakk, whose people sought safety and terms, he compounded with them securing themselves, their wealth, churches and houses inside and outside the city and their mills, the Byzantines to graze their flocks between them and fifteen miles without settling a peopled village, free to depart where they would after Rabia and Jumada I passed, whoever converted having our rights and duties, their merchants free to travel through the treaty lands, and jizya and kharaj upon whoever stayed; per al-Waqidi, while the Muslims stood at Damascus's gates a dense cavalry of the enemy approached and a company met them between Bayt Lahya and al-Thaniyya, routing them toward Hims on the Qara road and pursuing them to find they had passed it by — the people of Hims, already shaken by Heraclius's flight and by reports of the Muslims' might, offered their hands and sued for safety, which was granted, bringing out supplies and food while the Muslims stayed on the Asi under al-Simt ibn al-Aswad al-Jundi; when Abu Ubayda finished with Damascus he left Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan over it and came to Hims by way of Ba'labakk, camping at Bab al-Rastan, and its people compounded for safety of themselves, wealth, city wall, churches and mills, a quarter of the church of John being excepted for the mosque — compounding for a hundred and seventy thousand dinars; afterwards Hims and Qinnasrin became one.
واقعہ
فتح اللاذقية
تقریباً 635 عیسوی · تقریباً 14 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Abu Ubayda left Ubada ibn al-Samit al-Ansari over Hims, and he came to al-Ladhiqiyya whose people fought him — it had a great gate a host of men could not open; seeing the difficulty he camped at a distance, ordered trenches dug like souterrains each hiding a man and his horse, the Muslims labouring at guarding them till finished, then feigned withdrawal to Hims; under cover of night they returned to their camp and trenches while the Ladhiqiyyans went out each morning thinking them gone, and at dawn opened their gate and sent out their flocks — whereupon the Muslims surprised them and entered through the city gate, taking it by force; Ubada entered the citadel, climbed its wall and magnified God upon it; a group of its Christians fled to al-Yasayid, then asked safety to return to their land, being cut a kharaj to pay few or many, their church left them, and the Muslims built a congregational mosque at al-Ladhiqiyya at Ubada's order, enlarged afterwards; the Byzantines later raided its coast from the sea, demolishing the city and taking captives in Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's caliphate in year 100, and he ordered it rebuilt and fortified, sending to the tyrant to ransom the Muslim prisoners — it was unfinished when he died in 101, and Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik completed and garrisoned it; Ubada and the Muslims also took Antartus, a fortress its people abandoned, which Mu'awiya built and made an amsar with land-grants, doing likewise with Maraqiyya and Bulunyas, and they took the town called Balda two farsakhs from Jabala by force — it fell ruined and its people left, and Mu'awiya founded Jabala and garrisoned it.
واقعہ
فتح قنسرين
تقریباً 636 عیسوی · تقریباً 15 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, after finishing with the Yarmuk, went to Hims and secured it, then came to Qinnasrin with Khalid ibn al-Walid on his vanguard; the people of the city fought him then took refuge in their fortress and sued for terms, which he granted on the like of Hims's treaty, the Muslims mastering its land and villages — its hadir (camp-town) belonging to Tanukh since their first settling in Syria, when they dwelt in hair tents before building houses, and he called them to Islam, some converting while Banu Salih ibn Hulwan of Quda'a remained Christian, some of their descendants converting in al-Mahdi's caliphate; as Abu Ubayda marched on Aleppo word came that Qinnasrin's people had broken faith, so he sent al-Simt ibn al-Aswad al-Kindi who besieged and took it; the hadir of Tayyi' was of old, settled after the war of corruption among them when those of the Jabalayn settled and the rest scattered through the lands, and near Aleppo stood the hadir called Hadir Halab gathering kinds of Arabs from Tanukh and others — Abu Ubayda compounded with them for jizya and they later converted, remaining there with their descendants until long after al-Rashid's death.
واقعہ
صلح السامرة
تقریباً 636 عیسوی · تقریباً 15 ھIn al-Baladhuri through the Syrian chain of Hisham ibn Ammar from al-Walid ibn Muslim from Safwan ibn Amr: Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah compounded with the Samaritans of the Jordan and Filastin districts — they being mixed with the other covenant-holders — on the terms that they serve as scouts and guides for the Muslims, against jizya on their heads with their lands exempted; the Muslims once raided them and took captives until they returned to abiding by their first affair, when they were left in peace, their standing continuing to the author's time on their ancient treaty; in Yazid ibn Mu'awiya's day kharaj was laid on their land with five dinars on each man's head — the Samaritans being Jews of two sects, the Dustan and the Kushan; in al-Rashid's early caliphate a sweeping plague struck Filastin, sometimes taking whole households, whose lands fell waste and idle until the sultan charged their cultivation and assembled tenants and farmers to them, making them crown estates including the Samaritans', and in year 246 a portion of their kharaj was remitted.
واقعہ
فتح أنطاكية
تقریباً 637 عیسوی · تقریباً 16 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Abu Ubayda went from Aleppo to Antioch, where a body of the people of the Qinnasrin jund had fortified themselves; at Haruba — near two farsakhs from the city — an enemy gathering met him and he scattered them back into the city, besieging it at all its gates, the bulk of the army at Bab Faris and the gate called Bab al-Bahr; they then compounded for jizya and evacuation, some departing and some staying, and he secured them setting on each adult a dinar and a jarib; when they broke the covenant he sent Iyad ibn Ghanm and Habib ibn Maslama, who retook it on the first treaty — others say they broke it after he returned to Filastin and Amr ibn al-As was sent from Iliya' to take it; Umar wrote to Abu Ubayda to station at Antioch a company of Muslims of right intent and scruple as murabita, withholding no mounts from them, and Mu'awiya received the same when in office while Uthman ordered him to settle men there and grant land — which he did; Mu'awiya transferred to Antioch in year 42 companies of Persians and people of Ba'labakk, Hims and the two Misrs, and al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik granted troops land at Saluqiyya by the coast rating the filthir at a dinar and two mudds of wheat — they cultivated it and he built Hisn Saluqiyya; among the transferees was Muslim ibn Abdullah — grandfather of Abdullah ibn Habib ibn al-Nu'man al-Antaki — whom a Byzantine killed with a stone on the wall, a gate of Antioch being named Bab Muslim after him.
واقعہ
إسلام جند شاهنشاه وهم حمراء ديلم
تقریباً 16 ھIn al-Baladhuri via Musammar ibn Kiddam: with Rustam at al-Qadisiyya were four thousand called the Shahanshah's troops; they were granted safe-conduct to settle where they wished, ally with whom they wished, and be allotted stipends — they allied with Zuhra ibn Hawiyya al-Sa'di of Banu Tamim, Sa'd settled them where they chose and fixed a thousand-thousand for them, their naqib being called Dayl — whence 'Hamra' Daylam'. Ziyad later moved some to Syria at Mu'awiya's order — called al-Furs — and some to Basra joining its asawira; the Arabs call the 'ajam hamra', saying 'clan of Hamra' Daylam' as 'clan of Juhayna'. Abu Mas'ud heard these asawira had lived opposite Daylam and converted when the Muslims came to Qazwin, on the same terms as Basra's asawira, then came and settled at Kufa. Al-Mada'ini: Khusraw had sent to Daylam and brought four thousand — his servants and elite, remaining so after him — who witnessed al-Qadisiyya with Dustam; when he fell and the Magians routed they withdrew, saying 'we are not like these, we have no refuge, our standing with them is ugly — our view is to enter their religion and be mighty through them'; Sa'd asked what ailed them, al-Mughira went to them, they told him 'we will enter your religion' — he informed Sa'd, who safe-conducted them; they converted and witnessed al-Mada'in's conquest with Sa'd.
واقعہ
صلح الجراجمة
تقریباً 637 عیسوی · تقریباً 16 ھIn al-Baladhuri from shaykhs of Antioch: the Jarajima are of a city on Jabal al-Lukkam by the vitriol mine between Bayyas and Buqa called al-Jurjuma; in the days of Byzantine rule over Syria they answered to the patrician and governor of Antioch, and when Abu Ubayda took it they stayed in their city, meaning to join the Byzantines for fear of their lives but unreported; when Antioch's people broke faith he sent Habib ibn Maslama who retook it, then came to al-Jurjuma whose people hastened to ask for aman, compounding to be auxiliaries, scouts and watchmen for the Muslims in Jabal al-Lukkam, exempted from jizya and granted the spoils of those they killed when attending the Muslims' wars — the treaty taking in the traders, hirelings, Nabataean clients and villagers among them who were called the Rawadif for following after them; they would keep faith with the governors one while and veer another, corresponding with and favouring the Byzantines, until in Ibn al-Zubayr's days a Byzantine cavalry came to Jabal al-Lukkam then moved to Lebanon, drawing to it a great company of Jarajima, Nabataeans and runaway slaves of the Muslims, forcing Abd al-Malik to compound with them for a thousand dinars every Friday and with the Byzantine tyrant for a payment to keep him occupied — after Mu'awiya's example when preoccupied with Iraq; then Abd al-Malik sent Suhaym ibn al-Muhajir to the Byzantine leader, who wormed his way in by feigned favour until trusted, then fell on him and his company and killed them, proclaiming aman so the Jarajima scattered through the villages of Hims and Damascus, most returning to their city and the slaves to their masters.
واقعہ
مشورة معاذ في أرض الشام بالجابية
تقریباً 637 عیسوی · تقریباً 16 ھIn al-Baladhuri from Abdullah ibn Qays al-Hamdani: Umar ibn al-Khattab came to al-Jabiya and meant to divide the land among the Muslims, it having been taken by force; Mu'adh ibn Jabal told him 'by God if you divide it, what we dislike will come of it — the abundance passes into the hands of a people who then perish, leaving it to one, then after them come people who stand in Islam's stead and find nothing — so look to an affair that suffices their first and their last', and Umar adopted Mu'adh's counsel; on it he founded the kharaj regime of the Syrian sawad, leaving the land in its people's hands against jizya on heads and kharaj on land.
واقعہ
ربع بجيلة من السواد وردّه
تقریباً 17 ھIn al-Baladhuri via Qays ibn Abi Hazim: Bajila were a quarter of the people at al-Qadisiyya, and Umar had granted them a quarter of the Sawad; when Jarir came on delegation Umar said 'were I not an accountable divider I would have kept you on your grant, but the people have grown many — return it to them,' and they did, Umar awarding Jarir eighty dinars — or, it is said, four hundred. A Bajila woman called Umm Kurzan said 'my father died and his share is fixed in the Sawad — I will not submit'; Jarir told her 'your people have agreed,' and she answered 'I will not submit unless you mount me on a docile she-camel with a red saddle-cloth and fill my hands with gold' — which was done. Via Jarir: Umar gave Bajila the Sawad's quarter and they took it three years. Via al-Waqidi from Juzayr ibn Yazid ibn Jarir from his father from his grandfather: Umar had made for him and his people a quarter of what they conquered of the Sawad; when Jalula's spoils piled up Jarir claimed his quarter, Sa'd wrote informing Umar, and Umar wrote back: if Jarir and his people wish to have fought only for a wage like the mu'allafa qulubuhum, give them their wage — but if they fought for God and reckoned on what is with Him, then they are of the Muslims, for them what is for them and on them what is on them. Jarir said: 'the Commander of the Faithful spoke truth and kept faith — we have no need of the quarter.'
واقعہ
إقرار عمر السواد في أيدي أهله
تقریباً 17 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Umar wrote to Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas when he conquered the Sawad: 'as for what follows — your letter reached me saying the people asked you to divide what God granted them; when my letter reaches you, look at what the army's men brought on their horses and mounts of money or chattel and divide it among them after the fifth, and leave the land and rivers to their workers so it may be in the Muslims' stipends — for if you divide it among those present nothing will remain for those after them.' Abdallah ibn Hazim asked Mujahid about the Sawad's land: 'it is neither bought nor sold — it was conquered by force and left undivided, so it belongs to all Muslims.' Sulayman ibn Yasar said Umar confirmed the Sawad for those in men's loins and women's wombs, made its people dhimma — jizya taken from them and kharaj from their land, dhimma with no enslavement — and al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik had wanted to make the Sawad's people fay' until told of Umar's precedent, so God turned him from it. Umar had wanted to divide the Sawad among the Muslims and ordered them counted — each man's share came to three peasants — so he consulted the Prophet's companions and Ali said 'leave them, a substance for the Muslims'; he then sent Uthman ibn Hunayf al-Ansari. Jamil ibn Busbuhri, dihqan of the two Fallujas and al-Nahrayn, converted, with Bistam ibn Tarsi dihqan of Babil and Khutarniyya, al-Rufayl dihqan of al-Al, Fayruz dihqan of Nahr al-Malik and Kutha, and other dihqans — Umar did not interfere with them, did not take the land from their hands, and lifted the jizya from their necks.
واقعہ
فتح الجزيرة
تقریباً جولائی 639 عیسوی · رجب 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri through the Raqqa judge Dawud ibn Abd al-Hamid's family from Maymun ibn Mihran: 'the whole Jazira is Iyad ibn Ghanm's conquest, after Abu Ubayda's death — Umar appointed him to it, Abu Ubayda having left him over Syria; Umar gave Syria to Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan then Mu'awiya after him and ordered Iyad to raid the Jazira'; Sulayman ibn Ata says Abu Ubayda dispatched him to the Jazira and died while he was there, Umar then confirming him; al-Waqidi's report — the soundest they had on him — is that Abu Ubayda died in the Amwas plague of year 18 having appointed Iyad, and Umar's letter reached him giving him Hims, Qinnasrin and the Jazira, so he marched for the Jazira on Thursday the middle of Sha'ban year 18 in five thousand, Maysara ibn Masruq al-Absi on the vanguard, Sa'id ibn Amir ibn Hudhaym al-Jumahi on the right wing and Safwan ibn al-Mu'attal al-Sulami on the left — some say Khalid ibn al-Walid held his left wing, some that Khalid marched under no banner after Abu Ubayda, staying at Hims till his death in year 21, or dying at Medina.
واقعہ
فتح حران
تقریباً 639 عیسوی · تقریباً 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Iyad marched on Harran, halting at Ajda and sending his vanguard ahead — its people shut the gates against them, and when he invested it the Harranian faction among them sent word that they held part of the city and asked him to make for al-Ruha so they could compound with him secretly and leave him and the Christians apart; the Christians heard, consented to what the Harranians offered and outbid it, so he went to al-Ruha whose people had gathered, shot at the Muslims a while, sent out their fighters whom the Muslims routed back into the city, and soon sued for peace and aman; another report has Iyad finding Harran empty — its people removed to al-Ruha — so when al-Ruha fell they compounded for their city from within it on the like of its treaty; he compounded with Harran on the like of al-Ruha's terms, they opened its gates, he set a man over it and went on to Sumaysat where Safwan ibn al-Mu'attal and Habib ibn Maslama held villages and forts, its people compounding likewise — Sumaysat later apostatised and he returned and besieged it till he took it — and he came to Saruj, Ra's Kayfa and the White Land, mastering its land and compounding with its fort-dwellers on al-Ruha's terms.
واقعہ
فتح مرعش وعمارتها
تقریباً 637 عیسوی · تقریباً 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah — he being at Manbij — sent Khalid ibn al-Walid to the Mar'ash region, and he took its fortress on condition its people evacuate, then demolished it; when Sufyan ibn Awf al-Ghamidi raided the Byzantines in year 30 he set out from before Mar'ash and ranged their lands; Mu'awiya built the city of Mar'ash and garrisoned it, but at Yazid ibn Mu'awiya's death Byzantine raids multiplied and its people left, and Abd al-Malik — after his father Marwan ibn al-Hakam's death — compounded with the Byzantines for tribute while seeking the caliphate; in year 74 Muhammad ibn Marwan raided and the truce broke, and in year 75 he again led the summer expedition, the Romans coming out in Jumada I by way of Mar'ash into the depths, where the Muslims under Aban ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt — with him Dinar ibn Dinar, mawla of Abd al-Malik and governor of Qinnasrin and its districts — met them at Amq Mar'ash in a hard battle, routed them and pursued killing and capturing — Dinar having that same year met a Roman body at Jisr Yaghra, some ten miles from Shimshat, and overcome them; then al-Abbas ibn al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik went to Mar'ash, rebuilt and fortified it, transferred people to it, built its congregational mosque and levied an annual contingent on Qinnasrin; in Marwan ibn Muhammad's days — he busy fighting Hims — the Romans besieged Mar'ash until its people compounded to evacuate toward the Jazira with the Qinnasrin troops and their families, then demolished it — Marwan's governor being al-Kawthar ibn Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi, the tyrant being Constantine son of Leo; when Marwan had finished with Hims and razed its wall he sent an army to rebuild Mar'ash, and built it was and made a city — but in his civil war the Romans wrecked it again; Salih ibn Ali rebuilt and fortified it in al-Mansur's caliphate, calling people to it with increased pay, and al-Mahdi enlarged its garrison and strengthened its people.
واقعہ
فتح الرقة
تقریباً 639 عیسوی · تقریباً 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Iyad ibn Ghanm camped on al-Raqqa and its people fought until some Muslims were wounded, so he drew back out of their stones and arrows, rode a circuit of the city posting guards on its gates and loosed raiding parties bringing captives and abundant provisions from the villages, the crops standing ripe; after five or six days of this the city's patrician sent to Iyad seeking aman, and he compounded on safety for all its people's lives, children, wealth and city — saying 'the land is ours, we have trodden and seized it' — leaving it in their hands on kharaj, what of it the dhimmis declined reverting to the Muslims at the tithe, laying jizya on their necks at a dinar a man yearly — women and boys exempt — with measures of wheat and portions of oil, vinegar and honey charged with it, which Mu'awiya later made their jizya; they opened the gates and kept a Muslims' market at the Ruha gate, and Iyad wrote them: 'In God's name — this is what Iyad ibn Ghanm gave the people of al-Raqqa the day he entered it: safety for their lives, wealth and churches, which shall not be ruined nor left uninhabited, provided they pay the jizya upon them and contrive no treachery, and that they raise no church or synagogue, display no clapper, paschal or cross; God witnesses and suffices as witness' — and he sealed it; some say he bound each adult at four dinars, the sounder report being that Umar later wrote to Umayr ibn Sa'd, his governor, to bind each man at four dinars like the gold-tier.
واقعہ
فتح الرها
تقریباً 639 عیسوی · تقریباً 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri through al-Nufayli from Sulayman ibn Ata: when Iyad ibn Ghanm took al-Ruha — Abu Ubayda had sent him — he stood at its gate on a chestnut horse and they compounded with him on the terms that their great church and its surroundings were theirs, that they raise no new church beyond what they had, and that they aid the Muslims against their enemy — any of these left unkept and they had no dhimma; and the people of the Jazira entered into what Edessa's people entered into.
واقعہ
طاعون عمواس
تقریباً 639 عیسوی · 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the plague of Amwas came in year 18 and carried off a multitude of the Muslims, among them Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah — dying commander at fifty-eight — and Mu'adh ibn Jabal of Banu Salama of the Khazraj, kunya Abu Abd al-Rahman, dying at al-Aqhwana of al-Urdunn at thirty-eight; on his deathbed Abu Ubayda had named his successor — some say Iyad ibn Ghanm al-Fihri, others that he named Amr ibn al-As who named his own son; Abdullah ibn Qays reports being among those welcoming Umar with Abu Ubayda on his coming to Syria, when the muqallisin of Adhri'at met him with swords and basil — Umar saying 'keep them off' and Abu Ubayda answering 'commander of the faithful, this is their custom, and if you bar them from it they will think you intend to break their covenant', so he said 'let them be'.
واقعہ
إصفاء عمر صوافي السواد
تقریباً 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri via Abd al-Malik ibn Abi Hurra from his father — the most knowledgeable man on the Sawad — Umar appropriated ten lands of the Sawad, of which he memorized seven and three escaped him: the marshes and water-sinks, Khusraw's land, every monastery of Yazid, the land of those killed in the battle, and the land of those who fled; in his fuller recension — land of those killed in the war, of those who fled, all Khusraw's land and all his family's, every water-sink, every monastery of Yazid, and every safiyya Khusraw had appropriated — reaching seven million dirhams' revenue; when they sufficed and the Jamajim broke out, the people burned the register and each took what adjoined them.
واقعہ
مسح عثمان بن حنيف السواد
تقریباً 18 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Umar sent Uthman ibn Hunayf al-Ansari to survey the Sawad — he found it thirty-six million jarib and set on each a dirham and a qafiz, that qafiz being like their makuuk called al-Shaburqan — Yahya ibn Adam saying it was the sealed Hajjaji measure. Via Qatada from Abi Mujlaz: Umar appointed Ammar ibn Yasir over the Kufans' prayer and armies, Abdallah ibn Mas'ud over their judiciary and treasury, and Uthman ibn Hunayf over the land-survey, allotting them a sheep daily — half with its offal for Ammar, the other half between the two; Uthman surveyed and set ten dirhams on a palm jarib, ten on a vine jarib, six on cane, four on wheat, two on barley, and wrote it to Umar who ratified it. Via al-A'mash from Ibrahim from Amr ibn Maymun: Umar sent Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman over what was beyond the Tigris and Uthman ibn Hunayf over what was this side — both setting a qafiz and a dirham per jarib. Via Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Thaqafi: al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba wrote while over the Sawad 'we have crop kinds exceeding wheat and barley' — naming mash, vines, ratba and sesame — so eight each was set and palms waived. Via al-Ayzar ibn Hurayth: Umar set two dirhams and two jaribs on a wheat jarib, a dirham and a jarib on barley, ten on vine, ten on ratba, five on cotton, a dirham on each Farsi palm and on the two daqal grades. Via al-Sha'bi: Uthman ibn Hunayf set five dirhams for a ratba jarib and ten for vine, without bundling what grew beneath.
واقعہ
فتح قيسارية
تقریباً اکتوبر 640 عیسوی · شوال 19 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the conquest of Caesarea is disputed — some ascribe it to Mu'awiya, others to Iyad ibn Ghanm after Abu Ubayda's death, others to Amr ibn al-As or his son Abdullah; what the scholars agree is that the first to besiege it was Amr ibn al-As, camping against it in Jumada I year 13 and staying as long as he did, marching off whenever the Muslims massed against an enemy — attending Ajnadayn, Fihl, the Marj, Damascus and the Yarmuk — then returning to Filastin to besiege it after Iliya', before leaving from Caesarea for Egypt; Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, succeeding Abu Ubayda, charged his brother Mu'awiya with the siege and went plague-stricken to Damascus, dying there at the end of year 18, leaving Mu'awiya over Caesarea, who took it and wrote of it to Yazid who wrote to Umar; al-Waqidi reports that when Umar gave Mu'awiya Syria he besieged it until he took it — it had been besieged near seven years — its conquest falling in Shawwal year 19, some say the opening of year 20; the cause of its fall was a Jew named Yusuf who came to the Muslims by night and guided them to a way through a conduit with water to a man's waist, on condition of safety for himself and his house — Mu'awiya carried it out and the Muslims entered by night and magnified God, the Byzantines fleeing toward the conduit finding the Muslims upon it, and the gate being opened Mu'awiya entered with his men; it is said he found in it seven hundred thousand apostates, thirty thousand Samaritans and two hundred thousand Jews, three hundred functioning markets and a hundred thousand guarding its wall each night; its captives reached four thousand heads whom Mu'awiya sent to Umar, who had them quartered at al-Jurf and divided among the orphans of the Ansar, putting some to the script and the Muslims' labours — Abu Bakr had given the daughters of Abu Umama As'ad ibn Zurara two servants of Ayn al-Tamr's captives who died, and Umar gave them their like of Caesarea's; Mu'awiya sent the victory news with two men of Judham, then fearing their weakness sent a man of Khath'am who outpaced them and came to Umar, who magnified God; in it is said to have been Shaqa'iq, of whom Hassan ibn Thabit says 'Shaqa'iq says: had you woken from the wine you would have risen enriched in number'.
واقعہ
دخول إياد الدرب إلى خلاط
تقریباً جنوری 640 عیسوی · محرم 20 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Iyad took Amid without fighting on the like of al-Ruha's treaty, Mayyafariqin likewise, the fortress of Kafr Tuta, Nasibin after fighting on the like of al-Ruha's terms, Tur Abdin and the fortress of Mardin with Dara likewise, and Qarda and Bazabda on the like of Nasibin's terms — and the patrician of al-Zawzan came to him compounding for his land at a tribute, all in year 19 and days of Muharram year 20; then he marched to Arzan, taking it on Nasibin's terms, entered the pass to Badlis, crossed to Khilat and compounded with its patrician, reached al-Ayn al-Hamida of Armenia which he did not cross, and returning held Badlis's lord guarantor for the kharaj of Khilat, its dependencies and its patrician's lands, then withdrew to al-Raqqa and went to Hims — Umar having given it to him — where he died in year 20.
واقعہ
فتح هيت وحصون الفرات
تقریباً 640 عیسوی · تقریباً 20 ھIn al-Baladhuri through Abu Ayyub the Raqqa tutor from Ali ibn Abdullah al-Qarqisani from his shaykhs: Umayr ibn Sa'd, after taking Ra's al-Ayn, worked the Khabur and its reaches until he came to Qarqisiya — whose people had broken faith — re-compounding with them on their first treaty, then took the Euphrates forts one by one on Qarqisiya's terms with little fighting, some throwing stones; finishing with Talbus and Anat he reached al-Na'usa, al-Lusa and Hit, where he found that Ammar ibn Yasir — then Umar's governor of Kufa — had sent an army raiding above al-Anbar under Sa'd ibn Amr ibn Haram al-Ansari, and the people of these forts had come to him seeking aman, which he granted, reserving half of Hit's church — whereupon Umayr returned to al-Raqqa; some scholars say the one who went against Hit and the forts beyond from Kufa was Midlaj ibn Amr al-Sulami, a confederate of Banu Abd Shams and a man of companionship, who took it and built al-Haditha on the Euphrates, his descendants at Hit including a man known as Abu Harun still remembered there — or, it is said, Midlaj acted under Sa'd ibn Amr ibn Haram; God knows best.
واقعہ
فتح رأس العين
تقریباً 640 عیسوی · تقریباً 20 ھIn al-Baladhuri through al-Hajjaj ibn Abi Mani' from his grandfather: Ra's al-Ayn — that is Ayn al-Warda — resisted Iyad ibn Ghanm and Umayr ibn Sa'd took it while Umar's governor over the Jazira, after its people fought the Muslims bitterly; the Muslims entered it by force then compounded with them, the land assigned them and jizya laid on their heads at four dinars each without captives of women or children; in al-Waqidi's report Umar wrote to Iyad ordering him to send Umayr against Ayn al-Warda — the advance guard took peasants and enemy herds, the citizens shut the gates and set up mangonels, Muslims were killed by stones and arrows, and a patrician mocked them 'we are not like those you have met' — then it fell afterwards by treaty; elders of the city recount that when Umayr entered he called 'no harm, no harm — to me, to me', and that was their aman; Haytham ibn Adi claimed Umar sent Abu Musa al-Ash'ari who took it with the Jazira's army after Iyad's death, but the sound report is Umayr took it by force without enslavement, laying kharaj and jizya — none but Haytham says otherwise; a body of Ra's al-Ayn's people departed and the Muslims worked their fields, sowing them by land-grants.
واقعہ
إجلاء نصارى نجران
640 عیسوی · 20 ھIn al-Baladhuri: under Umar the people of Najran took usury and multiplied, so he feared them for Islam and exiled them to al-Najraniyya by Kufa — the settlement named after them — buying up their estates and writing for them that wherever they settled in Syria or Iraq they were to be granted arable land in place of their land in Yemen; the Jews of Najran had entered the treaty with the Christians as their followers; in Salim ibn Abi al-Ja'd's report the people of Najran reached forty thousand, quarrelled among themselves, asked Umar 'exile us' — which he did, already fearing them for the Muslims — then regretted it and sought reversal which he refused, and when Ali ibn Abi Talib took office they came to him and he said 'Umar was of sound judgement and I dislike opposing him'; the rulings then ran on: Uthman remitted two hundred hullas by letter to his Kufa governor al-Walid ibn Uqba after Uthman ibn Hunayf told him their exile had harmed the dihqans by driving them off their land; Mu'awiya or Yazid completed them to four hundred hullas; al-Hajjaj restored eighteen hundred after Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt, accusing them of backing it; Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz set them at two hundred hullas worth eight thousand dirhams on finding them at a tithe of their former number — 'I see this treaty is a jizya on their heads, not a treaty on their lands, and the jizya of the dead and the Muslim lapses'; Yusuf ibn Umar restored them under al-Walid ibn Yazid out of solidarity with al-Hajjaj; Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah confirmed two hundred hullas after they scattered basil on his procession at Kufa and Abdullah ibn al-Rabi' al-Harithi interceded for their kinship claim through Banu al-Harith ibn Ka'b his maternal uncles, seconded by al-Hajjaj ibn Arta; and Harun al-Rashid confirmed it by a letter the transmitters saw, ordering them freed from dealing with the tax agents to pay directly to the treasury at the capital.
واقعہ
توجيهات عمرو الأربعة لقرى مصر
تقریباً 20 ھIn al-Baladhuri, from a group who witnessed Egypt's conquest: when Amr ibn al-As took al-Fustat he sent Abdallah ibn Hudhafa al-Sahmi to Ayn Shams, who gained its land and compounded its villages on Fustat's terms; sent Kharija ibn Hudhafa al-Adawi to al-Fayyum, al-Ashmunayn, Ikhmim, al-Bashrudat and the Sa'id's villages, who did likewise; sent Umayr ibn Wahb al-Jumahi to Tinnis, Dimyat, Tuna, Damira, Shata, Diqahla, Bana and Busir, who did likewise; and sent Utba ibn Amir al-Juhani — or, some say, his mawla Wardan, lord of Suq Wardan in Egypt — to all lower Egypt's villages, who did likewise; thus was Amr's conquest of Egypt completed and its land made kharaj-land.
واقعہ
قِسامة محمد بن مسلمة لعمرو بن العاص
تقریباً 20 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Umar ibn al-Khattab would record his governors' wealth when appointing them, then share with them whatever grew beyond it, sometimes taking it outright — so he wrote to Amr ibn al-As that goods, slaves, vessels and beasts had flourished for him beyond what he held when given Egypt; Amr wrote back that his was a land of sowing and trade whence they drew surplus beyond their needs, and Umar answered: 'I have learned enough from bad governors; your letter to me is the letter of one unsettled by the taking of his due — I have thought ill of you, and have sent Muhammad ibn Maslama to divide with you what you own; open to him, bring out what he demands, and pardon his harshness upon you, for he spares no concealment' — and he divided his wealth with him; Amr said when he divided it 'a time that treats us so — the time of Ibn Hantama — is an evil time; al-Asi used to wear brocade edging on silk', and Muhammad answered 'hush — but for this time of Ibn Hantama you hate, you would be found dragging a goat in your house's yard, glad of its yarn, its droppings your equal'; Amr said 'I adjure you by God to tell Umar my words, for councils are a trust', and he answered 'I shall mention nothing of what passed between us while Umar lives'.
واقعہ
صلح نصارى بني تغلب
تقریباً 640 عیسوی · تقریباً 20 ھIn al-Baladhuri through multiple chains: Umar ibn al-Khattab meant to take jizya from the Christian Taghlib, who fled — a body crossing the Euphrates for Byzantine lands — until al-Nu'man ibn Zur'a — or Zur'a ibn al-Nu'man — adjured him: 'Banu Taghlib are Arabs who would scorn the jizya and are a people of stout valour; let not your enemy gain strength against you by them'; Umar sent after them, brought them back and compounded with them for a doubling of the sadaqa taken from the Muslims on every grazing herd and acre — another chain has Umar ordering they be fought till destroyed or converted if they refused — and they accepted, saying 'since it is no jizya like the jizya of foreigners, we accept and keep our religion'; the treaty bound them not to baptize a child nor coerce one into their faith — Dawud ibn Kurdus holding they therefore had no dhimma, meaning they baptized in their faith — and Ali would say 'were I free to deal with Banu Taghlib I should have my way: kill their fighters and take their children captive, for they broke the covenant, their dhimma lapsing when they Christianized their children'; Umar sent Ziyad ibn Hudayr al-Asadi to take of them a half-tithe of their wealth, forbidding him to tithe a Muslim or a kharaj-paying dhimmi; Uthman ordered only gold and silver accepted of them until word came that Umar had taken double-sadaqa, whereupon he retracted; al-Zuhri held there is no sadaqa on the People of the Book's herds save the Christian Taghlib; and Sufyan al-Thawri, al-Awza'i, Malik ibn Anas, Ibn Abi Dhi'b, Abu Hanifa and Abu Yusuf all hold that the Taghlibi pays double what a Muslim pays on his land, livestock and wealth — the Iraqis taking double-sadaqa from the minor and the incompetent's land but nothing of their livestock, the Hijazis from both — all agreeing that what is taken of Taghlib's wealth is disposed as kharaj-money, being a substitute for jizya.
واقعہ
إجلاء يهود خيبر وفدك
تقریباً 640 عیسوی · تقریباً 20 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the Jews of Khaybar stayed on their lands under the half-share arrangement through the Prophet's life and Abu Bakr's and into the early part of Umar's caliphate, until Abdullah ibn Umar came to them on an errand and they set upon him by night — whereupon Umar removed them, dividing Khaybar among the Muslims present and allotting a share to the Prophet's wives with the choice between the produce and the estate; Umar cited the Prophet's saying 'two religions shall not coexist in the Arabian peninsula' in expelling Khaybar's Jews; as for Fadak, when Umar exiled the Jews of the Hijaz he sent Abu al-Haytham Malik ibn al-Tayyihan, Sahl ibn Abi Haythama and Zayd ibn Thabit, who valued half its soil at a fair price paid out to the Jews, and exiled them to Syria.
واقعہ
فتح الإسكندرية
تقریباً 21 ھIn al-Baladhuri on Ibn Lahia's chain from Yazid ibn Abi Habib: the Muqawqis compounded with Amr ibn al-As — that those Romans who wished might depart, those wishing to stay remain on a stated footing, and two dinars be laid on the Copts; when word reached the king of the Romans he grew most wroth, sent hosts who shut Alexandria's gate and declared war on Amr, whereupon the Muqawqis came out to him saying 'I ask three things of you: offer the Romans nothing like what you offered me, for they have deceived me; do not break with the Copts, for the breach came not from them; and if I die, have me buried in a church in Alexandria that he named' — and Amr answered 'it is yours'. Amr then took Alexandria by force, writing to Umar ibn al-Khattab: 'To proceed — God has opened Alexandria to us by force, violently, with neither covenant nor contract' — though in Yazid ibn Abi Habib's reading it was all treaty.
واقعہ
صلح برقة وأنطابلس
تقریباً 21 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Amr ibn al-As had taken Alexandria he marched with his army seeking the Maghreb until he came to Barqa — that is, the city of Antabulus — whose people compounded for a jizya of thirteen thousand dinars, in which they might sell whom of their children they wished; in Abdallah ibn Hubayra's account, after he had besieged and fought them, on the jizya and that they might sell whom they wished of their children toward their jizya — and he wrote them a book of it. Barqa's people would send their kharaj to Egypt's governor with none to press or hasten them — the most prosperous folk of the Maghreb, no fitna entering it — and Abdallah ibn Amr ibn al-As used to say 'but for my property in the Hijaz I would have settled in Barqa; I know no abode safer nor more wholesome'.
واقعہ
حمل طعام خراج مصر إلى المدينة
21 ھIn al-Baladhuri: in year 21 Umar ibn al-Khattab wrote to Amr ibn al-As informing him of Medina's hardship and ordering him to ship the kharaj grain he gathered to Medina by sea — so it was borne, and oil with it, till reaching al-Jar, where Sa'd al-Jar took charge, and it was lodged in a house at Medina and dealt out to the people by measure; the transport ceased at the first fitna, resumed in Mu'awiya's and Yazid's days, ceased again till Abd al-Malik's, then ran uninterrupted till Abu Ja'far's caliphate and just before it. And in Umar's caliphate Egypt's jizya-payers were recompounded — two dinars plus two in place of the wheat, oil, honey and vinegar — every man bound to four dinars, which they accepted and loved.
واقعہ
فتح أطرابلس
22 ھIn al-Baladhuri on Ali ibn Abi Talha's report: Amr ibn al-As marched until he camped at Tripoli in year 22 — it was fought for, then he opened it by force, seizing there many loads of baziyun cloth with some of its merchants, which he sold, dividing the price among the Muslims; and he wrote to Umar ibn al-Khattab 'we have reached Tripoli, and between it and Ifriqiya are nine days — if the Commander of the Faithful sees fit to give us leave to raid it, let him act', and Umar wrote back forbidding it, saying 'it is not Ifriqiya, but a schismatic, treacherous land oft betrayed' — its people paying Rome's king then betraying him often, and Andalus's king having compounded with them then betrayed them, news of which had reached Umar.
واقعہ
ولاية عقبة بن نافع على زويلة وما بينها وبرقة
تقریباً 22 ھIn al-Baladhuri on Mu'awiya ibn Salih's report: Amr ibn al-As wrote to Umar ibn al-Khattab that he had given Uqba ibn Nafi' al-Fihri the Maghreb — he had reached Zawila, and all between Zawila and Barqa had submitted in good obedience, their Muslims paying sadaqa and their covenant-holders confirmed in jizya — and that he had laid on Zawila's people and those between it and Barqa what he judged they could bear; and he charged all his agents to take sadaqa from the rich and return it to the poor, to take the jizya of the dhimma borne to him in Egypt, to take tithe and half-tithe from Muslim lands, and the treaty-terms from treaty folk.
واقعہ
بيعة عثمان بن عفان
تقریباً نومبر 644 عیسوی · ذوالحجہ 23 ھUthman was given the bay'a three nights after Umar's burial. Before dying, Umar had sent Abu Talha al-Ansari to stand with fifty Ansar at the door of the house where the six-man shura met, letting none enter and giving them three days to name one of themselves. Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, who had withdrawn his own candidacy, sounded each candidate in private — Uthman named Ali, Ali named Uthman, al-Zubayr named 'Ali or Uthman', Sa'd named Uthman — then consulted the notables and found most inclined to Uthman. He first offered Ali the bay'a on the Book, the Sunna and the conduct of Abu Bakr and Umar; Ali answered 'to the best of my ability', while Uthman answered 'yes'; so Abd al-Rahman took Uthman's hand and pledged, and the Muhajirun and Ansar pledged. Ibn Mas'ud said when Uthman was pledged: 'we have invested the best of those remaining, and we did not fall short'.
واقعہ
نقض الإسكندرية واستردادها من منويل
23? ھIn al-Baladhuri: the Romans wrote to Constantine son of Heraclius — then king — telling how few the Muslims among them were and of their humiliation in paying jizya, whereupon he sent one of his men called Manuel with three hundred ships laden with fighters; he entered Alexandria and slew the Muslim ribat there save those God shielded in flight — in year 25. Amr ibn al-As heard and marched on them with fifteen thousand, finding their fighters out ravaging the villages below Alexandria; the Muslims met them, loosed arrows an hour behind their shields, then charged home, battle joining bitterly, till the unbelievers broke and fled — no halting nor turning short of Alexandria — where they fortified and set up the arrada-engines; Amr fought them hardest, planted mangonels that took the walls, pressed the war till he entered by the sword by force, slew the fighters, captured the offspring — some Romans fleeing to Rome — and Manuel was killed; Amr and the Muslims demolished Alexandria's wall, which Amr had vowed to do should he take it. Some narrators put this raid in year 23, others the breach in 23 or 25 — God knows best. Amr laid kharaj on Alexandria's land and jizya on its people; it is also told that the Muqawqis had withdrawn from Alexandria's folk when they broke, so Amr confirmed him and those with him on their first terms — and also that he had died before this raid. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz used to say: we opened no village of the Maghreb on treaty save three — Alexandria, Kafr Tis and Sultays — saying whoever of these places' people embraced Islam, his person and property were left free; and Alexandria's jizya was eighteen thousand dinars until in Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik's governorship it reached thirty-six thousand dinars.
واقعہ
صلح النوبة
تقریباً 645 عیسوی · تقریباً 24 ھ†In al-Baladhuri via al-Walid ibn Kathir via Yazid ibn Abi Habib via Abu al-Khayr: when the Muslims opened Egypt Amr ibn al-As sent the cavalry to the villages around it to trample them, sending Uqba ibn Nafi' al-Fihri — Nafi' being al-As's maternal brother; their horses entered Nubia like the Romans' summer raids, the Muslims met fierce fighting and were showered with arrows till most were wounded, returning with many wounds and gouged eyes — called 'eye-bleeders' — until Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh governed Egypt; they asked him for peace and truce which he granted not on jizya but on a truce of three hundred heads yearly, the Muslims gifting them equal food. A Himyari shaykh who twice witnessed Nubia under Umar: no people sharper in war — one would ask a Muslim 'where would you like me to place my arrow?' and not miss; they lined up one day and shot till eyes were gone — a hundred and fifty gouged eyes counted — so they said nothing better than peace with them, their spoil little and their vexation severe; Umar never made peace with them and kept harassing them until he died, and Abdallah ibn Sa'd made peace with them. At Nubia Mu'awiya ibn Khudayj al-Kindi's eye was lost — he was one-eyed.
واقعہ
عزل عمرو بن العاص وتولية ابن أبي سرح
25 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Amr set his mawla Wardan over Alexandria and returned to al-Fustat, his dismissal came shortly after — Uthman appointing Abdallah ibn Sa'd, his milk-brother, in year 25; or, some say, Abdallah already held Egypt's kharaj and a quarrel ran between him and Amr, so on his complaint Uthman dismissed Amr, joined both offices to Abdallah, and wrote telling him Alexandria had been opened once by force and had twice revolted — ordering a ribat that never leaves it, provisions dealt out to them, and rotation every six months; in a third account, when the Romans descended on Alexandria Egypt's people begged Uthman to keep Amr until the fighting ended, for his war-knowledge and dread in the enemy's souls — he did till they were routed — then Uthman wished to put Amr over the war and Abdallah over the kharaj, which Amr refused saying 'I am like one holding the cow's horns while the amir milks her', so Uthman gave Ibn Sa'd Egypt. And the Abyssinians of al-Bayma kept fighting seven years after Egypt's conquest, uncatchable, never stirring from the waters amid the thickets.
واقعہ
فتح قاليقلا وبدء فتوح أرمينية
تقریباً 645 عیسوی · تقریباً 25 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Uthman ibn Affan acceded he wrote to Mu'awiya — his governor over Syria, the Jazira and their frontier — ordering him to send Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri to Armenia, Habib having a fine record in Syria's conquests and the Roman wars known to Umar then Uthman and after — or, it is said, and it is the sounder, Uthman wrote to Habib directly ordering the raid — so he marched with six thousand, or eight, of the Syrians and Jazirans to Qaliqala, camped on it, fought its sallying people and drove them into the city, whereupon they sought aman on evacuation and jizya, many departing for Roman lands; Habib stayed months with those with him until word came that the patrikios of the Armeniakoi had gathered a great host joined by auxiliaries of the Alan, the Abkhaz and Samandar of the Khazars, so he wrote Uthman asking him to send men of Syria and the Jazira desiring jihad and spoils, and Mu'awiya sent two thousand men whom he settled in Qaliqala with land-grants as its garrison; the Romans and their allies had come and camped on al-Fudhat — the reinforcements slow to Habib — so the Muslims struck them by night, overran them and killed their great man; Umm Abdallah bint Yazid al-Kalbiyya, Habib's wife, that night asked him 'where is your tryst?' — he answered 'the tyrant's pavilion or Paradise', and when he reached the pavilion he found her there; in al-Waqidi's chain — from Abd al-Hamid ibn Ja'far from his father — Habib besieged Dabil's people, sat on it, and the Roman Maurian met him, night-attacked and killed him and spoiled his camp, whereupon Salman came up — the sounder version with them being that he met him at Qaliqala; and after Qaliqala Habib marched to Mariyala where the patrikios of Khilat came to him bearing Iyad ibn Ghanm's writ — Iyad having given him aman on himself, his wealth and his lands for a tribute — and Habib conveyed it to him.
واقعہ
دورة حبيب بن مسلمة في أرمينية
تقریباً 645 عیسوی · تقریباً 25 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Habib camped at Khilat, whose patrikios came with the tribute-money and a gift he would not accept, then marched to al-Sasana where the lord of Muks — a district of the Busfurrajan — met him and compounded for his lands, and Habib wrote him a peace and aman writ; he sent collectors to the villages of Arjish and Bajunays whose people he held, taxing the jizya on their heads and assessing their notables the kharaj — as for Lake al-Tarikh he did not touch it, and it stayed free until Muhammad ibn Marwan governed the Jazira and Armenia, annexed its fishery and sold it as revenue, whence it passed to Marwan ibn Muhammad and was seized; then he came to Azdisat, the village of al-Qirmiz, crossed the Kurds' river, camped at Marj Dabil grazing his horses, advanced to its gate where the people fortified themselves and shot at him, so he set a mangonel on it and battered them until they sought aman and peace — which he granted — while his cavalry ranged to Jurni, Ashush, Dhat al-Lujum, al-Jabal and Wadi al-Ahrar, taking all Dabil's villages; he sent to Siraj Tayr and Baghrawand whose patrikios compounded for a tribute and for loyalty to the Muslims, quartering them and aiding against their enemies; the writ of Dabil's peace ran: 'This is a writ from Habib ibn Maslama to the Christians of Dabil and its Magians and its Jews, present and absent: I have given you security on yourselves, your wealth, your churches, your houses of worship and the wall of your city — you are safe, and it is on us to keep the covenant while you keep it and pay the jizya and the kharaj; God witnesses, and God suffices as witness — sealed, Habib ibn Maslama'; then he took Nashwa on Dabil's terms, the Busfurrajan's patrikios compounded for all his lands on a yearly kharaj, and at Sisajan the people fought him — he routed them, took Ways and compounded with the castles' folk for kharaj, then marched for Jurzan; the shaykhs of Dabil, Barmak ibn Abdallah among them, told me: reaching Dhat al-Lujum they loosed some beasts' bridles, and a band of the Aluj came out, hurried them off the bridles and fought them — the Aluj prevailed and took the bridles and what beasts they could, then the Muslims wheeled on them, killed them and took back what was taken, whence the place is called 'of the bridles'; and the messenger of Jurzan's patrikios and people came to Habib as he marched on it, asking a writ of peace and aman, and Habib wrote: 'Your envoy's report reached me and the believers with me, saying of you that you desire our peace; I have assessed your matter and reckoned it of your jizya, and have written you an aman stipulating a condition — if you accept and fulfil it, well; else be warned of war from God and His messenger — and peace be on whoever follows guidance.'
واقعہ
اللقاح وأولادها: خراج عمرو وعبد الله بن سعد
تقریباً 25 ھIn al-Baladhuri on Yazid ibn Abi Habib's report: Amr ibn al-As gathered Egypt's kharaj and jizya at two thousand thousand, while Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh gathered it at four thousand thousand — whereupon Uthman said to Amr 'the milch-camels of Egypt have milked fuller since you', and Amr answered 'that is because you have starved their calves'. And Umar ibn al-Khattab would record his governors' wealth when appointing them, then share with them whatever grew beyond it, sometimes taking it from them outright — so he wrote to Amr ibn al-As that goods, slaves, vessels and beasts had flourished for him beyond what he held when given Egypt.
واقعہ
إمداد سلمان الخيل وأمر الغنيمة
تقریباً 645 عیسوی · تقریباً 25 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Habib ibn Maslama's letter reached Uthman with word of the Armeniakos patrikios's host, he wrote to Sa'id ibn al-As ibn Sa'id ibn al-As ibn Umayya — his governor of Kufa — ordering him to reinforce with an army under Salman ibn Rabi'a al-Bahili, that is Salman al-Khayl, a good, virtuous raider, who marched to him with six thousand Kufans; the Romans and their allies had come and camped on al-Fudhat — the reinforcement slow — and the Muslims night-attacked and overran them; then Salman arrived when the Muslims were done with their enemy, and the Kufans asked to be given a share in the spoils, which was refused until Habib and Salman exchanged hard words and some Muslims threatened Salman with death, the poet saying 'if you kill Salman we kill your Habib, and if you march home the son of Affan's affair marches too'; he wrote of it to Uthman, who wrote that the spoils were cold — free — for the Syrians, and wrote to Salman ordering him to raid Arran; some also relate that Salman ibn Rabi'a went to Armenia in Uthman's caliphate, took captives and spoils, and returned to al-Walid ibn Uqba at Hadithat al-Mawsil in year 25, where Uthman's letter reached him: Mu'awiya had written of a great Roman massing, asking aid and ordering eight thousand sent under Salman ibn Rabi'a al-Bahili, while Mu'awiya dispatched Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri with a like number — the two took fortresses and captives and disputed the command, the Syrians threatening Salman, whence the same verse — but the first report is sounder, transmitted to me by several shaykhs of Qaliqala and written to me by al-Attaf ibn Sufyan Abu al-Asbagh its qadi.
واقعہ
قطائع عثمان بالعراق
تقریباً 646 عیسوی · تقریباً 25 ھ†In al-Baladhuri via Musa ibn Talha: the first to make land-grants in Iraq was Uthman ibn Affan, granting qata'i' from Khusraw's safaya and the Jalandima land — Talha's al-Nashastaj, Wathil ibn Hujr al-Hadrami's land adjoining Urara, Khabbab ibn al-Aratt's Istiniya, Adi ibn Hatim al-Ta'i's al-Rawha', Khalid ibn Urfuta's land by Hammam A'yan, al-Ash'ath ibn Qays al-Kindi's Tizanabadh, Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali's land on the Euphrates bank, Abdallah ibn Mas'ud's land at al-Nahrayn, Ammar ibn Yasir's Istiniya, Khabbab's Sa'naba, Sa'd's village of Hurmuz, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah's al-Nashastaj, and Usama ibn Zayd's land which he sold; Ibn Mas'ud and Sa'd let their lands at a third and a quarter crop-share.
واقعہ
غزوة سلمان الخيل لأران والقوقاز
تقریباً 646 عیسوی · تقریباً 26 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Salman ibn Rabi'a al-Bahili marched when Uthman ordered him to Arran, taking the city of al-Baylaqan by treaty — securing their blood, wealth and city walls on condition of jizya and kharaj — then came to Bardha'a, camping on the al-Tharthur river less than a farsakh out; its people shut their gates against him, and he strove against it days, launching raids into its villages while its crops stood harvested, until they compounded on the like of al-Baylaqan's treaty, opened the gates, and he entered and stayed; he sent his cavalry who took Shafshin, al-Masfuwan, Awz, al-Misriyyan, al-Harhilyan and Tabar — these being rustaqs — and other forts of Arran, and called the Kurds of al-Lasjan to Islam — they fought him, he overcame them, some submitting to jizya and a few paying sadaqa; then Salman marched to the confluence of the al-Rass and the Kurr beyond Bardha'a, crossed the Kurr, took Qabala, and the lord of Shakkan and al-Qamiran compounded for tribute, as did the people of Khizan, the king of Shirwan, the rest of the mountain kings, and the people of Masqat, al-Shabiran and the city of al-Bab.
واقعہ
صلح أهل تفليس
تقریباً 646 عیسوی · تقریباً 26 ھIn al-Baladhuri Habib ibn Maslama reached Tiflis and wrote its people a peace whose text runs: 'This is a writ from Habib ibn Maslama to the people of Tiflis of Manjalis, of Jurzan al-Qirmiz: aman on yourselves, your houses of worship, your monasteries, your prayers and your religion — on your acknowledgment of subordination and a jizya of one dinar per household; you may not join households to lighten the jizya, nor may we divide them to multiply it; we have your counsel and your back against the enemies of God and His messenger as you are able; the quartering of a needy Muslim for one night with the lawful food of the People of the Book that is ours; and if a man of the Muslims is stranded among you, it is on you to convey him to the nearest band of believers unless harm is between them; if you repent and keep the prayer you are our brothers in religion, else the jizya is on you; and if the Muslims are distracted from you and your enemy overcomes you, you are not held to blame for that, nor does it break your covenant — this is yours, and this is upon you; God and His angels witness, and God suffices as witness'; and al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami wrote the people of Tiflis a writ whose copy runs: 'This is a writ from al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah to the people of Tiflis of Rustaq Manjalis, of the district of Jurzan: they brought me Habib ibn Maslama's writ of aman for them acknowledging the jizya's subordination, and his treaty with them over lands of theirs — vineyards and water-mills called Awari and Sabina of Rustaq Manjalis, and Ta'am of Rustaq Quhuyt of Jurzan's district — on their paying for these mills and vineyards a hundred dirhams yearly, no second term; so I have executed their aman and their treaty for them and have ordered the revenue-officers that whoever resists my writ shall not exceed it against them, God willing.'
واقعہ
توسعة عثمان للمسجدين
تقریباً 646 عیسوی · 26 ھIn year 26 Uthman enlarged the Sacred Mosque and bought adjoining plots for the extension; in year 29 he enlarged the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, rebuilding it in carved stone with stone columns and a teak roof, fixing its length at one hundred and sixty cubits and its breadth at one hundred and fifty.
واقعہ
فتح شمشاط
تقریباً 647 عیسوی · تقریباً 27 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Uthman ibn Affan acceded he wrote to Mu'awiya with Syria's governorship and gave Umayr ibn Sa'd al-Ansari the Jazira, then removed him and joined Syria, the Jazira and their frontier to Mu'awiya, ordering him to raid Shimshat — the fourth Armenia — so he sent Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri and Safwan ibn al-Mu'attal al-Sulami, who took it days after arriving on the like of al-Ruha's treaty; Safwan settled it and died there late in Mu'awiya's caliphate — some say Mu'awiya himself raided it with the two and appointed Safwan, who made it home; Constantine the tyrant later camped on it after alighting at Malatya in year 133, gained nothing there, raided its environs and withdrew; Shimshat stayed kharaj-land until al-Mutawakkil made it tithe-land like the rest of the frontier.
واقعہ
غزوة إفريقية الأولى وقتل بطريقها
27? ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Uthman gave Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh Egypt and the Maghreb he sent out light cavalry squadrons that struck Ifriqiya's outskirts and took spoil, Uthman hesitating over its conquest until he resolved upon consultation and wrote to Abdallah in year 27 — or 28 or 29 by other reports — ordering the raid, reinforcing him with a great army in which were Mu'bad ibn al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Marwan ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As ibn Umayya and his brother al-Harith, Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, al-Musawwar ibn Makhrama ibn Nawfal ibn Uhayb ibn Abd Manaf ibn Zuhra ibn Kilab, Abd al-Rahman ibn Zayd ibn al-Khattab, Abdallah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab, Asim ibn Umar, Ubaydallah ibn Umar, Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr, Abdallah ibn Amr ibn al-As, Busr ibn Abi Artat ibn Uwaymir al-Amiri, and Abu Dhu'ayb Khuwaylid ibn Khalid al-Hudhali the poet — who died there, Ibn al-Zubayr attending him till he laid him in his grave; and many Arabs from around Medina rode out in this raid. Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr said: Uthman ibn Affan sent us raiding to Ifriqiya, where a patrikios held sultanate from Tripoli to Tangier; Abdallah ibn Sa'd marched till he halted at Sbejtla — Yaquba in one copy — fighting him some days till God killed him — and it was I who killed him — his army fleeing in rout; Ibn Abi Sarh scattered sariyyas through the land taking great spoil and driving off what herds they could, whereupon Ifriqiya's grandees gathered and begged Abdallah ibn Sa'd to take three hundred qintar of gold for staying his hand and quitting their land, which he accepted; on Ibn Ka'b's report he compounded with Ifriqiya's patrikios for two million five hundred thousand dinars — Qudama noting al-Waqidi put the treaty at two million five hundred and twenty thousand, which shows the qintar at eight thousand four hundred dinars. The treaty done, he returned to Egypt appointing no governor over Ifriqiya — it had then no Qayrawan nor garrison city; and at Ifriqiya Mu'bad ibn al-Abbas was martyred in this raid — some say he died in the days of fighting, the martyrdom being firmer.
واقعہ
غزوة قبرس الأولى
تقریباً 648 عیسوی · 28 ھIn al-Baladhuri from al-Waqidi and others: Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan led the first sea raid on Cyprus — the Muslims had never before sailed the Byzantine sea; he had asked Umar's leave to raid by sea and was refused, and when Uthman took office he wrote asking leave for Cyprus, noting its nearness and ease; Uthman wrote back 'you witnessed what Umar replied when you consulted him about the sea', and when year 27 opened Mu'awiya again made light of the crossing, so Uthman wrote 'if you sail, take your wife with you — else do not'; he sailed from Acre with many vessels, carrying his wife Fakhita bint Qaraza the Qurashite, and Ubada ibn al-Samit carried his wife Umm Haram bint Milhan the Ansari — in year 28; when they reached its shore — an island some eighty farsakhs square, it is said — its archon sent seeking terms, its people consenting, and he compounded with them for seven thousand two hundred dinars paid yearly, while the Byzantines compounded with them for the like — so they pay two tributes — stipulating that the Muslims not bar them paying the Byzantines, and the Muslims stipulating that they not be made to fight those who came from beyond them and that they warn the Muslims of Byzantine movements; so when the Muslims sailed they did not trouble them, and Cyprus's people neither aided them nor fought them; on this raid went Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, Abu al-Darda', Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, Ubada ibn al-Samit, Fadala ibn Ubayd al-Ansari, Umayr ibn Sa'd al-Ansari, Wathila ibn al-Asqa', Abdullah ibn Bishr al-Mazini, Shaddad ibn Aws ibn Thabit — nephew of Hassan ibn Thabit — al-Miqdad, Ka'b al-Ahbar and Jubayr ibn Nufayr al-Hadrami; Umm Haram left the ship and was brought a mount which stumbled and killed her — her grave in Cyprus is called the grave of the righteous woman; Mu'awiya afterwards compounded with them a lasting peace at seven thousand dinars, upon good counsel to the Muslims and warning them of their Byzantine enemy.
واقعہ
فتح طبرستان
29 ھWhen Uthman made Sa'id ibn al-As governor of Kufa in 29 AH, the marzban of Tus wrote both him and Abdallah ibn Amir of Basra inviting them to Khurasan — whichever prevailed would hold it; Ibn Amir outstripped him, so Sa'id raided Tabaristan — with him, it is said, al-Hasan and al-Husayn the sons of Ali, though others say he raided on no writ at all — taking Tamisa and the village Namna and treating Jurjan's king for two hundred thousand dirhams.
واقعہ
غزوة ذات الصواري (31هـ)
تقریباً 651 عیسوی · 31 ھDhat al-Sawari, 'the Battle of the Masts' (AH 31): the first great naval armament of Islam — Constans sailed in five or six hundred ships, the Muslims under Abdullah ibn Sa'd lashed their hulls together and fought sword to sword until the Byzantines broke and their emperor fled wounded, in the Arabic telling to be killed in a Sicilian bath; Ibn al-Athir notes the victory field was also where talk against Uthman began.
واقعہ
هزيمة بلنجر (32هـ)
تقریباً 652 عیسوی · 32 ھThe Balanjar disaster (AH 32): against Uthman's written warning not to plunge the army in, Abd al-Rahman ibn Rabi'a marched on Balanjar beyond Derbent and was killed — the Khazars kept his body in a coffin for rain-prayers; Salman ibn Rabi'a's relief column gathered the fugitives, among them Salman al-Farisi and Abu Hurayra, in the first Khazar triumph over the Muslim frontier.
واقعہ
خروج قارن بخراسان (32هـ)
تقریباً 653 عیسوی · 32 ھQarin's rising in Khurasan (AH 32): forty thousand from Tabasayn, Badghis, Herat and Quhistan — against them Abdallah ibn Khazim marched with four thousand, wrapping spearheads in oiled cotton and firing them in a midnight feint until the host broke; the ruse won him Ibn Amir's confirmation over all Khurasan.
واقعہ
مقتل سلمان الخيل ببلنجر
تقریباً 653 عیسوی · تقریباً 33 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the Khaqan met him with his horse beyond the river Balanjar, and he was killed among four thousand Muslims, the takbir heard in their defile; Salman ibn Rabi'a had been the first man appointed judge of Kufa — he sat forty days without a litigant coming to him — and had transmitted from Umar ibn al-Khattab; of Salman and Qutayba ibn Muslim, Ibn Jamana al-Bahili says: 'two graves are ours — a grave at Balanjar, and a grave in the lands of Spain's like (Transoxiana): that one whose conquests filled China, and this one watered by the rain-clouds' paths'; with Salman at Balanjar was Qurda ibn Ka'b al-Ansari, who brought word of his death to Uthman.
واقعہ
غزوة قبرس الثانية
تقریباً 653 عیسوی · 33 ھIn al-Baladhuri: in year 32 the people of Cyprus aided the Byzantines against the sea-raiders, giving them vessels, so Mu'awiya raided them in year 33 with five hundred ships, taking Cyprus by force — killing and making captives — then restored them to their treaty, sending there twelve thousand men all of the diwan who built its mosques, and transferring companies from Ba'labakk; he built a city there and they dwelt drawing stipends until Mu'awiya died and his son Yazid succeeded, who disbanded that force and ordered the city demolished — some transmitters place the second raid in year 35, and Muhammad ibn Musaffa was told Yazid was bribed with great wealth to withdraw the Cyprus garrison, whose people then demolished their city and mosques once they had gone; al-Walid ibn Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik exiled a body of them to Syria on a charge which the people disapproved, and Yazid ibn al-Walid returned them to their land; Hayy ibn Ma'yuf al-Hamdani raided them in al-Rashid's caliphate for an offence and took captives, and when they straightened to the Muslims al-Rashid ordered the captives returned; the people of Cyprus remained on Mu'awiya's treaty until Abd al-Malik added a thousand dinars, which ran until Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz remitted it, Hisham restored it, and Abu Ja'far al-Mansur declared 'we are worthier of being just to them and did not profit by wronging them', returning them to Mu'awiya's treaty.
واقعہ
بيعة علي بن أبي طالب
تقریباً 656 عیسوی · 35 ھAli was given the bay'a the day after Uthman was killed, at Medina; all the Companions present pledged — though it is said Talha and al-Zubayr pledged unwillingly before leaving for Mecca, where they took Aisha and set out for Basra seeking vengeance for Uthman's blood. Ali had at first refused: 'that is not yours to give; it belongs to the men of Badr — whoever they approve is caliph'; every remaining Badri then came to him and pledged.
واقعہ
قضاء شريح في درع علي
تقریباً 657 عیسوی · 37 ھAfter Siffin Ali missed a coat of mail and found it with a Jew in Kufa — 'the armor is mine; I neither sold nor gave it'. They pleaded before the judge Shurayh, where Ali sat beside him saying 'were my opponent not a Jew I would have sat equal with him'. Shurayh asked for proof; Ali offered Qanbar and al-Hasan, but Shurayh ruled a son's testimony inadmissible for his father and found for the Jew — who exclaimed that the Commander of the Faithful had brought him before his own judge and been judged against, bore witness that this was the truth, acknowledged the armor, and embraced Islam.
واقعہ
قتل محمد بن أبي بكر بمصر
تقریباً 658 عیسوی · تقریباً 38 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Uthman was killed and Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa seized Egypt — he had made it hostile to Uthman — Ali gave Qays ibn Sa'd ibn Ubada al-Ansari Egypt, dismissed him, employed Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Siddiq over it, dismissed him, gave it to Malik al-Ashtar who sickened at al-Qulzum, then gave Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr it a second time and sent him back to it — whereupon Mu'awiya ibn Khudayj killed him and burned him inside a donkey's belly.
واقعہ
أول غزوة لصقلية وسبي عبد الله بن قيس لها
660 اور 680 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Mu'awiya ibn Khudayj al-Kindi raided Sicily in Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan's days — the first to raid it — and it kept being raided thereafter. Al-Waqidi said: Abdallah ibn Qays ibn Mukhallad al-Dazzaqi plundered Sicily, taking gold and silver idols crowned with jewels which he sent to Mu'awiya, who forwarded them to Basra to be carried to India and sold there for their price.
ریاست
الدولة الأموية
661 عیسوی · 41 ھ†A caliphate established in 661 CE and ended in 750 CE; its capital was Damascus.
واقعہ
عام الجماعة
تقریباً 661 عیسوی · 41 ھWhen al-Hasan ceded the caliphate to Mu'awiya — settled in Rabi' II or Jumada I of year 41 — this year was named the Year of the Community (am al-jama'a), for the community was united upon a single caliph; in it Mu'awiya appointed Marwan ibn al-Hakam over Medina.
دور
العصر الأموي
661 عیسوی · 41 ھThe caliphate ruled from Damascus by the Umayyad dynasty, from the end of the first civil war to the Abbasid revolution.
واقعہ
وفاة حبيب بن مسلمة بدمشق
662 عیسوی · 42 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Habib had taken what he took of Armenia's land he wrote of it to Uthman ibn Affan, whose answer reached him with Salman's death reported — Uthman near giving him all Armenia, then judging it better to make him a raider of the Syrian and Jaziran frontier for his worth in such service, and gave Armenia's march to Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman al-Absi, who repaired to Bardha'a posting his agents over what lay between it and Qaliqala and to Khizan, until Uthman's writ came ordering his return and the leaving behind of Sila ibn Zufar al-Absi who was with him — and he left him; Habib marched back to Syria raiding the Romans, camped at Hims, and Mu'awiya moved him to Damascus where he died in year 42, being thirty-five years old; Mu'awiya had earlier sent Habib at the head of an army to Uthman's aid when he was besieged, but at Wadi al-Qura word of Uthman's killing reached him and he turned back.
واقعہ
استلحاق زياد بن أبيه
تقریباً 663 عیسوی · 43 ھMu'awiya annexed Ziyad ibn Abihi to his own lineage from Abu Sufyan, in year 43 or 44 — described by al-Tha'alibi and others as the first judgment in Islam that contravened the Prophet's ruling.
واقعہ
فتح قلعة بسر
670 اور 690 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Uqba ibn Nafi' sent Busr ibn Abi Artat to a castle of Qayrawan's which he opened, killing and taking captive — it is known today as Qal'at Busr, near a town called Majjana by the silver mine; and I have heard it told that it was Musa ibn Nusayr who sent Busr — then eighty-two years old — to this castle, which he opened, Busr having been born a year before the Prophet's death; and others than al-Waqidi claim he related of the Prophet — God knows best.
واقعہ
البيعة ليزيد بولاية العهد
تقریباً 670 عیسوی · 50 ھMu'awiya summoned the Syrians to pledge the succession to his son Yazid — the first to bequeath the caliphate to a son and the first to do so in his own lifetime — and wrote to Marwan at Medina to take the pledge. Marwan preached that the caliph wished to appoint Yazid 'after the manner of Abu Bakr and Umar'; Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr rose: 'rather after the manner of Chosroes and Caesar — neither of them gave it to a son or any of their house'. When Muawiya made the hajj in 51 he took the pledge in person: Ibn Umar answered that earlier caliphs had sons no worse than Yazid yet chose for the Muslims, while disclaiming any wish to break the community's staff; Ibn Abi Bakr leapt up vowing to return the matter to shura; Ibn al-Zubayr retorted 'if you are weary of rule, retire and bring your son — whom would we obey if we pledged you both?'. Muawiya then announced from the minbar that the three had 'heard, obeyed and pledged' — which the crowd affirmed and they denied.
واقعہ
وفاة الحسن بن علي
تقریباً 670 عیسوی · 50 ھHasan died at Medina poisoned — the account names his wife Ja'da bint al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, suborned by Yazid ibn Mu'awiya with a promise of marriage that he afterwards refused: 'we did not approve you for Hasan — shall we approve you for ourselves?'. His death fell in 49, or on 5 Rabi' I 50, or 51 by the variants. His brother pressed him to name his poisoner; he refused — 'if it is whom I think, God's vengeance is harsher; else let no innocent be killed for me'. On his deathbed he told Husayn that the caliphate had been turned from his father and that prophethood and caliphate would not be joined in them. He had asked Aisha for burial beside the Prophet; she consented, but Marwan barred it — Husayn and his men armed until Abu Hurayra turned him back — and he was buried in al-Baqi beside his mother. Marwan wept at his funeral; when Husayn reproached him he said 'I did that to one more forbearing than this' and pointed to the mountain.
واقعہ
اختطاط القيروان
تقریباً 670 عیسوی · تقریباً 50 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Mu'awiya ibn Khudayj sent — or, some say, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan gave him the Maghreb — Uqba ibn Nafi' al-Fihri, who raided Ifriqiya with ten thousand Muslims, conquered it, and laid out its Qayrawan, whose site was a thicket of trees and thickets unapproachable for beasts, snakes and deadly vermin; Uqba being a righteous man whose prayer was answered, he prayed to his Lord and all that was removed — till the very beasts carried away their young in flight; and Musa ibn Ali said the first to build it was Uqba ibn Nafi', who laid it out then built — the people building houses and dwellings with him — and built its congregational mosque; and a body of Ifriqiya's people told from their shaykhs that when Uqba wished to make Qayrawan a misr he pondered where its mosque should be, and saw in a dream as though a man gave the call to prayer in the place where its minaret stood — so when morning came he built the minarets in the man's station, then built the mosque. Al-Waqidi said Abdallah ibn Sa'd stayed governor until Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa seized Egypt; then Mu'awiya gave Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari Egypt and the Maghreb, and he gave the Maghreb to his mawla Abu al-Muhajir; when Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ruled he restored Uqba to his office — who raided Sus al-Adna beyond Tangier, roaming unchallenged till he returned; Abu al-Abbas gave Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i Ifriqiya — he repaired Qayrawan's city and mosque — then al-Mansur dismissed him and gave his place to Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard.
واقعہ
فتح رودس وهدم حصنها
53 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan sent Janada ibn Abi Umayya al-Azdi to Rhodes; he opened it by force — it being a thicket in the sea — and Mu'awiya ordered him to settle Muslim people in it, in year 53. Rhodes is among the most fertile islands, about sixty miles, with olives, vines, fruits and sweet waters. Via al-Waqidi and others: the Muslims stayed at Rhodes seven years in a fort taken for them; when Mu'awiya died Yazid wrote Janada ordering him to demolish the fort and return — Mu'awiya used to rotate the people there, and Mujahid ibn Jabr resided in it teaching the people Qur'an.
واقعہ
فتح أرواد
54 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Janada ibn Abi Umayya opened Arwad in year 54 and Mu'awiya settled the Muslims in it; among its openers were Mujahid and Tubay' ibn imra'at Ka'b al-Ahbar — there Mujahid taught Tubay' the Qur'an, though it is said he taught it to him at Rhodes — and Arwad is an island near Constantinople.
واقعہ
البيعة ليزيد بولاية العهد
56 ھ
واقعہ
فتح حصن كَمْخ
تقریباً 678 عیسوی · 59 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Habib ibn Maslama raided the fortress of Kamkh after taking Shimshat without success, as did Safwan; then in year 59 — the year he died — Safwan raided it with Umayr ibn al-Habab al-Sulami, who scaled the wall and fought alone until the Byzantines gave way and the Muslims climbed — it fell to Umayr ibn al-Habab, his lasting glory; the Byzantines retook it, Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik took it again, and it kept changing hands until year 149, when al-Mansur marched from Baghdad to Hadithat al-Mawsil, sent al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba then Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath, and set al-Abbas ibn Muhammad over the expedition against Kamkh — Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath remaining at Amid — al-Abbas and al-Hasan reached Malatya, took provisions, camped on Kamkh, and al-Abbas ordered mangonels set; the defenders hung juniper wood over their fort so the stones would not bite, and stoned the Muslims killing two hundred men, whereupon the Muslims employed armoured shelters and fought bitterly until they took it — Matar al-Warraq was with al-Abbas; the Byzantines re-seized it, and in year 177 Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Amr al-Ansari — Abd al-Malik ibn Salih's governor of Shimshat — took it, entering on the fourteenth of Rabi' II; it stayed Muslim until Muhammad ibn al-Rashid's time when its people fled — or, it is said, Ubaydallah ibn al-Aqta' handed it over — then Abdallah ibn Tahir took it in al-Ma'mun's caliphate, and it remained in Muslim hands until a group of Shimshat's Christians conspired with Yiqala and Baqrat ibn Ashut by way of Khilat to deliver it to the Byzantines over estates in the Shimshat district.
واقعہ
وفاة معاوية بن أبي سفيان
تقریباً اپریل 680 عیسوی · رجب 60 ھMu'awiya died in Rajab of year 60 and was buried between Bab al-Jabiya and Bab al-Saghir at Damascus; he is said to have lived seventy-seven years. Keeping hairs and nail-parings of the Prophet, he willed they be placed in his mouth and eyes — 'do that, and leave me with the Most Merciful of the merciful'. He had been governor of Syria twenty years and caliph twenty more.
واقعہ
مقتل مسلم بن عقيل بالكوفة
ذوالحجہ 60 ھ
واقعہ
وقعة الحرة
تقریباً 683 عیسوی · 63 ھIn year 63 the Medinese deposed Yazid and rose against him for his excesses — Abdullah ibn Hanzala, son of the Ghassil, said 'we did not march out until we feared stones raining from heaven'. Yazid sent a dense army with orders to fight them then march on Mecca against Ibn al-Zubayr; the battle of the Harra fell on Medina's very gate — 'by God, scarcely one escaped', said al-Hasan; many Companions and others were killed, the city was pillaged, a thousand maidens violated, and the slain of Quraysh and the Ansar numbered three hundred and six.
واقعہ
حصار ابن الزبير بمكة
تقریباً اکتوبر 683 عیسوی · صفر 64 ھThe Harra army marched on Mecca to fight Ibn al-Zubayr — its commander dying on the road — and besieged him, fighting and casting mangonels in Safar 64; sparks from their fires burned the Ka'ba's curtains and roof and the horns of the ram ransomed for Ishmael which had been kept in the ceiling. Yazid perished in mid-Rabi' I of that year and the news came while the fighting ran on — 'people of Syria, your tyrant has perished', called Ibn al-Zubayr, and they broke away humbled and were plucked off one by one. Ibn al-Zubayr then summoned to his own bay'a and was titled caliph, while the Syrians pledged Mu'awiya ibn Yazid.
واقعہ
وفاة يزيد بن معاوية
تقریباً نومبر 683 عیسوی · ربیع الاول 64 ھYazid ibn Mu'awiya perished in mid-Rabi' I of year 64 while his army besieged Ibn al-Zubayr at Mecca; the news reached them mid-battle — 'people of Syria, your tyrant has perished' — and they broke away humiliated. Al-Dhahabi remarks that after what he did to the people of Medina, with his wine and outrages, men rose against him on every side and his years were not blessed.
واقعہ
موقعة مرج راهط
64 ھ
واقعہ
خلافة معاوية بن يزيد
تقریباً 684 عیسوی · 64 ھMu'awiya II ibn Yazid succeeded by his father's testament in Rabi' I 64, a righteous youth; he remained ill throughout, never appearing before the people nor leading them in prayer. His caliphate lasted forty days — some say two or three months — and he died aged twenty or twenty-one. When urged at his deathbed to name a successor he answered: 'I have tasted none of its sweetness — why should I shoulder its bitterness?'.
واقعہ
عمارة ابن الزبير للكعبة
تقریباً 684 عیسوی · 64 ھIbn al-Zubayr renewed the Ka'ba's fabric, giving it two doors upon Abraham's foundations and restoring six cubits of the Hijr into it — following what his aunt Aisha had related of the Prophet: 'were your people not fresh from unbelief I would have razed the Ka'ba to the ground, made it an eastern and a western door, and added six cubits of the Hijr, for Quraysh scanted it when they built it'. One account makes him also the first to clothe it in dibaj, its coverings before having been hides and striped cloth.
واقعہ
خلافة مروان بن الحكم
تقریباً 684 عیسوی · 64 ھAfter Mu'awiya II's death Marwan ibn al-Hakam rose and mastered Syria then Egypt until he died in 65, having willed the succession to his son Abd al-Malik. Al-Dhahabi judges that Marwan is not reckoned among the commanders of the faithful — he was a rebel in revolt against Ibn al-Zubayr, whose testament to his son carried no validity; Abd al-Malik's caliphate became sound only from Ibn al-Zubayr's death.
واقعہ
ثورة المختار بن أبي عبيد بالكوفة
65 ھ
واقعہ
استشهاد زهير بن قيس ببرقة
685 اور 705 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan gave Zuhayr ibn Qays al-Balawi Ifriqiya — he opened Tutus, then returned to Barqa, where word reached him that a body of Romans had come out of ships of theirs and were ravaging; he rode against them with a light cavalry band, met them, and was martyred with those with him — he was buried there, and their graves are called Qubur al-Shuhada.
واقعہ
وقعة الخازر
66 ھ
واقعہ
قتل عمرو بن سعيد الأشدق
تقریباً 690 عیسوی · 70 ھMarwan ibn al-Hakam had made Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-As heir after his son; Abd al-Malik killed him — in Ibn al-Kalbi's reckoning the first treachery (ghadr) in Islam — mourned in the verse 'they have slain Amr and not done right'.
واقعہ
أمر القراطيس وضرب الدنانير
تقریباً 692 عیسوی · تقریباً 73 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: papyrus rolls entered Roman lands from Egypt and dinars came to the Arabs from the Romans; Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan was among the first to inscribe what was written at scroll-heads — 'Say He is God, One' and other mentions of God — so Rome's king wrote him: 'you have introduced an inscription on your papyri that we hate; if you leave it, we will put on the dinars of mention of you what you hate.' That weighed on Abd al-Malik — loath to abandon a good practice he had established — so he sent to Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mu'awiya, who said: 'set your heart at ease, Commander of the Faithful: forbid their dinars that they not be traded, strike coinage for the people, and do not relieve these unbelievers of what they hated in the scrolls.' Abd al-Malik said 'you have relieved me, may God relieve you' and struck the dinars. Awana ibn al-Hakam said: the Copts used to mention Christ at scroll-heads attributing divinity to him, placing the cross where the basmala was — hence Rome's king was galled and Abd al-Malik's change weighed on him. Al-Mada'ini via Maslama ibn Muharib: Khalid ibn Yazid counselled Abd al-Malik to forbid their dinars, prevent trading in them, and stop papyrus entering Roman lands — so for a time none was carried to them.
واقعہ
وقعة دير الجاثليق
72 ھ
شخصیت
ابن شبرمة
تقریباً 691 عیسوی · 72 ھAbdallah ibn Shubruma, Kufa's qadi; 'were I governor of Basra I would seize their wealth — Umar granted there only Abu Bakra and Nafi' ibn al-Harith, Uthman only Imran ibn al-Husayn plus Ibn Amir's house and Humran his mawla, and Ziyad is said to have given Imran a qati'a too'.
واقعہ
مقتل عبد الله بن الزبير
تقریباً نومبر 692 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 73 ھAbd al-Malik sent al-Hajjaj with forty thousand against Ibn al-Zubayr; he besieged him in Mecca for months and cast mangonels at him until his men deserted to al-Hajjaj, who took and killed him and crucified the body — Tuesday, 17 Jumada I or II of year 73. Muhammad ibn Zayd ibn Abdullah ibn Umar was atop Abu Qubays when the mangonel was planted and saw a lightning bolt like a red veil burn some fifty of its crew. Ibn al-Zubayr had been praying within the Hijr while mangonel stones clipped the edge of his garment and he never turned.
واقعہ
استرداد محمد بن مروان لأرمينية
تقریباً 692 عیسوی · تقریباً 73 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Ibn al-Zubayr's civil strife came, Armenia broke away, its nobles and their followers swearing league; when Muhammad ibn Marwan governed Armenia for his brother Abd al-Malik he fought and overcame them, killing and capturing, and mastered the land; then he promised the survivors he would lay before them in honour, and they gathered for it in churches of the Khilat district — whereupon he shut them in and posted guards at the doors, then terrified them; in that campaign Umm Yazid bint Usid of the Sisajan — a daughter of its patrikios — was taken captive; before this had run a chain of governors: Uthman gave al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba Adharbayjan and Armenia, then removed him for al-Qasim ibn Rabi'a ibn Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt al-Thaqafi — or, it is said, Amr ibn Mu'awiya ibn al-Mutaffiq al-Muqayli governed it, and some say a man of Banu Kilab held it fifteen years after al-Mughira, then al-Uqayli — al-Ash'ath ibn Qays held Armenia and Adharbayjan for Ali ibn Abi Talib, then Abdallah ibn Hatim ibn al-Nu'man ibn Amr al-Bahili for Mu'awiya until he died there, whence his brother Abd al-Aziz ibn Hatim ibn al-Nu'man — who built the city of Dabil, fortified it, enlarged its mosque, built the city of Nashwa, repaired Bardha'a — or, they say, renewed its building — dug the two Fariq moats about it soundly, and renewed the city of al-Baylaqan, these cities having been ruined and decayed; some say Muhammad ibn Marwan renewed Bardha'a's building in Abd al-Malik's days, and al-Waqidi says Abd al-Malik built Bardha'a by the hand of Hatim ibn al-Nu'man al-Bahili or his son — Abd al-Malik also appointing Uthman ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt over Armenia.
واقعہ
ختم الحجاج أعناق أهل المدينة
تقریباً 693 عیسوی · 74 ھIn year 74 al-Hajjaj marched to Medina and took to harassing its people, humbling the remaining Companions by stamping their necks and hands with seals — among them Anas, Jabir ibn Abdullah and Sahl ibn Sa'd al-Sa'idi.
شخصیت
محمد بن عبد الرحمن بن أبي ليلى
تقریباً 693 عیسوی · 74 ھ
واقعہ
غزوة حسان بن النعمان للكاهنة
698 اور 703 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Hassan ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani was appointed and raided the Berbers' queen al-Kahina, who routed him; he came to castles within Barqa's bounds and lodged them — a keep among them roofed in glass, whence they were named Qusur Hassan; then Hassan raided her a second time, killed her, and sent a captivity of Berbers to Abd al-Aziz — whereupon Abu Muhjan Nusayb the poet would say 'I was present at Abd al-Aziz's when a captivity of Berbers came: I never saw faces fairer than theirs'.
واقعہ
نقل ديوان الشام عن الرومية
تقریباً 700 عیسوی · 81 ھIn al-Baladhuri: the diwan of Syria remained in Greek until Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ruled; in year 81 he ordered it transferred, and that because a man of the Roman scribes, needing to write something and finding no water, urinated in the inkwell — word reached Abd al-Malik, who was incensed and ordered Sulayman ibn Sa'd to transfer the diwan; Sulayman asked to be helped by a year's kharaj of al-Urdunn, which was done, and was made its governor — before the year ended he had finished the transfer and brought it to Abd al-Malik, who called his scribe Sarjun and displayed it to him, which grieved him, and he went out dejected; a group of the Roman scribes met him and he said 'seek your livelihood in a craft other than this — God has cut it off from you'; the levy of al-Urdunn granted as aid was a hundred and eighty thousand dinars, that of Filastin three hundred and fifty thousand dinars, of Damascus four hundred thousand dinars, and of Hims with Qinnasrin and the districts called today the Awasim eight hundred thousand dinars — or, it is said, seven hundred thousand.
واقعہ
بناء حصن المصيصة
703 عیسوی · 84 ھIn al-Baladhuri from al-Waqidi and others: in year 84 Abdullah ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan led the summer raid, entering by the pass of Antioch and coming to Masisa, where he built its fortress on the ancient foundation and settled garrison troops among them three hundred picked men of known valour and stoutness — the Muslims had never dwelt there before — and built a mosque atop the fortress hill; Abu al-Khattab al-Azdi says the first to build its fortress in Islam was Abd al-Malik through his son Abdullah in year 84, its building and garrisoning complete in year 85; the fortress held a church called Herya which the summer columns from Antioch would reach and winter at yearly, numbering a thousand five hundred to two thousand; Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz went out to Herya-Masisa meaning to demolish it and the forts between it and Antioch, saying 'I hate for the Byzantines to besiege its people', until the people showed him it was populated only to shield Antioch and that razing it would leave the enemy no barrier before it, so he held back and built them a congregational mosque by Kafarbayya with a cistern bearing his name — called the fortress mosque, ruined in al-Mu'tasim's caliphate; then Hisham built the rabad, Marwan ibn Muhammad built the suburb east of the Jayhan with a wall, timber gate and moat, and Abu al-Abbas set four hundred more men at Masisa, granting them estates.
واقعہ
فرائض الوليد للضعفاء
تقریباً 705 عیسوی · 86 ھThough al-Walid was a tyrant, his reign sustained jihad and great conquests — and he had orphans circumcised with tutors appointed for them, attendants assigned to the chronically infirm, guides assigned to the blind; he granted stipends to the jurists, the poor and the weak sufficient for them, forbidding them to beg from people.
واقعہ
بناء جامع دمشق
تقریباً 706 عیسوی · 87 ھIn year 87 al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik began building the congregational mosque of Damascus and ordered the enlargement and rebuilding of the Prophet's Mosque; Ibn Abi Abla couples the conquests of India and al-Andalus with 'he built the mosque of Damascus', and recalls the silver basins al-Walid gave him to distribute among the qurra' of the Jerusalem mosque.
واقعہ
فتح السند
89 ھ
واقعہ
فتح طنجة
89? ھIn al-Baladhuri on al-Waqidi's report: Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan sent Musa ibn Nusayr — a mawla of Banu Umayya whose origin was Ayn al-Tamr, or, some say, of Arasha of Bali, or of Lakhm — as governor over Ifriqiya; others say he held it in al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik's day in year 89. He opened Tangier and settled it — the first to lodge there — laying out khittas for the Muslims, and his cavalry reached Sus al-Adna — between which and Sus al-Aqsa lie some twenty-odd days — where he settled them, took captives, and they submitted to him.
واقعہ
معركة شذونة
رمضان 92 ھ
واقعہ
فتح قرطبة
تقریباً 711 عیسوی · تقریباً 92 ھTariq's lieutenant Mughith al-Rumi took Cordoba in 92 by a wall-breach a shepherd showed him — a fig tree for scaling and a heaven-sent drizzle masking the hooves — and captured its fleeing lord near Tatlira.
واقعہ
فتح طليطلة
تقریباً 93 ھIn the year 93 Musa dismissed Tariq and sent him against Toledo. In al-Baladhuri: Musa ibn Nusayr wrote Tariq ibn Ziyad a harsh letter — for his hazarding the Muslims and presuming on his own judgment in the raid — ordering him not to pass Cordoba; Musa marched to Cordoba of al-Andalus, Tariq appeased him and he was pleased, and Tariq opened the city of Toledo — the kingdom-city of al-Andalus on the Franks' side — seizing there a great table which Musa ibn Nusayr presented to al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik at Damascus when he returned in year 96, al-Walid being ill.
شخصیت
شريك بن عبد الله النخعي
تقریباً 714 عیسوی · 95 ھ
واقعہ
تأسيس الرملة
تقریباً 715 عیسوی · تقریباً 96 ھIn al-Baladhuri: al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik gave his brother Sulayman command of the Filastin jund, and he settled at Lydda then founded the city of al-Ramla and made it an amsar — the first thing he built being his palace and the house known as Dar al-Sabbaghin with a central cistern, then he laid out the mosque's plan and built it, taking the caliphate before completing it and finishing it in his reign, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz completing it while reducing the plan, saying 'the people of al-Ramla are content with this measure'; when Sulayman built for himself he gave people leave to build and they did, digging the canal called Barada and wells for them, a Christian clerk of Lydda named al-Batriq ibn al-Nakka overseeing the expenditure on the works and the congregational mosque; the city of al-Ramla did not exist before Sulayman, its site being a sandy tract; the Umayyads spent on its wells and canal after him, then the Abbasids did likewise, the charge issuing yearly from caliph to caliph until al-Mu'tasim entered it in the register, whence it became a standing annuity reckoned to the claimants.
واقعہ
دعوة إسماعيل بن عبد الله وعمر للبربر
717 اور 720 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: in Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's caliphate he gave the Maghreb to Isma'il ibn Abdallah ibn Abi al-Muhajir, mawla of Banu Makhzum, who walked the best of paths and called the Berbers to Islam — and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz wrote them letters summoning them to it besides, which Isma'il read out to them through the districts, until Islam mastered the Maghreb.
واقعہ
ولاية الجرّاح بن عبد الله على أرمينية
717 اور 730 کے درمیان عیسوی · تقریباً 99 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik gave Armenia to Adi ibn Adi ibn Amira al-Kindi — Adi ibn Amira being one of those who settled al-Raqqa having parted with Ali ibn Abi Talib — then Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz appointed him, he being the owner of the Nahr Adi at al-Baylaqan, though some say Umar's governor was Hatim ibn al-Nu'man, which is unsound; then Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik appointed Mi'laq ibn Saffar al-Bahrani, removed him for al-Harith ibn Amr al-Ta'i, who raided the Lakz and took Rustaq Hamsadan; and al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami of Mudhhij governed Armenia, settling at Bardha'a, where its conflicting measures and weights were laid before him and he set them on justice and fulness, making a measure called al-Jarrahi which its people deal by to this day; then he crossed the Kurr and marched until he passed the river called al-Samur, reaching the Khazars and killing them in a great slaughter, and fought the people of Bilad Hamzin, then compounded with them to transfer them to a rustaq.
واقعہ
كتاب الجراح ورد عمر بن عبد العزيز
717 اور 720 کے درمیان عیسوی · تقریباً 99 ھAl-Jarrah ibn Abdallah wrote to Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz that the people of Khurasan were unruly subjects whom only the sword and the whip would set right, asking permission to apply them; Umar wrote back: 'Your letter reached me saying Khurasan's people are unruly and only sword and whip will mend them — you lie; justice and truth will mend them. Spread those among them, and peace'.
واقعہ
قيام بلاي بأشتوريش
تقریباً 718 عیسوی · تقریباً 98 ھPelayo's revolt in Asturias: the hostage who fled Cordoba in 98 AH and rallied the Christians of Galicia-Asturias, and al-Razi's account of the rock where thirty men and ten women survived on wild honey until the Muslims despaired — 'what can thirty infidels do?' — the seed from which the northern kingdoms grew.
واقعہ
إبطال سب علي في الخطبة
تقریباً 717 عیسوی · 99 ھThe Umayyads had cursed Ali ibn Abi Talib in the sermon; when Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz took power he abolished it, wrote to his deputies ordering its abolition, and recited in its place the verse of justice and beneficence — its recitation in the sermon has continued ever since.
واقعہ
إسقاط الجزية عمن أسلم في عهد عمر بن عبد العزيز
99 ھ
واقعہ
إصلاح أحوال السجون في عهد عمر بن عبد العزيز
99 ھ
واقعہ
رد فدك إلى حالها النبوية
تقریباً 717 عیسوی · 99 ھOn his accession Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz gathered the Banu Marwan and declared: the Prophet held Fadak, spending from it, providing for the young Banu Hashim and marrying off their widows; Fatima asked him for it and he refused, and it remained so through Abu Bakr and Umar, then Marwan granted it as iqta' until it reached Umar himself — 'I saw a thing the Prophet withheld from Fatima and it is not lawful for me; I bear you witness that I have returned it to what it was in the Prophet's time.' He began with his own kin, confiscating their holdings and naming them mazalim.
واقعہ
ثورة يزيد بن المهلب ويوم العقر
719~ · 100 ھ
واقعہ
غزوة عبد الرحمن بن حبيب للسوس وأرض السودان
720 اور 741 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Abdallah ibn al-Habhab, mawla of Banu Salul, was employed over Ifriqiya, and he sent raiding Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib ibn Abi Ubayda ibn Uqba ibn Nafi' al-Fihri to Sus and the Sudan lands — he triumphed as none had ever seen, taking among their women two girls each with but a single breast, they being called Tarajan — a copy's margin noting them of a race called al-Barbarwajan.
واقعہ
وفاة عمر بن عبد العزيز
فروری 720 عیسوی · رجب 101 ھUmar ibn Abd al-Aziz died at Dayr Sim'an in the district of Homs in Rajab year 101, aged thirty-nine and a half, poisoned — the Umayyads having wearied of his strictness against them and his seizure of much they had usurped, while he had let slip all self-protection; asked what people said of him, he told Mujahid they thought him bewitched but he knew the very hour the poison was given, and when his servant confessed to having taken a thousand dinars to administer it, he threw the sum into the treasury and sent him where no one would see him.
واقعہ
عدول يزيد عن سيرة عمر بعد أربعين يوماً
تقریباً 720 عیسوی · 101 ھOn accession Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik proclaimed 'follow the sira of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz' and forty elders testified for him that there is no reckoning or torment upon caliphs; per Ibn al-Majishun he held to Umar's ways forty days, then turned aside.
شخصیت
الضحاك بن مزاحم
Al-Dahhak ibn Muzahim al-Hilali, Khurasan's exegete; met Sa'id ibn Jubayr at Rayy and wrote down tafsir from him.
واقعہ
قتل يزيد بن أبي مسلم بمصلاه
تقریباً 102 ھIn al-Baladhuri: when Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik ruled he gave Yazid ibn Abi Muslim — al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf's mawla — Ifriqiya and the Maghreb; he came to Ifriqiya in year 102, his guard being Berbers, and he branded on each man's hand 'my guard' — so they blackened his path, whispered one to another, and conspired to kill him: he went out one evening for maghrib prayer and they killed him in his prayer-place. Yazid then gave it to Bishr ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, who struck off the neck of Abdallah ibn Musa ibn Nusayr — he being accused of the killing and of stirring the people against him.
شخصیت
الشعبي
Amir ibn Sharahil al-Sha'bi, Kufa's jurist; entered Rayy with Qutayba ibn Muslim, who asked him what drink he loved most — 'the easiest found and the dearest lost', he said.
شخصیت
رفيع أبو العالية الرياحي
Rufay' Abu al-Aliya al-Riyahi, a Riyah woman's mawla; he crossed the river with Sa'id ibn Uthman's army — 'Rufay' Abu al-Aliya: elevation and height'.
واقعہ
قتل كلثوم بن عياض بإفريقية
724 اور 743 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri on Ibn al-Kalbi's report: Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik gave Kulthum ibn Iyad ibn Wahwah al-Qushayri Ifriqiya, whose people rose against him so that he was killed there.
واقعہ
وفاة يزيد بن عبد الملك
تقریباً جنوری 724 عیسوی · شعبان 105 ھYazid ibn Abd al-Malik died in late Sha'ban year 105; Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz had written to him on his own deathbed: 'you leave the world to one who will not praise you, and pass on to One who will not excuse you'.
واقعہ
فتوحات عهد هشام
تقریباً 726 عیسوی · 107 ھIn year seven of Hisham's reign Caesarea of the Romans was taken by the sword; in year eight Khanjara was conquered by the renowned champion al-Battal; in year twelve Kharshana in the district of Malatya was conquered.
شخصیت
أبو الحسن البصري
Abu al-Hasan al-Basri, al-Hasan ibn Yasar — his father once Qayruz; of Maysan's captives with his brother Sa'id, falling to the Ansari al-Rabi' bint al-Nadr or Jamila Anas's wife who freed them — 'our wala' is hers'. Born at Medina two years before Umar's end, left it a year after Siffin, died at Basra in 110 aged eighty-nine.
واقعہ
استشهاد الجرّاح بأردبيل
تقریباً 730 عیسوی · تقریباً 112 ھIn al-Baladhuri: al-Jarrah compounded with the people of Hamzin to transfer them to Khizan, giving them two of its villages, fell upon the people of Ghumik taking captives, returned to Shakki and wintered his army at Bardha'a and al-Baylaqan; the Khazars then surged across the Rass, and he gave them battle in the Warthan desert, whence they fell back toward Ardabil — he engaged them four farsakhs from Armenia's edge, they fought three days, and he was martyred with those with him; that river was named Nahr al-Jarrah, and a bridge upon it was likewise ascribed to him.
واقعہ
غزوة مروان بن محمد في بلاد الخزر والجبال
732 اور 744 کے درمیان عیسوی · تقریباً 114 ھIn al-Baladhuri: after Maslama, Hisham gave the march to Sa'id al-Harashi, who held it two years, then to Marwan ibn Muhammad — who camped at Kisal, having built its city (forty farsakhs from Bardha'a, twenty from Tiflis), then entered the Khazar land by way of Bab al-Lan, Asid ibn Zafir al-Sulami Abu Yazid guiding him in with the mountain kings by way of Bab wa-l-Abwab; Marwan raided Slavs in the Khazar land, carrying off ten thousand households whom he settled in Khakhit — they later killed their amir and fled, and he overtook and slew them; when the Khazar great-king learned the numbers Marwan trod into his lands and their strength and array, it stung his heart and filled it with dread, and as Marwan drew near he sent a messenger summoning him to Islam or war — Marwan answered 'I accept Islam; send me one to present it', which was done, and the Khaqan showed forth Islam, Marwan making peace confirming him in his kingdom; with him Marwan settled a body of Khazars between al-Samur and al-Shabiran in the Lakz plain; then Marwan entered the land of al-Sarir, fell upon its people, took castles, and its king submitted and obeyed — he compounded with him for a thousand heads, five hundred lads and five hundred girls black of hair, brow and lash each year, and a hundred thousand mudd poured into Bab's granaries, taking hostages of him; Marwan compounded with Tuman's people for a hundred heads — fifty girls and fifty five-year-old boys black of hair, brow and lash — and twenty thousand mudd yearly to the granaries; then entered Zirikeran's land, whose king compounded for fifty heads and ten thousand mudd yearly; then came to Hamzin's land — Hamzin refusing peace — took their fortress after a month's siege, burned and demolished it, its treaty then being five hundred heads delivered in one payment, no further claim on him, and thirty thousand mudd borne yearly to Bab's granaries; then came to Sadan, which he opened by treaty for a hundred heads its lord delivered at once, no claim thereafter, and five thousand mudd borne yearly to Bab's granaries; and he assessed the people of Tabarsaranshah at ten thousand mudd borne yearly to the granaries, while assessing Filanshah nothing — for his fine service, handsome conduct and praiseworthy way; then Marwan camped on the fortress of al-Lakz — its lord having withheld the levy and gone out to join the Khazar king, whereupon a herdsman killed him with an arrow not knowing him — so the Lakz people compounded for twenty thousand mudd borne to the granaries, and he set Khashrama al-Sulami over them; and Marwan went to Shirwan's lord's fortress called Khirsh upon the sea — he submitted, was ordered down to the plain, and they were bound to ten thousand mudd yearly; on Shirwan's lord he laid it that he be in the van when the Muslims began raiding the Khazars and in the rear when they returned; on Filanshah, that he raid with them only; and on Tabarsaranshah, in the rear at the outset and the van at the return; and Marwan went to the Dudaniyya and fell on them — then word of al-Walid ibn Yazid's killing reached him.
واقعہ
وقعة الجنيد بالشعب
731~ · 113 ھ
واقعہ
غزوة مسلمة بن عبد الملك للخزر وفتح الباب
تقریباً 731 عیسوی · تقریباً 113 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik gave Armenia to Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik and sent ahead as his vanguard Sa'id ibn Amr ibn Aswad al-Harashi — with him Ishaq ibn Muslim al-Uqayli and his brothers, Jamwana ibn al-Harith ibn Khalid of Banu Amir ibn Rabi'a ibn Sa'sa'a, Dhufafa and Khalid the sons of Umayr ibn al-Habab al-Sulami, al-Furat ibn Salman al-Bahili and al-Walid ibn al-Qa'qa' al-Absi — who met the Khazars besieging Wartan, drove them off and routed them, coming to Maymadh of Adharbayjan; as he readied for battle, Maslama's letter reached him blaming him for fighting before his arrival and telling him Abd al-Malik ibn Muslim al-Uqayli had been given his army's command — when he handed the army over, Maslama's messenger seized him, bound him, carried him to Bardha'a and jailed him; the Khazars withdrew, Maslama pursued, and wrote of it to Hisham, who wrote back the verse 'leave them to waste — you see them — and chase them till the dust is cut off', ordering al-Harashi released from prison; Maslama compounded with the people of Khayzan, ordered its fortress demolished and took estates there known today as Hawz Khayzan; the mountain kings made peace with him, and to him came the Shirwanshah, the Liranshah, the Tabarsaranshah, the Filanshah, the Jarshanshah and the lord of Masmumat; he advanced on Madinat al-Bab and took it — in its citadel were a thousand Khazar households whom he besieged and stoned, then had a mantlet built in stone-shape which availed nothing, whereupon he went to the spring Anushirwan had led into their cistern, slaughtered cattle and sheep and threw in the offal and dung, so that by nightfall their water wormed, stank and fouled — and when night covered them they fled, abandoning the citadel; Maslama settled in the city of Bab wa-l-Abwab twenty-four thousand Syrians on mount-allowances — whence Bab's folk today admit no governor unless he brings money to share among them — built a granary for food, one for barley and an arms-storehouse, ordered the cistern sealed, and repaired and honoured the city; Marwan ibn Muhammad was with Maslama, engaging the Khazars at his side and fighting bitterly.
واقعہ
وقعة بلاط الشهداء
تقریباً اکتوبر 732 عیسوی · تقریباً رمضان 114 ھAbd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi's great raid into Francia ended in Ramadan 114 at Balat al-Shuhada — 'the Martyrs' Causeway', the Poitiers of Frankish memory — where his army was destroyed.
واقعہ
استقلال عبد الرحمن بن حبيب بثغر المغرب
743 اور 752 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: when al-Walid ibn Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik rose, Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri opposed him — beloved in that frontier for his grandfather Uqba ibn Nafi's traces there — and prevailed over it, Hanzala withdrawing; Yazid ibn al-Walid sent no governor to the Maghreb, and when Marwan ibn Muhammad rose, Abd al-Rahman corresponded with him, showed obedience and sent gifts — his scribe being Khalid ibn Rabi'a al-Ifriqi, between whom and Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahya ran friendship and letters — so Marwan confirmed him over the frontier; then Ilyas ibn Habib ruled after him, then Habib ibn Abd al-Rahman, then the Berbers and the Ibadis of the Khawarij prevailed.
واقعہ
خروج مسافر القصّاب بأرمينية
744 اور 754 کے درمیان عیسوی · تقریباً 126 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Thabit ibn Nu'aym al-Judhami rose against Marwan ibn Muhammad, and Musafir al-Qassab — one whom al-Dahhak al-Khariji had empowered at al-Bab — came agreeing with his view; al-Dahhak gave him Armenia and Adharbayjan, and he came to Ardabil in disguise, whence a body of Sharat (Kharijites) went out with him — among them Bajirwan — finding at... like-minded men who joined them, then Wartan whose folk accompanied them in numbers sharing their view, crossing to al-Baylaqan where a great crowd of like view attached itself, till they camped at Yunan; Marwan ibn Muhammad gave Armenia to Ishaq ibn Muslim, who fought Musafir ceaselessly, Musafir holding the fortress of al-Kilab in Sisajan; then when the blessed Dawla came and Abu Ja'far al-Mansur governed Jazira and Armenia under al-Saffah, he sent against Musafir and his fellows a commander of Khurasan's people who fought them till he overcame them and killed Musafir — the people of al-Baylaqan had fortified themselves in Qal'at al-Kilab under their chief Wadad ibn Asfar al-Baylaqani, and were brought down under aman.
واقعہ
وفاة يزيد الناقص
تقریباً اکتوبر 744 عیسوی · 7 ذوالحجہ 126 ھYazid al-Naqis did not long enjoy the caliphate — he died the same year, on 7 Dhu'l-Hijja 126, his caliphate having lasted six months less a fraction, aged thirty-five or forty-six; some say he died of the plague. He was dubbed al-Naqis for cutting the troops' stipends.
واقعہ
مقتل الوليد بن يزيد
تقریباً 744 عیسوی · 126 ھYazid ibn al-Walid 'al-Naqis' rose for the caliphate, killed his cousin al-Walid ibn Yazid and took power, then mounted the pulpit: 'I did not rise in arrogance or pride or greed for the world or desire for kingship, but in anger for God and His religion, calling to His Book and His Prophet's sunna, when the landmarks of guidance were effaced, the light of the godfearing extinguished, and the tyrant who profanes sanctity appeared'.
واقعہ
ملك الضحاك بن قيس الكوفة وصالح ابن عمر على القسمة
745~ · 127 ھ
واقعہ
نبش يزيد الناقص وصلبه
تقریباً 745 عیسوی · 127 ھMarwan ibn Muhammad's first act once power was secured in mid-Safar 127 was to order al-Naqis's exhumation: he had him taken from his grave and crucified for having killed al-Walid ibn Yazid.
واقعہ
خروج عبد الله بن معاوية بن عبد الله بن جعفر بالكوفة
744~ · 127 ھ
واقعہ
دخول أبي مسلم مرو وانقضاض شيعته على مضر
748~ · 9 جمادی الاول 130 ھ
ریاست
الدولة العباسية
750 عیسوی · 132 ھ†A caliphate established in 750 CE and ended in 1258 CE; its capital was Baghdad, then Cairo.
دور
العصر العباسي المبكر
750 عیسوی · 132 ھThe first century of Abbasid rule from Baghdad, when translation, scholarship, trade and the arts flourished.
ریاست
بنو صالح بن منصور ملوك نكور
تقریباً 750 عیسوی · تقریباً 132 ھThe amirate of Banu Salih ibn Mansur at Nekour and the Ghumara–Habat lands; from the line of Salih ibn Mansur al-Himyari under whom Ghumara embraced Islam in the Umayyad state — a Maliki imam of upright rule until his death at Tamsasan in 182 AH — held by his heirs Sa'id, Salih and Sa'id ibn Salih through their Berber wars, and restored by the grandson Salih 'al-Yatim', who escaped the Kutama sword and took the bay'a at Marsa Ghassan in 305 under Cordoban da'wa, until Musa ibn Abi al-Afiya stormed it, killed al-Mu'ayyad ibn Sa'id and sacked the city in 317.
واقعہ
سقوط قاليقلا سنة 133 وعمارتها
تقریباً 750 عیسوی · 133 ھIn al-Baladhuri from Muhammad ibn Bishr and Ibn Warz al-Qaliyan from the shaykhs of Qaliqala: the city had remained defiant with its folk since its conquest until the tyrant came out in year 133, besieged Malatya's people, razed its wall and evacuated its Muslims to the Jazira, then camped at Marj al-Hasa and sent Kusan the Armenian, who camped on Qaliqala and besieged it — its people then few and its governor Abu Karima — whereupon two Armenian brothers of the city undermined an earthwork in its wall, went out to Kusan and let him into the city; he took it, killed, captured, demolished, drove the spoil to the tyrant and divided the captives among his men; al-Waqidi says: in year 139 al-Mansur ransomed those of Qaliqala's captives still alive, rebuilt and resettled the city, returned the ransomed to it and levied for it a garrison of Jazirans and others; and the Roman tyrant had come out against Qaliqala in al-Mu'tasim's caliphate and battered its wall near collapse, whereupon al-Mu'tasim spent five hundred thousand dirhams on it until it was fortified.
واقعہ
سقوط ملطية وهدمها سنة 133
تقریباً 750 عیسوی · 133 ھIn al-Baladhuri from al-Waqidi: in year 133 Constantine the tyrant advanced deliberately on Malatya — Kamkh then being Muslim-held under a Sulami — and Kamkh's people sent the appeal to Malatya's, who rode out with two hundred horse and were beaten by the Roman cavalry; the Roman camped on Malatya and besieged those inside — the Jazira then in turmoil, its governor Musa ibn Ka'b at Harran, the messenger they sent him unable to relieve them — and when Constantine heard of it he told them: 'people of Malatya, I came only knowing your state and your sultan's distraction from you — come down on aman, evacuate the city for me to demolish, and I depart from you'; they refused, so he set mangonels on it, and when affliction ground them down and the siege hardened they asked him for sureties, which he gave; they prepared to march, loaded what they could, threw much of the weight into wells and caches, and went out — the Romans formed two files from the city gate to the end of their line with drawn swords held tip to tip like a bridge's arch, then escorted them to safety, whence they dispersed through the Jazira; the Romans demolished Malatya leaving but a tower they had partly wrecked, and demolished the fortress of Qaludhiya.
واقعہ
ثورة الجلندى الإباضية في عُمان
751 عیسوی · 134 ھThe Ibadi rising of al-Julanda ibn Mas'ud in Oman, crushed by al-Saffah's general Khazim ibn Khuzayma with some ten thousand dead, 134 AH.
واقعہ
اتخاذ الأنبار دار الخلافة
تقریباً 751 عیسوی · 134 ھIn year 134 Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah moved to al-Anbar and made it the seat of the caliphate.
واقعہ
وثبة جند إفريقية بابن الأشعث في قصره
754 اور 758 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i entered Ifriqiya as governor at Abu al-Abbas's caliphate's end in seventy thousand — it is said forty — and governed it four years, repairing Qayrawan's city; then the province's army and others rose on him — al-Baladhuri heard from informants that the townspeople and resident troops rose on him and he fought them forty days in his palace until the obedient gathered to him of the Khurasanis who had come with him and others, and he prevailed over his foes and passed them over the names: whoever was named Mu'awiya or Sufyan or Marwan or a name matching the Umayyads' he killed, and whoever was named otherwise he spared — then al-Mansur dismissed him.
واقعہ
انتقاض أهل أرمينية على الحسن بن قحطبة
754 اور 775 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Armenia's people rose in revolt in the governorship of al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba al-Ta'i — after the removal of Ibn Asid and Bakkar ibn Muslim al-Uqayli — their chief being Mushay'il the Armenian; al-Mansur sent him reinforcements under Amir ibn Isma'il, and al-Hasan met Mushay'il, who was killed, his hosts scattered, and matters settled for him — it is he after whom Nahr al-Hasan at al-Baylaqan, the garden called Bagh al-Hasan at Bardha'a, and the estates known as al-Hasaniyya were named.
واقعہ
ولاية يزيد بن أسيد السلمي لأرمينية
754 اور 775 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: al-Mansur gave Armenia to Yazid ibn Asid al-Sulami, who opened Bab al-Lan, stationed there a ribat of diwan men, and tamed the Sanariyya till they submitted to kharaj; al-Mansur wrote ordering him to marry into the Khazar king's family — he did so, the Khaqan's daughter bearing him a son who died while she died in her lying-in; Yazid sent to Shirwan's salt-source and salt-pans, taxed them and set a deputy over it; he built the city of Arjil the Lesser and Arjil the Greater, settling Palestine's people in them; and it is told from a body of Bardha'a's shaykhs that al-Shamakhiyya in Shirwan's district was named for al-Shamakh ibn Shuja', who was king of Shirwan in Sa'id ibn Sam al-Bahili's governorship of Armenia.
واقعہ
قضاء القاضي على المنصور
754 اور 775 کے درمیان عیسوی · تقریباً 137 ھAl-Mansur came to Medina while Muhammad ibn Imran al-Talhi held its judgeship; the camel-drivers sued the caliph over something and the qadi summoned him to court. Al-Mansur attended with al-Rabi'; the judge did not rise for him but let down his robe and sat cross-legged, then called the claimants and ruled for them against the caliph. When it ended al-Mansur said, 'May God reward you well for your religion — I have granted you ten thousand dinars.' In the same vein he wrote to Sawwar ibn Abdallah, qadi of Basra, ordering him to hand a disputed plot to a commander; Sawwar refused absent proof, and al-Mansur exclaimed, 'By God I have filled it with justice — my judges now return me to the right'.
واقعہ
حركة سنباذ المجوسي
755 عیسوی · 137 ھThe seventy-day rising of Sunbadh the Magian — first of the 'Mubayyida' movements that gathered under Abu Muslim's name, crushed between Hamadhan and Rayy, 137 AH.
واقعہ
دخول عبد الرحمن الداخل الأندلس
تقریباً 756 عیسوی · 138 ھIn year 138 Abd al-Rahman ibn Muawiya ibn Hisham the Umayyad entered al-Andalus and seized it; his days extended and al-Andalus remained in his descendants' hands past the year 400. A man of learning and justice whose mother was Berber, they said: 'The world is ruled by two sons of Berber women — al-Mansur and Abd al-Rahman ibn Muawiya.' By year 148 nothing lay outside al-Mansur's sway but al-Andalus, held by Abd al-Rahman, who did not take the title Commander of the Faithful but only amir — as did his sons.
واقعہ
بناء المنصور لملطية
تقریباً 757 عیسوی · تقریباً 140 ھIn al-Baladhuri: in year 139 al-Mansur wrote to Salih ibn Ali ordering Malatya rebuilt and fortified, then resolved to send Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ibrahim al-Imam as governor of the Jazira and its frontier — he set out in year 140 with al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba among the Khurasani armies, proclaiming a levy on the people of Syria and the Jazira until seventy thousand converged, and camped on Malatya having gathered labourers from every land; al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba would carry stone to hand the builder, and a camel of his went round feeding the people from his own purse with field-kitchens deployed — Abd al-Wahhab envied this and wrote to Abu Ja'far accusing him of out-feeding the state in a bid to prolong and corrupt the work by extravagance and vainglory, and of having callers summon people to his food; Abu Ja'far wrote back: 'O boy! Al-Hasan feeds from his own money, and you feed from mine — nothing comes of you but smallness of worth, littleness of ambition and foolishness of opinion,' and wrote to al-Hasan: feed, but keep no caller — so al-Hasan would say 'whoever reaches my awning first gets such-and-such'; the men worked hard and finished Malatya and its mosque in six months; for the garrison each 'arafa — ten to fifteen men — received two lower houses, two upper chambers and a stable; he built a muslaha thirty miles out and another on the river called Qubaqib that feeds the Euphrates; al-Mansur settled four thousand Jaziran fighters in Malatya, it being of their frontier, with ten dinars added to every man's pay and a hundred-dinar allowance besides the camel the tribes engaged between them; he deposited its armoury, granted the soldiers farms and built the fortress of Qaludhiya — and Constantine the tyrant came on with over a hundred thousand as far as Jayhan, heard of the Arabs' numbers and held back.
ریاست
دولة بني واسول بسجلماسة
757 عیسوی · 140 ھThe state of Banu Wasul ibn Maslan ibn Abi Yazul, Miknasa kings of Sijilmasa and its districts; the people of Sijilmasa's site embraced the Sufrite Kharijite creed, forty of their chief men renounced caliphal obedience, elected Isa ibn Yazid al-Aswad and founded the city in 140 AH — the imamate then passed to Abu al-Qasim Samku and his sons, who built its wall, workshops and palaces, until Khazrun ibn Fulful of the Maghrawa kings marched in 366, killed their amir al-Mu'tazz bi'llah and seized the land and its hoard.
واقعہ
استشهاد عمر بن حفص وخراب العباسية
759 اور 767 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: al-Mansur appointed Umar ibn Hafs ibn Uthman ibn Qubaysa ibn Abi Sufra al-Ataki — 'he who captured Hazarmard', whom al-Mansur admired, while elsewhere the text reads 'he appointed Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard in his place' — he entered Ifriqiya, raided to the farthest Berber lands and built there a city he named al-Abbasiyya; then Abu Khatim al-Saddrati al-Ibadi of Sadrata's people, a mawla of Kinda, fought him and he was martyred with a group of his household, the frontier rebelled, and the city he built was demolished.
واقعہ
قتل منصور بن جاونة بن الحارث
تقریباً 758 عیسوی · 141 ھIn al-Baladhuri from Abu Amr al-Bahili and others: Hisn Mansur is named for Mansur ibn Jamwana ibn al-Harith al-Amiri of Qays, who undertook its building and upkeep, being stationed there in Marwan's days with a dense Syrian and Jaziran host to repel the enemy; this Mansur was set over al-Ruha's people when they withheld in the dynasty's first days, whereupon al-Mansur besieged them — as al-Abbas's governor of the Jazira and Armenia — and when he took it Mansur fled, then was given aman and came out; when Abdallah ibn Ali deposed Abu Ja'far al-Mansur he made him chief of his police, and when Abdallah fled to Basra he went into hiding, was betrayed in year 141, brought before al-Mansur and killed at al-Raqqa as the caliph returned from Bayt al-Maqdis — others say he was amaned after Ibn Ali's flight, appeared, and was then found to have letters to the Romans betraying Islam, so when al-Mansur reached al-Raqqa from Bayt al-Maqdis in year 141 he sent for him and struck off his head there before departing for al-Hashimiyya at Kufa; al-Rashid had built and garrisoned Hisn Mansur in al-Mahdi's caliphate.
واقعہ
بدء تدوين العلم
تقریباً 760 عیسوی · 143 ھPer al-Dhahabi, in year 143 the scholars of Islam began in this age the codification of hadith, fiqh and tafsir: Ibn Jurayj compiled at Mecca, Malik the Muwatta at Medina, al-Awza'i in Syria, Ibn Abi Uruba, Hammad ibn Salama and others at Basra, Ma'mar in Yemen, Sufyan al-Thawri at Kufa; Ibn Ishaq compiled the Maghazi and Abu Hanifa the fiqh and ra'y, then shortly Hashim, al-Layth and Ibn Lahi'a, then Ibn al-Mubarak, Abu Yusuf and Ibn Wahb. Codification and chapter-ordering spread, and the books of Arabic, language, history and the days of men were written down; before this age the imams spoke from memory or transmitted from sound but unordered sheets.
واقعہ
خروج محمد النفس الزكية وأخيه إبراهيم
تقریباً 762 عیسوی · 145 ھIn year 145 Muhammad and Ibrahim, sons of Abdallah ibn al-Hasan the Hasanid, rose; al-Mansur overcame and killed them with a great company of the Prophet's house. He was the first to sow strife between Abbasids and Alids — hitherto one party — and harmed scholars who joined or sanctioned the rising, killing and flogging: Abu Hanifa, Abd al-Hamid ibn Ja'far and Ibn Ajlan among them. Malik ibn Anas ruled the rising lawful: 'your bay'a was coerced, and there is no oath upon the coerced'.
واقعہ
خلع عيسى بن موسى من ولاية العهد
تقریباً 764 عیسوی · 147 ھIn year 147 al-Mansur deposed his uncle Isa ibn Musa from the succession — al-Saffah had settled it on him after al-Mansur, and Isa was the very man who had fought the brothers Muhammad and Ibrahim for him and overcome them; al-Mansur requited him by deposing him under duress and settling the succession on his son al-Mahdi.
تصنیف
سيرة ابن إسحاق برواية ابن هشام
The earliest surviving continuous biography of the Prophet; composed by Muhammad ibn Ishaq (d. 151 AH) and abridged/recast by Abd al-Malik ibn Hisham (d. 213 or 218 AH) — the text known as Ibn Hisham's Sira.
واقعہ
مسير يزيد بن حاتم إلى إفريقية وقتله أبا خاتم
767 اور 787 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: after Hazarmard, Yazid ibn Hatim ibn Qubaysa ibn al-Muhallab governed — he went out in fifty thousand, Abu Ja'far al-Mansur escorting him to Bayt al-Maqdis and spending great wealth on him; Yazid marched until he met Abu Khatim at Batr Iblis, killed him, and entered Ifriqiya which settled for him; then Rawh ibn Hatim ruled, then al-Fadl ibn Rawh — the army rose on him and slaughtered him.
واقعہ
خروج أستاذسيس
تقریباً 767 عیسوی · 150 ھIn year 150 the Khurasani troops renounced obedience under the amir Ustadhsis and he seized most of Khurasan; the Khurasani army's levy reached three hundred thousand horse and foot. Ajtham al-Marwazi fought them and was killed and his army plundered; Khazim ibn Khuzayma then took the field in a vast host, and the famous battle they fought is said to have killed seventy thousand. Ustadhsis fled to a mountain; the next year Khazim had the fourteen thousand captives beheaded, besieged him until he surrendered, bound him and released his thirty thousand followers.
واقعہ
إلزام المنصور بالقلانس الطوال
تقریباً 770 عیسوی · 153 ھIn year 153 al-Mansur obliged his subjects to wear the tall qalansuwa, which they fashioned from reeds and paper and wore in black; Abu Dulama quipped: 'We hoped our imam would add more — and the chosen imam added to the qalansuwas; you see them on men's heads like Jews' money-boxes cloaked in burnooses'.
واقعہ
بناء الرافقة
تقریباً 772 عیسوی · 155 ھIn al-Baladhuri: al-Rafiqa had no ancient trace — the commander of the faithful al-Mansur built it in year 155 on the model of his city at Baghdad and stationed a Khurasani army in it; works continued under al-Mahdi while heir apparent, then al-Rashid built its palaces, and between al-Raqqa and al-Rafiqa lay an open space of sown fields; when Ali ibn Sulayman ibn Ali came as governor of the Jazira he moved al-Raqqa's markets into that space — the city's great old market having been called Suq Hisham al-Atiq — and when al-Rashid later came to al-Raqqa he increased those markets, which have since been assessed with the crown lands; as for Rusafat Hisham, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik founded it, having previously dwelt at al-Zaytuna, dug the al-Hani and al-Mari canals and laid out Wasit al-Raqqa in it; that estate was seized at the dynasty's opening and passed to Umm Ja'far Zubayda bint Ja'far ibn al-Mansur, who built in it the estate named for her and added to its splendour.
واقعہ
سنّ خزيمة بن خازم المساحة بدبيل والنشوى
775 اور 833 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Armenia's Abbasid governors ran in succession — Uthman ibn Umada ibn Khurathim, then Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi, then Khuzayma ibn Khazim, then Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani, then Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi, then al-Fadl ibn Yahya, then Sa'id ibn Salm, then Muhammad ibn Yazid ibn Mazyad; Khuzayma was the sternest of them in office, and it was he who instituted the land-survey at Dabil and Nashwa, which had not existed before. The Armenian patrikioses ever stayed in their lands, each guarding his district: when a march-governor arrived they surrounded him — if they saw continence and sternness in him while he had force and equipment, they paid him the kharaj and yielded obedience, but otherwise despised him and made light of his command; and Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mazyad governed them in al-Ma'mun's caliphate, accepting their gifts and mixing them with his own person — that deed corrupted them and emboldened them against al-Ma'mun's governors who came after.
واقعہ
وفاة المنصور
تقریباً اکتوبر 775 عیسوی · ذوالحجہ 158 ھIn year 158 al-Mansur ordered his deputy at Mecca to imprison Sufyan al-Thawri and Abbad ibn Kathir, and fear spread that he would kill them on arrival for hajj; God did not bring him to Mecca in health — he arrived ill and died of his ailment in Dhu'l-Hijja and was buried between al-Hujun and Bi'r Maymun.
واقعہ
قتل صالح بن عبد القدوس
تقریباً 775 عیسوی · تقریباً 158 ھSalih ibn Abd al-Quddus of Basra was denounced to al-Mahdi for zandaqa and the caliph meant to kill him; 'I repent to God,' he said, and recited: 'what foes inflict on a fool is less than the fool inflicts on himself — and the old man never leaves his ways until buried in the dust of his grave.' Released and nearly gone, he was called back: 'Did you not say the old man never leaves his ways?' 'Yes.' 'So you will not leave yours until you die' — and ordered his execution.
واقعہ
بناء المحمدية بالري
774 عیسوی · 158 ھAl-Mahdi came to Rayy in the caliphate of his father al-Mansur and built the city the people inhabit today, dug a moat around it, built a congregational mosque carried out by Ammar ibn Abi al-Khasib whose name was written on its wall, dated its building 158 AH, girded it with a suburb-wall of fired brick and named it al-Muhammadiyya — Rayy's people call the inner town al-Madina al-Dakhila and the walled suburb al-Madina al-Kharija; Hisn al-Zaynabi lay inside al-Muhammadiyya, al-Mahdi ordered its repair and lodged there overlooking mosque and governor's palace, and on his first arrival he had lodged at a village called al-Sirwan.
واقعہ
حديث غياث المكذوب وأشهد أن قفاك قفا كذاب
تقریباً 775 عیسوی · تقریباً 158 ھAmong ten hadith-men brought before al-Mahdi was Ghiyath ibn Ibrahim; the caliph loved pigeons, so Ghiyath transmitted from Abu Hurayra 'there is no wagered race save on hoof or arrowhead' — and added 'or wing'. Al-Mahdi granted him ten thousand dirhams, but as he rose said, 'I bear witness that the back of your head is the back of a liar; you only fished for this' — then ordered the pigeons slaughtered.
واقعہ
تتبع الزنادقة في عهد المهدي
تقریباً 775 عیسوی · 158 ھAl-Mahdi hunted down the zanadiqa and destroyed a great many of them — he was the first to commission books of polemic in refutation of the zanadiqa and the atheists; in year 166 and after he redoubled the pursuit, searching for them in the furthest lands and killing on mere suspicion.
واقعہ
حركة المقنَّع الخراساني
776 عیسوی · 159 ھThe rising of the Veiled One in Marw's region, 159-161 AH — the last of the movements bound to Abu Muslim's name, broken by Sa'id al-Harashi.
شخصیت
الربيع بن صبيح الفقيه
Al-Rabi' ibn Sabih, mawla of Banu Sa'd and narrator from al-Hasan al-Basri; he gathered Basran money, fortified Abbadan, raided from it, then sailed against India and died — buried on a Jarathir island in 160h.
واقعہ
مؤامرة بادربودن وحملة شارلمان على الأندلس
777 عیسوی · 160 ھThe Paderborn pact, 160 AH/777 CE — the Andalusi governors' compact with Charlemagne to deliver Saragossa, collapsing when al-Ansari shut the gates and the Saxon revolt recalled the Frank.
واقعہ
عمارة طريق مكة وإصلاح المنابر
تقریباً 778 عیسوی · 161 ھIn year 161 al-Mahdi ordered the hajj road to Mecca made good, building palaces and constructing pools along it; he ordered the maqasir in the mosques of Islam removed and the minbars shortened to the measure of the Prophet's minbar. In year 160 he performed hajj: the Ka'ba's custodians warned that the weight of hangings threatened to bring it down, so he had them stripped and limited it to his own kiswa — and snow was carried to him at Mecca, a thing, al-Dhahabi says, granted to no king before.
واقعہ
غارة ميخائيل على عمق مرعش سنة 161
تقریباً 777 عیسوی · 161 ھIn al-Baladhuri — Muhammad ibn Sa'd told me from al-Waqidi: Michael came out of the Darb al-Hadath with eighty thousand, reached Amq Mar'ash killing, burning and taking captives of the Muslims, and came to the gate of Mar'ash, where Isa ibn Ali was — he having raided that year — so Isa's mawalis, the city folk and their fighters went out and shot him with arrows and darts; he feigned flight until he had drawn them from the city, then turned on them and killed eight of Isa's mawalis, the rest holding fast in the city which they shut, whereupon he besieged them then withdrew to Jayhan; word reached Thumama ibn al-Walid al-Absi at Dayq — he having been placed over that year's summer expedition, year 161 — who sent dense cavalry against him that were destroyed save those who escaped, which so grieved al-Mahdi that he made ready to send al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba raiding the next year, year 162.
واقعہ
بناء مدينة الحدث
778 اور 785 کے درمیان عیسوی · تقریباً 162 ھIn al-Baladhuri: al-Hadath was among the conquests of Umar's days, taken by Habib ibn Maslama at Iyad ibn Ghanm's direction, and Mu'awiya kept it up thereafter; Banu Umayya called the Darb al-Hadath 'al-Salama' out of omen, for the Muslims had been smitten there — that calamity being 'the event' as some say — while others say a Byzantine youth (ghulam hadath) fought them on the pass so it was named Darb al-Hadath; in Marwan ibn Muhammad's civil war the Romans demolished Madinat al-Hadath and evacuated its people as they had Malatya; then in year 161 Michael came out to Amq Mar'ash, and al-Mahdi sent al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba ranging Byzantine lands — in this expedition were Mandal al-Anzi the Kufan and Mu'tayyir ibn Sulayman al-Basri — who chose his city-site there, and on return spoke to al-Mahdi of building it and Tarsus; al-Mahdi ordered al-Hadath built first, and Ali ibn Sulayman ibn Ali founded it while over the Jazira and Qinnasrin — it was named al-Muhammadiyya — and al-Mahdi died just as they finished, so it is called al-Mahdiyya and al-Hamadiyya; it was built of mud brick, his death falling in year 169, when his son Musa al-Hadi succeeded, removed Ali ibn Sulayman and gave the Jazira and Qinnasrin to Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Ali; Ali had finished the city, and Muhammad levied for it a contingent of Syrians, Jazirans and Khurasanis at forty dinars' pay, granted them house-lots and gave each man three hundred dirhams — completed in year 169; Abu al-Khattab says Ali ibn Sulayman levied four thousand for the city, settled them in it and transferred two thousand men from Malatya, Shimshat, Sumaysat, Kaysum, Duluk and Ra'ban; when built, winter struck with snows and heavy rain — its building not sound — and the city collapsed in ruin, the Romans occupied it and its garrison scattered; word reached Musa, who dispatched columns with al-Musayyab ibn Zuhayr, Rawh ibn Hatim and Hamza ibn Malik, but died before they could march; al-Rashid then ordered it rebuilt, fortified, garrisoned and its fighters granted houses and estates — another than al-Waqidi says a patrikios grandee camped on the city with a dense host just as it was built, the stacked mud brick ruined by snow, its governor and people fleeing while the enemy burned its mosque, wrecked it and carried off the people's goods — al-Rashid rebuilt it at his accession.
واقعہ
أمان أهل ضمالو ونقلهم إلى بغداد
تقریباً 780 عیسوی · 163 ھIn al-Baladhuri: al-Mahdi sent his son Harun al-Rashid raiding in year 163 and he besieged the people of Damalu — which common speech calls Samalu — and they asked his aman, ten householders among them the qummis, which he granted on the condition that they not be separated, so they were settled in Baghdad at the Shammasiyya gate and named their quarter Samalu, which it is still known as; others say they came down on al-Mahdi's ruling — he spared them, gathered them at that spot and ordered it named Samalu; al-Rashid had those remaining in the fortress cried and sold, and an Abyssinian who used to curse al-Rashid and the Muslims was taken and crucified on one of its towers.
واقعہ
إقامة البريد من الحجاز إلى العراق
تقریباً 782 عیسوی · 166 ھIn year 166 al-Mahdi moved to Qasr al-Salam and ordered a barid relay established for him from the Prophet's Medina and from Yemen and Mecca to the capital, by mule and camel; per al-Dhahabi it was the first barid worked from the Hijaz to Iraq.
واقعہ
الزيادة الكبرى في المسجد الحرام
تقریباً 783 عیسوی · 167 ھIn year 167 al-Mahdi ordered the great enlargement of the Sacred Mosque, absorbing many houses into it.
واقعہ
وفاة المهدي
تقریباً اگست 785 عیسوی · 8 محرم 169 ھIn year 169 al-Mahdi died: chasing game, the quarry burst into a ruin and his horse followed, breaking his back in its doorway — he died on the spot, on the eighth of Muharram; others say he died poisoned.
واقعہ
مصرع الأغلب بن سالم بسهم ودحر حريش
785 اور 786 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri via Ahmad ibn Nafi', mawla of the Aghlab family: al-Aghlab ibn Salim al-Tamimi was of Marw al-Rudh's people among the Masawwida who came from Khurasan; Musa al-Hadi gave him the Maghreb, and Harish — a man of the frontier army of Tunis — gathered him a host and marched on him at Qayrawan of Ifriqiya, besieging him; al-Aghlab sallied and fought him, an arrow struck him in the battle and he fell dead, his companions not knowing of his fall nor Harish's companions knowing; then Harish and his army fled, al-Aghlab's men pursued three days and killed them, killing Harish at a place known as Suq al-Ahad — and al-Aghlab was called al-Shahid.
واقعہ
بيعة هارون الرشيد
تقریباً 14 ستمبر 786 عیسوی · 14 ربیع الاول 170 ھHarun al-Rashid acceded by his father's designation on his brother al-Hadi's death — Saturday night, 14 Rabi' I 170; that same night his son Abdallah al-Ma'mun was born. Per al-Suli, in all of time there was never a night in which a caliph died, a caliph rose and a caliph was born but this one.
واقعہ
وفاة الهادي
تقریباً ستمبر 786 عیسوی · ربیع الثانی 170 ھAl-Hadi died in Rabi' II 170 and accounts differ: he pushed a boon-companion off a ledge onto cut reed-stumps and the man clutched him so both fell, a stump entering his anus; or a stomach ulcer; or his mother Khayzuran poisoned him when he resolved to kill al-Rashid and settle the succession on his own son; or — she having ruled affairs absolutely while processions thronged her door — he rebuked her, 'have you no spindle to keep you, no Mushaf, no rosary?', she sent him poisoned food she first fed a dog, and when he fell ill she had his face covered with a carpet they sat upon. He left seven sons.
واقعہ
محاورة الرشيد مع الزنديق في الحديث
تقریباً 786 عیسوی · تقریباً 170 ھAl-Rashid seized a zindiq and ordered his neck struck; 'Why kill me?' he asked — 'to give people rest from you.' 'And what of the thousand hadith I have foisted on the Prophet, not one letter of which he spoke?' 'And what of you, enemy of God, against Abu Ishaq al-Fazari and Abdallah ibn al-Mubarak, who sift them and cast them out letter by letter?'.
واقعہ
بناء طرسوس
تقریباً اپریل 788 عیسوی · ربیع الثانی 172 ھIn al-Baladhuri from al-Waqidi: al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba al-Ta'i raided Byzantine lands in year 162 with the men of Khurasan, Mosul and Syria, Yemenite reinforcements and the volunteers of Iraq and the Hijaz, setting out by way of Tarsus, and reported to al-Mahdi the great benefit for Islam in building, fortifying and manning it and the check and vexation it would give the enemy — al-Hasan having fought so well on that raid and harried the Byzantine land that they named him the Shaytan; coming out of Byzantine territory he camped at Tarsus's meadow and rode to the ruined city, circling it on every side and reckoning its capacity at a hundred thousand; he described it to al-Mahdi and likewise told him of al-Hadath, rousing him to build it, so al-Mahdi ordered him to build Tarsus beginning with al-Hadath city, which was built, and charged him with Tarsus; in year 171 al-Rashid heard the Byzantines had conspired to go to Tarsus to fortify and man it, so he sent the summer raid of year 171 under Harthama ibn A'yan ordering him to settle, build and fortify it, putting the work in the hands of Faraj ibn Sulaym the eunuch at his command, and Abu Sulaym marched him to Madinat al-Salam whence he mustered the first levy of Khurasanis — three thousand men — who entered Tarsus, then a second levy of two thousand — a thousand of Masisa's people and a thousand of Antioch's, each man on a ten-dinar increase over his pay — who camped with the first levy at al-Mada'in at the Jihad gate at the opening of Muharram year 172 until Tarsus's building, fortification and mosque were complete; Faraj surveyed from river to river four thousand lots, each twenty cubits square, granted the Tarsusis their lots, and the two levies settled it in Rabi' II year 172; Abd al-Malik ibn Salih had appointed Yazid ibn Makhlad al-Fazari over it, whom the Khurasanis expelled in resentment for the Hubayriyya, and Abu al-Fawaris replaced him, confirmed in 170-and-odd.
ریاست
الدولة الإدريسية
789 عیسوی · 172 ھThe Idrisid state of the Far Maghreb; the first Alid polity there, raised when Idris ibn Abdallah took refuge at Walila and the Berbers gave him bay'a — his son Muhammad divided the realm among his sons, Ghumara, the Rif and Nekour among their shares; the dynasty warred the Aghlabids and Fatimids until Musa ibn Abi al-Afiya drove them from Fez in 313 to the Ghumara fastness of Hajar al-Nasr, where Abu al-Aysh ibn Idris and then al-Hasan ibn Kannun led them under Cordoban da'wa (routing al-Hakam's army in 362), until Ghalib exiled them east and al-Hasan was killed returning — Idrisid kingship ended save for the later Hammudid branch at Ceuta and Tangier.
واقعہ
قسمة الخلافة بين أبناء الرشيد
791 اور 802 کے درمیان عیسوی · 175 ھAl-Rashid settled the succession on his son Muhammad — titled al-Amin, aged five, at his mother Zubayda's urging — in 175; on Abdallah — al-Ma'mun, with all Khurasan — after him in 182; and on al-Qasim — al-Mu'tamin, with the Jazira and the marches, still a boy — in 186, and hung a copy of the compact in the Ka'ba. Al-Dhahabi calls this the first weakening to enter the Islamic state from the imamate's side; a sage said he had cast enmity between them to the flock's harm. Some add that al-Mu'tasim was passed over for illiteracy — yet God brought him the rule and made all later caliphs his descendants.
واقعہ
مباهلة يحيى العلوي وعبد الله بن مصعب
تقریباً 791 عیسوی · 175 ھIn year 175 Abdallah ibn Mus'ab al-Zubayri slandered Yahya ibn Abdallah the Alid before al-Rashid, claiming Yahya had invited him to revolt; Yahya challenged him to mutual imprecation in the caliph's presence, entwining hands: 'Say — O God, if You know Yahya did not call me to rebel against this Commander of the Faithful, abandon me to my own power and scourge me with Your punishment.' The Zubayrid faltered, spoke it, Yahya spoke likewise — and the Zubayrid died that very day.
واقعہ
تولية هارون إبراهيم بن الأغلب بلاد المغرب
795 اور 800 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab was of Egypt's army notables; he rose with twelve men who took from the treasury only the measure of their rations and fled, reaching a place called al-Zab over ten days' march from Qayrawan, the frontier's agent then being Harun's Harthama ibn A'yan; Ibrahim claimed the leadership over that district's troops, sending gifts to Harthama, courting him and writing that he had not left obedience nor embraced sin — only need and necessity had driven him — so Harthama gave him his district and sufficed him for it; when Harthama left the frontier Ibn al-Akki ruled after him and his conduct soured until the province rose on him, so al-Rashid consulted Harthama on a man to appoint and he counselled reconciling Ibrahim, cultivating him and giving him the frontier; al-Rashid wrote that he had pardoned his offence and seen fit to give him the Maghreb as a benefaction — Ibrahim ruled that frontier, stood over it and held it firm.
واقعہ
ثورة الوليد بن طريف بالجزيرة
794 عیسوی · 178 ھThe Jaziran revolt of al-Walid ibn Tarif, broken by Yazid ibn Mazyad's patient tactics, 178 AH.
واقعہ
الزلزلة العظمى سنة 180
تقریباً 796 عیسوی · 180 ھIn year 180 came the great earthquake, from which the head of Alexandria's lighthouse fell.
واقعہ
سفارات هارون الرشيد وشارلمان
797 عیسوی · 181 ھThe Harun al-Rashid–Charlemagne embassies of 181-192 AH (797-807 CE), known only from Latin sources — Einhard, the Monk of St Gall and the Royal Annals: Isaac's three-year journey returning alone with the elephant, the Persian-Maghribi counter-embassy to Aachen, and the Jerusalem patriarch's gift of the Sepulchre's keys.
واقعہ
فتح حصن الصفصاف
تقریباً 797 عیسوی · 181 ھIn year 181 the fortress of al-Safsaf was taken by storm — al-Rashid himself its conqueror; in year 176 the city of Dabasa was conquered under the amir Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Salih al-Abbasi.
واقعہ
زلزلة المسجد الأقصى وإعمارته في الدولة العباسية
تقریباً 800 عیسوی · تقریباً 184 ھ†The Abbasid-era earthquake that felled the Aqsa's roofed part save the mihrab: when the treasury pleaded it could not restore it as before, the caliph ordered each provincial amir and commander to rebuild one arcade — raising it stronger and thicker, the repair still legible as a 'seam' in al-Muqaddasi's day — and Abdallah ibn Tahir added marble arcades.
واقعہ
تأسيس إبراهيم بن الأغلب العباسية
تقریباً 800 عیسوی · تقریباً 184 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: when the frontier army besieged Ibrahim at Qayrawan, al-Muradi and al-Mamrun came to him bearing money from Egypt's kharaj — when paid, they dispersed. Ibrahim then built the White Palace two miles in Qayrawan's qibla direction, laid out plots around it for the people who built and made it a misr, built a congregational mosque of gravel and brick on marble columns roofed with cedar, two hundred cubits by about two hundred; he bought slaves he freed — they reached five thousand — settled them around it and named that city al-Abbasiyya, inhabited and flourishing to al-Baladhuri's day.
واقعہ
خروج الخزر على أرمينية
تقریباً 798 عیسوی · 183 ھIn year 183 the Khazars broke upon Armenia, slaughtering and carrying captive more than a hundred thousand souls — a calamity upon Islam the like of which had not been heard before.
واقعہ
سقوط برشلونة بيد الفرنج (185هـ)
تقریباً 801 عیسوی · تقریباً 185 ھWhile the fitna between al-Hakam I and his uncles burned, the Franks seized their chance and took Barcelona in AH 185 — the Muslim armies fell back south of it, and the hajib Abd al-Karim ibn Mughith led the riposte.
واقعہ
كتاب نقفور وغزوة هرقلة
تقریباً 802 عیسوی · 187 ھIn year 187 a letter reached al-Rashid from Nikephoros, king of the Romans, repudiating the truce made with Empress Irene: 'she set you as the rook and herself as the pawn, carrying you loads of her wealth from women's weakness — restore what reached you or the sword is between us.' Al-Rashid raged and wrote on the letter's back: 'from Harun, Commander of the Faithful, to Nikephoros, dog of the Romans: I have read your letter, son of the infidel woman — the answer is what you will see, not what you will hear.' He marched that day to Heraclea — a witnessed conquest — and Nikephoros sued for peace at yearly tribute; but on the caliph's return to Raqqa he broke faith, trusting winter, and al-Rashid turned back in hardship until he camped before his city and took his prize.
واقعہ
الفداء العام وفتوحات سنة 190
تقریباً 805 عیسوی · 189 ھIn year 189 the Romans ransomed captives until no Muslim remained prisoner in their lands; in 190 Heraclea was conquered and al-Rashid spread his armies through Roman lands — Sharahil ibn Ma'n ibn Za'ida took the Saqaliba fortress, Yazid ibn Makhled took Malquniya, and Humayd ibn Ma'yuf sailed to Cyprus, demolishing and burning and carrying off sixteen thousand of its people.
واقعہ
وفاة هارون الرشيد بطوس
تقریباً مارچ 809 عیسوی · 3 جمادی الثانی 193 ھAl-Rashid died on campaign at Tus in Khurasan and was buried there on 3 Jumada II 193, aged forty-five; his son Salih prayed over him. Some say he had dreamt he would die at Tus — he wept, ordered a grave dug, was borne to it in a camel-litter, looked at it saying 'son of Adam, to this you come', and had men go down and complete a recitation of the Qur'an within while he lay in his litter at its edge. Others say Jibril ibn Bakhtishu' erred in his treatment and caused his death. Per al-Suli he left a hundred million dinars, and furnishings, jewels, silver-work and mounts worth a hundred and twenty-five million more.
واقعہ
وقعة طاهر بن الحسين مع علي بن عيسى
تقریباً 811 عیسوی · 195 ھIn year 195 al-Amin gave Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan the mountain lands — Hamadhan, Nihawand, Qum and Isfahan — and he left Baghdad in mid-Jumada II with forty thousand in unmatched array, carrying a silver shackle with which he meant, he boasted, to bind al-Ma'mun. Al-Ma'mun sent Tahir ibn al-Husayn with under four thousand; victory was Tahir's — Ali was slaughtered, his army routed, his head carried to al-Ma'mun and paraded through Khurasan, and men greeted al-Ma'mun as caliph. News reached al-Amin as he fished: 'Woe to you — leave me; Kawthar has caught two fish and I have caught nothing yet'.
واقعہ
حصار بغداد في حرب الأمين والمأمون
تقریباً 812 عیسوی · تقریباً 196 ھThe siege of Baghdad lasted fifteen months; most Abbasids and the pillars of the state joined al-Ma'mun's army until none fought for al-Amin but Baghdad's rabble and harafish. His affairs rotted, the army collapsed, the treasuries ran dry, the people suffered, and ruin multiplied from the fighting and the mangonels and naphtha until Baghdad's beauties were effaced and laments composed over it. As year 198 opened Tahir ibn al-Husayn entered Baghdad by the sword, and al-Amin fled with his mother and household from the palace to Madinat al-Mansur.
واقعہ
إحصاء أولاد العباس سنة مئتين
تقریباً 815 عیسوی · 200 ھIn al-Ma'mun's days the Abbasids were counted — thirty-three thousand souls, male and female, in year 200.
واقعہ
عهد المأمون إلى علي الرضا
تقریباً 817 عیسوی · 201 ھIn year 201 al-Ma'mun deposed his brother al-Mu'tamin from the succession and made Ali al-Rida ibn Musa al-Kazim heir — moved by his Shi'ite devotion, it was said, to the point of considering abdication outright. He it was who dubbed him 'al-Rida', struck dirhams in his name, married him to his daughter, wrote it to all the provinces and ordered the black dropped for green. The Abbasids took it extremely ill — they rose and swore to Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi 'al-Mubarak'.
واقعہ
وقعة الربض
تقریباً 818 عیسوی · تقریباً 202 ھThe Rabad revolt: Cordoba's learned and pious rose against al-Hakam I in his dissolute early years; he crushed the western suburb, razed its houses and mosques and scattered its people to Fez and Alexandria — whence Abdallah b. Tahir expelled them to Crete, where they held the island until the Franks took it.
واقعہ
فتنة الربض بقرطبة
تقریباً 818 عیسوی · تقریباً 202 ھThe famous revolt of the Rabbaḍ of Cordoba under al-Hakam ibn Hisham: the scholars of learning and piety — Yahya ibn Yahya al-Laythi, Malik's companion and Muwatta transmitter, the faqih Talut and others — rose against him, deposed him and gave bay'a to a kinsman; al-Hakam crushed them, demolished their houses and mosques, and the exiles went to Fez and Alexandria — where they revolted again until Abdallah ibn Tahir expelled them to Crete, which they held until the Franks took it.
ریاست
السامانيون
819 عیسوی · 203 ھ†A ruling dynasty established in 819 CE and ended in 999 CE.
واقعہ
فتح إقريطش
تقریباً 824 عیسوی · تقریباً 209 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: Janada raided Crete; in al-Walid's time part of it was opened then it closed; Humayd ibn Ma'yuf al-Hamdani raided it in al-Rashid's caliphate and opened part; then in al-Ma'mun's caliphate Abu Hafs Umar ibn Isa al-Andalusi — known as al-Iqritishi — raided it, opened a single fortress and settled it, then kept opening bit by bit until no Romans remained in it and he ruined their fortresses.
واقعہ
زواج المأمون ببوران
تقریباً 825 عیسوی · 210 ھIn year 210 al-Ma'mun married Buran bint al-Hasan ibn Sahl; her trousseau ran to forty jewelled girdles and ten chests of pearls and rubies. Her father gave the commanders their khil'a robes, feasted them seventeen days, scattered slips bearing names of his estates among the generals and Abbasids — whoever drew one took the property — and strewn a trayful of gems before al-Ma'mun as she was presented to him.
واقعہ
نداء المأمون بالبراءة ممن ذكر معاوية بخير
تقریباً 826 عیسوی · 211 ھIn year 211 al-Ma'mun ordered it proclaimed: the dhimma is quit of whoever spoke well of Mu'awiya — and that the best of creation after the Messenger of God is Ali ibn Abi Talib.
ریاست
الإمارة الصقلية
827 عیسوی · 212 ھ†An emirate established in 827 CE and ended in 1091 CE.
واقعہ
نداء المأمون في أمر معاوية
212 ھThe 212 proclamation barring good mention of Mu'awiya — blamed on Mutarrif's report of his father's audience — reversed when the people found it monstrous.
واقعہ
دخول المأمون مصر
تقریباً 831 عیسوی · تقریباً 216 ھIn year 215 al-Ma'mun marched against the Byzantines, taking the fortresses Qurra and Majida, then went to Damascus; in 216 he returned and took several more. He then made for Egypt and entered it — the first Abbasid caliph ever to do so — before returning in 217 to Damascus and the frontier.
واقعہ
وفاة المأمون
رجب 218 ھAl-Ma'mun's death by the Qushayra spring after the fish's splash — 'cook it at once' — the shaking ague the physicians could not name, the omen 'stretch your legs', and 'O One whose kingdom never passes, have mercy on him whose kingdom has passed'.
واقعہ
غزوة المأمون أرض الروم
218 ھThe 218 campaign — al-Tawwana founded at the pass-mouth by Tarsus, the Byzantine king's three offers refused, fifteen fortresses taken, and the death-halt at al-Badhidhun.
واقعہ
خراب زبطرة وغزوة المعتصم
تقریباً 838 عیسوی · تقریباً 223 ھIn al-Baladhuri: Zibatra was an old Roman fortress taken with the old fortress of al-Hadath by Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri, standing until the Romans wrecked it in al-Walid ibn Yazid's days; rebuilt unsoundly, the Romans camped on it in Marwan ibn Muhammad's civil war and demolished it; al-Mansur rebuilt it, they damaged it, and al-Rashid rebuilt and garrisoned it through Muhammad ibn Ibrahim; in al-Ma'mun's caliphate the Romans raided it and its people's pasturage, driving off livestock, and al-Ma'mun ordered its repair and fortification; when the Byzantine tyrant's embassy came in year 210 seeking peace he refused and wrote to the frontier governors, who ranged Byzantine lands killing and subduing with handsome success, only Yaqzan ibn Abd al-A'la ibn Ahmad ibn Yazid ibn Asid al-Sulami being hit; then in the caliphate of al-Mu'tasim — Abu Ishaq ibn al-Rashid — the Romans came to Zibatra, killed the men, captured the women and wrecked it, which grieved and angered him so that he raided them as far as Amorium — having destroyed forts before it — camped on it, took it, killed the fighters, captured the women and children, then demolished it and ordered Zibatra rebuilt, fortified and garrisoned, which the Romans afterwards attempted and failed to take.
واقعہ
مصرع المازيار والأفشين
225 ھMazyar captured at al-Sariyya, whipped to death and crucified beside Babak; al-Afshin dead in gaol, gibbeted at Bab al-'Amma and burned with his 'idols'.
واقعہ
خروج مازيار بن قارن
225 ھAl-Ma'mun gave Mazyar ibn Qarin Tabaristan, al-Ruwayan and Dumbawand, named him Muhammad and gave him the Ispahbadh's rank; al-Mu'tasim confirmed him, then he apostatized and broke faith six years into the caliphate. Abdallah ibn Tahir sent his uncle al-Hasan ibn al-Husayn with Khurasan's men and the caliph sent Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Mus'ab; Mazyar's brother Quhyar ibn Qarin, nursing slights, was secretly theirs. The ruse: al-Hasan hides, Quhyar tells Mazyar al-Hasan offers aman at another spot — marching there, Quhyar's signal brings the ambushers out of the thickets, he seizes Mazyar's belt, they take him unharmed, no pledge — carried to Samarra in 225, flogged to death before al-Mu'tasim, crucified beside Babak at the arch by the shurta-hall; Quhyar was killed by his brother's retainers, and Tabaristan, plain and mountain, was conquered for Abdallah ibn Tahir and Tahir after him.
واقعہ
وفاة المعتصم
تقریباً 5 فروری 842 عیسوی · 11 ربیع الاول 227 ھAl-Mu'tasim died Thursday, 11 Rabi' I 227; in his illness he kept saying 'the ruse is gone — there is no ruse'. He had resolved to march to the far west against the Umayyad of al-Andalus — 'the Umayyads ruled when none of us had rule; we rule and this Umayyad holds al-Andalus? Reckon what is needed to fight him' — when his illness grew heavy and he died.
واقعہ
بعثة سلام الترجمان إلى سد يأجوج ومأجوج
تقریباً 842 عیسوی · تقریباً 227 ھ†Al-Wathiq dreamt that Dhu'l-Qarnayn's barrier had loosened, and found none fit to inspect it save Sallam the Interpreter of thirty tongues: equipped with fifty men, five thousand dinars, two hundred mules and cold-weather gear, he passed by letters of introduction from the governor of Armenia to the lord of Sarir, the Alan king, Filan Shah and the Khazar Tarkhan, then crossed the black stinking land and the cities ruined by Gog and Magog to the forts near the mountain cleft — seeing the iron gate with leaves fifty by seventy-five cubits, a lock two men cannot embrace, a twelve-toothed key, and the ritual of knocking on it each Monday and Thursday so those beyond know guards remain; he dictated the whole report to Ibn Khurdadhbih.
واقعہ
استخلاف الواثق أشناس التركي على السلطنة
تقریباً 843 عیسوی · 228 ھIn year 228 al-Wathiq installed Ashinas al-Turki over the sultanate, clothing him in two jewelled sashes and a jewelled crown; al-Suyuti thinks him the first caliph to appoint a sultan — for the Turks had only multiplied in his father's days.
واقعہ
نزول المجوس بإشبيلية (230هـ)
تقریباً 844 عیسوی · 230 ھThe great Majus raid of AH 230: the northern sea-raiders entered Seville itself; Córdoba's army fought them 'after a hard stand,' burnt some of their ships, and the raiders withdrew down the coast through Sidonia, Niebla, Beja and Lisbon before vanishing — Abd al-Rahman II then repaired what they had wrecked and reinforced the garrisons.
واقعہ
قتل أحمد بن نصر الخزاعي
تقریباً 846 عیسوی · 231 ھIn 231 al-Wathiq killed Ahmad ibn Nasr al-Khuza'i, a hadith man devoted to commanding right. Brought shackled from Baghdad to Samarra, he refused createdness, transmitted the vision hadith — 'you lie?' — 'you lie!' — and the Mu'tazili jurists ruled his blood lawful. Al-Wathiq struck his neck himself upon the nat'a, his head was crucified at Baghdad and his body at Sur man Ra'a for six years until al-Mutawakkil buried him; a note in its ear named him and his charge, and the appointed watchman swore he saw the head turn to the qibla and recite Ya-Sin.
واقعہ
استفكاك الأسرى المسلمين من الروم سنة إحدى وثلاثين
تقریباً 846 عیسوی · 231 ھIn 231 al-Wathiq ransomed 1,600 Muslim captives from the Byzantines; Ibn Abi Du'ad ruled that any captive who affirmed the Quran created be freed and given two dinars, and whoever refused be left in captivity.
واقعہ
وفاة الواثق
تقریباً 22 اگست 847 عیسوی · 6 ذوالحجہ 232 ھAl-Wathiq died at Sur man Ra'a on Wednesday, 6 Dhu'l-Hijja 232; when he died he was left alone while the people busied themselves with the bay'a to al-Mutawakkil, and a rat came and plucked out his eye and ate it.
واقعہ
فتح المفرج بن سلام أربعة وعشرين حصناً
847 اور 870 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: after Khalafun rose a man called al-Mufarraj — one copy: al-Mufarrikh — ibn Sallam who opened twenty-four fortresses and seized them; he wrote the postmaster in Egypt his news and that he deemed the absentee prayer unlawful for himself and the Muslims with him, asking the imam to contract him over his district and appoint him, to leave the state of usurpers — and he built a congregational mosque. Then his companions mutinied and killed him; Sawran — also read Sudan — succeeded and sent his envoy to al-Mutawakkil asking patent and letter of appointment, but al-Mutawakkil died before the envoy reached him, and al-Muntasir died whose caliphate was six months; al-Musta'in Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Mu'tasim ordered his Maghreb agent Utamish — the caliph's mawla — to contract it for him, but before his envoy could leave Samarra Utamish was killed and Wasif the caliph's mawla took the district and contracted and dispatched it.
واقعہ
فتح بارة
تقریباً 847 عیسوی · تقریباً 232 ھ†In al-Baladhuri: in the Maghreb lies a land known as the Great Land, fifteen days' march from Barqa — or a little less or more — with a sea-shore city called Barah whose people were Christians though not Romans; Jabala, al-Aghlab's mawla, raided it but could not take it, then Khalafun al-Barbari — said to be a mawla of Rabi'a — raided it and opened it at the start of al-Mutawakkil's caliphate.
واقعہ
قتل البطارقة يوسف المروزي
847 اور 861 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: al-Mu'tasim gave the march to al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Badhaghisi, known as al-Ma'muni, who neglected Armenia's patrikioses and freemen, going soft with them till they worsened in corruption against the sultan and in savaging the subjects beneath them; Ishaq ibn Isma'il ibn Shu'ayb, a mawla of Banu Umayya, mastered Jurzan, and Sahl ibn Sanbat the patrikios ambushed Haydar ibn Kawus al-Afshin's governor over Armenia, killed his scribe, and escaped by a hair; then governors came to Armenia who accepted pardon from its people and contented themselves with easy kharaj; then al-Mutawakkil gave Armenia for two years of his caliphate to Yusuf ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Marwazi — who at Khilat seized its patrikios Buqrat ibn Ashut and carried him to Samarra, estranging the patrikioses, freemen and warlords; then his agent called al-Mala' ibn Ahmad made for a monastery in Sisajan known as Dayr al-Aqdah, which Armenia's Christians had ever venerated and gifted, took everything in it and brutalised its people — the patrikioses held that enormity unbearable, wrote to one another urging breach and rupture, and sent to the Khwaythiyya — the Aztan — to ambush Yusuf, inciting them over his carrying off their patrikios Buqrat, each man of them and of the warlords sending horse and foot to back it; they ambushed him at Batrun while his men were dispersed among the villages, killed him and seized all that was in his camp.
واقعہ
الزام النصارى بالعسلي
تقریباً 850 عیسوی · 235 ھIn 235 al-Mutawakkil bound the Christians to wear the honey-coloured distinguishing dress.
واقعہ
هدم قبر الحسين
تقریباً 850 عیسوی · 236 ھIn 236 al-Mutawakkil ordered al-Husayn's tomb demolished with the houses around it, the site ploughed into farmland and visits forbidden — he was known for nasb; the Muslims grieved, Baghdadis wrote curses on walls and mosques, and poets lampooned: 'by God, if Umayya did the killing of the Prophet's daughter's son wronged, his father's sons did the like — his tomb demolished'.
واقعہ
إصلاح بُغا الكبير ثغر أرمينية
852 اور 855 کے درمیان عیسویIn al-Baladhuri: al-Mutawakkil gave Armenia to Bugha al-Kabir, who at Badhlis seized Musa ibn Zurara — one who had favoured Yusuf's killing and aided it in anger for Buqrat — warred on the Khwaythiyya, slaying a great slaughter and taking many captives, then besieged Ashut ibn Hamza ibn Jajiq, patrikios of Busfurrajan, at al-Baq, brought him down from his fortress and carried him to Samarra, marched on Jurzan where Ishaq ibn Isma'il was overcome and killed in cold blood, opened Jurzan, and carried off the people of Arran and the Armenian surface-dwellers in Sisajan — the rebellious and disobedient, Christians and others — till that march stood sounder than ever it had been; then he came to Samarra in the year 241.
واقعہ
كبسة الروم دمياط
تقریباً 853 عیسوی · 238 ھIn 238 the Byzantines raided Damietta, plundering and burning, carried off six hundred women and sped out to sea.
واقعہ
وقعة وادي سليطة (نحو 240هـ)
تقریباً 854 عیسوی · تقریباً 240 ھThe Wadi Salit (Guazalete) massacre: when rebel Toledo sought the kings of Galicia and the Basques against the emir Muhammad I, he ambushed their host on the river south of Toledo and left twenty thousand dead.
واقعہ
حرب القمي لبلاد البجة
241 ھIn al-Baladhuri: al-Mutawakkil ordered sending a man called Muhammad ibn Abdallah — known as al-Qummi — to the mine of Egypt as its governor, giving him the Qulzum, the Hijaz road and with it Egypt's hajj command; reaching the mine he carried provisions by ships from the Qulzum to the Buja lands, met a coast called Aydhab where the ships joined him — strengthened by that supply he reached the Buja king's fortress and fought him in small number; the Buja king came out in the masses on armored camels, so al-Qummi took the bells and hung them on the horses — the camels heard their sounds and scattered the Buja through valleys and mountains, and the Buja master was killed. His sister's son succeeded — the original reads 'his brother' — his father one of the Buja kings, and sought truce; al-Mutawakkil refused unless he tread his carpet, so he came to Samarra and peace was made in year 241 on paying the tribute and baqt; he was returned with al-Qummi, the Buja entering truce, paying and not barring Muslims from working the gold mine — that being the condition on their master. In al-Maqrizi's version cited by the editors: al-Mutawakkil gave him the Buja war in 241 and wrote Anbasa ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi, Egypt's amir, to aid him; their land was a month's barren march of rugged mountains; their king was Ali Baba — when the provision ships arrived he fought in earnest, the camels panicked at the bells, the Muslims pursued killing and capturing; Ali Baba asked aman, granted on paying dues, he carried him four years' withheld kharaj; al-Qummi returned to Baghdad with Ali Baba — al-Mutawakkil robed him in brocade and gave Sa'd al-Khadim the Buja and the road to Mecca; Sa'd gave Muhammad al-Qummi that and he returned with Ali Baba still on his religion, carrying a stone idol like a boy he prostrated to; al-Qummi settled at Aswan and died there.
واقعہ
عزم المتوكل على سكنى دمشق
تقریباً 857 عیسوی · 243 ھIn 243 al-Mutawakkil came to Damascus, admired it, built a palace at Darayya and resolved to reside — Yazid al-Muhallabi versified 'if the imam resolves to depart, forsaking Iraq, I think Syria will gloat; the lovely woman is worn out by divorce' — he changed his mind and returned after two or three months.
واقعہ
غارة المجوس على نكور سنة 244
858 عیسوی · 244 ھIn 244 AH the Majus (Norse seafarers) raided Nekour on the Maghreb's coast in their fleets, overran it and sacked it for eight days, until Sa'id ibn Salih of the Banu Salih gathered Berber succour, met them in battle, routed their host and killed their leader.
واقعہ
ظهور مراكب المجوس في الأندلس
تقریباً 859 عیسوی · 245 ھIn 245 the Majus ships — the northern sea-raiders — appeared and ravaged in al-Andalus; the amir Muhammad's fleet met them, fought them, took two ships as prize, and a number of Muslims were martyred: the first recorded descent of the Vikings' ships on the Umayyad coast.
دور
عصر تفكك الخلافة العباسية
تقریباً 861 عیسوی · تقریباً 247 ھ†The decades when regional dynasties such as the Tulunids, Samanids and Saffarids won real autonomy while Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad lost control of the army and provinces.
ریاست
الدولة الصفارية
تقریباً 861 عیسوی · تقریباً 247 ھ†The Saffarid state, kings of Sistan; it arose from the mutatawwi'a volunteers who gathered in Sistan to fight the Kharijite Shurat as the Baghdad state faltered after al-Mutawakkil's killing, first rallying to Salih ibn Nasr al-Kinani, then led by Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar who mastered Herat, Kirman, Fars and Khurasan with caliphal investiture — he died in 265 AH and his brother Amr succeeded until Isma'il al-Samani captured him at Balkh, ending their great state.
واقعہ
خروج الشاري
248 ھThe Haruri rising in Yemen and the Jazira — crushed by Sama, its leader pardoned.
واقعہ
حصار بغداد في فتنة المستعين والمعتز
تقریباً 865 عیسوی · 251 ھ
ریاست
بنو الأخيضر باليمامة
865 عیسوی · 251 ھThe emirate of Banu al-Ukhaydhir of Yamama, Hasanids; from the line of Musa al-Jawn ibn Abdallah ibn al-Hasan al-Muthanna — Ismail and his brother Muhammad al-Ukhaydhir, sons of Yusuf ibn Ibrahim ibn Musa. Ismail 'al-Saffak' rose among the Hijaz Arabs in 251, drove Mecca's governor out, plundered the caliphal households and the Ka'ba's kiswa for fifty days, starved Medina under siege until none prayed in the Prophet's mosque, and roamed the Hijaz twenty-two years; his brother Muhammad al-Ukhaydhir then founded their Yamama kingship, which lasted until the Qarmatians overwhelmed them.
واقعہ
بعث موسى بن بغا إلى الديلم
253 ھIn 253 AH al-Mu'tazz sent his mawla Musa ibn Bugha al-Kabir against the Talibis risen in Daylam and the Tabaristan side, where the Daylamis had rallied to a man called al-Kawki; he raided Daylam deep into their land, fought them, struck them hard, and his burden and damage weighed heavy on them.
ریاست
الدولة الطولونية
868 عیسوی · 254 ھThe state of Ahmad ibn Tulun, his sons and his mawali Banu Tughj in Egypt and Syria; Ahmad entered Egypt in Ramadan 254 AH as Bayakbak's deputy, made it independent, joined Syria to it and built al-Qata'i' east of Fustat — succeeded by his sons Khumarawayh, al-Jaysh and Harun until their state failed and the Qarmatians ravaged Syria, whereupon al-Muqtafi sent Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib who retook Syria, entered Egypt, chained the Banu Tulun and burned al-Qata'i' in 292 AH, ending their dynasty.
واقعہ
دخول الزنج البصرة وإخربتها
تقریباً 870 عیسوی · تقریباً 257 ھIn al-Mu'tamid's days the Zanj entered Basra and its districts, laid it waste with sword, fire and captivity; per al-Suli their leader killed a million and a half Muslims, three hundred thousand in a single Basra day, and mounted a minbar in his city cursing Uthman, Ali, Mu'awiya, Talha, al-Zubayr and A'isha — Alawid women in his camp were crier-priced at two or three dirhams. Then came the plague that hardly fails Iraq's carnages, and tremors and quakes that killed thousands under the rubble.
واقعہ
وباء البصرة الكبير
تقریباً 871 عیسوی · 258 ھIn 258 plague spread from Ahwaz through Iraq to the gates of Fars: five to six hundred dead a day in Baghdad, and in Basra — already Zanj-besieged — the falls of sickness took more than twenty thousand.
واقعہ
عهد المعتمد للمفوض والموفق
تقریباً 875 عیسوی · 261 ھIn 261 al-Mu'tamid took bay'a for the succession after him to his son Ja'far 'al-Mufawwid ila'llah', then to his brother al-Muwaffaq Talha — the son assigned Maghreb, Syria, Jazira and Armenia; the brother the East, Iraq, Baghdad, Hijaz, Yemen, Fars, Isfahan, Rayy, Khurasan, Tabaristan, Sijistan and Sind. Each got two banners, white and black; the deed stipulated the brother takes the matter if the son be under age — written and dispatched with qadi Ibn Abi al-Shawarib to hang in the Ka'ba.
واقعہ
اعتراض ابن كنداج المعتمد ومحجوره
تقریباً 883 عیسوی · 269 ھIn 269, al-Mu'tamid's fear of his brother al-Muwaffaq peaked — he corresponded with his Egypt deputy Ahmad ibn Tulun and slipped out of Samarra for Damascus. Al-Muwaffaq sent Ishaq ibn Kundaj, who caught him between Mosul and Haditha, escorted him back and confined him to Ibn al-Khasib's house under five hundred guards. Ibn Kundaj received khil'as, money and the title Dhu'l-Sayfayn, Sa'id ibn Makhlad Dhu'l-Wizaratayn — and al-Mu'tamid lost all binding and loosing, the first caliph ever cowed, sequestered and warded.
واقعہ
قتل صاحب الزنج
تقریباً 883 عیسوی · 270 ھThe fighting ran from al-Mu'tamid's accession in 256 to 270, when the Zanj chief — who claimed he had sent creation letters to creation and knew the unseen — was killed; his head entered Baghdad on a lance, domes of celebration were raised, the crowd roared prayers for al-Muwaffaq, poets praised him, and people safely re-entered the cities the Zanj had taken, Wasit and Ramhurmuz among them.
واقعہ
انفراج تل بني شقيق عن سبعة أقبر
تقریباً 883 عیسوی · 270 ھIn 270 a mound on Nahr al-Sirat called Tall Bani Shaqquq split open on seven graves with an unreadable inscription: seven bodies whole in fresh soft shrouds perfumed like musk, one a youth with dew still on his lip as if he had just drunk, the wound in his flank turned back by the shroud, the hair rooted as on a living man.
واقعہ
هزيمة الروم عند طرسوس
883 عیسوی · 270 ھIn Rabi I 270 some hundred thousand Byzantines under the patrician Andrias camped near Tarsus; Zamman al-Khadim struck by night, killed their chief and — it was said — seventy thousand men, and took seven crosses of gold and silver, the great jewelled cross, fifteen thousand mounts, gold-hilted swords, four gold chairs and two hundred gold collars.
واقعہ
دخول ابني الحسن بن جعفر العلوي المدينة
تقریباً اگست 884 عیسوی · 1 صفر 271 ھIn Safar 271 the Talibid brothers Muhammad and Ali b. al-Hasan b. Ja'far entered Medina by force, killed townspeople and mulcted them, silencing the Prophet's mosque for four Fridays.
واقعہ
وثبة العامة على الدير العتيق
تقریباً 884 عیسوی · 271 ھIn 271 the Baghdad mob stormed the Christians' Old Monastery across the Isa canal — looted its furnishings, tore out doors and beams, breached walls and dug up the dead; the chief of police Husayn ibn Isma'il held them off for days until the ruins were rebuilt by the Christian Abdun ibn Makhlad.
واقعہ
منع المعتضد دكاكين الفلاسفة وقعود القصاص والمنجمين
تقریباً 892 عیسوی · 279 ھIn his first year al-Mu'tadid barred the booksellers from selling philosophers' books and the like, banned storytellers and astrologers from sitting in the street, and swore the warraqin off books of philosophy and dialectic.
واقعہ
غزو إسماعيل بن أحمد بلاد الترك
893 عیسوی · 280 ھIn 280 Ismail ibn Ahmad raided the lands of the Turks, killed many, captured their king's city with the king, the Khatun and some ten thousand, and each Muslim horseman's share was a thousand dirhams.
واقعہ
هدم دار الندوة بمكة
تقریباً 894 عیسوی · 281 ھIn 281 al-Mu'tadid demolished Mecca's Dar al-Nadwa and made it a mosque adjoining the Masjid al-Haram.
واقعہ
إبطال المعتضد مراسم النيروز
تقریباً 895 عیسوی · 282 ھIn 282 al-Mu'tadid abolished the Nawruz observances — the fire-lighting and the water-pouring on people — doing away with the Magian custom.
واقعہ
زفاف قطر الندى إلى المعتضد
تقریباً 895 عیسوی · 282 ھIn 282 Qatr al-Nada bint Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun was escorted to al-Mu'tadid — he went in to her in Rabi' I, her trousseau four thousand jewelled girdles and ten jewel chests.
واقعہ
عزم المعتضد على لعن معاوية على المنابر
تقریباً 897 عیسوی · 284 ھIn 284, per Ibn Jarir, al-Mu'tadid resolved to curse Mu'awiya on the minbars; the vizier Ubayd Allah's warning of popular unrest failed to move him, and he had a document written full of Ali's virtues and Mu'awiya's censures. Qadi Yusuf asked: 'what of the Alawids risen against you in every quarter — if people hear the house's merits they will incline to them' — and al-Mu'tadid desisted.
واقعہ
ظهور أبي سعيد القرمطي بالبحرين
تقریباً 899 عیسوی · 286 ھIn 286 Abu Sa'id al-Qarmati rose in Bahrayn — father of Abu Tahir Sulayman who would wrench out the Black Stone — fought the caliph's armies, raided Basra and its neighbourhood, and routed the caliph's forces repeatedly.
واقعہ
وثبة طيء على الركب العراقي
تقریباً 902 عیسوی · تقریباً 287 ھIn 287 Tayyi' fell on the Iraqi pilgrim caravan; its commander Abu al-Agharr Khalifa ibn al-Mubarak fought a day and a night, God gave him victory, Salih the Arabs' amir was slain and many captured — the pilgrims entered with captives and heads on lances. In 289 Tayyi' under Salih ibn Madrak rose again and looted the caravan — a million mithqals lost to the pilgrims.
واقعہ
ظهور أبي عبد الله الشيعي بالمغرب
تقریباً 901 عیسوی · 288 ھIn 288 Abu Abd Allah al-Shi'i appeared in the Maghreb calling the tribe of Kutama to the Imam al-Mahdi — they answered: the first emergence of the Ubaydids who became kings of Egypt.
واقعہ
سقوط الدولة الطولونية وإحراق القطائع (292هـ)
905 عیسوی · 292 ھAs Tulunid power failed and the Qarmatians ravaged Syria, al-Muqtafi sent his commander Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib, who took Syria then neared Egypt and won over the commanders until Badr al-Hammami their chief came over; Harun ibn Khumarawayh rode out to fight but was struck by a spear amid a mutiny of his own troops, his state's notables surrendered, and Muhammad rode into Egypt, chained the seventeen Banu Tulun and shipped them to Baghdad — then on al-Muqtafi's order burned Ibn Tulun's al-Qata'i' quarter east of Fustat mile upon mile while Fustat was plundered.
واقعہ
سقوط دولة آل طولون وعودة مصر للعباسيين
905 عیسوی · 292 ھMuhammad ibn Sulayman marched on Egypt; Harun ibn Khumarawayh drew up against him, then Muhammad entered Fustat, seized the score of remaining Tulunids, took their houses and levied the kharaj — the dynasty's end.
واقعہ
دخول أبي عبد الله الشيعي رقادة وانهيار دولة الأغالبة
تقریباً اپریل 909 عیسوی · رجب 296 ھIn Rajab 296 Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i broke Ibrahim b. Abi'l-Aghlab's army, sent Ziyadat Allah fleeing to Egypt and entered Raqqada, quartering Kutama in its palaces and calling the aman — the Aghlabid state's end.
واقعہ
نهاية الدولة الأغلبية وهرب زيادة الله
تقریباً 908 عیسوی · 296 ھIn 296 the last Aghlabid, Ziyadat Allah, fled Ifriqiya before the Ubaydid Mahdi; denied leave to enter Baghdad he lingered at al-Raqqa, then returned via Egypt, died at al-Ramla and was buried there — ending 112 years of Aghlabid rule.
واقعہ
الفداء بين المسلمين والروم سنة 296
908 عیسوی · 296 ھThe 296 prisoner exchange with Byzantium freed twelve hundred Muslims before the Romans broke faith and withdrew, the Muslims returning with the captives they still held.
واقعہ
غلبة المهدي العبيدي على المغرب وخروجه من أمر بني العباس
تقریباً 909 عیسوی · تقریباً 296 ھUnder al-Muqtadir the Mahdi's cause prevailed in the Maghreb: he was saluted as imam and caliph, built al-Mahdiyya, and the Aghlabid amir Ziyadat Allah fled to Egypt then Iraq — 'from this date the Maghreb left the Abbasids' command', after a hundred and sixty-odd years of their rule over all the Islamic realms. The Mahdi marched on Egypt with forty thousand Berbers; the Nile barred him, so he took Alexandria and the Fayyum, while his son al-Qa'im later seized most of Upper Egypt and the Fustat quarter.
واقعہ
خلع المقتدر الأول وبيعة ابن المعتز
تقریباً 909 عیسوی · 296 ھOn 20 Rabi' I 296, while al-Muqtadir played polo, the conspirators struck: the vizier al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan was killed and Ibn al-Mu'tazz was brought in, hailed caliph as 'al-Ghalib bi'llah', with Muhammad ibn Dawud ibn al-Jarrah as vizier and Abu al-Muthanna as qadi. The next day terror fell on them — they scattered without a fight; Ibn al-Mu'tazz fled, was imprisoned, then brought out dead.
ریاست
الدولة الفاطمية
909 عیسوی · 296 ھ†A caliphate established in 909 CE and ended in 1171 CE; its capital was Cairo.
واقعہ
استيلاء السامانيين على سجستان
تقریباً 910 عیسوی · 298 ھIn 298 the Samanid army under al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Marwazi besieged al-Mu'addal ibn al-Layth, last Saffarid amir of Sistan, into surrender; the province passed to Abu Salih Mansur ibn Ishaq and the captives were paraded into Baghdad on elephants.
واقعہ
إسلام الديلم على يد الأطروش
تقریباً 914 عیسوی · 302 ھIn 302 the Daylamites accepted Islam at the hands of the Alid al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Utrush — they had been Magians.
واقعہ
هجوم القرامطة على قافلة الحاج بالعقبة
914 عیسوی · 302 ھIn 302 the Qarmatians ambushed the Hajj caravan at al-Aqba on the Mecca road, killed the pilgrims, took captive women and seized the caravan's goods.
واقعہ
سفارة الروم وموكب المقتدر العظيم
تقریباً 917 عیسوی · 305 ھIn 305 a Byzantine embassy came with gifts seeking a truce; al-Muqtadir staged a great procession — a hundred and sixty thousand soldiers under arms from the Shammasiyya gate to the palace, seven thousand servants, seven hundred chamberlains, thirty-eight thousand brocade hangings on the walls, twenty-two thousand carpets, a hundred beasts in chains. That year Oman's lord sent gifts including a black bird that spoke Persian and Hindi better than a parrot.
واقعہ
دخول أبي طاهر الجنابي البصرة سنة 311
تقریباً اگست 923 عیسوی · 26 ربیع الثانی 311 ھIn Rabi II 311 Abu Tahir al-Jannabi entered Basra before dawn with seventeen hundred men, raised ladders on the wall by night, opened the gates and wedged gravel between their leaves, put the city to the sword, burned the Mirbad and demolished the congregational mosque and Talha's tomb-mosque, staying seventeen days while his camels carried off goods, women and children.
واقعہ
دخول أبي طاهر القرمطي الكوفة
تقریباً 924 عیسوی · 312 ھIn 312 Abu Tahir, refused Basra and Ahwaz, marched from Hajar, routed Ja'far ibn Warqa' al-Shaybani's thousand and held Kufa six days — entering by day, lodging in the mosque, sleeping in camp — then returned to Hajar with its wealth; Mu'nis arrived to find them gone and garrisoned it under Ya'qut.
واقعہ
هزيمة يوسف بن أبي الساج وأخذ الأنبار
تقریباً 927 عیسوی · 315 ھIn Shawwal 315 Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj reached Kufa a day behind Abu Tahir, despised their fewness, drafted the victory despatch beforehand, and was defeated and taken at sunset; Baghdad panicked toward flight while the Qarmatians crossed from al-Haditha and took al-Anbar, rebuilding its bridge.
ریاست
الدولة الزيارية
تقریباً 928 عیسوی · تقریباً 316 ھThe state of Mardawij ibn Ziyar, his brother Washmakir and his sons of Gilan, brothers of the Daylamites; Daylamite commanders first for the Utrushids then the Alids, who scattered seeking kingship when the Utrushid state fell amid Abbasid weakness — Mardawij took Isfahan and Rayy and summoned Washmakir from Gilan in 320 AH to back him, then after Mardawij's killing Washmakir ruled Tabaristan and Jurjan and contested Rayy and Isfahan with Rukn al-Dawla ibn Buya.
واقعہ
تلقب عبد الرحمن الناصر بأمير المؤمنين
تقریباً 929 عیسوی · تقریباً 316 ھWhen the umma's affairs weakened, the Abbasid pillars tottered and the Qarmatians and innovators overran the provinces, the Andalusian amir Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad the Umayyad grew resolute: 'I am the worthiest of the caliphate' — he styled himself amir al-mu'minin al-Nasir li-Din Allah, mastered most of al-Andalus, rooted out the usurpers and took seventy fortresses. Now there were three men in the world called amir al-mu'minin: the Abbasid in Baghdad, this one in al-Andalus, and the Mahdi at Qayrawan.
واقعہ
هزيمة الداعي الحسن بن القاسم عند سارية
تقریباً 928 عیسوی · 316 ھAt Sariya in 316 the Alid Da'i al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim and Makan ibn Kaki met Asfar and Mardavij in hard fighting and broke; the Da'i was overtaken and killed — his own Daylamites, resenting his bans on wine and oppression of the peasants, had plotted to hand him to Harusandan.
واقعہ
أخذ القرامطة الحجر الأسود
تقریباً 930 عیسوی · 317 ھIn 317, on yawm al-tarwiya, Abu Tahir al-Qarmati fell on the pilgrims inside the Haram, slaughtered them, cast the dead into Zamzam, struck the Black Stone with a club till it broke, then wrenched it out. The Qarmatians kept it over twenty years, refusing fifty thousand dinars, until it was returned under al-Muti'. Abu Tahir climbed the Ka'ba's door crying 'I create mankind and destroy them' — he prospered no more, his body torn by smallpox.
واقعہ
خلع المقتدر لمؤنس ورد الجند إياه
تقریباً 929 عیسوی · 317 ھIn 317 Mu'nis al-Muzaffar rose on al-Muqtadir — the caliph meant to give the amirate to Harun ibn Gharib — marched the whole army to the palace, dragged the caliph out on the night of 14 Muharram, looted six hundred thousand dinars from his mother, made him witness his own deposition, and hailed Muhammad ibn al-Mu'tadid as al-Qahir with Ibn Muqla as vizier. Two days later the soldiers came demanding the accession bounty, killed the chamberlain, carried al-Muqtadir back on their necks, and brought al-Qahir weeping 'God, God, for my life' — al-Muqtadir kissed him: 'you have no sin'.
واقعہ
فتنة المقام المحمود ببغداد
تقریباً 931 عیسوی · 319 ھIn 319 a great fitna raged in Baghdad over 'asaa an yab'athaka rabbuka maqaaman mahmuudan' — the Hanbalis held it meant God seating him upon His throne; others held it was the intercession. The quarrel ran to fighting till many were killed.
واقعہ
تحريم القاهر القيان والخمر
تقریباً 933 عیسوی · 321 ھIn 321 al-Qahir banned singing-girls and wine, arrested the singers, exiled the mukhannathun, smashed the instruments and ordered the singing slave-girls sold as ordinary maids — while he himself was never sober nor ever off the song.
واقعہ
ظهور الديلم واستيلاء علي بن بويه على فارس
تقریباً 934 عیسوی · 322 ھIn 322 Mardawij's men entered Isfahan; among his captains Ali ibn Buya drew a great sum then broke from his master, beat the caliph's deputy Muhammad ibn Yaqut, and took Fars. Buya had been a poor fisherman who dreamed fire issued from him and filled the world — read as his sons ruling it. Sent by Mardawij to extract money from Karkh he took five hundred thousand dirhams, stormed Hamadhan, moved to Shiraz, and twice uncovered chests of gold — under a snake-cleared ceiling and beneath his horse's hooves. Khurasan and Fars left the caliphate's rule.
واقعہ
وفاة المهدي عبيد الله صاحب المغرب
تقریباً 934 عیسوی · تقریباً 322 ھUnder al-Radi died the Maghreb's Mahdi after a reign of twenty-five years — grandfather of the Egyptian caliphs called Fatimids. Suyuti relays hostile reports: that he claimed Alid descent with al-Baqillani quoted as saying no genealogist knew it, and that he executed scholars; his son al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah succeeded him.
واقعہ
قتل الشلمغاني وابن أبي عون
تقریباً 934 عیسوی · 322 ھIn 322 Ibn Muqla seized al-Shalmaghani and found in his house notes from believers addressing him as no men address each other, including one in the vizier Ibn Wahb's hand; though he recanted, the jurists finally shed his blood and he and Ibn Abi Awn were crucified and burned. His doctrine: God indwells all things to their capacity, and the lahut appeared in five nasut figures paired with five devils — Adam/Iblis, Noah/Iblis, Salih and the she-camel's hamstringer, Abraham/Nimrod, Moses/Pharaoh.
واقعہ
خلع القاهر وسمل عينيه
تقریباً 934 عیسوی · 322 ھIn 322 the soldiers moved on al-Qahir — Ibn Muqla in hiding had set them against him — seized him on 6 Jumada II and hailed Muhammad ibn al-Muqtadir as al-Radi. Al-Qahir refused to release them from their bay'a; Sima, commander of the Hujariyya, had him blinded with a red-hot nail, his eyes running down his cheeks. Earlier that year he had slaughtered Mu'nis and his confederates and walled Ibn al-Muktafi alive between two walls for plotting his own deposition.
ریاست
الدولة البويهية
934 عیسوی · 322 ھThe Buyid state of the Daylamites; Daylamite commanders who reached for the Abbasid caliphs' lands when they saw them undefended, taking Isfahan and Rayy, then Fars (Shiraz and Arrajan), with Mu'izz al-Dawla seizing al-Ahwaz in 325 AH then Wasit and Baghdad in 334 — the caliphs falling under their wardship from al-Mustakfi until the dynasty's extinction at Tughril Beg's entry into Baghdad in 447. The state ran in three branches: Fars for Imad al-Dawla's line, the Jibal for Rukn al-Dawla's, and Iraq for Mu'izz al-Dawla's.
واقعہ
واقعة ابن شنبوذ
تقریباً 935 عیسوی · 323 ھIn 323 came the famous affair of Ibn Shanabudh: made to repent of reading the shadh variants, the record written against him before the vizier Ibn Muqla. His prayer was answered — he had called down the severing of the vizier's hand, and Ibn Muqla's hand was indeed cut off.
واقعہ
قتل مرداويج بن زياد
935 · 323 ھIn 323 the Daylamite ruler Mardawij ibn Ziyad was killed at Isfahan by his own Turkish ghilman. He had staged a Zoroastrian-style festival for the winter night — mountains ringed with bonfires, two thousand birds released with oil-soaked legs, a banquet of a hundred whole roasted horses — then humiliated his Turks, who seized the moment and killed him.
واقعہ
تغلب ابن رائق ونشوء إمرة الأمراء
تقریباً 936 عیسوی · 324 ھIn 324 Muhammad ibn Ra'iq, amir of Wasit, prevailed: the vizierate and the diwans lapsed, he and his secretaries held all, the treasuries emptied into his hands, and al-Radi remained a figure — 'nothing of the caliphate but the name'. By 325 the provinces were held by rebels or revenue-less governors 'like the party-kings', and nothing was left to the caliph but Baghdad and the Sawad.
واقعہ
وقعة سمورة (٣٢٧هـ)
شوال 327 ھal-Nasir's hundred-thousand-strong expedition against king Rudhmir of the Jalaliqa at Samura in Shawwal 327, three days after the month's eclipse — initially a Muslim victory, it turned when the besieged sortied and killed some fifty thousand after they had crossed the ditch; Umayya ibn Ishaq supposedly dissuaded Rudhmir from pursuing the survivors.
واقعہ
سقوط القبة الخضراء
تقریباً 941 عیسوی · تقریباً 329 ھIn al-Muttaqi's days the Green Dome of al-Mansur's city fell — Baghdad's crown and the Abbasids' monument, eighty cubits high over a twenty-by-twenty-cubit iwan, topped by a mounted lancer whose facing direction foretold a rebel's rise. Its head fell on a night of rain and thunder.
ریاست
الدولة المسافرية (بنو سلار)
941 عیسوی · 330 ھThe state of Muhammad ibn Musafir, Daylamite master of al-Tarum, and his sons in Azerbaijan; among his many sons were Salar, Sa'luk, Wahsudan and al-Marzuban, who wrested Azerbaijan from Daysim ibn Ibrahim the Kurd in 330 AH — in their days came the Rus descent on Barda'a in 332 and al-Marzuban's victory over them.
واقعہ
فدية منديل الرها
تقریباً 943 عیسوی · 331 ھIn 331 the Byzantines reached Arzan, Mayyafariqin and Nisibis, killing and taking captives, then asked for a kerchief kept in an Edessa church — said to bear the image the Messiah imprinted when he wiped his face — in exchange for releasing all their captives; it was sent and the prisoners freed.
واقعہ
ملك الروس مدينة بردعة
تقریباً 943 عیسوی · 332 ھIn 332 a Rus fleet came up the Kur river to Barda'a, routed the garrison, proclaimed security, then trapped the townsmen who stayed past the three-day deadline — some fifteen thousand captives, the survivors penned in the mosque and slaughtered when a twenty-dirham ransom failed. Fruit-gluttony brought them plague, and Marzuban's ambush destroyed their prince and penned the rest in the citadel.
واقعہ
حصار أبي يزيد للمهدية
945 · 333 ھIn 333, Abu Yazid Makhlad ibn Kaydad — 'the man of the donkey' — besieged the Ubaydid caliph al-Qa'im in al-Mahdiyya. Four assaults followed through the year; famine inside the walls grew so severe that the people ate beasts and carrion, and al-Qa'im opened the Mahdi's granaries to his men.
واقعہ
سمل المتقي على يد توزون
تقریباً 944 عیسوی · 333 ھAl-Muttaqi summoned Ibn Hamdan, lost with him at Ukbara, fled to Mosul and Nisibis, then distrusted the Hamdanids and wrote Tuzun for peace — he swore mighty oaths. The Ikhshid of Egypt came to Raqqa: 'beware their treachery — come with me to Egypt, it is yours' — he refused. On 4 Muharram 333 Tuzun met him, kissed the ground and walked before him, then seized him, blinded him, took the seal, the Burda and the staff, and hailed Abd Allah ibn al-Muktafi as al-Mustakfi — whom the blinded Muttaqi himself acclaimed. Muttaqi was jailed opposite al-Sindiyya twenty-five years till his death in 357. When the blinded al-Qahir heard, he said 'we are two now — we need a third': and so it was, al-Mustakfi was blinded too.
واقعہ
دخول بني بويه بغداد وتلقيبهم سنة 334
946 عیسوی · 334 ھIn 334 al-Mustakfi received Abu'l-Husayn Ahmad ibn Buwayh with oaths and robes, made him amir al-umara — the first Buyid sovereign — titled his brothers Imad al-Dawla and Rukn al-Dawla and had the three titles struck on the coinage; Daylamites and Turks were quartered in Baghdad's houses, a custom new to the city.
واقعہ
خلع معز الدولة المستكفي وسمله
تقریباً 946 عیسوی · 334 ھAhmad ibn Buya entered Baghdad, stood before the caliph and was invested as Mu'izz al-Dawla — his brothers becoming Imad and Rukn al-Dawla, their titles struck on the coinage, while al-Mustakfi styled himself 'Imam al-Haqq'. Mu'izz al-Dawla, the first Daylamite to hold Iraq, sequestered the caliph on five thousand dirhams a day and made wrestling and swimming the city's craze — swimmers cooking meat in pots on their arms. In Jumada II 334 two Daylamites came to the caliph — he offered his hand for the kiss, they dragged him from the throne by his turban to the ground, the soldiery sacked the harem bare, and he was deposed and blinded that day, after sixteen months; they brought al-Fadl ibn al-Muqtadir, and the blinded Mustakfi saluted him as caliph.
دور
عصر البويهيين والفاطميين والسلاجقة
945 عیسوی · 334 ھThe centuries when the Abbasid caliph was a symbolic centre while Buyids, Fatimids, Seljuks and others held power, and when Ibn Sina, al-Biruni and al-Ghazali worked.
واقعہ
سفارات أوروبا إلى الناصر بالزهراء
تقریباً 948 عیسوی · 336 ھIn 336 al-Nasir Abd al-Rahman staged a reception at Madinat al-Zahra for the envoys of Constantine VII — a sky-blue charter in gold Greek script sealed with four-mithqal gold — where Mundhir ibn Sa'id's impromptu sermon won him the qadiship; then followed embassies from Otto king of the Saqaliba, the German king, and the Frankish kings Hugh and Childebert, to whom al-Nasir sent back Rabi' the bishop.
واقعہ
إعادة الحجر الأسود إلى موضعه
تقریباً 950 عیسوی · 339 ھIn 339 the Black Stone was restored to its place after more than twenty years with the Qarmatians — a silver band of three thousand seven hundred and ninety and a half dirhams' weight fastened it. Muhammad ibn Nafi' al-Khuza'i, who examined it while it lay uprooted, said the blackness was only at its head, the rest white, its length a forearm's bone.
واقعہ
وقعة سيف الدولة مع الدمستق سنة 343
954 عیسوی · 343 ھIn 343 word came of a great battle between the Byzantine Domesticus and Sayf al-Dawla in which many of the Domesticus's men and the chiefs of his patrikioi were killed.
واقعہ
غارة الروم على طرسوس البحرية سنة 345
956 عیسوی · 345 ھIn 345 the Romans struck Tarsus from the sea, killing eighteen hundred men, burning the surrounding villages and carrying off their people.
واقعہ
زلازل الري وخسف الطالقان
تقریباً 958 عیسوی · 346 ھIn 346 the sea fell eighty cubits and isles and hills appeared in it; huge earthquakes struck Rayy — Talaqan was swallowed with all but some thirty men, a hundred and fifty of Rayy's villages sank, Hulwan mostly followed, the earth cast up the dead's bones and burst with water, a mountain was split, and, as Ibn al-Jawzi relays, a village hung suspended between heaven and earth half a day with its people before it sank, the ground gaping with stinking water and great smoke; the quakes returned to Qumm, Hulwan and the mountains in 347.
واقعہ
ملك الروم عين زربة
تقریباً 958 عیسوی · 347 ھIn 347 the Domesticos stormed Ayn Zarba — seventy thousand picked men ordering every householder found at dawn to the sword, the mosque-crowd expelled through the crush into the wilderness, the walls razed; in twenty-one days he reduced fifty-four Muslim forts and massacred four hundred prisoners when one side-clash broke his safe-conduct.
واقعہ
فتنة الشيعة والسنة بباب الطاق سنة 348
تقریباً جولائی 959 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 348 ھIn Jumada I 348 Sunni-Shii fighting broke out in Baghdad with many killed and a great fire at Bab al-Taq.
ریاست
الدولة الحسنويهية
تقریباً 959 عیسوی · تقریباً 349 ھThe state of the sons of Hasanwayh ibn al-Husayn the Kurd, of the Rizankas' Duwaylatiyya clan; he inherited kingship from his uncles Wandad and Ghanim ibn Ahmad ibn Ali of the Abbabiyya Kurds, mastering the Dinawar, Hamadan, Nihawand and Samaghan marches into Azerbaijan's edge, built Sarmij castle of dressed stone and Dinawar's mosque, and died in 369 — his sons scattered until Adud al-Dawla raised Abu al-Najm Badr, who crushed Musharrif al-Dawla's host under Qaratikin in 377 and received Baha' al-Dawla's investiture and the laqab Nasir al-Dawla in 388.
واقعہ
فتنة القنطرة الجديدة بين السنة والشيعة سنة 349
تقریباً 9 اکتوبر 960 عیسوی · 3 شعبان 349 ھOn Thursday 3 Sha'ban 349 Sunni-Shii strife at the New Bridge shut down Friday prayer in every congregational mosque on both banks except Baratha; a group of the Banu Hashim were arrested as its cause and released next day.
واقعہ
الكتابة باللعن على مساجد بغداد
تقریباً جون 962 عیسوی · ربیع الثانی 351 ھIn Rabi II 351, by Mu'izz al-Dawla's order, the Shi'a of Baghdad wrote on the mosques the formula 'May God curse Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan' — his name alone singled out.
واقعہ
ملك الروم مدينة حلب
تقریباً دسمبر 962 عیسوی · 351 ھIn 351 the Domesticos stormed Aleppo while Sayf al-Dawla lay unprepared — the sortie destroyed, the Darayin palace plundered of three hundred purses of dirhams, a breach opened, the city put to the sword till the killers wearied; fifteen hundred Muslim prisoners freed themselves and fought back, fifteen thousand youths were taken captive, mosques burned. Nine days on, the emperor's nephew dead at the citadel gate, the Byzantines withdrew slaughtering their Muslim prisoners.
ریاست
الدولة الغزنوية
962 عیسوی · 351 ھ†An empire established in 962 CE and ended in 1187 CE.
واقعہ
أول مأتم ببغداد على الحسين
تقریباً 28 جنوری 963 عیسوی · 10 محرم 352 ھOn 'Ashura 352 Mu'izz al-Dawla obliged Baghdad to mourn al-Husayn: markets closed, sackcloth on the shops, cooks forbidden food, and the Rafida's women processing bare-haired and beating their faces — the first such mourning held at Baghdad per al-Dhahabi's 'Ibar; on 18 Dhu l-Hijja that year the Rafida also made Ghadir Khumm a festival with kettle-drums and an 'id prayer in the open.
واقعہ
أول مأتم عاشوراء وعيد غدير ببغداد
تقریباً 963 عیسوی · 352 ھIn 351 the Shi'a of Baghdad wrote on the mosque doors curses on Mu'awiya, on those who seized Fatima's Fadak, who kept al-Hasan from burial beside his grandfather, who exiled Abu Dharr; it was erased by night, and vizier al-Muhallabi advised Mu'izz al-Dawla to substitute 'God curse the wrongdoers of the Prophet's house' — only Mu'awiya's cursing stayed explicit. On Ashura 352 Mu'izz compelled the markets shut, forbade cooking, set up mourning domes hung with sackcloth, and brought out dishevelled women beating their cheeks — the first Husayn lamentation at Baghdad, a practice that lasted years, and on 18 Dhu'l-Hijja the Ghadir Khumm festival was made with drums.
واقعہ
وفاة معز الدولة بن بويه
تقریباً 21 اپریل 967 عیسوی · 11 ربیع الثانی 356 ھOn 11 Rabi II 356 Mu'izz al-Dawla died of dysentery contracted at Wasit marshalling the host against Umran ibn Shahin; on his deathbed he willed the amirate to his son Bakhtiyar, gave away most of his fortune, freed his mamluks and was buried at Bab al-Tibn in the Quraysh cemetery after twenty-one years' rule — the founder of the famous racing couriers, one sponsored by Sunnis and one by Shi'as.
ریاست
الدولة الإخشيدية
The Ikhshidid state of Banu Tughj in Egypt and Syria, founded by Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, held after him by his sons and their master Kafur al-Ikhshidi until it ended with Jawhar al-Siqilli's entry into Egypt in 358 AH, the da'wa turning Alid and his founding of Cairo.
واقعہ
ملك الروم مدينة أنطاكية
تقریباً 969 عیسوی · ذوالحجہ 358 ھIn 358 the Byzantines took Antioch by the Luna stratagem — its Christian garrison was sent in as 'refugees' to open the way from the height above the wall; a forty-thousand host with the emperor's brother stormed the panic-stricken city, and over twenty thousand Muslims were carried off as captives in Dhu'l-Hijja.
واقعہ
فتح جوهر مصر واختطاط القاهرة
تقریباً 969 عیسوی · 358 ھIn 357 the Qarmatians took Damascus and meant for Egypt — the Ubaydids took it first. On Kafur's death order broke down and the pay ran short, so notables wrote to al-Mu'izz asking for an army to surrender the country; he sent his mawla Jawhar the commander with a hundred thousand horse. Jawhar took Egypt, laid out the city on Cairo's present site, built the dar al-imara known as the Two Palaces, cut the Abbasid khutba, clad himself in black and the preachers in white, and ordered the new formula — 'bless Muhammad the Chosen, Ali the Approved, Fatima the Virgin, al-Hasan and al-Husayn the Prophet's grandsons, and the imams, fathers of amir al-mu'minin al-Mu'izz bi'llah' — all in Sha'ban 358. In Ramadan 362 al-Mu'izz himself entered Egypt with his fathers' coffins ، ودخل جوهر البلد يوم الثلاثاء لسبع عشرة ليلة خلت من شعبان وأقام عسكره يدخل البلد مسبعاً أيام، وقطع خطبة بني العباس عن المنابر وأسماهم من على السكة وعوض عن ذلك باسم المعز وأزال الشعار الأسود وألبس الخطباء الثياب البيض، وأذن بحي على خير العمل في جامع مصر العتيق في جمادى الأولى سنة تسع وخمسين وسر جوهر بذلك وكتب إلى المعز يبشره، وفرغ من بناء الجامع الأزهر في سابع رمضان سنة إحدى وستين وجمع فيه الجمعة
ریاست
دولة آل زيري بن مناد
969 عیسوی · 358 ھThe house of Ziri ibn Manad al-Sanhaji, Fatimid governors of Ifriqiya; al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah chose Buluggin ibn Ziri for the affairs of Ifriqiya and the Maghreb (save Sicily) when he departed east in 358 AH, styling him Abu al-Futuh Sayf al-Dawla — his heirs al-Mansur then Badis held the kingship until his brother Hammad broke away in the Middle Maghreb, and after Banu Hilal and Sulaym's Arab migration overwhelmed them they retired to Mahdiyya, where they lasted until Abd al-Mu'min the Almohad ended them in 555.
واقعہ
قتل أبو فراس الحمداني
تقریباً 972 عیسوی · ربیع الثانی 361 ھIn Rabi II 361 the poet Abu Firas al-Hamdani was run down at Sadda by his nephew Abu'l-Ma'ali's Bedouins; his men bought safety, he stayed among them disguised, and a ghulam of Qarghuya took his head on the prince's order.
واقعہ
تشييد الجامع الأزهر
تقریباً 972 عیسوی · 361 ھIn Rabi' II 359 'hayya ala khayr al-amal' was added to Egypt's call to prayer and al-Azhar mosque was begun — finished in Ramadan 361.
واقعہ
قدوم عضد الدولة إلى العراق
تقریباً مارچ 973 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 362 ھIn 362 Bakhtiyar called in Adud al-Dawla against Sabuktagin's Turks; by embargo and bribery Baghdad was starved till the mob looted, then Adud routed the Turks between Diyala and Mada'in on 14 Jumada I — more drowned than slew — and entered Baghdad on 3 Rajab over a Tigris so covered with craft a man could cross from boat to boat.
واقعہ
الخطبة بالحرمين للمعز العبيدي
تقریباً 974 عیسوی · 363 ھIn Dhu'l-Hijja of al-Ta'i's accession year (363) the khutba and da'wa were established in the two Harams for the Ubaydid al-Mu'izz.
واقعہ
خلع المطيع وبيعة الطائع
تقریباً 974 عیسوی · 363 ھIn 363 al-Muti' was struck by paralysis and his tongue grew heavy; Izz al-Dawla's chamberlain Subuktakin proposed he depose himself for his son al-Ta'i' — done on Wednesday 13 Dhu'l-Qa'da after twenty-nine years and months, recorded with qadi Ibn Umm Shayban, and he was called 'al-Shaykh al-Fadil' thereafter. Ibn Shahin says he abdicated unforced; he went to Wasit and died Muharram 364. Al-Dhahabi: al-Muti' and his son were helpless among the Buyids, the caliphs' weakness lasting till al-Muqtafi.
واقعہ
وفاة المعز لدين الله وولاية العزيز
تقریباً 18 دسمبر 975 عیسوی · 17 ربیع الثانی 365 ھIn Rabi II 365 al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah died in Egypt aged about forty-five. Ibn al-Athir tells the famous cause: a Byzantine envoy recalled al-Mu'izz's prophecy that he would die ruling Egypt and be caliph in Baghdad, then said the majesty he had seen at Mahdiyya had now faded — grief took him, fever followed, and he died. His son Nizar concealed the death till the feast, led prayer as al-Aziz and mourned him publicly.
ریاست
بنو خزرون ملوك سجلماسة
977 عیسوی · 366 ھThe emirate of Banu Khazrun ibn Fulful of Maghrawa at Sijilmasa; Khazrun marched on it in 366, routed and killed its Midrarid amir al-Mu'tazz, erased the Kharijite Midrarid state for ever and raised the khutba for the caliph Hisham al-Mu'ayyad — the first Marwanid da'wa over Sijilmasa. His son Wanudin held it from 390 under Wadih's covenant of yearly tribute in coin, horses and shields, and after the Cordoban caliphate's thread snapped he ruled Sijilmasa and Dra'a independently, until the Almoravids swept the Maghreb and the Banu Khazrun perished at Sijilmasa and Tripoli.
واقعہ
قتل بختيار بن معز الدولة
تقریباً مئی 978 عیسوی · 18 شوال 367 ھIn 367 Bakhtiyar broke his oath not to march on Abu Taghlib's lands, handed his own cousin Hamdan over for prison, and joined the Hamdanid at Qasr al-Hissa by Takrit with twenty thousand men; on 18 Shawwal Adud al-Dawla routed them, refused him audience and had him killed — aged thirty-one after eleven years' rule.
واقعہ
استيلاء عضد الدولة على ملك بني حمدان
تقریباً جولائی 978 عیسوی · 12 ذوالقعدہ 367 ھIn Dhu'l-Qa'da 367 Adud al-Dawla took Mosul and the Hamdanid Jazira; Abu Taghlib expected the usual raid-and-settle, but Adud came stocked with provisions and local know-how, settled in and hunted him — 'these lands are dearer to me than Iraq'.
واقعہ
تفويض الطائع الأمر إلى عضد الدولة
تقریباً 979 عیسوی · 369 ھIn 369 al-Ta'i' sat on the throne ringed by a hundred swordsmen, Uthman's mushaf before him, the Burda on his shoulder, the qadib in his hand, the Prophet's sword at his side; the curtain Adud al-Dawla sent hung so no soldier's eye touched the caliph first. Adud entered and kissed the ground — his captain Ziyad recoiled: 'what is this, king? is this God?' — 'this is God's caliph on earth'. Seven times he kissed the ground, then the caliph's foot, and sat on a chair only under oath. Al-Ta'i' said: 'I have resolved to delegate to you what God entrusted to me of the subjects' affairs in earth's east and west, save my household and retinue'. Before this he had received the investiture robes, a jewelled crown, and two standards — silvered as amirs' and gilded as heirs-apparent's, the latter unprecedented — and in 368 the drums at his gate and the khutba from the court minbars, which Ibn al-Jawzi notes had never been granted even to heirs.
واقعہ
قتل أبي تغلب بن حمدان
تقریباً 979 عیسوی · 369 ھIn 369 Abu Taghlib, the last Hamdanid, was cornered near Ramla — shut out of Damascus by Qassam, courted then abandoned over Egypt's summons, deserted by Uqayl when Daghful's host massed; captured, he was killed by Daghful the Jarrahid lest al-Aziz adopt him, and his head went to Egypt.
واقعہ
دعوة أبي الفتوح العلوي بالخلافة بمكة
تقریباً 991 عیسوی · 381 ھIn 381 Mecca's sharif Abu'l-Futuh al-Hasan ibn Ja'far the Alid made claim for himself, titled al-Rashid bi'llah and was saluted as caliph — Egypt's lord was shaken; then Abu'l-Futuh's cause flagged and he returned to the Ubaydid al-Aziz's obedience.
واقعہ
كتاب القادر في الأصول
تقریباً 991 عیسوی · تقریباً 381 ھAl-Khatib: al-Qadir was marked by piety, night-prayer, abundant alms and good conduct; he studied fiqh under the Shafi'i master Abu Bishr al-Harawi and authored a book of usul containing the Companions' virtues and the takfir of the Mu'tazila and the Quran-creators — read every Friday in the ahl al-hadith circle at al-Mahdi's mosque before the people.
واقعہ
خلع الطائع وتولية القادر
تقریباً 991 عیسوی · 381 ھIn 381 al-Ta'i' was seized — for jailing one of Baha' al-Dawla's intimates: the Daylamites dragged him from his throne, wrapped him in a cloak and bore him off while the city shook; they wrote on him his self-deposition for al-Qadir, witnessed by the grandees on 19 Sha'ban. He lived honoured in al-Qadir's house — once complaining when brought a half-burnt candle — till he died on Fitr night 393, al-Qadir praying over him and al-Sharif al-Radi elegising him; he was fiercely set against the Alids, and awe fell so low in his days the poets satirised him.
واقعہ
وقف دار العلم بالكرخ
تقریباً 992 عیسوی · 382 ھIn 382 the vizier Abu Nasr Sabur ibn Ardashir bought a house in al-Karkh, rebuilt it as the Dar al-Ilm, endowed it upon the scholars and endowed with it many books.
واقعہ
غزوة المنصور لشنت ياقب
997 عیسوی · 387 ھAl-Mansur's forty-eighth raid and his deepest: from Cordoba, 6 Jumada II 387, to Santiago de Compostela — the Christians' Kaaba — reached empty on Wednesday 2 Sha'ban; its church, walls and factories demolished, the apostle's tomb guarded and the lone monk 'Ones of James' spared, then the army pushed to Santi Mankish island, 'a limit no Muslim had reached before them', and he wrote his victory dispatch from Baliquiya.
واقعہ
هدم الحاكم كنيسة القيامة وكنائس مصر
تقریباً 1007 عیسوی · 398 ھIn 398 al-Hakim destroyed Jerusalem's Church of the Sepulchre and all Egypt's churches, ordering Christians to wear arm-length crosses of five Egyptian ratls and Jews wooden qirami of the same weight, with black turbans; a party of them professed Islam. Afterwards he permitted the rebuilding of the churches and let those compelled return to their faith.
ریاست
دولة آل حماد بالقلعة
1007 عیسوی · 398 ھThe house of Hammad ibn Buluggin at the Qal'a, Sanhaja kings of the Middle Maghreb; a branch of the Zirid state — al-Mansur Buluggin invested his brother Hammad with Ashir and Msila, and in 398 AH he seceded in Badis's day, ground down the Zanata, founded the fortress-city of the Qal'a (settled by Jarawa and finished about 400) which drew scholars and craftsmen from afar, and the dynasty lasted at the Qal'a and Bijaya until Abd al-Mu'min the Almohad erased it.
واقعہ
فتنة قرطبة وخروج ابن عبد الجبار
1009 عیسوی · 399 ھThe Cordoba fitna of 399–400: the Umayyad Muhammad ibn Hisham rose as 'al-Mahdi', hid the caliph Hisham al-Mu'ayyad and buried a Christian lookalike in his name; his uncle Hisham's counter-revolt failed, then Sulayman al-Musta'in marched in with Christian allies, won the great battle (35,000 dead), and took the bay'a while Berbers and Christians sacked the city.
واقعہ
دار العلم بالقاهرة
تقریباً 1009 عیسوی · 400 ھAl-Hakim's early piety built Cairo's Dar al-Ilm, gathered jurists and hadith-men and raised the Jami' al-Hakimi — for three years; then he turned to killing men of learning, closed the house and barred much good.
واقعہ
دخول البرابرة قرطبة عنوة
تقریباً 1013 عیسوی · 403 ھIn 403 Sulayman al-Musta'in and the Berbers stormed Cordoba after a siege that starved its villages; Hisham al-Mu'ayyad was secretly killed, the city's households violated, and the Berbers and Saqaliba scattered to found taifa states.
واقعہ
واقعة القيروان ضد الرافضة أيام المعز بن باديس
تقریباً 1016 عیسوی · تقریباً 407 ھAl-Mu'izz b. Badis broke with the Rafida and proclaimed Sunnism; when his horse stumbled and he called on Abu Bakr and Umar, the commons rose against the Shia and slew them wholesale — the rift deepened until the khutba for the Cairo caliphs was cut in 440.
ریاست
دولة بني حمود
1016 عیسوی · 407 ھThe state of Banu Hammud ibn Maymun of the Idrisids at Ceuta, Tangier and the Ghumara lands, then in al-Andalus; when the Amirid state collapsed the Berbers set up Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, and the brothers Ali and al-Qasim ibn Hammud stood him in good stead — Ali took Tangier, rebelled, crossed to Andalus and assumed the caliphate, and his house (al-Qasim, Yahya, Idris) held Cordoba, Malaga and Algeciras, until their Saqali client the hajib Sakkut the Barghawati seized Ceuta and Tangier, whom Yusuf ibn Tashfin destroyed in 476, finding among his hoard the seal-ring of Yahya ibn Ali — and the Hammudid state ended.
واقعہ
فتنة سنة 422 بين السنة والرافضة ببغداد
تقریباً مارچ 1031 عیسوی · ربیع الاول 422 ھ
ریاست
الدولة المرداسية
1033 عیسوی · 424 ھThe state of Banu Salih ibn Mirdas of Banu Kilab ibn Amir ibn Sa'sa'a at Aleppo and the lands down to Ana; Salih began by taking al-Rahba, then seized Aleppo from Ibn Sha'ban al-Katami in 424 AH so his realm stretched from Baalbek to Ana — after his death in 429 his sons Nasr (Shibl al-Dawla) and Thimal held it until their line ended with the rise of the Seljuk kings in Syria.
ریاست
الدولة السلجوقية
1037 عیسوی · 428 ھ†An empire established in 1037 CE and ended in 1194 CE; its capital was Nishapur.
واقعہ
واقعة طبرية (429هـ)
1038 عیسوی · 429 ھCaliph al-Zahir dispatched armies from Egypt to Syria under Anushtakin al-Dizbiri against Salih ibn Mirdas of Aleppo and Hasan ibn Mufarrij of Ramla; he met them on the Jordan at Tiberias, routed them, and killed Salih and his younger son — his elder son Nasr (Shibl al-Dawla) escaped to Aleppo.
واقعہ
استيلاء السلاجقة على خراسان وهزيمة مسعود الغزنوي
تقریباً فروری 1039 عیسوی · جمادی الثانی 430 ھ
ریاست
سلاجقة كرمان
1041 عیسوی · 433 ھThe Seljuks of Kirman; a branch of the Seljuk house founded by Qawurd Beg Imad al-Din Qara Arslan in 433 — followed by Kirman Shah, Husayn, Qizil Arslan, Uzbak, Rukn al-Din Sultan Shah, Turan Shah, Imiran Shah, Arslan Shah and Mughith al-Din Muhammad I — their emirate lasting in Kirman to the late sixth century.
ریاست
دولة المرابطين
تقریباً 1042 عیسوی · تقریباً 435 ھThe dynasty raised by Abd Allah ibn Yasin al-Jazuli among the Mulaththamun tribes of Lamtuna, Guddala and Massufa, named Murabitun after their ribat island on the Niger; their amir Yahya ibn Umar took Sijilmasa in 445 AH, Yusuf ibn Tashfin founded Marrakesh in 454 AH, subdued the Maghreb and annexed al-Andalus after Zallaqa, until the Almohads took Marrakesh in 541 AH.
ریاست
بنو جامع الهلاليون أمراء قابس
1043 عیسوی · 435 ھThe amirate of the Hilali Banu Jami' at Gabes under the Sanhaja era; Bakr ibn Kamil ibn Jami', amir of the Manaqisha of Duhman of Banu Ali of the Riyah, threw off obedience in 435 AH and drew the bay'a of Tozeur, Gafsa, Sus, al-Hama, Nafzawa and all the Constantine districts until his sultanate grew mighty — his sons Isa, Rashid, Muhammad and Mudafi' held it in turn until they entered Abd al-Mu'min's obedience in 554 and their house ended.
واقعہ
قطع المعز بن باديس الخطبة العبيدية
تقریباً 1051 عیسوی · 443 ھIn 443 al-Mu'izz ibn Badis cut the Ubaydid khutba in the Maghreb and preached for the Abbasids.
واقعہ
محاضر بغداد في القدح بنسب العبيديين
تقریباً 1052 عیسوی · 444 ھ
واقعہ
إلزام لعن الرافضة والأشعرية على منابر خراسان
تقریباً 1053 عیسوی · 445 ھAl-Kunduri's minbar licence from Alp Arslan to curse the Rafida — extended to the Ash'aris — exiled Khurasan's imams; al-Juwayni's four Meccan years earned him 'Imam al-Haramayn', and Nizam al-Mulk's accession restored the exiles in honour.
واقعہ
دخول طغرل بك بغداد
1055 عیسوی · 447 ھTughril Beg's entry into Baghdad (1055): the Buyid grip broken, the caliph al-Qa'im's grand reception, the title Sultan Rukn al-Din on coinage and minbars, and the double marriage alliance that sealed Seljuk-Abbasid ties.
واقعہ
وقعة البساسيري والخطبة للمستنصر العبيدي ببغداد
تقریباً 1058 عیسوی · 450 ھArslan al-Basasiri grew so mighty he was preached on the minbars and the caliph decided nothing without him; when his ill creed proved out and his plan to sack the palace surfaced, al-Qa'im wrote secretly to Tughrul Beg at Rayy. Tughrul came in 447; al-Basasiri fell back to Rahba, took the Egyptian al-Mustansir's money and the treacherous brother Inal's distraction. In 450 he entered Baghdad under Egyptian banners — the khutba went to al-Mustansir at the Mansur mosque, 'hayya ala khayr al-amal' entered the adhan — and seized the caliph in Dhu'l-Hijja, jailing him at Ana; the caliph's letter to God was hung on the Ka'ba. Tughrul killed Inal, had the caliph returned in honour on 25 Dhu'l-Qa'da 451, and al-Basasiri's head reached Baghdad.
واقعہ
تزويج بنت الخليفة لطغرل بك
تقریباً 1062 عیسوی · 454 ھIn 454 al-Qa'im gave his daughter to Tughrul Beg after resisting every way, shaken and begging release — an honour no Buyid king ever won for all their coercion. Tughrul came in 455, entered with the caliph's daughter, restored the inheritances and the makus, farmed Baghdad for a hundred and fifty thousand dinars, and died at Rayy in Ramadan.
واقعہ
حادثة بربشتر
1064 عیسوی · 456 ھIbn Hayyan's account of the Barbastro catastrophe of 456: the Nordmanni host besieged the town forty days, its underground water channel collapsed, the people surrendered on safe-conduct for their lives alone — then the aman was broken, over six thousand killed, fifty to a hundred thousand reckoned dead or captive, virgins apportioned house by house. He closes with the Jewish merchant's eyewitness scene of a Frankish soldier seated in a Muslim's own bed while the householder's daughter sang to him, tears on her cheeks.
واقعہ
غلاء مصر العظيم في أيام المستنصر
تقریباً 1064 عیسوی · تقریباً 457 ھAl-Dhahabi: under the Ubaydid al-Mustansir came Egypt's famine unmatched since Joseph's days — it lasted seven years till people ate one another and a loaf was said to sell for fifty dinars.
واقعہ
تشييد المدرسة النظامية ببغداد
تقریباً 1067 عیسوی · 459 ھIn 459 Baghdad's Nizamiyya school was finished; Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi was named its teacher, but when the people gathered he had hidden — Ibn al-Sabbagh taught till they coaxed al-Shirazi to accept. Al-Dhahabi reports Nizam al-Mulk built it — 'said to be the first school built for the jurists'.
واقعہ
حريق الجامع الأموي سنة 461
تقریباً مئی 1069 عیسوی · شعبان 461 ھThe Umayyad Mosque burned in mid-Sha'ban 461: Badr al-Jamali had arrived from Egypt and fighting broke out between the easterners and westerners, who torched houses adjoining the mosque until the fire reached it; the combatants dropped the feud to fight the flames. Al-Imad al-Katib and al-Safadi described the blaze.
واقعہ
حملة أتسز بن أوق على الشام
تقریباً 1070 عیسوی · تقریباً 462 ھAtsiz ibn Uwaq's Seljuk campaign into southern Syria — Ramla and Jerusalem taken from the Fatimids, Ascalon holding out — bringing the Abbasid sultanate to Jerusalem's gates.
واقعہ
خطبة مكة للخليفة العباسي والسلطان السلجوقي
1070 عیسوی · 462 ھIn 1070 the Sharif of Mecca's envoy told Alp Arslan that the khutba there now named the Abbasid caliph and the Seljuk sultan, dropping the Fatimid name and the 'hayya ala khayr al-amal' formula — worth thirty thousand dinars, and twenty thousand more promised if Medina followed.
ریاست
سلطنة سلاجقة الروم
تقریباً 1071 عیسوی · تقریباً 463 ھThe state of Qutulmush and his sons, Seljuk kings of Konya and the land of Rum; Qutulmush entered Anatolia and held Konya, Aqsaray and their districts, rebelled against Alp Arslan and was killed in 456 AH — his son Sulayman succeeded, took Antioch from the Romans in 477 and fell fighting Tutush in 479; his son Qilij Arslan contested the Franks and seized Mosul and Diyar Bakr until he drowned in the Khabur fighting Jawali, leaving his son Mas'ud over the Rum lands, and their line held Konya until the Tatars ended their state.
واقعہ
وقعة ملاذكرد وأسر ملك الروم
تقریباً 1071 عیسوی · 463 ھIn 463 came the great battle between Islam and Byzantium — the Muslims victorious under sultan Alp Arslan; the Roman king was captured, then released for a vast ransom and a fifty-year truce. Freed, he asked 'where is the caliph's quarter?' — it was pointed out, and he uncovered his head and gestured service in its direction.
واقعہ
سقوط دمشق بيد أتسز
1075 عیسوی · 468 ھDamascus fell to Alp Arslan's commander Atsiz in 1075 and the Abbasid khutba was proclaimed — the Seljuk realm reaching its greatest extent from Afghanistan to Asia Minor.
واقعہ
هزيمة أتسز أمام مصر
تقریباً جولائی 1076 عیسوی · رجب 469 ھAtsiz's Egypt gambit collapsed in Rajab 1076 — beaten by an Arab force before Badr al-Jamali's great army even engaged — and the defeat spiralled into the feuds that killed him by 1078.
واقعہ
فتنة القشيري بين الحنابلة والأشعرية ببغداد
تقریباً مئی 1076 عیسوی · شوال 469 ھ
ریاست
الدولة الخوارزمية
1077 عیسوی · 469 ھ†An empire established in 1077 CE and ended in 1231 CE.
شخصیت
أتسز بن أوق الخوارزمي
Atsiz ibn Uwaq al-Khwarizmi — Alp Arslan's commander who took Ramla and Jerusalem from the Fatimids, though Ascalon held out.
واقعہ
إصلاح نظام الملك التقويم
تقریباً 1079 عیسوی · تقریباً 471 ھUnder al-Muqtadi, Nizam al-Mulk gathered the astronomers and made Nawruz the first point of Aries — it had been at the sun's entry into mid-Pisces — and what Nizam did became the origin of the calendars.
واقعہ
أخذ مسلم بن قريش العقيلي حلب
تقریباً 1079 عیسوی · 472 ھ
ریاست
بنو يعلى ملوك تلمسان
The emirate of Banu Ya'la of the Khazirid Maghrawa at Tlemcen; descendants of Ya'la ibn al-Khayr ibn Muhammad ibn Khazir, neighbours of the Fez Zirids and the Salé Yafranids, whose amirs warred the Zughba Arabs, the Hammadids, the Musamida and Barghawata — their last amir al-Abbas ibn Bakhti, against whom Yusuf ibn Tashfin sent Mazdali ibn Tablakan's Lamtuna host that swept the Middle Maghreb, killed his son Ya'la and then al-Abbas himself when Tlemcen fell in 475, ending the dynasty and making Tlemcen an Almoravid march.
واقعہ
أخذ سليمان بن قتلمش أنطاكية من الروم
تقریباً 1084 عیسوی · 477 ھIn 477 Sulayman ibn Qutlumush, the Seljuk lord of Qonya and Aqsaray, marched on Syria and took Antioch — in Roman hands since 358 — sending the glad tidings to sultan Malikshah. Al-Dhahabi: Al Saljuq are the kings of the lands of Rum, their line lasting to the days of al-Malik al-Zahir Baybars.
واقعہ
أخذ الفرنج طليطلة
1085 عیسوی · 478 ھThe first of al-Andalus's great cities retaken by the Franks: Toledo, from al-Qadir ibn Dhi-l-Nun in 478 — Tuesday 1 Safar in Ibn Khallikan, Wednesday 10 Muharram in Ibn Alqama — after a siege some stretched to seven years. Ibn Bassam records the fifty-year stored wheat spoiling that very year; Ibn Dhi-l-Nun left astrolabe in hand; the mosque became a church in Rabi I 496; Alfonso refused the crown 'until we take their Cordoba' — a vow unfulfilled; Ibn al-Asal's lament 'hasten your mounts, people of al-Andalus' — and Zallaqa followed the next year.
واقعہ
تلقيب يوسف بن تاشفين بأمير المسلمين
تقریباً 1086 عیسوی · 479 ھIn 479 Yusuf ibn Tashfin, lord of Sabta and Marrakesh, asked al-Muqtadi to make him sultan and invest him with the lands he held; the robes, banners and deed were sent with the title amir al-muslimin — the Maghreb's jurists rejoiced. He is the founder of Marrakesh.
ریاست
الدولة الأرتقية
1090 عیسوی · 483 ھThe state of the sons of Artuq ibn Aksak, mamluk of Sultan Malikshah, masters of Mardin and Diyar Bakr; Artuq died in Jerusalem in 483 AH leaving his sons Abu al-Ghazi and Sukman holding al-Ruha and Saruj, and when the Franks took Antioch in 491 Sukman won renown in the jihad against them — after his son Yaquti's death he took Mardin itself, which stayed in his line together with Hisn Kayfa and Nisibis, branching into Mardin, Hisn Kayfa and Harran lines until Ayyubids inherited Mardin.
واقعہ
استيلاء المرابطين على إشبيلية
1091 عیسوی · 484 ھIn 484 the Almoravids entered Seville; al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad charged them at the palace square, then yielded 'by my hand, not Amr's' — dragged to captivity and exiled to Aghmat, ending the sixty-year Abbadid kingdom, Andalus's most celebrated taifa.
واقعہ
استيلاء الفرنج على جزيرة صقلية
تقریباً 1091 عیسوی · 484 ھIn 484 the Franks seized the whole island of Sicily — first conquered by the Muslims after the second century, ruled by the Aghlabids a long while till the Ubaydid Mahdi took the Maghreb.
واقعہ
عزم ملكشاه على إخراج الخليفة من بغداد فمات
تقریباً 1092 عیسوی · 485 ھIn 485 Malikshah returned to Baghdad bent on harm, sending the caliph word: 'you must leave me Baghdad and go where you will'. 'Grant me a month' — 'not an hour'. The caliph asked the sultan's vizier for ten days — whereupon the sultan fell ill and died, counted a karama for the caliph; it is said he had sat fasting on ashes cursing Malikshah till answered. The sultan's wife Turkan hid the death, had the amirs swear to her five-year-old Mahmud — titled Nasir al-Dunya wa'l-Din — then his brother Barkyaruq rose and was invested as Rukn al-Din.
واقعہ
استيلاء القنبيطور على بلنسية
تقریباً 1094 عیسوی · تقریباً 488 ھValencia's fall to Rodrigo el Campeador in 488 (some say 487): raised by Ibn Hud of Zaragoza, he took the city after a twenty-month siege, burned the qadi Ibn Jahhaf over the concealed treasury, and destroyed it — the poet Ibn al-Banna among the burned — until the Almoravid amir Mazdali retook it for Yusuf ibn Tashfin in 495.
دور
الحروب الصليبية والأيوبيون والمماليك
1095 عیسوی · 488 ھ†The age of the Crusader states, Saladin's Ayyubids and the Mamluk sultanate in Egypt and Syria, ending with the Ottoman conquest.
واقعہ
قتل يوسف بن تاشفين للمتوكل صاحب بطليوس
تقریباً 1095 عیسوی · 489 ھIn 489 Yusuf b. Tashfin killed al-Mutawakkil Sahib Badajoz, known as Saja, together with his sons — instigated by Ibn Abbad, who had secretly urged Yusuf to strike before the taifa king joined the Castilian.
واقعہ
استيلاء الفرنج على بيت المقدس
تقریباً 1099 عیسوی · 492 ھIn 492 the Franks came — Nicaea first of their takings — pressing to Kafr Tab and ravaging the country, their first appearance in Syria, borne over Constantinople's sea in a great host; kings and people were shaken, and it is said Egypt's lord, watching Seljuk power swallow Syria, wrote the Franks inviting them. The same year they took Jerusalem after a siege of a month and a half, killing over seventy thousand including scholars, devotees and ascetics, razed the shrines, gathered the Jews in the synagogue and burnt it upon them. The refugees reached Baghdad with talk that made eyes weep; the sultans were divided, and the Franks took root in Syria. Ibn al-Imad fixes it: Friday morning, seven days short of Sha'ban's end, after a month and a half; Ibn al-Jawzi's Shudhur lists the plunder — forty-four silver candelabra of 3,600 dirhams each, a forty-ratl silver oven, and twenty-odd golden candelabra taken from the Rock.
واقعہ
نقل المصحف العثماني من طبرية إلى دمشق
تقریباً 1099 عیسوی · 493 ھIn 493 the Uthmanic mushaf was carried from Tiberias to Damascus for fear — the people went out to receive it and it was housed in a chest in the mosque's maqsura.
ریاست
شاهات أرمينية بأخلاط
1100 عیسوی · 493 ھThe Shah-i Arman state of Akhlat; founded by Sukman al-Qutbi in 493, the strongest of Seljuk Armenia's lesser states though Armenian-majority and a fifth of the country — ruled by Zahir al-Din Ibrahim Shah-i Arman, Ahmad, Nasir al-Din Sukman II, Sayf al-Din Bektumr and Badr al-Din Aqsunqur until the Banu Sukman line ended in 581, passing to the mamluk Bak Timur, then to the Ayyubids in 604 — al-Adil seating his son al-Awhad then al-Ashraf — until Hulagu took al-Muzaffar Ghazi's kingdom of Akhlat in 642.
واقعہ
فتنة الباطنية بالعراق وقتلهم الروياني
تقریباً 1100 عیسوی · 494 ھIn 494 the Batiniyya's hand lay heavy on Iraq — such dread that the amirs wore mail beneath their clothes — and they killed many, among them the Shafi'i shaykh al-Ruwayni, author of al-Bahr.
ریاست
الدولة البورية (أتابكة دمشق)
1104 عیسوی · 497 ھThe state of the Atabeg Tughtakin and his sons at Damascus; a mamluk of Tutush, he took sole rule on Duqaq's death in 497 AH, warred on the Franks and met their kings at Marj al-Saffar in 520, died in 522 and was followed by his son Taj al-Dawla Buri and his line until Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zengi's seizure of Damascus in 549 ended their state.
واقعہ
مقتل صدقة المزيدي في حرب السلطان محمد (501هـ)
مارچ 1108 عیسوی · رجب 501 ھWhen Sadaqa ibn Mansur sheltered Sarkhab ibn Kaykhusraw and refused to yield him, Sultan Muhammad ibn Malikshah marched from Baghdad at the end of Rajab 501 AH; Ubada and Khafaja deserted Sadaqa and the Kurds took bribes, so he charged the Turks crying 'I am the king of the Arabs, I am Sadaqa' — an arrow transfixed him and a Turkish ghulam named Barghash pulled him down and killed him, his head borne to Baghdad; three thousand or more of his men were killed and his son Dubays captured.
واقعہ
أخذ الفرنج طرابلس الشام
تقریباً 1109 عیسوی · 503 ھIn 503 the Franks took Tripoli after a siege of years; the next year the Muslims' trial by them grew so great they knew most of Syria lost — they begged a truce, were refused, then bought one for countless thousands of dinars, and the Franks broke faith.
واقعہ
الملحمة الكبيرة بين ابن تاشفين والفرنج
تقریباً 1110 عیسوی · 504 ھIn 504 came the great melhama between the Franks and Ibn Tashfin, lord of al-Andalus: the Muslims were victorious, killed, captured and took spoil past telling, and the Franks' bravest perished.
واقعہ
قتل مودود صاحب الموصل بجامع دمشق
تقریباً 1113 عیسوی · 507 ھIn 507 Mawdud, lord of Mosul, marched against the Frankish king of Jerusalem; after a great battle he returned to Damascus and was praying Jumu'a in the mosque when a Batini leapt on him — he died the same day. The Frankish king wrote Damascus's lord: 'a nation that kills its chief, on its feast-day, in its house of worship, deserves that God blot it out'.
واقعہ
سقوط سرقسطة
تقریباً 18 دسمبر 1118 عیسوی · تقریباً 4 رمضان 512 ھSaragossa fell to the Christians on Wednesday 4 Ramadan 512 — the capital of the Upper March passing out of Muslim hands.
ریاست
الدولة الموحدية
1121 عیسوی · 515 ھ†A caliphate established in 1121 CE and ended in 1269 CE.
واقعہ
وقعة كتندة
تقریباً 1120 عیسوی · تقریباً 514 ھThe rout of Cutanda (514) in the Upper March of Saragossa: some twenty thousand volunteer mutatawwi'a were cut down while the regular army escaped unhurt; the amir was Ibrahim ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin, and the scholars Abu Ali al-Sadafi and Ibn al-Farra went out as ghazis and were lost. The qadi Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi was present — asked how he had fared, he gave the Maghrebi proverb 'the state of one who left his tent and cloak': everything gone.
شخصیت
آق سنقر البرسقي
Aq Sunqur al-Bursuqi — atabeg of Mosul and crusade-fighter, assassinated by the Batinis in 1126 while at prayer in Mosul's Great Mosque; Ibn al-Athir calls him the best of governors.
ریاست
الدولة الزنكية
1127 عیسوی · 521 ھ†A ruling dynasty established in 1127 CE and ended in 1250 CE; its capital was Damascus.
واقعہ
اغتيال آق سنقر البرسقي
1126 عیسوی · 520 ھIn 1126 the Batinis assassinated Aq Sunqur al-Bursuqi, atabeg of Mosul and crusade-fighter, while he prayed in Mosul's Great Mosque.
واقعہ
أخذ تطيلة وطرسونة
تقریباً 1130 عیسوی · تقریباً 524 ھTudela and its sister Tarazona fell to the Christians in 524, in Ibn al-Yasa's phrase.
واقعہ
أسر المسترشد وقتله بمراغة
تقریباً 26 اگست 1135 عیسوی · 16 ذوالقعدہ 529 ھAl-Mustarshid marched on sultan Mas'ud; most of his army betrayed him and he was taken to a fortress near Hamadan. Baghdad put dust on its heads, the women went out unveiled keening, prayers and the khutba were suspended — and Sanjar wrote his nephew Mas'ud of the heavenly and earthly signs, ordering the caliph restored; Mas'ud kissed the ground before him. Then seventeen Batiniyya in Sanjar's escort — sent, it was said, without Mas'ud's knowledge, though some say he planted them — fell on the caliph in his camp and slaughtered him with his companions at Maragha, Thursday 16 Dhu'l-Qa'da 529; Baghdad came out barefoot with torn clothes.
واقعہ
خلع الراشد بالله بالمحضر الفقهي
تقریباً 1136 عیسوی · 16 ذوالقعدہ 530 ھOn sultan Mas'ud's return, al-Rashid went out to Mosul; the judges, notables and scholars wrote an instrument of testimony — injustice, seizure of wealth, bloodshed, wine — and asked the jurists whether such a one's imamate holds and whether the sultan of the day may depose him. They fatwa'd the deposition lawful; Ibn al-Karkhi, judge of the city, ruled it, and his uncle Muhammad ibn al-Mustazhir was hailed al-Muqtafi on 16 Dhu'l-Qa'da 530. Ibn al-Jawzi cites al-Suli: people say every sixth caliph is deposed.
واقعہ
مصادرة مسعود أموال الخلافة وجواب المقتفي
تقریباً 1136 عیسوی · تقریباً 530 ھMas'ud stripped the caliphal palace — four mares and eight mules left in the stable — then in 531 seized all the caliph's estates and demanded a hundred thousand dinars. Al-Muqtafi's answer: 'What wonder — you know what befell al-Mustarshid's wealth at your hands, what al-Rashid took, and that you seized the furniture, the mint, the estates and the tolls. From what shall we raise it? Nothing remains but to hand you the palace itself — I have sworn to God not to take a grain wrongfully from the Muslims'. The sultan desisted, and in Jumada I the caliph's lands were restored.
ریاست
أتابكية أذربيجان
1136 عیسوی · 531 ھThe atabegs of Azerbaijan; sprung from Shams al-Din Eldiguz, a Qipchaq mamluk of Sultan Mas'ud of Iraq, whose state rose in 531 — succeeded by Muhammad Bahlawan Jahan in 568, Qizil Arslan Uthman in 587, and Abu Bakr — ruling the Jibal, Azerbaijan and Persian Iraq until Khwarazmshah Ala al-Din Muhammad ended them under their last amir Uzbek al-Bahlawan in 622.
واقعہ
قتل الراشد المخلوع بأصبهان
تقریباً 1138 عیسوی · 16 رمضان 532 ھThe deposed al-Rashid raided through Azerbaijan, Maragha, Hamadan and Isfahan till, gravely ill outside Isfahan, his own Persian farrashin killed him with knives — they were all killed in turn — on 16 Ramadan 532. The cloak and staff were not taken from him till after his death; al-Imad al-Katib: his was Joseph's beauty and Hatim's bounty.
ریاست
بنو الزريع بعدن
1138 عیسوی · 533 ھBanu al-Zuray' of Aden, the Ubaydi da'is of Yemen; of the Hamdan clan of Jasm ibn Yam nearest to al-Sulayhi, seated at Aden by Ahmad al-Mukarram — then splitting into factions, the Banu Zuray' ibn al-Abbas prevailed after great wars, their first king al-Da'i ibn Abi al-Su'ud taking Aden in 533 and dying seven months after the conquest; his son al-Agharr, then their mawla Muhammad ibn Saba', styled al-Da'i al-Mu'azzam Sayf Amir al-Mu'minin, who bought Dhi Jibla castle itself; last of their kings the poet-munificent Yasir ibn Bilal, praised by Ibn Qalaqis, until Sayf al-Dawla Saladin's brother took Aden and ended their state — they who had founded al-Hudayda near Aden.
واقعہ
سقوط المرية بيد النصارى سنة ٥٤٢
تقریباً 17 اکتوبر 1147 عیسوی · تقریباً 17 جمادی الاول 542 ھThe sack of Almeria (Friday 17 Jumada I 542): the Castilian-Genoese force under Alfonso VII — 'the emperor, son of Alfonso's daughter' — stormed the harbour city and carried off fourteen thousand maidens alone; the hafiz Ibn Hubaysh won his household's freedom by reciting the emperor's pedigree back to Heraclius, and the traditionist al-Rushati was martyred in its fall. The Almohads Abd al-Mu'min's sons recovered it — fighting Christians within and Ibn Mardanish without until he withdrew in shame at fighting men who fought the Christians.
واقعہ
استيلاء رجار صاحب صقلية على المهدية
تقریباً 1148 عیسوی · 543 ھIn 543 Roger of Sicily's fleet under George of Antioch took Mahdiyya and the whole littoral, imposing the jarī levy and his governors over the towns until the Almohad Abd al-Mu'min recovered them in 555.
واقعہ
نور الدين يفك حصار الفرنج عن دمشق
تقریباً 1148 عیسوی · 543 ھIn 543 the Franks besieged Damascus; Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zangi, then lord of Aleppo, reached it with his brother Ghazi, lord of Mosul — the Muslims were victorious and the Franks routed. Nur al-Din pressed on against them, taking what they had seized of Muslim lands.
ریاست
أتابكية فارس السلغرية
1148 عیسوی · 543 ھThe Salghurid atabegs of Fars; named for Salghur, a Turkmen chief who joined Tughril Beg's court — his descendant Sunqur ibn Mawdud seized Fars in 543, founding a century-and-a-half state seated at Shiraz with arms over Kirman; Sa'd ibn Zengi took Isfahan and the Iraqi 'Ajam lands, broke before Khwarazmshah at Rayy yet was honourably restored on a khutba-only tribute, and his son Abu Bakr stretched the realm to Bahrain and the Gulf isles, buying Genghis off with gifts — the house ending in 686.
واقعہ
حصار الأذفونش قرطبة ودخولها في طاعة الموحدين
تقریباً 1150 عیسوی · تقریباً 545 ھAlfonso VII's siege of Cordoba (545) with forty thousand horse while the city starved; Abd al-Mu'min sent twelve thousand under whom the Frank withdrew, and the commander Abu al-Ghamr al-Sa'ib surrendered it to Yahya ibn Maymun — then the Almohad army entered al-Andalus twenty thousand strong under al-Muntati, and Granada's Maymun and Ibn Hamushk submitted.
واقعہ
أسر الغز السلطان سنجر
تقریباً 1153 عیسوی · 548 ھIn 548 the Ghuzz rose on sultan Sanjar, captured and humbled him, took his lands yet kept the khutba in his name — a form without meaning, weeping at his own state, a sultan in name with a groom's stipend.
واقعہ
ثورة طرابلس على النصارى وإحراقهم
تقریباً 1153 عیسوی · تقریباً 548 ھWhen Roger of Sicily took Tripoli of Ifriqiya and kept its Muslims under his rule, Abu Yahya ibn Matruh, one of the town's notables, went among its leading men and drew them into striking the Normans — they rose, killed them and burned them, and Ibn Matruh governed Tripoli until Abd al-Mu'min's coming in 555 restored it.
واقعہ
بعثة أسد الدين شيركوه الأولى إلى مصر
تقریباً 1167 عیسوی · 562 ھIn 562 Nur al-Din sent Asad al-Din Shirkuh with two thousand horse to Egypt; camped at Giza, besieging two months, till its lord called the Franks who came through Damietta. Shirkuh withdrew to the Sa'id, beat a larger army killing Frankish thousands, levied the Sa'id's kharaj — while the Franks besieged Alexandria, taken by his nephew Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, four months till Shirkuh came and they withdrew to Syria.
واقعہ
حريق الفسطاط ووزارة شيركوه ثم صلاح الدين
تقریباً 1169 عیسوی · 564 ھIn 564 the Franks came on Egypt in a great host, took Bilbays and besieged Cairo — its lord burnt al-Fustat for fear of them — then wrote Nur al-Din for aid. Shirkuh came, the Franks withdrew, al-Adid made him vizier — and he died sixty-five days later. His nephew Salah al-Din took his place, titled al-Malik al-Nasir, and served the sultanate as none could.
واقعہ
الزلزلة العظمى بالشام سنة 565هـ
تقریباً اگست 1170 عیسوی · تقریباً شوال 565 ھIn Shawwal 565 the great earthquake struck Syria — most of Damascus and the Umayyad Mosque's porticoes fell, half Aleppo's citadel and its gate, eighty thousand of Hamah's people perished, and Hisn al-Akrad's castle collapsed leaving no trace of its wall.
واقعہ
فتح صلاح الدين أيلة
تقریباً دسمبر 1170 عیسوی · ربیع الثانی 566 ھ
ریاست
الدولة الأيوبية
1171 عیسوی · 566 ھ†A ruling dynasty established in 1171 CE and ended in 1341 CE; its capital was Cairo.
واقعہ
استحداث صلاح الدين القضاء الشافعي بمصر
تقریباً 1171 عیسوی · 566 ھ
واقعہ
قطع الخطبة العبيدية وإقامة الخطبة العباسية بمصر
تقریباً ستمبر 1171 عیسوی · محرم 567 ھAl-Imad al-Katib: Salah al-Din opened the year 567 with Egypt's greatest obedience — the Abbasid khutba, first Jumu'a at Fustat's mosque, the second at Cairo; al-Adid died that Ashura, and the palace's treasures sold for ten years. Shihab al-Din ibn Abi Asrun bore the news to Baghdad, and al-Imad wrote a general proclamation read across the lands of Islam — 'no minbar remains in those lands but the khutba for our lord al-Mustadi' is upon it'. Ibn al-Athir adds: Nur al-Din ordered it, Salah al-Din feared an Egyptian rising, and the Ajami called al-Amir al-Alim mounted the minbar before the khatib and prayed for al-Mustadi' — 'not two goats butted over it'. The khutba spread to Yemen, Barqa, Tawzar and Egypt to Aswan; Ibn al-Jawzi wrote his book al-Nasr ala Misr.
واقعہ
وفاة نور الدين محمود
تقریباً 1174 عیسوی · 569 ھDeath of Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zangi, lord of Syria, the Jazira and Egypt's overlord — Wednesday 11 Shawwal 569, of quinsy, in the small prayer-cell he kept in Damascus citadel; refusing cupping ('a man of sixty is not bled'), buried in the citadel then translated to his madrasa by Suq al-Khawwassin. He had been mustering armies from Mosul and the Jazira to take Egypt from Saladin when death overtook him. Ibn al-Athir's verdict: after the Rashidun and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz he read of no king's conduct finer or more scrupulous in justice.
واقعہ
مؤامرة إعادة الدعوة العبيدية وصلب أصحابها
تقریباً 1174 عیسوی · 569 ھIn 569 a group of the Ubaydids' shi'a and lovers plotted to restore the da'wa to al-Adid's house, joined by some of Salah al-Din's amirs; discovering it, he crucified them between the two palaces.
واقعہ
بناء سور مصر وقلعة الجبل
تقریباً 1176 عیسوی · 572 ھIn 572 Salah al-Din ordered the great wall girding Fustat and Cairo — Baha' al-Din Qaraqush over its building, 29,300 Hashimi cubits round — and the citadel on the Muqattam mount, seat of sultans finished only under al-Malik al-Kamil, its first dweller. He also built Imam al-Shafi'i's turba.
واقعہ
هزيمة صلاح الدين بالرملة
تقریباً نومبر 1177 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 573 ھ
واقعہ
حصار الفرنج حماة
تقریباً نومبر 1177 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 573 ھ
واقعہ
مناقلة حلب من الموصل إلى سنجار
تقریباً 1181 عیسوی · 577 ھ
واقعہ
غارة الفرنج على بحر عيذاب وساحل الحجاز
تقریباً 1182 عیسوی · 578 ھ
واقعہ
ملك علي بن غانية بلاد إفريقية
تقریباً 1185 عیسوی · 581 ھ
واقعہ
الفتنة بين التركمان والأكراد
تقریباً 1185 عیسوی · 581 ھ
واقعہ
وقعة حطين
تقریباً 4 جولائی 1187 عیسوی · 25 ربیع الثانی 583 ھ
واقعہ
استرداد صلاح الدين بيت المقدس
تقریباً 1187 عیسوی · 583 ھIn 583 Salah al-Din took many Frankish-held towns of Syria — Jerusalem greatest of them, ninety-one years in their hands. He cleared their traces, razed their new churches, built a Shafi'i school on one site, yet spared the Holy Sepulchre as Umar had before him. Ibn Barrajan had read in 'Alif Lam Mim — the Romans were defeated' that Jerusalem would stay Roman till 583, then be a house of Islam for ever — 'one of the strangest coincidences', says Abu Shama, 'and Ibn Barrajan died long before'.
واقعہ
غزوة ملك الألمان وغرقه
تقریباً 1190 عیسوی · 586 ھ
واقعہ
استرجاع شلب من الإفرنج
تقریباً 1190 عیسوی · تقریباً 586 ھAl-Mansur's recovery of Silves (586): told the Franks had taken the western city, he marched himself, besieged and took it, and sent an army that won back four towns the Franks had held for forty years — whereupon the lord of Toledo sued for a five-year truce.
واقعہ
ملك الفرنج عكا وقتل الأسرى
تقریباً 12 جولائی 1191 عیسوی · 17 جمادی الثانی 587 ھ
واقعہ
وفاة صلاح الدين بدمشق
تقریباً مارچ 1193 عیسوی · صفر 589 ھ
واقعہ
وفاة صلاح الدين وتركته
تقریباً 1193 عیسوی · 589 ھIn 589 sultan Salah al-Din died; the envoy reached Baghdad with his war-standard, his horse, and one dinar with thirty-six dirhams — all the wealth he left. Egypt settled for his son al-Aziz Imad al-Din Uthman, Damascus for al-Afdal Nur al-Din Ali, Aleppo for al-Zahir Ghiyath al-Din Ghazi.
واقعہ
قتل السلطان طغرل الثالث آخر سلاطين السلاجقة بالعراق
تقریباً مارچ 1194 عیسوی · 24 ربیع الاول 590 ھ
واقعہ
وفاة طغرل شاه آخر ملوك السلجوقية
تقریباً 1194 عیسوی · 590 ھIn 590 died sultan Tughril shah ibn Arslan — last of the Seljuk kings: twenty-two of them, says al-Dhahabi, from Tughril Beg who restored al-Qa'im to Baghdad, a state of a hundred and sixty years.
واقعہ
وقعة الأرك
1195 عیسوی · 9 شعبان 591 ھThe famous Battle of al-Arak (Alarcos): after the truce lapsed and the Franks raided, the Almohad sultan Ya'qub al-Mansur crossed to al-Andalus in 591; the armies met north of Cordoba near Qal'at Rabah on Thursday 9 Sha'ban, the Franks charged the sultan's flags held by Abu Yahya ibn Abi Hafs — a decoy — then al-Mansur broke them utterly; sixty thousand Frankish mail-coats entered the treasury and chroniclers ranked it with or above Zallaqa.
واقعہ
استيلاء العادل على دمشق
تقریباً 1196 عیسوی · 592 ھal-Adil's seizure of Damascus, 27 Rajab 592 — after the Asadiyya and Kurds defected from al-Aziz of Egypt to his brother al-Afdal, the Bilbays settlement gave al-Afdal Palestine while al-Adil stayed in Egypt beside al-Aziz; then uncle and nephew marched on Damascus, suborned al-Afdal's favoured amir Ibn Abi Ghalib of Homs who opened the Bab al-Sharqi at 'asr, entered while al-Afdal knew nothing, and read him the order to vacate the citadel.
واقعہ
قصد خوارزمشاه بغداد ورده الثلج
تقریباً 1196 عیسوی · 592 ھKhwarazmshah, grown mighty over Khurasan and Transoxiana, cut the Abbasid khutba from his lands and marched on Baghdad; at Hamadan twenty days of out-of-season snow buried his host — 'God's wrath that you aim at the house of prophecy', a courtier said — and news that the Turkic peoples had rallied behind him turned him back; the Nasir was spared without battle. In 592 he crossed the Jayhun with fifty thousand demanding the sultanate and the caliph's tutelage as in Seljuk days; the caliph razed the dar al-saltana and returned his envoy unanswered.
واقعہ
عام المجاعة الكبرى بمصر
تقریباً 1200 عیسوی · 596 ھIn 596 the Nile failed, not making thirteen cubits: the dearth grew so extreme people ate carrion and human flesh — openly, wondrously; they dug graves for the dead. Villagers perished entire — a traveller passed a village with no fire breathing, houses open and their people dead. Al-Dhahabi tells tales the skin crawls to hear; it ran to mid-598.
واقعہ
زلزلة سنة 597هـ
تقریباً 1201 عیسوی · تقریباً 597 ھThe famine of 597 in Egypt when human flesh was sold, then in Sha'ban the great earthquake that struck most of the world — Abu Shama: a tenth of mankind died beneath the rubble, Nablus was razed, and the year's dead were counted at a million and a hundred thousand.
واقعہ
قتل الباطنية بواسط
تقریباً 1204 عیسوی · تقریباً 600 ھ
واقعہ
استيلاء الفرنج على القسطنطينية
تقریباً 1204 عیسوی · 601 ھIn 601 the Franks seized Constantinople and expelled the Romans — theirs since before Islam — and held it till 660, when the Romans took it back.
ریاست
دولة التتر (الإمبراطورية المغولية)
تقریباً 1206 عیسوی · تقریباً 602 ھThe Tatar state of the Turkish nations beyond the Khita lands on China's marches; Genghis Khan, king of the Mongols, arose among them and they overran the Islamic realms and tore the caliphate's seat from Baghdad — then their state split into kingdoms: the rulers of Transoxiana, the Juchid house of the Dasht and the Ilkhans of Iraq, and in time they embraced Islam.
واقعہ
قتل شهاب الدين الغوري
تقریباً مارچ 1206 عیسوی · شعبان 602 ھ
ریاست
سلطنة دلهي
1206 عیسوی · 602 ھ†A sultanate established in 1206 CE and ended in 1526 CE; its capital was Delhi.
واقعہ
ملك الكرج قرس وموت ملكتهم
تقریباً 1207 عیسوی · 604 ھ
واقعہ
أسر خوارزم شاه من الخطا وخلاصه
تقریباً 1207 عیسوی · 604 ھ
واقعہ
الوقعة التي أفنت الخطا
تقریباً 1207 عیسوی · 604 ھ
واقعہ
حصار هراة وقتل ابن خرميل
تقریباً 1207 عیسوی · 604 ھ
واقعہ
دخول أهل ألموت في الإسلام سنة 608هـ
تقریباً 1211 عیسوی · 608 ھIn 608 came the envoy of Jalal al-Din Hasan, lord of Alamut, announcing his people's entry into Islam — their abjuration of the Batiniyya, the building of mosques and the fasting of Ramadan — and the caliph rejoiced.
واقعہ
وثبة قتادة على ركب العراق بمنى سنة 608هـ
تقریباً 1211 عیسوی · 608 ھIn 608 Qatada the Husayni, amir of Mecca, fell upon the Iraqi pilgrimage caravan at Mina — 'and not a spear was dipped in it'. Ibn al-Athir gives the mechanism: a Batini killed one of Qatada's men at Mina mistaking him for the amir, whereupon Qatada mustered the ashraf, Arabs, slaves and Meccans, descended on the pilgrims from the mountain with stones and arrows — the boy pilgrim-amir panicking — and plundered the margins of the camp. The survivors joined the Syrian convoy and completed their hajj; Qatada sent his son to Baghdad with drawn swords and shrouds to kiss the threshold in apology.
واقعہ
وقعة العقاب
تقریباً جولائی 1212 عیسوی · تقریباً صفر 609 ھThe battle of al-Uqab (Las Navas de Tolosa): the Almohad caliph al-Nasir marched to Seville in 609 and the Muslims were broken late Safar in the rout the sources call a day of ordeal and sifting; he died months later at Marrakesh.
واقعہ
استيلاء الحميري على مرباط وظفار وبناء الأحمدية
تقریباً 1212 عیسوی · 609 ھ
ریاست
الدولة المرينية
1215 عیسوی · 612 ھ†A ruling dynasty established in 1215 CE and ended in 1465 CE.
واقعہ
غدر خوارزمشاه بتجار التتار وقتل الرسل
تقریباً 1218 عیسوی · تقریباً 615 ھGenghis Khan sent envoys and gifts — 'I hold your peace a duty and you as a dearest son; let traders pass for both our goods'. Khwarazmshah's uncle at Transoxiana coveted the Muslim traders' wealth, claimed them spies, seized them; the envoys came — 'you gave your aman then broke faith, foulest in a sultan of Islam; hand us your uncle or see what you shall know me by'. The terror clouded his reason — he had the envoys killed. 'O what a move', writes al-Suyuti: 'for every drop of Muslim blood it spilled, it ran a river of blood'.
دور
العصر المغولي وما بعده
1219 عیسوی · 616 ھ†The Mongol conquests, the sack of Baghdad in 1258, the Ilkhanate and Timurids, and the Persianate courts that followed.
واقعہ
أخذ الفرنج دمياط وبناء المنصورة
تقریباً 1219 عیسوی · 616 ھIn 615 the Franks took Damietta's chain-tower — 'the lock of Egypt's lands', says Abu Shama, a tall tower mid-Nile with two chains barring the salt sea to ships. The next year they took Damietta itself after sieges — al-Kamil too weak to resist — made its mosque a church, while he founded al-Mansura at the seas' fork and camped his army there.
واقعہ
هلاك خوارزمشاه بجزيرة بحر قزوين
تقریباً 1220 عیسوی · 617 ھGenghis marched; Khwarazmshah fled the Jayhun to Nishapur, then Hamadan's field, where the enemy ringed him, killed his company, and he alone swam to an island — pleurisy took him, alone, shrouded in a farrash's cloth, in 617; his whole realm fell. Ibn al-Athir: 'the Tatar calamity — had one said the world since creation was never tried its like, he would speak true'.
واقعہ
خروج التتر إلى بلاد الإسلام
تقریباً 1220 عیسوی · 617 ھ
واقعہ
اجتياح التتر بلاد الجبل وأذربيجان والكرج
تقریباً 1220 عیسوی · 617 ھ
واقعہ
استيلاء التتر على مازندران وأخذ ذخائر أم خوارزم شاه
تقریباً 1220 عیسوی · 617 ھ
واقعہ
ملك التتر مراغة وقتل أهلها
تقریباً 13 مارچ 1221 عیسوی · 4 صفر 618 ھ
واقعہ
ملاحم جلال الدين وجنكيزخان سنة 618هـ
تقریباً 1221 عیسوی · 618 ھIn 618, 'the world boiling with Tatars', Jalal al-Din met Tolui's son and broke him — Genghis's first-ever defeat, at which his fury blazed — then Genghis himself marched to the Sind: at the Shawwal battle Jalal al-Din's army was again routed while he stood with a remnant, Genghis nearly beaten until a ten-thousand ambush crushed the Muslim right and captured the sultan's son; Jalal al-Din fell back to the Sind's edge. That year the Tatars took Maragha, burned it and slew most of its people, then rode to the Rus.
واقعہ
قتل أمير الحاج أقباش ووقعة الحسن بن قتادة بمكة
تقریباً 1221 عیسوی · 618 ھ
ریاست
خانات قطلغ بكرمان
1222 عیسوی · 619 ھThe Kirman atabegate known as the Qutlugh khans; founded by Baraq Hajib, a Qara-Khitai commander who entered Khwarazmshah Muhammad's service at Kirman in 619 — nominal vassal then rival of Jalal al-Din Mingburnu, courting the Mongols to break free in 623 — the state lasting under Ilkhanid suzerainty through Rukn al-Din Khwaja al-Haqq and Qutb al-Din Muhammad to his widow Qutlugh Khatun who ruled Kirman herself from 655 to 681, until the house faded about 703.
واقعہ
دخول العدو لوشة مع البياسي
تقریباً 1225 عیسوی · تقریباً 622 ھThe Christians entered Loja in 622 with the sayyid Abu Muhammad al-Bayasi amid his fitna against al-Adil, ravaging it utterly before the Muslims recovered it.
واقعہ
فتح جلال الدين مدينة تفليس من الكرج
تقریباً 11 مارچ 1226 عیسوی · 8 ربیع الاول 623 ھ
واقعہ
ملحمة أصبهان سنة 624هـ
تقریباً 1227 عیسوی · 624 ھIn 624 Jalal al-Din marched from Tabriz to relieve Isfahan; at the clash his brother Ghiyath al-Din deserted him, yet his right shattered the Tatar left and his left crushed their right — the people cheered victory — then the Tatars returned with their ambush in one flood-charge as night came on, the amirs fell, Jalal al-Din was ringed with a handful and fled on a war-mare taking a spear-thrust. A battle the like of which was unheard of, both hosts routed, in Ramadan.
واقعہ
ملك الملك الأشرف دمشق من ابن أخيه داود
تقریباً 26 جون 1229 عیسوی · 2 شعبان 626 ھ
واقعہ
الخلع العباسية على ابن هود
تقریباً 1228 عیسوی · تقریباً 626 ھIbn Hud, having risen against the Almohads and taken al-Andalus, proclaimed the Abbasid caliph; the investiture document and black robes arrived from Baghdad, and the qadi Abu l-Mutarrif congratulated him that its day resembled the day the black banners came out of Khurasan — the Abbasid da'wa preached once more in al-Andalus.
واقعہ
خلع المأمون دعوة الموحدين
1229 عیسوی · 626 ھIn 626 AH the caliph al-Ma'mun entered Marrakesh, arraigned the Almohad shaykhs and killed a hundred notables, then ordered Ibn Tumart's name struck from coinage and khutba and cursed in the Berber call to prayer, added «أصبح والحمد لله» to the dawn adhan, licensed a church in Marrakesh, and expelled the Muwahhidun from al-Andalus where the populace killed them — a repudiation reversed only when his son al-Rashid repurchased the shaykhs' allegiance by restoring the Mahdi's rites.
واقعہ
تسليم الكامل القدس للإمبراطور سنة 626هـ
تقریباً 1229 عیسوی · 626 ھIn 626 al-Kamil surrendered Jerusalem to the Frankish emperor, who had written: 'you summoned me, the Pope and the kings know of my zeal, and if I return empty-handed my honour is broken — yet you have ruined Jerusalem and its revenue is slight, so grant me its keys that my head may rise among the kings and I will remit its income to you.' The cession passed; al-Kamil then besieged Damascus for months until the Sha'ban truce left al-Nasir only Karak and Nablus.
واقعہ
ضياع ماردة عن ابن هود
تقریباً 1229 عیسوی · تقریباً 626 ھThe Christians took the district of Merida from Muhammad ibn Hud in 626 — 'the opener of calamities at his hand,' for Merida had been the capital of the al-Jawf country in Arab and Ajam days.
ریاست
الدولة الحفصية
1229 عیسوی · 626 ھ†A ruling dynasty established in 1229 CE and ended in 1574 CE.
ریاست
الدولة الرسولية
1229 عیسوی · 626 ھ†A ruling dynasty established in 1229 CE and ended in 1454 CE.
واقعہ
سقوط ميورقة بيد الروم
تقریباً 31 دسمبر 1229 عیسوی · تقریباً 14 صفر 627 ھThe conquest of Majorca (Safar 627/Dec 1229): when its governor raided the mainland for timber and seized a Barcelona flat-bottom, James I bound his barons by oath and gathered twenty thousand ashore and sixteen thousand by sea; the rout on Monday 18 Shawwal opened the walls, the city was stormed on Sunday, and twenty-four thousand were killed 'on one account' while the governor was taken and tortured to death after forty-five days.
واقعہ
وقعة باسي جمن (ياسي جمن)
تقریباً 16 اگست 1230 عیسوی · 28 رمضان 627 ھ
واقعہ
خلع أبي زكريا الحفصي طاعة الموحدين
1230 عیسوی · 627 ھIn 627 AH the amir Abu Zakariya, grandson of the shaykh Abu Hafs, seized Ifriqiya and threw off the caliph al-Ma'mun's allegiance after the latter had erased the Mahdi's name from coinage and khutba — founding the Hafsid state at Tunis under the Hintati grandsons of the Almohads' greatest shaykh.
واقعہ
كسر جلال الدين الخوارزمي سنة 627هـ
تقریباً 1230 عیسوی · 627 ھIn 627 the Syrians and their allies combined against the Khwarazmians; meeting Jalal al-Din in Ramadan they broke him, plundered his army, and he fled to Khilat among seven men — his army shredded, his champions slain — thence to Azerbaijan, suing al-Ashraf for peace in abasement. Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi: 'God routed the Khwarazmians at the lightest cost, by an event beyond all reckoning — praise to Him who demolished that firm mountain in the blink of an eye'.
واقعہ
هلاك جلال الدين خوارزم شاه وخراب الجزيرة سنة 628هـ
تقریباً 1231 عیسوی · 628 ھIn 628 the Tatars, learning of Jalal al-Din's weakness, rushed Azerbaijan; he would not face them, Maragha fell, his army scattered, and they surprised him by night — he escaped alone, and the Kurds and peasants plundered his followers; God took vengeance on them all. The Tatars then bore to Mardin slaying and enslaving, entered Amid killing over twenty thousand, repeated it in Azerbaijan, and settled their rule beyond the Oxus while Khurasan's cities lay desolate.
واقعہ
دخول التتر ديار بكر والجزيرة
تقریباً 1231 عیسوی · 628 ھ
واقعہ
بناء المدرسة المستنصرية ببغداد
تقریباً 1234 عیسوی · 631 ھAl-Mustansir's madrasa on Tigris's east bank — 'none finer on earth', says Ibn Wasil — four chairs for the four madhhabs, a bimaristan, a fuqaha' kitchen, a cold-water chamber, stipends of mats, oil, paper, ink and a dinar a month, and a bath 'never done before'. Al-Dhahabi: its waqf yielded seventy thousand mithqals a year; built 625–631, stocked with a hundred and sixty camel-loads of choice books, two hundred and forty-eight jurists with masters of hadith, grammar, medicine and inheritance-law, thirty orphans; opened on a Thursday in Rajab before the judges and notables.
ریاست
مملكة مالي
تقریباً 1235 عیسوی · تقریباً 632 ھThe greatest Islamic kingdom of the western Sudan, founded by Mari Jata after wresting power from the Susu, reaching its height in the eighth century AH when its rule stretched from the Niger headlands to the ocean approaches.
واقعہ
وقعة أنيجة ومقتل ابن الكلاعي
تقریباً اگست 1237 عیسوی · ذوالحجہ 634 ھThe battle of Anija, Thursday end of Dhu'l-Hijja 634, where the hafiz Abu'l-Rabi al-Kila'i was killed still urging the routed 'are you fleeing Paradise?' — mourned by his pupil Ibn al-Abbar in the famous mimiya.
واقعہ
وقعة أنيشة
تقریباً 11 اگست 1237 عیسوی · تقریباً 10 ذوالحجہ 634 ھThe battle of Anisha (Thursday, 10 Dhu al-Hijja 634) in which the hafiz Abu'l-Rabi al-Kila'i was killed — advancing ahead of the ranks, calling to the fleeing 'do you flee Paradise?' until he fell; his pupil Ibn al-Abbar mourned him in the famous mimiyya elegy.
واقعہ
غارة دقوقاء سنة 635هـ
تقریباً 1237 عیسوی · 635 ھIn 635 the Tatars reached Daquqa plundering; the caliph's amir Biklik met them with seven thousand against ten, and the Muslims — having killed many and near victory — were routed, Biklik and a group of great amirs falling.
واقعہ
تغلب ابن الأحمر على غرناطة
تقریباً 1237 عیسوی · 635 ھMuhammad b. Yusuf Ibn al-Ahmar took Granada in 635 by its people's collusion after Ibn Hud's death — the seat of the last Muslim dynasty in al-Andalus.
ریاست
دولة بني عبد الواد
1236 عیسوی · 635 ھThe Abd al-Wadid kingdom of Zanata at Tlemcen, founded by Yaghmurasen ibn Zayyan who took the city after an eight-year siege — who answered, when an Idrisid pedigree was offered him, in their tongue: 'if true it profits us with God, but this world we won with our swords'; they held the central Maghreb between the Marinids and the Hafsids until the Marinids entered Tlemcen and ended their state.
واقعہ
سقوط بلنسية بيد العدو
تقریباً 29 ستمبر 1238 عیسوی · 17 صفر 636 ھValencia fell by treaty on 17 Safar 636 after Ibn al-Abbar's plea-qasida to the Hafsid sultan moved him to ship money and supplies; its people surrendered on terms preserving their persons in 637.
ریاست
مملكة غرناطة
1238 عیسوی · 635 ھ†An emirate established in 1238 CE and ended in 1492 CE; its capital was Granada.
واقعہ
استيلاء العدو على قرطبة
تقریباً مئی 1239 عیسوی · 23 شوال 636 ھThe Castilian capture of Cordoba on Sunday 23 Shawwal 636, within the reconquest register that took Zaragoza in 512, Murcia by treaty 643 and Seville 646.
واقعہ
تمليك مرسية للعدو صلحاً
تقریباً 1243 عیسوی · تقریباً 641 ھMurcia was handed to the Christians by treaty on Thursday 10 Shawwal — Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hud, son of its own governor, came with a company of Christian notables and surrendered it by compact.
واقعہ
سقوط القاضي الرفيعي سنة 641هـ
تقریباً 1243 عیسوی · 641 ھIn 641 God lifted the affliction by setting the vizier against the qadi al-Rafii — a corrupt judge of forged deeds, bribes, orphans' and waqf monies, who rode to Friday prayers drunk with ready perjured witnesses. His agents were jailed and tortured, Ibn al-Ruwas dying under it; al-Rafii was carried to Baalbek on a bare-backed mule, stood at the citadel's rim asking leave to pray two rak'as — and was kicked over by Dawud the executioner, torn apart before he reached the water. His accomplice the vizier al-Amin was strangled in Egypt in 648, his confiscated hoards reaching three million dinars.
واقعہ
غلاء دمشق المفرط سنة 643هـ
تقریباً 1245 عیسوی · 643 ھIn 643 Damascus suffered extreme dearth: the load of grain sold at 1,600 dirhams, carrion was eaten and many notables perished.
واقعہ
فتح عسقلان وطبرية سنة 644هـ
تقریباً 1247 عیسوی · 644 ھIn Jumada II 644 the Muslims took Ascalon and Tiberias by storm, the conquest led by Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Shaykh.
واقعہ
سقوط إشبيلية صلحاً
تقریباً 23 نومبر 1248 عیسوی · 5 شعبان 646 ھSeville was besieged in 645 and surrendered to the Castilian on Monday 5 Sha'ban 646 after about seventeen months of investment.
واقعہ
سقوط دمياط بيد الفرنج سنة 647هـ
تقریباً جون 1249 عیسوی · تقریباً ربیع الثانی 647 ھIn Rabi' I 647 the Franks invested Damietta by land and sea — the garrison panicked and the city fell without a blow; the dying sultan al-Salih Najm al-Din hanged sixty of its notables, his death was concealed while his mamluk Aqtay raced to fetch Turanshah from Hisn Kayfa, and in Dhu l-Qa'da the Franks reached the sultan's vestibule at Mansura, killed Fakhr al-Din, routed the Muslims — then the Muslims rallied and slaughtered them.
واقعہ
انهيار مسلمي صقلية بعد هلاك أبي زكريا
1249 عیسوی · 647 ھWhen word of Sultan Abu Zakariya's death in 647 AH reached Sicily — whose Muslims of Palermo had a compact to share town and suburbs with the island's lord — the Christians fell upon them; they fled to strongholds, were besieged until they surrendered, ferried across the strait and settled on the facing coast, and then the lord of Sicily passed to Malta and expelled its Muslims too.
واقعہ
بيعة مكة للمستنصر الحفصي
تقریباً 1250 عیسوی · تقریباً 648 ھAfter the Tatars took Baghdad and erased the caliphate's rite, Mecca's sharifs Abu Numayy and Idris resolved on the bay'a to the Hafsid al-Mustansir of Ifriqiya, the Sufi jurist Ibn Sab'in dwelling by the sanctuary dictating the bay'a letter in his own hand — and Mecca preached the Hafsid name in the pilgrimage season.
واقعہ
قتل توران شاه وسلطنة شجر الدر
تقریباً 1250 عیسوی · 648 ھIn 647 the Franks took Damietta as al-Malik al-Salih lay dying; his slave-girl Umm Khalil — Shajar al-Durr — hid the death and fetched his son Turanshah, who was killed that Muharram by his father's ghilman. They raised Shajar al-Durr over them, the Turks swearing to her and her deputy Izz al-Din Aybak, who took the sultanate as al-Mu'izz in Rabi' II, then set up the eight-year-old al-Ashraf as atabeg-front till 652, when he dropped the name and ruled alone.
شخصیت
ماري جاطة
Founder of the Mali Empire and the greatest of the western Sudanese kings; in their tongue jata means lion and mari means king. He defeated the Susu and wrested from them the old kingdom of Ghana, ruling from the Niger to the Atlantic.
واقعہ
نار عدن سنة 652هـ
تقریباً 1254 عیسوی · 652 ھIn 652 a fire appeared in the mountains of Aden, sparks flying to the sea by night and great smoke rising by day; the people did not doubt it was the end-time fire foretold, and repented.
واقعہ
قتل الأمير أقطاي سنة 652هـ
تقریباً 1254 عیسوی · 652 ھIn Sha'ban 652 the amir Faris al-Din Aqtay — al-Salih's thousand-dinar mamluk turned overbearing under his comrade al-Mu'izz, demanding the Citadel itself for his wedding to the Hamah prince's daughter — was killed by plot of al-Mu'izz and Shajar al-Durr; when his seven hundred mamluks ringed the Citadel, his head was thrown down and they scattered.
واقعہ
شروع التتار في فتح البلاد الإسلامية سنة 652هـ
تقریباً 1254 عیسوی · 652 ھIn 652 the Tatars began the conquest of the Islamic lands while the caliph was heedless in his privacy and pleasures, and the vizier Mu'ayyad al-Din and the caliph's retainers corresponded with Hulagu, envoys passing between them.
واقعہ
نار الحجاز سنة 654هـ
تقریباً جون 1256 عیسوی · جمادی الثانی 654 ھA great earthquake followed by an eruption of fire in the land of Medina in Jumada II 654 AH, in fulfilment of the Prophet's report of a fire issuing from the Hijaz by whose light camels' necks would be lit at Busra; tremors began at the start of the month, intensified on the night of Wednesday the 3rd until eighteen shocks struck in a single day per al-Qastallani, then the fire appeared at Qarayza at the edge of the harra, flowing like a river red and blue with a thunderous roar that levelled hills, its boiling seen for days and reportedly sighted from Mecca and the mountains of Busra; yet a cool breeze still reached Medina until it was turned aside to the north on reaching the sanctuary boundary, and the dam it left is still called al-Habs by the people of Medina.
ریاست
الدولة الإلخانية
1256 عیسوی · 654 ھ†A state established in 1256 CE and ended in 1335 CE.
واقعہ
غرق بغداد سنة 654هـ
تقریباً 1256 عیسوی · 654 ھIn 654 Baghdad drowned in a flood the like of which had not been heard of: the Tigris rose beyond all precedent, crowds drowned, houses collapsed on their people, boats passed through the alleys and the caliph himself rode a boat while the people implored God.
واقعہ
النار العظيمة بالمدينة المنورة
تقریباً 1256 عیسوی · 654 ھIn 654 the fire appeared at Medina: Abu Shama's letter tells of the roaring, the quakes hour on hour, then the great fire in the Harra near Qurayza — the mountains flowing fire, sparks like palaces flying, its light seen from Mecca and the desert; the people gathered at the noble grave repenting over a month. Al-Dhahabi: it is mutawatir — the foretold 'fire from the land of Hijaz lighting the necks of camels at Busra', and men at Busra saw them.
واقعہ
احتراق المسجد النبوي سنة 654هـ
تقریباً 1256 عیسوی · 654 ھOn Friday night, the first of Ramadan 654, after tarawih, the Prophet's Mosque burned when the chamber-keeper Abu Bakr al-Maraghi dropped a candle-end: every roof caught, columns fell, the lead melted and part of the Hujra's roof fell into the chamber — before the people slept.
واقعہ
قتل شجر الدر زوجها عز الدين أيبك
تقریباً 1257 عیسوی · 655 ھIn 655 al-Mu'izz Aybak, sultan of Egypt, died — killed by his wife Shajar al-Durr; they raised his son al-Malik al-Mansur Ali after him.
واقعہ
اجتياح التتار بغداد وقتل المستعصم
تقریباً فروری 1258 عیسوی · محرم 656 ھIn 656 the Tatars, two hundred thousand under Hulagu, reached Baghdad; the caliph's host broke, they entered on Ashura. The vizier counselled peace, won their trust, and told al-Musta'sim the king wished to wed his daughter to the prince Abu Bakr and keep him caliph as Rome's lord stayed sultan. The caliph went out with notables; the fuqaha' and gentry were summoned 'for the contract' — their necks struck — and the caliph was killed by trampling; al-Dhahabi doubts he was buried. The last khutba opened: 'Praise God who levels raised lives with death and decrees perishing on this house's folk — this, while the sword is drawn'. The vizier gained nothing but humiliation and died soon after; the world stayed caliphless three and a half years.
واقعہ
كتب هولاكو المهددة إلى الناصر صاحب دمشق
تقریباً 1258 عیسوی · 656 ھHulagu's letters to al-Nasir of Damascus: 'We killed their soldiers with God's sword; the city's lord came into our service, lied under questioning, and earned death. Answer the king of the earth — the hour you stand on our letter, Syria's fortresses turn heaven to earth and length to breadth'. And: 'we have wasted lands and slain women and children; you who remain will follow those gone — we are armies of ruin, not of dominion; lions cower at our awe; amirs and caliphs are in my fist; we are coming to you — yours to flee, ours to pursue'.
شخصیت
عثمان بن أرطغرل
1258 عیسوی · 656 ھOsman I (1258–c. 1326 CE) — born the year Baghdad fell, raised to the emirate by the Rum Seljuk Ala al-Din, victor over the Byzantine coalition of 1301, and conqueror of Bursa in 1317 after years of siege.
واقعہ
وقعة عين جالوت وهزيمة التتار
تقریباً 3 ستمبر 1260 عیسوی · 15 رمضان 658 ھIn 658 the Tatars crossed the Euphrates, put Aleppo to the sword and reached Damascus; the Egyptians marched that Sha'ban, al-Muzaffar leading with Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari his shalish — they met the Tatars at Ayn Jalut on Friday 15 Ramadan and routed them utterly, the first great breaking of their tide. The rejoicing flew to Damascus; Baybars drove them beyond Aleppo — promised the city, then refused it — the germ of their falling-out.
واقعہ
قتل المظفر قطز وسلطنة بيبرس
تقریباً 24 اکتوبر 1260 عیسوی · 16 شوال 658 ھAl-Muzaffar turned home nursing ill for Baybars; forewarned, Baybars and amirs killed him on the road, 16 Dhu'l-Qa'da 658. Baybars took the sultanate as al-Malik al-Qahir, lifted the wrongs al-Muzaffar had laid on Egypt — then vizier Ibn al-Zubayr warned no bearer of that laqab had thrived: al-Qahir ibn al-Mu'tadid deposed and blinded, Mosul's lord's son poisoned — so he took al-Malik al-Zahir.
واقعہ
قيام الخلافة العباسية بالقاهرة
تقریباً جون 1261 عیسوی · 13 رجب 659 ھAhmad ibn al-Zahir — freed from Baghdad's prison when the Tatars took it — came to Baybars in Rajab 659 with ten of Banu Maharish; the sultan rode out to meet him, his line was proven before chief qadi Taj al-Din ibn Bint al-A'azz, and the bay'a ran: the sultan first, then the qadi, then Shaykh Izz al-Din ibn Abd al-Salam, then the great by rank, on 13 Rajab. His name went on the coinage, he preached in black at the citadel mosque, robed the sultan with his own hands before the Cairo tent, and was granted an atabeg, ustadar, sharabi, khazindar, hajib and katib with a hundred horses. The caliphate's gap had lasted three and a half years; al-Dhahabi notes none after his uncle's son took it save him and al-Muqtafi.
واقعہ
وقعة حمص سنة 659هـ
تقریباً 1260 عیسوی · 659 ھIn Muharram 659 the Tatar remnants of Ayn Jalut and the Jazira raided Aleppo then bore down on Hims, where Husam al-Din the Jawkandar, al-Mansur of Hamah and al-Ashraf of Hims met them with 1,400 against 6,000; a single sincere charge put the sword among them until most were destroyed and their leader Bundar fled in the worst state — only one Muslim fell.
واقعہ
خروج المستنصر إلى العراق وفقدانه
تقریباً 28 نومبر 1261 عیسوی · 3 محرم 660 ھAl-Mustansir marched for Iraq, the sultan seeing him off to Damascus with a million dinars' outfit and the lords of Mosul, Sinjar and the Jazira in his train; Aleppo's rival caliph al-Hakim — set up by its amir Aqush with his own coin — joined and submitted. He took al-Haditha and Hit, met a Tatar host, and vanished at the battle of 3 Muharram 660: most say killed, some say fled and hidden — a caliphate under six months.
واقعہ
سقوط الملك المغيث صاحب الكرك
تقریباً 1263 عیسوی · تقریباً 662 ھBaybars rode to Syria and by stratagem brought down al-Mughith, lord of Karak — the last of him, for he had corresponded with Hulagu promising him Egypt and asking twenty thousand horse; when his letters were found in Egypt and read to the scholars, they ruled that one who did this might not be left alive.
واقعہ
وقعة بركة وهولاكو
تقریباً 1263 عیسوی · تقریباً 663 ھBerke corresponded with Baybars, then came the mighty battle between Berke and his cousin Hulagu — the first war of Mongol upon Mongol — in which Hulagu was routed, praise God, with multitudes of his men slain and drowned.
واقعہ
انقراض دولة بني عبد المؤمن
تقریباً ستمبر 1269 عیسوی · تقریباً محرم 668 ھAl-Wathiq Abu Dabus, last caliph of 'Abd al-Mu'min's house, fell fighting the Marinids of Tlemcen in Muharram 668 three days from Marrakesh — ending the Almohad dynasty as the Marinids took their kingdom.
واقعہ
منازلة الفرنسيس تونس
جولائی 1270 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 668 ھLouis of France sailed at the end of Dhu al-Qa'da 668, mustered at Sardinia, and landed at Carthage with some six thousand horse and thirty thousand foot on three hundred ships — as Ibn Khaldun reports from his father from his grandfather — seven kings among them the lords of Sicily and the islands; he refused the sultan's envoy and pocketed the eighty thousand gold pieces sent to buy him off. The hosts met in mid-Muharram 669 with some five hundred dead on both sides, until the Frankish king was found dead in his camp; the peace was drawn by the qadi Ibn Zaytun over fifteen days, and Carthage was demolished, its stones carried to Tunis.
واقعہ
افتتاح حصن الأكراد ومنازلة عكا سنة 669هـ
تقریباً 1271 عیسوی · تقریباً شعبان 669 ھIn Sha'ban 669 Baybars stormed Hisn al-Akrad by the sword, then invested Acre's castle and took it by treaty; Tripoli's lord bought a ten-year truce with all he demanded.
واقعہ
فتح النوبة وأسر ملك دنقلة
تقریباً 1275 عیسوی · 674 ھIn 674 Baybars sent an army to Nubia and Dunqula: victorious, they captured Nubia's king and laid the jizya on Dunqula's people — the first true conquest. Al-Dhahabi lists the failed attempts: Abd Allah ibn Abi Sarh's five thousand in 31 — a truce, no conquest — then under Hisham, al-Mansur, Takin the Turk, Kafur the Ikhshid, Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan, and Saladin's brother Turanshah in 568. Ibn Abd al-Zahir: 'This is the conquest — nothing you've heard of; seen by the eye, not found in isnads'.
واقعہ
ملحمة تينملل وقطع دابر بني عبد المؤمن
1275 عیسوی · 674 ھIn 674 the Almohad remnant, who had sworn to Ishaq brother of Umar al-Murtada in 669, stood to their last refuge at Mount Tinmel — cradle of their da'wa, their imam's house and their Mahdi's mosque; Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Mahalla, Abu Yusuf's governor of Marrakesh, stormed the height, killed their puppet caliph and the vizier Ibn Attush in the battle, beheaded and crucified the captives at Marrakesh, scattered the Almohad caliphs' tombs and exhumed the bodies of Yusuf and his son Ya'qub al-Mansur to cut off their heads — the work of Abu Ali al-Milyani whom the sultan had enfeoffed with Aghmat; the sultan disowned the deed for its enormity yet pardoned it for the man's fealty — and the seed of Banu Abd al-Mu'min was cut off.
واقعہ
حريق دمشق العظيم سنة 681هـ
تقریباً 1282 عیسوی · تقریباً 681 ھThe great fire of Damascus in 681 — three days and nights from the goldsmiths' quarter; al-Katti 'al-Fashusha' lost fifteen thousand volumes, yet no person burned; a wind-blown scrap carried verses of surrender.
واقعہ
استيلاء أسطول الأرغون على جزيرة جربة
ستمبر 1284 عیسوی · رجب 683 ھOne of the gravest disasters and most grievous of days for the Muslims: the fleet of Frederick, son of the king of Barcelona, seized the island of Djerba in Rajab 683 with some seventy galleys and shallops — the island then led by Muhammad ibn Samun of the Wahbi shaykhs and Ibn Umghar shaykh of the Nukkaz, the two Khariji sects — plundering its wealth and carrying off its people, eight thousand by report, having thrown the infants into wells; they built a garrisoned fort on its coast, imposed an annual tribute of a hundred thousand dinars, and held it until the late 740s.
واقعہ
سقوط منورقة في يد طاغية برشلونة
1286 عیسوی · 685 ھIn 685 AH the lord of Barcelona swept onto the island of Minorca with twenty thousand fighting men in his fleet, approaching as if a merchant convoy and asking leave to water, which the ruler Abu Umar ibn Hakam granted; once ashore they declared war, and three times the Muslims repulsed them with losses in the thousands while the tyrant sat back — until the third day he joined the assault, the Muslims broke into the citadel's keep, contracted safe-conduct for Ibn Hakam's family and retinue who sailed to Ceuta, and the rest submitted to the enemy's rule.
واقعہ
أخذ قلاوون طرابلس بالسيف
تقریباً 1289 عیسوی · 688 ھIn 688 the sultan took Tripoli by the sword — Frankish-held since 503, first conquered in Mu'awiya's days. 'Tripolis' in the Roman tongue means three forts joined.
واقعہ
فتح عكا وإخراج الفرنج من الشام سنة 690هـ
تقریباً 1291 عیسوی · تقریباً 690 ھIn 690 — praise and thanks be to God — all that the Christians held of Syria's coast was taken and no fortress or refuge remained to them there.
واقعہ
قتل الملك الأشرف خليل سنة 693هـ
تقریباً 1293 عیسوی · 693 ھIn 693 the amir Baydara murdered al-Ashraf Salah al-Din Khalil as he sat alone after the hunt, was enthroned as al-Malik al-Qahir, then the Khasakiyya under Kitbugha routed and killed him and restored al-Nasir Muhammad; the vizier Ibn al-Sal'us was seized and stripped — warned in verse 'beware the bite of al-Shuja'i', he died of it — and when al-Shuja'i besieged Kitbugha in the Citadel the sultan's mamluks killed him and paraded him through the town to public joy.
واقعہ
إسلام قازان بن أرغون ملك التتار
تقریباً 1295 عیسوی · 694 ھIn 694 Ghazan ibn Arghun ibn Abagha ibn Hulagu, king of the Tatars, entered Islam — the people rejoiced and Islam spread through his army.
شخصیت
سنجر الخياط علم الدين
Senior Mamluk emir Alam al-Din Sanjar al-Khayyat, governor of Cairo; died 695 AH (1296 CE), although the sources differ on the year of his death.
شخصیت
أرطغرل
Ertuğrul (d. 1299) — Osman's father: fled the Mongol invasion west with a hundred families and four hundred riders, tipped a losing Seljuk–Byzantine battle to the Muslim side, and was enfeoffed on the Rum marches — the seed of the Ottoman state.
ریاست
الدولة العثمانية
29 جولائی 1299 عیسوی · 28 شوال 698 ھ†An empire established in 1299 CE and ended in 1922 CE; its capital was Constantinople.
گروہ
فرقة المهتر
The Ottoman military band — the world's oldest organised military music, which inspired Mozart and Beethoven and still performs in Istanbul.
واقعہ
حصار أبي يعقوب المريني لتلمسان
تقریباً 1299 عیسوی · تقریباً 699 ھThe Marinid Abu Ya'qub besieged Tlemcen a hundred months behind the walls of his counter-city al-Mansura, and the Abd al-Wadids were near extinction when he died in 707 and his siege-city was razed.
واقعہ
غزوة غازان للشام سنة 700هـ
تقریباً 1300 عیسوی · تقریباً 700 ھIn 700 Ghazan crossed the Euphrates for Aleppo; Ibn Taymiyya rode the barid post to Cairo rousing jihad while Damascus emptied at the crier's 'let him who can flee save himself' — then the fear eased as Ghazan turned back, worn by hardships and snows.
واقعہ
مهاداة السلطان أبي يعقوب والناصر محمد بن قلاوون
1304 عیسوی · 703 ھWhen Abu Ya'qub's Marinid kingship ran steady and the roads mended, he licensed the Maghrebis' first sea-hajj in years for 703 — having a splendid mushaf transcribed by Ahmad ibn Hasan the master scribe, bound with gold clasps set in ordered pearls and rubies and endowed to the Sacred Mosque — sent with the pilgrims a Zanata guard near five hundred under qadi Muhammad ibn Raghbush, and a gift of Barb horses and four hundred rare mounts to al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun; the Egyptian sultan, pleased, gathered marvels of his lands — garments, an elephant and a giraffe — and sent them by Amir al-Tilili, leaving Cairo at the end of 705 and reaching the sultan's court at the Mansura of Fes Jdid in Jumada II 706, and the sultan rejoiced at their coming and mounted.
واقعہ
حج منسا موسى
1324 عیسوی · 724 ھThe journey of Mali's king Mansa Musa to the Hijaz in 724 AH in a caravan that astonished Egypt and the Hijaz — over twelve thousand attendants in brocade and Yemeni silk, feasting every halt on rare foods and sweets — leaving Egypt retelling his munificence for generations, while he planned a lime-plastered guest house in his capital for his returning entourage.
شخصیت
بيبرس المنصوري ركن الدين
Emir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Mansuri, the dawadar, taken as a child slave to Egypt in 659 AH and later a Mamluk emir; died 725 AH (1325 CE).
ریاست
دولة بني ارتنا ببلاد الروم
تقریباً 1335 عیسوی · تقریباً 736 ھThe state of the Banu Eretna, Mongol-blooded kings of Rum after the Ilkhanids; their root Eretna, an Ilkhanid commander who held the shihna governorship of the Rum lands, who with his sons took its throne at Kayseri and Sivas and the realms from Aqsaray to Malatya and Samsat and what they had annexed of Armenia — their kingship lasted until the Turkmen and Ottoman states rose over them.
ریاست
بنو المظفر اليزدي
1335 عیسوی · 736 ھThe Muzaffarid (Mubariz al-Dinid) dynasty that ruled Isfahan, Fars and Kirman after the Ilkhanid fall; their root Ahmad al-Muzaffar of Yazd held the watch of Fars's roads under Abu Sa'id — at the Ilkhan's death in 736 his son Sharaf al-Din Mahmud seized Isfahan and Fars, then his brother Mubariz al-Din Muhammad took Kirman, wrested Shiraz and Isfahan and killed his nephew Abu Ishaq Amir Shaykh; his sons Mahmud, Shah Shuja', Mansur ibn Shah Wali and Zayn al-Abidin held the kingship until Timur stormed in 795, exterminated them and took Shiraz, Isfahan, Yazd and Kirman.
شخصیت
منسا موسى
The most famous and greatest of Mali's kings, who reigned about a quarter of a century and made the hajj in 724 AH in a procession of over twelve thousand attendants clad in brocade and Yemeni silk, his largesse and the breadth of his realm becoming proverbial across the Maghreb, Egypt and the East; he exchanged gifts with the Marinid sultan Abu al-Hasan, among them the giraffe that the Maghreb talked about for an age.
واقعہ
اعتقال المستكفي ونفيه إلى قوص
تقریباً 1337 عیسوی · 737 ھIn 736 fell the breach between al-Mustakfi and the sultan — his nephew Ibrahim's slanders the cause — arrested in the citadel tower, barred from company, then exiled in Dhu'l-Hijja 737 to Qus with his children and household, near a hundred souls provided for; there he stayed till his death in Sha'ban 740, buried at Qus aged about fifty-five.
واقعہ
واقعة الزقاق البحرية وملك أسطول المسلمين
1340 عیسوی · 740 ھSultan Abu al-Hasan al-Marini prepared for jihad, sent his viziers to the coasts to fit out the fleets, summoned the Maghreb and marched to Ceuta; the Taghiya sent his fleet into the Strait to bar the crossing. The Almohads (Ifriqiya's heirs) contracted their fleet to Zayd ibn Farhun, who brought sixteen ships from Tripoli, Gabes, Djerba, Tunis, Bona and Bijaya, and the two-Maghreb fleets at Ceuta's anchorage neared a hundred sail under Muhammad ibn Ali al-Azafi — the fleets closed, grappled for boarding, the wind of victory rose, the Muslims cut them down, killed their admiral 'al-Maland' and towed the prizes into Ceuta, where the sultan sat for congratulations.
واقعہ
خلع الخطبة لخليفتين وخلو المنابر
تقریباً 1340 عیسوی · 740 ھOn al-Mustakfi's death at Qus his will named his son Ahmad; the sultan ignored it and hailed his cousin Ibrahim al-Wathiq — a dissolute man his grandfather had passed over. Chief qadi Ibn Jama'a strove to turn the sultan from the khutba in his name and failed, so they agreed to drop BOTH names and keep the sultan's alone: 'the caliphate's name stepped down from the minbars as if it had never climbed, the prayer for caliphs emptied from the mihrabs as if it had never knocked' — till the sultan's deathbed repentance restored Ahmad as al-Hakim, Muharram 741.
واقعہ
واقعة طريف وتمحيص المسلمين
30 اکتوبر 1340 عیسوی · 9 ربیع الاول 741 ھSultan Abu al-Hasan crossed in late 740 and encamped before Tarifa; Yusuf I of Granada joined him with the Andalus army, they ringed the town and set engines — but the Taghiya's second fleet sealed the Strait, starved the camp, and he mustered the Christian nations with Afonso of Portugal at his side; a hidden force he slipped into Tarifa by night burst on the Muslim rear as battle joined, their lines dissolved, the royal women were taken — Aisha the sultan's cousin and Fatima among them — and the Christian king's power over the Andalus frontier was sealed.
واقعہ
سقوط الجزيرة الخضراء وكسرة الأسطول
تقریباً مارچ 1344 عیسوی · تقریباً 744 ھThe fall of Algeciras and the straits disaster: Abu al-Hasan al-Marini built great fleets for the jihad and answered Andalus's summons in person at Ceuta, but countless Christian ships barred the crossing until they took the Green Island and broke his fleet utterly — the loss he himself reported in his letter to Sultan al-Salih of Egypt and the Hijaz.
واقعہ
دخول أبي الحسن المريني إفريقية
اگست 1347 عیسوی · جمادی الثانی 748 ھThe sultan Abu al-Hasan al-Marini marched in Safar 748 dragging the world behind him when news came of Sultan Abu Bakr al-Hafsi's and his heir's deaths; the lords of Ifriqiya's marches met him at Oran bearing homage in desire and awe, and he entered the capital in ceremony in Jumada II, the voices hushed and the commons stilled; Bejaia and Constantine submitted, their Hafsid princes pensioned off to the Maghreb, while the fugitive amir Abu Hafs was hunted down in the Hama country, slaughtered, and his head sent on.
ریاست
السلطنة البهمنية
1347 عیسوی · 748 ھ†A sultanate established in 1347 CE and ended in 1527 CE.
واقعہ
واقعة القيروان
1348 عیسوی · ذوالحجہ 748 ھThe greatest battle of the Marinid era: the Arabs of Ifriqiya — sons of Mihhal, the Ka'ub and Banu Sulaym — rose against Abu al-Hasan's army and set over themselves Ahmad ibn Hamza back from Alexandria; the sultan marched in the hajj days of 748 and routed them at the defile below Kairouan, but they regathered, turned and hemmed him in the city, broke his ranks and plundered his camp, while he escaped to Susa and sailed for Tunis as the Arabs with Ibn Abi Dabbus laid siege to the capital — until he abandoned Ifriqiya for the Maghreb, his son Abu Inan having seized the throne in his absence.
واقعہ
استيلاء الجنوبيين على طرابلس ورجوعها
تقریباً 1356 عیسوی · تقریباً 757 ھTripoli stood as a frontier town holding the state's rite while cut off from the capital in the 750s, Genoese merchants frequenting it and spying out its weaknesses; their herald cried war with arms already donned, the people woke in panic, and seeing them on the walls thought only of saving themselves — Thabit ibn Umar their captain escaping to the Hulla to join his brother — while the Christians held the town until the Muslims won it back.
واقعہ
استرداد أبي حمو تلمسان
11 فروری 1359 عیسوی · 8 ربیع الاول 760 ھWhen the sultan Abu Inan died in 759 AH, Abu Hammu Musa ibn Yusuf's resolve to reclaim his kingdom strengthened; the Dawawida and Zaghba carried him from Tunis to Tlemcen where the Marinid standing battalions lay, besieged it three days and stormed it at dawn of the fourth, Wednesday 8 Rabi I 760, took his palace and seat, received the caliphate's bay'a, and expelled the Marinids from his realm's cities.
شخصیت
منسا سليمان
Mansa Sulayman ibn Abi Bakr, brother of Mansa Musa and his successor after Mansa Magha; he ruled Mali for twenty-four years, consolidating the empire his brother had raised.
شخصیت
أورخان بن عثمان
Sultan Orhan (r. 726–761 AH/1327–1360 CE) — took Nicomedia 727, founded the first Ottoman madrasa there under Dawud al-Qaysari, made the army a regular force, and sent his son Sulayman across the Dardanelles to open the European front.
واقعہ
وفد مالي بالزرافة إلى فاس (762هـ)
دسمبر 1360 عیسوی · صفر 762 ھIn Safar 762 AH the embassy of Mali's king Mansa Sulayman reached Fez bearing their sultan's gift — a giraffe, that strange-formed, huge-bodied creature — in return for Sultan Abu al-Hasan's own embassy; it was a celebrated day, the sultan seated at the Tower of Gold in review while crowds climbed over one another to behold the giraffe and poets declaimed praise, the envoys greeting the sultan by tossing dust on their heads and confirming the interpreter's words by twanging their bowstrings, excusing the gift's delay by the struggle for Mali's throne after Mansa Sulayman's death.
ریاست
الدولة التيمورية
1370 عیسوی · 771 ھ†An empire established in 1370 CE and ended in 1507 CE.
واقعہ
إحداث العلامة الخضراء على عمائم الشرفاء
تقریباً 1372 عیسوی · 773 ھIn 773 the sultan instituted the green badge on the ashraf's turbans to mark them out — the first of its kind. Ibn Jabir al-A'ma, the blind versifier of the Alfiyya commentary: 'They made a sign for the Prophet's sons — though a sign befits one unrenowned; the light of prophethood on noble faces spares the sharif the green band'.
واقعہ
ابتداء خروج تمرلنك
تقریباً 1372 عیسوی · 773 ھIn 773 began Timur's emergence — he ruined the lands and destroyed the people, ranging till he died on the night of Wednesday 17 Sha'ban 807, prompting the verse: 'what the Tatars did — had they seen Timur's deeds, that was the greater; his ill omen would have been the worse'. Of peasant stock, he began stealing and cutting the road, then joined the service of the sultan's horse-master and rose without end.
واقعہ
مقتل ابن الخطيب في محبسه
تقریباً 1374 عیسوی · تقریباً 775 ھLisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib was killed in his Granada prison cell; Ibn Khaldun records at first hand the vizier's plea to him from prison and his failed intercession, which then drove his own withdrawal to Tlemcen in 776.
واقعہ
انقسام ملك بني مرين بين فاس ومراكش (776هـ)
جون 1374 عیسوی · محرم 776 ھSultan Abu al-Abbas Ahmad and the amir Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi al-Fadl met at Wadi al-Naja and swore to join hands against their foe; their armies marched to Kadiyat al-Ara'is in Dhu al-Qa'da 775 AH where the vizier was routed, then besieged the New City until Abu al-Abbas entered on 7 Muharram 776 AH while Abd al-Rahman withdrew to Marrakesh and held it independently — the truce between them fixing Azmour as the boundary, leaving the Marinids with two kings: one of Fez and one of Marrakesh.
واقعہ
انقلاب الأمراء على الأشرف شعبان في الحج
تقریباً 1377 عیسوی · 778 ھIn 778 al-Ashraf Sha'ban left for the hajj with the caliph, qadis and amirs; the amirs turned on him, he fled back to Cairo, and when they offered the sultanate to the CALIPH he refused — so they raised al-Ashraf's son Ali al-Mansur and strangled the hidden Sha'ban when caught, in Dhu'l-Qa'da.
شخصیت
محمد الأول جلبي
1379 عیسوی · 781 ھMehmed I (1379–1421 CE) — 'the second founder' who reunified the Ottoman state after the Timurid interregnum, fought in twenty-four wars, and first sent the annual surra gift to the Amir of Mecca.
واقعہ
تسلطن برقوق أول الجراكسة
تقریباً 1382 عیسوی · 784 ھIn Ramadan 784 Barquq took the sultanate as al-Zahir — the FIRST of the Circassians. In Rajab 785 he seized, deposed and citadel-imprisoned al-Mutawakkil, hailing Umar al-Wathiq then Zakariya al-Musta'sim; repenting, he freed and restored al-Mutawakkil. Imprisoned again then freed in 792, he ruled till his death in Shawwal 801, when his son Faraj rose as al-Nasir.
واقعہ
إحداث الصلاة على النبي عقب الأذان
تقریباً 1384 عیسوی · تقریباً 786 ھIn Sha'ban the muezzins first instituted the salat and taslim on the Prophet after the adhan — the first time it was done, ordered by the muhtasib Najm al-Din al-Tanbudhi.
شخصیت
مراد الأول
Sultan Murad I (r. 1360–1389 CE) — took Adrianople in 1360, moved the Ottoman capital across into Europe in 1366, and was killed at the Battle of Kosovo.
واقعہ
وقعة قوصوه الأولى واستشهاد مراد الأول
تقریباً 27 اگست 1389 عیسوی · 15 شعبان 791 ھKosovo 1389 — the Ottomans' decisive Balkan victory, after which a Serbian soldier feigning death then conversion stabbed Sultan Murad I with a poisoned dagger as he walked the battlefield among the Muslim dead (15 Sha'ban 791).
واقعہ
ملوك العالم الإسلامي أول القرن التاسع
تقریباً 1398 عیسوی · 801 ھIbn Hajar's roll at the ninth century's dawn (801): Barquq over Egypt, Syria and the Hijaz; Bayezid ibn Uthman in Anatolia; a Rasulid over Tihama and a Zaydi imam over highland Yemen; the Marinid Abu Sa'id Uthman in the central Maghreb and Ibn al-Ahmar at its far end; Timur Gurkan in the east, Ahmad ibn Uways in Baghdad, Hasan ibn Ajlan amir of Mecca, and the Abbasid al-Mutawakkil as caliph — his title contested by the Zaydi imam and some Maghreb kings while Yemen's khatib still invoked al-Musta'sim.
واقعہ
أخذ تيمور دلهي سنة 801هـ
تقریباً 1398 عیسوی · 801 ھIn 801 Timur raided India, took Delhi and carried off multitudes — on his return to Samarqand the Indian captives sold at the cheapest prices for their numbers.
واقعہ
لقاء ابن خلدون بالأمير تيمور تحت أسوار دمشق
تقریباً جنوری 1401 عیسوی · 803 ھIbn Khaldun's own account: summoned into Faraj's retinue mid-Rabi' I 803, racing the Tatars to Damascus, then — fearing a rumor and hearing Timur had asked after him — lowered from the city wall at dawn to Timur's deputy Shah Malik, and brought to the conqueror reclining among his dishes and seated Mughul circles, with the Khwarazmian faqih Abd al-Jabbar translating; Timur raised his head, extended his hand to be kissed, and asked how and why he had come from the Maghreb.
واقعہ
كائنة تيمور بدمشق سنة 803هـ
تقریباً 1401 عیسوی · 803 ھIn 803 Timur, master of Transoxiana, Khurasan and Baghdad, took Aleppo in Rabi' I with unspeakable deeds, then turned to Damascus in Rabi' II and encamped from Darayya to Qatana, ringed the city, and trod captives beneath the mounts until the notables came out pleading quarter; he feasted, robed and honoured them, proclaimed safety, and hanged a soldier who looted the bazaar atop the Seed-Market — so the gates opened. He entered through Bab al-Saghir and prayed Friday at the Umayyad mosque, where his Mu'tazili imam Abd al-Jabbar debated Damascus's jurists on Ali's wars and Husayn's killing — 'if the Damascenes sanctioned it they are unbelievers, else rebels: how then do they stand?' The Citadel held out forty days till a wooden siege-tower was burned by fire-arrows and rebuilt; on its surrender Timur licensed plunder, slaughter and burning — women and children enslaved, torments inflicted for days, the buildings torched until all burned, then he departed.
شخصیت
بايزيد الأول الصاعقة
Bayezid I 'Yildirim' (r. 1389–1402 CE) — 'the Thunderbolt' who shuttled between the Balkan and Anatolian fronts until Timur broke his army at Ankara.
واقعہ
وقعة أنقرة وأسر بايزيد الصاعقة
20 جولائی 1402 عیسوی · 804 ھAnkara 1402 — Timur's host broke Bayezid's 120,000 in the July heat as his Tatar and Anatolian levies defected; the Thunderbolt died in chains the next year while Europe's kings congratulated Timur.
واقعہ
فتنة حكم ونوروز بالشام 809هـ
1406 اور 1407 کے درمیان عیسوی · 809 ھ809: the fitnas of the amirs Hakam, Shaykh and Nawruz in Syria — Hakam was acclaimed sultan with the title al-Adil, then mid-affair his horse stumbled and he died.
واقعہ
احتراق شاربي الخمر بدمشق سنة 813هـ
تقریباً 1410 عیسوی · 813 ھOn the night of 21 Muharram 813 two commoners met in Damascus and drank wine; at dawn they were found burnt, no fire found between them nor trace of burning beyond their bodies and some of their clothes — one dead, the other with breath left — and the people came in throngs to see them and take warning.
واقعہ
حادثة فاس الكبرى سنة 813هـ
تقریباً 1410 عیسوی · 813 ھIn 813 came the great calamity of Fez in the Maghreb, until the city was ruined.
واقعہ
بيعة الخليفة المستعين بالسلطنة
تقریباً اپریل 1412 عیسوی · محرم 815 ھWhen sultan Faraj marched on Shaykh, was routed and killed, the CALIPH al-Musta'in was hailed as sultan too — Muharram 815: coins in his name, officers appointed and dismissed, the amirs in his service, and Ibn Hajar's famous ode 'the kingship stands firm-based in al-Musta'in the just Abbas'. Then Shaykh, styled Nizam al-Mulk, ruled from the stables, barred the caliph's own unseen signature, usurped as al-Mu'ayyad in Sha'ban and deposed him; Syria's regent Nawruz assembled the qadis whose fatwa voided it.
واقعہ
تسلطن المؤيد شيخ سنة 815هـ
تقریباً 1412 عیسوی · 815 ھIn 815 Shaykh al-Mahmudi took the sultanate, titled al-Mu'ayyad and styled Abu Nasr — after al-Nasir Faraj's deposition, the caliph al-Musta'in's brief sultanate and deposition, and Faraj's killing.
واقعہ
طاعون سنة 819هـ
تقریباً 1416 عیسوی · 819 ھ819 opened with dearth and plague still mounting in Egypt and Tripoli — it was said ten thousand died at Tripoli in ten days, that of Isfahan's people only the rare survived, and that Fez counted thirty-six thousand dead in a single month, the lands nearly emptied of their people. That year the sultan ordered the khatibs, when they reached the prayer for him in the sermon, to step down one step of the minbar in courtesy, so God's name and His Messenger's would stand higher than the spot where the sultan is named — and the custom endured.
واقعہ
طاعون الشام ودمياط 826هـ
تقریباً 1423 عیسوی · 826 ھ826: a wasting plague through Syria — over 50,000 dead, it was said, within a few days — and a great plague at Damietta.
واقعہ
فتح قبرص وأسر ملكها جينوس
تقریباً جولائی 1426 عیسوی · تقریباً رمضان 829 ھRamadan 829: the Mamluk conquest of Cyprus under Barsbay — Famagusta, then the rest of the island, King Janus taken captive with few Muslim dead; paraded in chains before the sultan, whose eyes welled as he released him under tribute.
واقعہ
نهب المدينة المنورة على يد عجلان بن ثابت
تقریباً 1426 عیسوی · 829 ھ829: Medina's own governor Ajlan ibn Thabit, told he was being replaced by his cousin Hasan ibn Jammaz, plundered the city, demolished most of its houses and burned them, sparing only the Rafidi quarter and installing a Rafidi qadi named al-Sayqal.
واقعہ
مطر الضفادع بآمد 833هـ
تقریباً 1430 عیسوی · 833 ھ833: al-Biqa'i reports from Badr al-Din al-Biri, who dwelt at Amid a while, that frogs rained on it in summer — 'not deemed strange in those parts but an accustomed thing'.
واقعہ
غلاء المشرق العظيم 835هـ
1431 اور 1432 کے درمیان عیسوی · 835 ھ835: 'the East lay ruined from Baghdad to Tabriz by the dearth's excess and universality — till they ate dogs and carrion'.
واقعہ
فتنة الحنابلة والأشاعرة بدمشق 835هـ
1431 اور 1432 کے درمیان عیسوی · 835 ھ835: a great fitna flared at Damascus between Hanbalis and Ash'aris — Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari openly declared takfir of Ibn Taymiyya; Damascenes rallied to him; Ibn Nasir al-Din composed a fascicle of his praisers which Cairo's scholars endorsed; and a sultanic decree forbade impugning another's madhhab until the matter subsided.
واقعہ
إجراء عيون مكة 835هـ
1431 اور 1432 کے درمیان عیسوی · 835 ھ835: Mecca's springs were channeled into the city, filling the Bab al-Mu'alla pools and running past al-Safa and the Night Market — 'and the benefit spread'.
واقعہ
كسوف الشمس العظيم 836هـ
تقریباً 15 جون 1433 عیسوی · 18 شوال 836 ھ18 Shawwal 836: a great solar eclipse from mid-afternoon nearly to sunset; the eclipse prayer was held as people thought the sun would set still eclipsed.
واقعہ
إحصاء النول والقرى 837هـ
1433 اور 1434 کے درمیان عیسوی · 837 ھA stark demographic register for 837: Alexandria's weavers' looms counted 800 against 14,000 at the eighth century's close, and the army clerks' census found Egypt's villages, Upper and Lower, at 2,170 against 10,000 under the early Fatimids.
واقعہ
طاعون سنة 838هـ
تقریباً 1434 عیسوی · 838 ھShadharat registers for 838 a general plague through Muslim and non-Muslim lands, killing innumerable multitudes.
واقعہ
طاعون سنة 839هـ
تقریباً 1435 عیسوی · 839 ھ839's plague wave: four months at Bursa, then Oman, Herat — where the dead were reckoned at 800,000 — all Yemen, the Berber lands and Abyssinia.
واقعہ
طاعون سنة 841هـ
تقریباً 1437 عیسوی · 841 ھ841: winter plague through Hama, Aleppo and Homs, reaching Damascus by winter's end then passing on to Egypt.
واقعہ
وقعة وارنه ونقض المعاهدة
تقریباً 10 نومبر 1444 عیسوی · 848 ھVarna 1444 — Murad II came out of his retreat, ferried 40,000 men past the crusader fleet on Genoese hulls, raised the broken treaty on a spear-point, and unhorsed King Ladislas with his own lance.
واقعہ
طاعون القاهرة العظيم سنة 848هـ
تقریباً 1444 عیسوی · 848 ھIn 848 came the great plague at Cairo, more than a thousand carried out each day.
واقعہ
سقوط منارة المدرسة الفخرية 849هـ
تقریباً 15 اپریل 1445 عیسوی · 8 محرم 849 ھFriday night, 8 Muharram 849: the minaret of Cairo's Fakhriyya madrasa in Suwayqat al-Sahib — built shortly after 600 — collapsed, killing a great crowd beneath the rubble.
واقعہ
الصاعقة الهائلة ببيت المقدس 851هـ
تقریباً دسمبر 1447 عیسوی · تقریباً شوال 851 ھMid-Shawwal 851: a tremendous lightning strike at Jerusalem.
واقعہ
وقعة قوصوه الثانية
17 اکتوبر 1448 عیسوی · 852 ھThe Second Battle of Kosovo, 17 October 1448 — three days ending in a crushing Ottoman victory that took Hungary out of offensive war for a decade.
شخصیت
مراد الثاني
Murad II (r. from 824 AH/1421 CE) — crushed his uncle Mustafa's Byzantine-backed revolt, stormed Thessaloniki in 1431, and fathered Mehmed the Conqueror.
واقعہ
فتح القسطنطينية سنة 857هـ
تقریباً 29 مئی 1453 عیسوی · 857 ھMehmed Fatih took Constantinople the Great after the severest fifty-day siege — his ships running over land — opening Istanbul on Wednesday 20 Jumada II 857 and praying the Friday prayer in Hagia Sophia, the dome that 'rivals the sky's dome and emulates the pyramids in strength'.
واقعہ
سيل مكة العظيم 859هـ
1454 اور 1455 کے درمیان عیسوی · 859 ھ859: a great torrent struck Mecca, entering the Haram until it nearly reached the Black Stone.
واقعہ
حريق بولاق العظيم سنة 862هـ
تقریباً 1458 عیسوی · 862 ھIn 862 a fire the like of which had not been heard of broke out at Bulaq.
واقعہ
سيل مكة 865هـ
تقریباً نومبر 1460 عیسوی · تقریباً صفر 865 ھSafar 865: a great flood at Mecca.
واقعہ
سيل مكة العظيم 867هـ
تقریباً جنوری 1463 عیسوی · تقریباً ربیع الثانی 867 ھRabi' II 867: a great flood at Mecca entered the Haram, the water rising near the lock of the Kaaba's door.
واقعہ
موت السلطان عبد الحق المريني 869هـ
تقریباً جون 1465 عیسوی · تقریباً رمضان 869 ھRamadan 869: the death at Fez of Sultan Abd al-Haqq ibn Abi Sa'id, last Marinid king of Fez.
واقعہ
كسر عسكر مصر قرب الرها
تقریباً دسمبر 1480 عیسوی · رمضان 885 ھIn 885 an Egyptian army under the dawadar Yashbak marched toward Iraq, met Uzun Hasan's son Ya'qub Shah's host near al-Ruha and broke — the survivors captured, Yashbak beheaded in late Ramadan. Curiously his great rival at home, the Hanafi chief qadi Shams al-Din al-Amshati, died in Egypt that same day.
واقعہ
احتراق مسجد المدينة بالصاعقة
تقریباً 2 نومبر 1481 عیسوی · 13 رمضان 886 ھIn Shawwal 886 letters came from Medina: on the night of 13 Ramadan lightning struck the minaret, burning it with the noble mosque's roofs, treasuries and books — only the walls remained, a terrible affair.
واقعہ
صاعقة المسجد النبوي سنة 886هـ
تقریباً 1481 عیسوی · 886 ھIn Ramadan 886 a lightning strike burned the Prophet's noble Mosque — its roof, stores, book-treasury and lodgings, little of its arches and pillars left standing; some recited over it: 'the Prophet's sanctuary burned for no suspicion feared upon him nor any stain — but the Rawafid's hands touched those traces and fire purified them'. On 17 Muharram of the same year a tremendous quake struck Mecca, the like unheard of.
واقعہ
أخذ الحامة غدراً والحصار المسلم المردود
تقریباً فروری 1482 عیسوی · تقریباً 887 ھThe Marquis of Cadiz seized Alhama by stealth in the last days of the truce (887) — the blow that opened Granada's final war; Granada's folk besieged the garrison and nearly cut its water until relief armies forced them off, and a last escalade by men of Baza and Guadix was discovered and hurled from the heights.
واقعہ
سيل مكة الهائل سنة 887هـ
تقریباً 1482 عیسوی · 887 ھIn mid-Dhu'l-Qa'da 887 came the tremendous flood of Mecca, the like unheard of: nearly a quarter of Mecca's houses ruined, the water passing the Kaaba's door inside the Sacred Mosque, and of God's creatures unnumbered dead.
واقعہ
وقعة لشانة وأسر أبي عبد الله
تقریباً اپریل 1483 عیسوی · تقریباً ربیع الاول 888 ھThe battle of Lucena: Boabdil, hearing of his uncle's spoils at Malaga, led Granada's army raiding in Rabi I 888 until the Castilians cut him off in the mountains near Lucena; the army broke and the sultan himself was taken, handed secretly to the Castilian king's captain — the capture that let Castile play him against his father until Granada fell.
واقعہ
سقوط رندة والغربية بيد القشتاليين
تقریباً مئی 1485 عیسوی · تقریباً جمادی الاول 890 ھThe Castilian siege of Ronda (Jumada I 890): its walls battered while its men were away relieving Cartama, the town surrendered on aman and all western Malaga followed — then the autumn campaign took Qanbil, Mishaqar and Hisn al-Lawz until 'he turned nowhere without uprooting it'.
واقعہ
ثورة البيازين وسقوط لوشة
تقریباً 28 مئی 1486 عیسوی · تقریباً 26 جمادی الاول 891 ھCastile released the captive Boabdil, clothed him and armed him to split the Muslims — Vélez submitted and 'peace' was cried in the markets; Granada's Bayazin quarter rose for him (Rabi I–Jumada I 891) while the Alcazaba stoned them. He then entered Loja seeking reconciliation with his uncle al-Zaghal, but the Castilian siege starved it into surrender on 26 Jumada I 891 — Ibn al-Khatib's ancestral town — and Granada openly said he had come only to hand Loja over as his ransom.
واقعہ
الغلاء المفرط 892هـ
1486 اور 1487 کے درمیان عیسوی · 892 ھShadharat registers 'the excessive dearth' for 892.
واقعہ
سقوط بلش مالقة والانهزام قبل الالتحام
تقریباً 29 اپریل 1487 عیسوی · تقریباً 10 جمادی الاول 892 ھThe fall of Velez-Malaga (Jumada I 892): al-Zaghal's relief army — Granadans, Guadix men and Alpujarras levies — reached the besieged town only to break before contact when word came that Granada had risen for Boabdil; Velez surrendered on Friday 10 Jumada I and the whole east-Malaga coast submitted, opening the road to the great siege of Malaga itself.
واقعہ
حصار مالقة وأسر أهلها
1487 عیسوی · 892 ھIn 892 the Christians besieged Malaga by land and sea; its people fought with cannon, horse and foot until the food ran out and they ate beasts, horses and donkeys, wrote to both shores for relief and got none — promised safety, they surrendered the citadel keys in late Sha'ban and were taken captive, a deception the chronicler calls the infidels' trickery.
واقعہ
حصار بسطة واستسلام الزغل
تقریباً 4 دسمبر 1489 عیسوی · تقریباً 10 محرم 895 ھThe siege of Baza (Rajab 894–Muharram 895): al-Zaghal threw in every levy from Guadix, Almeria and the Alpujarras and held the Castilians off all summer until siege engines sealed the town; starving, the defenders staged full markets to bluff the enemy spy — 'war is deception' — then surrendered the citadel on Friday 10 Muharram 895. Al-Zaghal himself met the Castilian at Almeria and handed over Guadix's citadel in early Safar: everything east of Granada passed to Castile 'in the blink of an eye'.
واقعہ
الطاعون العام 897هـ
1491 اور 1492 کے درمیان عیسوی · 897 ھShadharat registers for 897 'the wondrous general plague, the like of which was unheard, till it was said a quarter of the earth's people died'.
واقعہ
تسليم غرناطة ودخول النصارى الحمراء
تقریباً 2 جنوری 1492 عیسوی · 897 ھOn 2 Rabi I 897 the Christians took the Alhambra: Granada's sultan Abu Abdallah surrendered on sixty-seven conditions — safety of life, family and property, the shari'a kept, mosques and waqfs untouched, free passage to North Africa — then withdrew to the Alpujarras and crossed to Fez; the Christians broke the treaty clause by clause until forced conversion followed in 904.
واقعہ
صاعقة المسجد النبوي الثانية 898هـ
تقریباً 2 دسمبر 1492 عیسوی · 18 صفر 898 ھA second lightning strike on the Prophet's Mosque, Wednesday 18 Safar 898 — hitting the main minaret, shattering its crescent-helmet and felling its lower tier; the same year saw Bursa's wondrous plague and the burning of half the city.
واقعہ
نكث شروط غرناطة وثورة البشرات
1499 عیسوی · 904 ھThe treaty of Granada broken clause by clause: in 904 the Muslims were forced to convert — first those once Christian were ordered back 'to unbelief by compulsion', then any Muslim was told his grandfather had been Christian; the Albaicin rose and killed the governors, making death-or-conversion the decree. Whole villages refused — Balfig, Andarax and the mountain of Ballanca whose men killed 'the lord of Cordoba' and were let out on aman to Fez — while the outwardly converted prayed in secret and were burned for it.
دور
إمبراطوريات البارود
تقریباً 1500 عیسوی · تقریباً 905 ھ†The age of the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires, three large and long-lived states with powerful courts, armies and arts.
ریاست
الدولة الصفوية
1501 عیسوی · 906 ھ†An empire established in 1501 CE and ended in 1736 CE.
واقعہ
زلزلة زبيد وزيلع 910هـ
1504 اور 1505 کے درمیان عیسوی · 910 ھ910: a great and dreadful earthquake struck Zabid and Zayla', buildings collapsing and Zayla's people fleeing to the open desert in fear.
واقعہ
أخذ الفرنج معاونة هرموز 913هـ
1507 اور 1508 کے درمیان عیسوی · 913 ھ913: the Franks overpowered the fortress of Hormuz and took it.
واقعہ
حريق عدن العظيم 914هـ
1508 اور 1509 کے درمیان عیسوی · 914 ھ914: a great fire in the city of Aden — about thirty souls burned, and untold wealth and houses destroyed.
واقعہ
الكوكب العظيم 916هـ
1510 اور 1511 کے درمیان عیسوی · 916 ھ916: at midnight a great bolide plunged toward Syria, its blaze lighting the world.
واقعہ
معركة ديو البحرية
1509 عیسوی · 915 ھDiu (1509): the Mamluk fleet under Husayn al-Kurdi beat the Portuguese at Chaul in 1508, then was destroyed off Diu when Almeida's reinforcements returned — a turning point that gave Portugal command of the Indian Ocean approaches.
شخصیت
بايزيد الثاني
Bayezid II (r. 886–918 AH) — the mild, fiqh-loving son of the Conqueror who refused his brother Cem's proposal to split the empire and drove him into Mamluk then Hospitaller exile.
واقعہ
موقعة جالديران ودخول تبريز
تقریباً 23 اگست 1514 عیسوی · 920 ھChaldiran, August 1514 — Selim forced the issue before winter, sent the shah a dervish's cloak, beads, bowl and staff to mock his Sufi lineage, killed his envoy, then crushed the Safavid army and entered Tabriz; Kurdistan and Diyarbakir became Ottoman.
واقعہ
ظهور البرتقال في المحيط الهندي وبناء سور جدة
تقریباً 1514 عیسوی · 920 ھShadharat's register of the Portuguese irruption: appearing beyond the Sea of Darkness past the Mountains of the Moon, they ravaged India and reached the Arabian peninsula, the Yemeni ports and Jeddah; al-Ghawri sent fifty ghurab ships under Husayn al-Kurdi who walled Jeddah within a year and relieved Gujarat.
واقعہ
وقعة مرج دابق ودخول سليم مصر
تقریباً 24 اگست 1516 عیسوی · تقریباً رجب 922 ھIn his colophon Suyuti's student Jaramard al-Nasiri names the ninth century's calamity: Selim Shah ibn Uthman — his wars on his brothers and their killing 'the worst of killings, leaving none great or small', his breaking of the lord of the East and killing of Ali Dawlat, then meeting Egypt's host and sultan at Marj Dabiq, killing the sultan and his great amirs, then entering Egypt 'in the swiftest state and shortest time' — a blow, he says, beside which the Tatars' and Timur's calamities seem small, for they never entered Egypt.
واقعہ
وقعة الريدانية وسقوط دولة المماليك
تقریباً 22 جنوری 1517 عیسوی · 923 ھRidaniyya, 1517 — the Mamluks' execution of Selim's envoy brought the Ottoman army across Sinai; Gaza then Ridaniyya broke Tuman Bay and ended the Circassian sultanate. Selim's defence: 'I came only with the ulema's fatwa — I was bound for jihad against the Rafida and the fujjar until your Ghawri marched into my inherited kingdom'.
شخصیت
عروج بربروسة
Oruç Reis (d. 1518) — elder Barbarossa brother, named for the night of the Mi'raj on which he was said to be born; with Khayr al-Din he took Jijel from its Genoese garrison (1514) and ruled Algiers until killed in battle. A marble inscription on Cherchell's fort still named him 'al-mujahid fi sabil Allah' (924/1518).
واقعہ
خضوع الحجاز للعثمانيين
1517 عیسوی · 923 ھAfter the Mamluk collapse the Sharif of Mecca, Barakat ibn Muhammad, submitted to Selim I and handed him the keys of the Kaaba; Selim confirmed him as emir of Mecca and the Hijaz, became guardian of the two sanctuaries and extended Ottoman sovereignty over the Red Sea, repelling the Portuguese threat until the late eighteenth century.
واقعہ
فتح رودس العثماني
1522 عیسوی · 928 ھSulayman's great war on Rhodes from mid-1522 ended with the island's fall; the Knights of St John were granted the right to depart and were resettled by Charles V on Malta.
شخصیت
سليم الثاني
تقریباً 1524 عیسوی · تقریباً 930 ھ†Selim II (r. 974–982/1566–1574) — succeeded Sulayman; his reign ran on Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha's hand: the Austrian peace of 1567, the conquest of Cyprus, Lepanto, the recovery of Tunis and the Don–Volga canal project.
واقعہ
موقعة موهاكس وفتح بودا
تقریباً 29 اگست 1526 عیسوی · 932 ھMohács, 1526 — the Hungarian king's killing of Sulayman's tribute-envoy brought the Ottoman host that shattered Hungary in one battle and entered Buda on 11 September.
واقعہ
أخذ الإمام أحمد جران هرر وفتوحاته بالحبشة
1527 اور 1528 کے درمیان عیسوی · 934 ھ934: Imam Ahmad took Harar, its sultan powerless to resist; his conquests across the Abyssinian lands grew till 'his conquests were said to resemble only the Companions' conquests'.
واقعہ
حصار فيينا الأول
1529 عیسوی · 935 ھThe first siege of Vienna, 1529 — Sulayman's army reached the Habsburg capital's walls but long supply lines and Charles V's new peace with France forced the withdrawal.
واقعہ
معاهدة الامتيازات العثمانية الفرنسية
1535 عیسوی · 941 ھThe Franco-Ottoman Capitulations of 1535 — born of Francis I's captivity at Pavia and his mother's letter to Sulayman: free navigation, consular jurisdiction, freedom of worship and protection from enslavement, sealed with joint fleets against Naples.
واقعہ
حملة سليمان الخادم على الهند
1538 عیسوی · 945 ھThe 1538 Ottoman India expedition: after a pact with the rulers of Calicut and Cambay, a royal firman ordered Egypt's governor Sulayman al-Khadim to sail from Suez, drive Portugal's flag from the sea and keep the Mecca routes open — he garrisoned Aden, besieged Diu, took eighty prisoners and fell back on reinforcements' arrival.
واقعہ
دخول العثمانيين اليمن
1538 عیسوی · 945 ھThe first Ottoman entry into Yemen: Sulayman's 1538 expedition under Salman Pasha with 74 ships and 20,000 men took Aden, Taiz and finally Sanaa by 1547, closing Bab al-Mandab to the Portuguese — yet Yemen stayed contested with the Zaydi imams until 1635.
شخصیت
خير الدين بربروسة
Khayr al-Din Barbarossa (d. 1546) — son of a Turkish settler of Lesbos and an Andalusi mother; corsair-amir of Algiers who, summoned by Sulayman in 1533, laid the sultan's letter on his head before the assembled ulema, sailed east with 44 ships, and returned as Kapudan Pasha commanding the rebuilt Ottoman fleet.
ریاست
الدولة السعدية
1549 عیسوی · 956 ھ†A ruling dynasty established in 1549 CE and ended in 1659 CE.
شخصیت
سليمان القانوني
Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566 CE) — the longest-reigning sultan: four early revolts suppressed, Rhodes taken in 1522, Hungary shattered at Mohács 1526, Vienna besieged.
شخصیت
محمد الثالث
تقریباً 1566 عیسوی · 974 ھMehmed III (r. 1003–1012/1595–1603) — the last Ottoman sultan to take the field in person, reviving the custom his father and grandfather had let lapse; at Eger he held firm when his troops scattered and the victory came within the hour. A poet-sultan inclined to tasawwuf; died 18 Rajab 1012 aged 38.
واقعہ
حملة استراخان ومشروع قناة الدون–الفولغا
تقریباً اکتوبر 1569 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 977 ھThe Astrakhan expedition and Don–Volga canal, 1569 — Sokollu's audacious plan to sail the Ottoman fleet into the Caspian: a third of the canal was dug by October before winter killed the project. The Khivan and Bukharan appeals had asked the Porte to reopen the pilgrimage road that Muscovy's seizure of Astrakhan had cut.
واقعہ
معركة ليبانتو
1571 عیسوی · 978 ھLepanto, 1571 — in its wake Ottoman North Africa was reorganised from the beylerbeylik of Algiers into three ordinary wilayas: Tripoli, Tunis and Algiers.
واقعہ
الفتح العثماني لقبرص
تقریباً اگست 1571 عیسوی · ربیع الثانی 979 ھThe Ottoman conquest of Cyprus, 1570–71 — a hundred thousand men reduced Famagusta by famine after every siege engine failed; the island surrendered Rabi' II 979/August 1571, Anatolian settlers followed, and the Orthodox welcomed the end of Venetian Catholic persecution.
واقعہ
استرداد تونس من الإسبان
14 مئی 1574 عیسوی · 23 محرم 982 ھThe final Ottoman recovery of Tunis, 1574 — Selim II sent Sinan Pasha and Kapudan Kılıç Ali with 238 ships; La Goulette fell to a tight siege and the Spanish, with the Hafsid king Muhammad b. al-Hasan, were driven into their showpiece fortress, the Bastion.
شخصیت
محمد باشا الصوقللي
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (d. ~1579) — the grand vizier who effectively reigned under Selim II: the 1567 Austrian peace, Cyprus, the Astrakhan campaign and the Don–Volga canal; his assassination by palace intrigue under Murad III 'opened the door to evil' in the making and unmaking of viziers.
واقعہ
عرض مراد الثالث التحالف على السعديين لاسترداد الأندلس
تقریباً ستمبر 1580 عیسوی · رجب 988 ھRajab 988/September 1580 — as Spain swallowed Portugal, Murad III wrote the Sa'dids proposing an alliance sworn at the Ka'ba: three hundred imperial galleys and an Ottoman army to 'open the land of al-Andalus'.
شخصیت
مراد الثالث
Murad III (r. 982–1003/1574–1595) — trilingual poet-sultan; saw Poland placed under Ottoman protection, Tiflis and Tabriz taken from the Safavids, and offered the Sa'dids 300 galleys to recover al-Andalus. Sokollu's assassination in his reign opened the era of palace-made grand viziers. Buried in Hagia Sophia's courtyard.
واقعہ
إخراج الموريسكيين من الأندلس
تقریباً 1609 عیسوی · تقریباً 1017 ھAl-Maqqari records the near-contemporary expulsion of the Moriscos 'in this recent era, in the year 1017': thousands landed at Fez, Tlemcen and Tunis, robbed on the roads by Arabs — the Tunis-bound mostly prospered; those settled at Sale by the Maghreb sultan fortified its castle, built palaces and became famed for jihad at sea — the corsairs of Sale.
شخصیت
محمد الرابع
تقریباً 1642 عیسوی · 1051 ھMehmed IV (r. 1058–1099/1648–1687) — enthroned at seven after his father's killing; Europe formed the Holy League against him, and the Köprülü viziers answered it until defeats after Fazıl Ahmed's death forced the ulema and statesmen to depose him in 1099.
شخصیت
سليمان الثاني
تقریباً 1642 عیسوی · 1052 ھSulayman II (r. 1099–1102/1687–1691) — reign of retreat: Belgrade lost to Austria, Dalmatia and Greece to Venice; his vizier Mustafa Köprülü's protection of Istanbul's Christians prompted the Morean Greeks to expel the Venetians and choose Ottoman rule.
واقعہ
حرب كريت ضد البنادقة
1645 عیسوی · 1055 ھThe Cretan War of 1645: to break Venetian hegemony over Crete and Aegean trade the Ottomans arrested every Venetian in the realm, confiscated their property and landed on Crete — while in Istanbul the soldiery deposed and killed Sultan Ibrahim.
شخصیت
إبراهيم الأول
Ibrahim I (r. 1640–1648) — opened the long Cretan war against Venice in 1645 by seizing Venetian goods and shipping a fleet to Crete; deposed and killed in the Istanbul mutiny that enthroned his seven-year-old son Mehmed IV.
شخصیت
محمد كوبريللي
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (d. 1661) — founder of the Köprülü vizier dynasty that answered Europe's Holy League; 'restored the state's awe' under the boy-sultan Mehmed IV.
واقعہ
فتح قلعة نوهزل
28 ستمبر 1663 عیسوی · 25 صفر 1074 ھThe conquest of Neuhausl (Nové Zámky), Austria's greatest fortress east of Vienna, by Grand Vizier Fazıl Ahmed Köprülü — 25 Safar 1074/28 September 1663.
شخصیت
مصطفى الثاني
تقریباً 1664 عیسوی · 1074 ھMustafa II (r. 1106–1115/1694–1703) — the sultan of Karlowitz: Hungary and Transylvania lost, the tributary powers stopped paying, and the Ottoman retreat from Europe began. Deposed by the Janissaries, dead within four months at 39.
شخصیت
أحمد كوبريللي
Fazıl Ahmed Köprülü (d. ~1676) — took Neuhausl, Austria's greatest fortress, in September 1663, and faced down Louis XIV's gunboat diplomacy: 'the capitulations were a grant, not an executable treaty.' His death broke the dam: Austria seized Buda and Venice took Athens.
واقعہ
معاهدة كارلوفتس
1699 عیسوی · 1110 ھKarlowitz, 1699 — the treaty that opened the Ottoman retreat from Europe: Hungary and Transylvania surrendered, and every tributary state stopped paying.
واقعہ
معاهدة فلكزن (بروث) ومحاصرة قيصر روسيا
تقریباً جولائی 1711 عیسوی · جمادی الثانی 1123 ھPruth, 1711 — Ottoman mujahidun encircled Tsar Peter and 200,000 Russians and nearly took them; the grand vizier lifted the siege and signed the Pruth treaty surrendering Azov, and the sultan deposed him for it.
واقعہ
صلح بساروفتز (باساروفيتش)
1718 عیسوی · 1130 ھPassarowitz, 1718 — brokered by Britain and Holland: Austria took Belgrade, most of Serbia and part of Wallachia; Venice kept Dalmatia; the Morea returned to Ottoman hands; and the Catholic clergy regained privileges that became a licence for foreign interference.
واقعہ
معاهدة بلغراد
1739 عیسوی · 1152 ھBelgrade, 1739 — the last great Ottoman diplomatic victory: after checking the Russians in Moldavia and beating the Austrians in Serbia, Austria ceded back Belgrade, Serbia and Wallachia, and Russia undertook to build no ships on the Black Sea and to raze Azov.
شخصیت
محمد علي باشا
تقریباً 1769 عیسوی · تقریباً 1183 ھ†Muhammad Ali Pasha (d. 1265 AH/1849 CE) — the Albanian-born founder of Egypt's Muhammad Ali dynasty: the Nile fleet, the Alexandria arsenal, the Sudan annexation and the European missions.
شخصیت
مصطفى الثالث
Mustafa III (r. 1171–1187/1757–1773) — a mujahid sultan who beat the Russians several times yet foresaw the decline and wrote it in verse; the 1768–1774 war that ended at Küçük Kaynarca broke him — he fell ill with grief and died at 57.
واقعہ
معاهدة قينارجة (كوتشك قاينارجة)
1774 عیسوی · 1187 ھKüçük Kaynarca, 1774 — the war's end in Bulgaria: an 'independent' Crimea (its Muslims' religious affairs still under the caliph), Russian warships in Ottoman waters, a Russian church under protection in Galata, and fifteen thousand purses of indemnity — the end of Ottoman mastery of the Black Sea.
شخصیت
حسين باي التونسي
1778 عیسوی · 1192 ھ†Husayn Bey of Tunis (1778–1835 CE) — the Husaynid ruler who built a fleet and a native army, invested by the Ottoman court in 1247 AH.
ریاست
الدولة القاجارية
1789 عیسوی · 1203 ھ†A state established in 1789 CE and ended in 1925 CE.
دور
العصر الاستعماري
1798 عیسوی · 1213 ھ†The period when European powers conquered, ruled or dominated most Muslim-majority lands, and when reform and independence movements arose.
واقعہ
الحملة الفرنسية على مصر وإعلان الجهاد
1798 عیسوی · 1213 ھThe French campaign in Egypt, 1798 — Selim III proclaimed jihad at once; al-Jabarti records the Hijaz rising, six hundred volunteers sailing to al-Qusayr under Muhammad al-Kilani resolved on martyrdom or victory, while Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar's watchfulness at Acre checked Napoleon himself.
ریاست
خلافة صكتو
1804 عیسوی · 1219 ھ†A caliphate established in 1804 CE and ended in 1903 CE.
واقعہ
ثورة المورة (اليونان)
1821 عیسوی · 1236 ھ†The Greek War of Independence in the Morea — an Easter-night rising that overran the peninsula except Tripolitsa, patriarch Gregory executed after incriminating papers were seized, and Ibrahim Pasha's Egyptian army called in to crush the revolt.
واقعہ
معركة نافارين
تقریباً اکتوبر 1827 عیسوی · 1243 ھNavarino (1827): the allied British, French and Russian fleets entered the harbour unannounced, surprised the combined Ottoman-Egyptian fleet and destroyed it — after which the powers decreed Greece's separation under a ruler of their choosing.
واقعہ
احتلال فرنسا الجزائر
1830 عیسوی · 1246 ھ†France seized Algiers in 1830 with some 28,000 troops and a hundred-ship fleet while the caliphate was weakened — European powers endorsing it as the first share-out of the 'sick man's' estate.
شخصیت
عبد العزيز
تقریباً 1830 عیسوی · تقریباً 1246 ھ†Abdülaziz (r. 1277–1293/1861–1876) — deposed and then killed in the 1876 palace coup, 'a matter known to history and recorded in the documents'.
واقعہ
حملة محمد علي على الشام
1831 عیسوی · 1247 ھ†Muhammad Ali's Syrian war (1831–1840): Ibrahim Pasha conquered Syria on the pretext of Acre harbouring Egyptian draft-dodgers, beat the Ottoman army deep into Anatolia, forced the Porte into the Russian alliance of Hünkâr İskelesi (1833) — until the 1840 London convention confined Egyptian rule to Muhammad Ali's lifetime.
واقعہ
خط شريف كلخانة
1839 عیسوی · 1255 ھ†The Gülhane decree (1839): Reshid Pasha's charter proclaiming equal rights for all Ottoman subjects regardless of faith — denounced by the ulema, and read by the source as the price paid to Britain for settling the Egyptian crisis.
شخصیت
مراد الخامس
1840 عیسوی · 25 رجب 1256 ھMurad V (r. 1293/1876) — sultan for ninety-three days: cultured, Francophile and constitutionalist, he broke down under the shock of his uncle's midnight deposition and was himself deposed by a shaykh al-Islam fatwa on incurable madness — the text of which the source quotes — then recovered and lived out his days in Çırağan palace.
واقعہ
الخط الهمايوني
1856 عیسوی · 1272 ھThe 1856 Reform Edict (Khatt-i Hümayun): Abdülmecid's decree confirming Gülhane and going further — abolishing tax-farming, equal conscription and equal treatment for every Ottoman subject whatever their faith.
شخصیت
فيصل بن تركي
Faysal ibn Turki (d. 1865 CE) — the Saudi amir who made Riyadh the seat of the emirate: captured by Egyptian forces at al-Kharj, imprisoned in Egypt 1250–1259 AH, escaped and ruled Najd until his death.
واقعہ
دستور مدحت باشا ١٨٧٦
1876 عیسوی · 1293 ھThe 1876 constitution of Midhat Pasha — the first Western-modeled constitution put into effect in a state of Islam, capping the Tanzimat decrees.
واقعہ
مقابلة هرتزل للسلطان عبد الحميد
1901 عیسوی · 1319 ھ†Herzl's 1901 Yıldız audience: a two-hour offer of Jewish banking relief on the Ottoman debt in exchange for Palestine settlement, which Abdülhamid heard out and declined — after already issuing the 1890 irades refusing Jewish immigration.
تصنیف
غادة كربلاء
Jurji Zaydan's historical romance on Karbala — one of the most famous of the 23 novels that taught generations of Arabs their history through fiction.
واقعہ
خلع السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني
27 اپریل 1909 عیسوی · 19 ربیع الثانی 1327 ھ†The 1909 deposition of Abdülhamid II — after the 31 March incident, CUP troops from Salonika entered Istanbul, a fetva was drafted and amended, and on 27 April a joint assembly of 240 members voted his removal, delivered by a committee including Emmanuel Carasso and Esad Toptani.
واقعہ
المؤتمر العربي بباريس
1913 عیسوی · 1332 ھThe 1913 Arab Congress in Paris — al-Fatat's response to CUP repression, chaired by Abd al-Hamid al-Zahrawi, resolving on decentralisation, official Arabic in the Arab provinces and local military service.
واقعہ
احتلال اليونانيين أزمير
1919 عیسوی · 1338 ھThe Greek landing at Izmir (1919), enabled by Britain, and Mustafa Kemal's counter-campaign that drove them out and won him the title Ghazi across the Muslim world.
دور
العصر الحديث
1924 عیسوی · 1342 ھ†The years after the abolition of the Ottoman caliphate in 1924, with new nation-states, mass education, oil economies and competing political ideas.
واقعہ
إلغاء الخلافة العثمانية
3 مارچ 1924 عیسوی · 1342 ھ3 March 1924 — the Grand National Assembly abolished the caliphate without debate and exiled Abdülmecid II the next day, ending the institution Muslims had long read as the emblem of their unity.
دور
العصر المعاصر
1979 عیسوی · 1399 ھ†From 1979 to today: the Islamic revival, globalised media, large diaspora communities, new technologies and new debates.
عمارت
الحرم الإبراهيمي
The great walled sanctuary over the Machpelah cave at Hebron; al-Umari records Abraham buying the plot from Habri for fifty dirhams, then Sarah, Abraham, Rebecca, Isaac, Jacob and Leah buried within, and Solomon raising the enclosure where a pillar of light touched down. It had no door until the Muslims opened one after the conquest; its masonry holds stones thirty-seven spans long. From a door in the qibla, steps descend to a cramped underground passage the author himself crawled through, ending at a chamber with three grave-markers said to be Abraham, his wife and Isaac; the shrine tombs above stand paired — Isaac and Rebecca in the qibla, Abraham and Sarah under facing domes to the north, Jacob under a lone dome. Al-Harawi tells that in King Baldwin's day a spot collapsed in 513 and Franks entered to find the three prophets' bodies leaning against a wall in worn shrouds with lamps at their heads; the king renewed the shrouds and sealed it. Behind the sanctuary lies a grave ascribed to Joseph, kept outside since a voice cried 'he bears Egypt's tribute'. Every afternoon a simat feeds all comers — over thirteen thousand loaves in one night of 745 — the Crusaders having kept and even enlarged the endowment.
عمارت
دير هند الأقدم
The monastery of Hind al-Kubra daughter of al-Harith ibn Amr, king of Kinda, on the edge of al-Najaf; al-Rashid visited it, and wept at the verse inscribed on its wall mourning the Banu al-Mundhir.
عمارت
دير رُمانين
A great thriving monastery of Syria, in which runs the famous tale: young Umar ibn al-Khattab, fleeing after killing a Byzantine patrolman at Antioch, was sheltered by its monk, whose book foretold a man named Umar would rule most of the earth and drive Heraclius from Syria; he took Umar's written pledge on a strip of leather, and when the caliph later came to Jerusalem the old monk met him with it — Umar would not squander the Muslims' fay', but commuted the pledge into a gentle kharaj the monks' heirs still hold and governors still honour.
عمارت
الكهف بقاسيون (كهف جبريل)
The mosque raised inside the cave of Mount Qasyun by Abu al-Faraj Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Mu'allim beginning in 370, after a dream in which Jibril bade him build a mosque where God's name would be remembered — he called it Jibril's Cave; a broad prayer-hall floored in white marble, its columns all marble, never empty of the pious at remembrance.
عمارت
مسجد القبلتين
The Banu Salama mosque of Medina, named 'of the two qiblas' because the qibla was turned in it: Ibn Zabala reports that a man of Banu Salama reached them at dawn prayer with word of the change and they turned mid-prayer to the Kaaba — while al-Zamakhshari and the sira tradition make the change fall at zuhr when the Prophet had prayed two rak'as with his Companions, then turned to face the Mizab, the men and women exchanging places; Ibn Hajar reconciles the reports, and al-Majd notes that on Ibn Zabala's version Quba mosque would better deserve the name. Ibn Zabala ascribes the mosque to Banu Sawad ibn Ghanm of Banu Salama by al-Midhad, against al-Matari's ascription to Banu Haram.
عمارت
مسجد عمرو بن العاص
The great mosque of Fustat built by Amr ibn al-As on his camp's ground — its mihrab and minbar stand where his tent stood — and some eighty Companions prayed in it.
عمارت
مسجد الضرار
A mosque near Medina built by twelve men named by Ibn Ishaq; they asked the Prophet, then preparing for Tabuk, to pray in it, and he put them off until his return. On his way back he stopped at Dhi Awan and ordered it demolished and burned, and Qur'an was revealed about them. It is also called Masjid al-Shiqaq.
عمارت
قصر العباس بن عمرو الغنوي
The palace between Sinjar and Nasibin built by al-Abbas ibn Amr al-Ghanawi of Tall Sayyar — builder of Raqqa and Ra's al-Ayn for Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, governor of al-Yamama and Bahrayn, and the sole survivor when al-Mu'tadid sent him against the Qarmatians with ten thousand horse. Its wall became a chronicle of mutability: Sayf al-Dawla inscribed an elegy on it in 331, Ghadanfar ibn al-Hasan ibn Hamdan in 362, al-Muqallad ibn al-Musayyib in 388, and his son Qurwash in 401, who resolved to raze it as ill-omened, then spared it.
عمارت
قصر الكوفة
Kufa's governor's palace, demolished without remains; famed for Abd al-Malik ibn Umayr's tale — in this very hall he had seen Husayn's head before Ibn Ziyad, Ibn Ziyad's before al-Mukhtar, al-Mukhtar's before Mus'ab, and now Mus'ab's before Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, who rose and ordered that arch torn down.
عمارت
قصر قباذ (قصر الحجاج) بالبصرة
The Basran palace that was a Khosrow hunting-lodge before the city was founded, ruined until al-Hajjaj rebuilt it and gave it his name — earlier it was Qubadh's. In it ran the famous boasting match when al-Hajjaj bade Jarir and al-Farazdaq appear in their fathers' jahiliyya dress: al-Farazdaq came in brocade under a dome, Jarir in mail and spear with forty horsemen of Banu Yarbu.
عمارت
قصر هرقل (شمس الملوك)
The palace on Damascus's northern Height ascribed to Heraclius, known in al-Umari's day as Qasr Shams al-Muluk; only the jawsaq and bath survived — the jawsaq turned into a khanqah for the poor — yet it still lodged kings and pleasured the townsfolk above the Barada river, and Sultan Salah al-Din once stayed there.
عمارت
قصر سنداد
The palace of Iraq near al-Nil on the Sindad river in al-Uzayr's land, seat of the Al Muharriq; for it al-Aswad ibn Ya'fur made his famous elegy — 'what can I hope for after the house of Muharriq left their dwellings, and after Iyad? — the folk of al-Khawarnaq and al-Sadir, of Marib and the balconied palace of Sindad'.
تصور
السيرة النبوية
The Prophetic sira is the transmitted history of the Prophet's life: his birth and upbringing, his call in Mecca, the Hijra, his campaigns and his death, with the connected record of his Companions and family. It grew out of the maghazi and athar reports transmitted by isnad in Ibn Ishaq's school, then became its own genre chronicling the twenty-three years that changed the world.
تصور
أسماء الأيام والشهور في الجاهلية
The Arabs' Jahiliyya week — Awwal, Ahwan, Jubar, Dubar, Mu'nis, 'Aruba, Shiyar — and their months: Natiq for Muharram, Thaqil for Safar, then Taliq, Najir, Aslakh, Amih, Ahlak, Kasa', Zahir, Bark, Harf and Ta'ss for Dhu al-Hijja; the Sabbath named for the severing of creation's week.
تصور
الأتاوة
The atawa, money a king or country pays the ruling power under sulh — as Rutbil's to al-Hajjaj, nine hundred thousand yearly after the truce-years; refusing the Umayyad agents he said they never spend a dirham but they hope for ten in return.
تصور
أيام العجوز
The seven bitter days at February's end — Sinn, Sinabbar, Wabr, Amir, Mu'tamir, Mu'allal and Mutfi' al-Jamr in the Arabs' naming — closing winter before the sun enters Aries.
تصور
الأيام النحسات
Every Wednesday falling on the fourth of the month in the Arabs' reckoning — the fourth past, the fourteenth, the fourteenth remaining and the twenty-fourth.
تصور
أيام التشريق
The days of Mina — second of the slaughter through the thirteenth of Dhu al-Hijja — whose name is disputed: meat sun-dried at Mina, the dispersal home, the open prayer-grounds called mashariq, or the 'tashriq' beast-slaughter.
تصور
الدوشرمة (نظام التجنيد)
The devshirme — the name given in European sources to the Ottoman levy of Christian boys for the Janissary corps and palace service, sometimes called the 'boy tribute'. Its very existence as a levy is contested between Muslim and Western historiography.
تصور
ديوان الزمام والخاتم
Ibn al-Muqaffa' described the Persian chancery: a royal command stood before the sahib al-tawqi', his servant entered it in a monthly tadhkira which the king sealed and stored; the tawqi' passed to the sahib al-zimam — keeper of the seal — then to the sahib al-'amal, who wrote it as a royal letter, copied it into the register, returned it through the sahib al-zimam to be read against the tadhkira and sealed before the king or his most trusted. Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan was the first Arab to take a zamam-diwan and a seal, imitating the Persians. The Persian king kept a seal for secrets, for envoys, for perpetuities — sijillat and iqta's and tashrif-letters — and a seal for the kharaj, all with the sahib al-zimam save the seal of secrets sometimes held by a royal intimate; and Khusraw Aparviz, bothered by the smell of the white sheets of accounts, ordered his kharaj-diwan's returns yellowed with saffron and rosewater.
تصور
الحمام
The public bathhouse; Basra's first was Abdallah ibn Uthman ibn Abi al-As's, the second Fil's (Ziyad's mawla), the third Muslim ibn Abi Bakra's at Bilalabadh — and for an age the town had only these, since baths were built only by the governors' leave until a wave of permissions multiplied them.
تصور
الجائزة
The ja'iza, a prize a commander offers for a feat of daring; its first naming: al-Hajjaj's governor Qatn ibn Qabisa reached a river his men could not cross — 'who crosses, a thousand dirhams' — they crossed, he paid, and al-Ja''af sang 'they first established the jaw'iz among Ma'add'.
تصور
أحكام أراضي الخراج
Baladhuri's digest of the jurists on 'anwa land like the Sawad and al-Sham: Abu Yusuf — if the imam divides it among the conquerors it is 'ushr-land and its folk raqiq; if he leaves it for the Muslims as Umar did the Sawad, jizya on their necks and kharaj on the land — Abu Hanifa's view, ascribed also to Sufyan al-Thawri. Malik and Ibn Abi Dhi'b: a convert keeps his land, working it and paying kharaj. On kharaj-plus-zakah they split (Abu Hanifa forbids the union; Malik, Ibn Abi Dhi'b, Sufyan, Ibn Abi Layla, al-Awza'i allow it), likewise on repeated crops (one kharaj vs Ibn Abi Layla's per-harvest), on a year's neglect (replant or yield it), blight and drowning (kharaj drops), mawat revived ('ushr if rain- or spring-fed, kharaj if fed by kharaj-water), and on old Persian customs (Abu Sa'd preserves what Islam did not annul; Malik and al-Shafi'i abolish them however old).
تصور
قول العرب في ليالي الشهور القمرية
The Arabs' question-and-answer litany on the moon each night of the month — first night 'a suckling kid, its folk milked into a pail', two 'tales of two false tribes', eight 'a loaf split by brothers', thirteen 'a dazzling moon', fifteen 'the full, the days spent' — through the month's wane.
تصور
ليلة القدر وألف شهر
Some read the 'thousand months' of Laylat al-Qadr as the exact span of Umayyad rule — a thousand full months to the Saffah's bay'a.
تصور
أدوار الدعوة ومراحلها
Al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's division of the Prophet's mission into two periods, Meccan (about thirteen years) and Medinan (ten full years); the Meccan period has three stages: the secret call for three years, the open call to the Meccans from the start of the fourth year to the end of the tenth, and the call beyond Mecca from the end of the tenth year to the Hijra.
تصور
القطيعة
The qati'a in Basra and the Sawad: land the ruler grants a man to reclaim and cultivate — Ziyad would grant a tract, allow two years, then seize it if unimproved ('I execute only what is brought to life'); he was the first to clear the thorn-land and grant folk the villages emptied by the plagues and the salt-flats. Grants ran to thousands of jarib — Hilal ibn Ahwaz's eight thousand, Ibn Umayr's eight thousand — and al-Mansur's surveyors, measuring the Abu Bakra family's hundred-jarib holding at a thousand, left them their hundred and seized the rest.
تصور
الولايات العامة لقبائل قريش في الجاهلية
Suyuti cites Ibn Ishaq: Quraysh had no single king to whom all affairs returned; each clan held a general office under its head. Banu Hashim held the siqaya and rifada — none ate or drank save of their food and drink; Banu Abd al-Dar held the hijaba, the liwa' and the nadwa — none entered the House save by their leave, they bound Quraysh's war banners, and the assembly met for binding or loosing only at Dar al-Nadwa. And Abu Bakr's Jahiliya charge was the diya and ghamara — bloodwit and the heavy debts.
تصور
شهور الفرس
The Persian year of twelve thirty-day months — Farwardin opening on Nowruz, Mihrmah's sixteenth the Mihragan, Aban's feast-days and the five Furudjan at its end, Adharmah's first day bringing the Kawsaj's mule-ride through Iraq and Fars, then Day, Bahman and Isfandarmadh, with the five stolen days after.
تصور
الزيوف وقطع الدراهم
The zuyuf were Ajam-struck dirhams, adulterated — Ibn Mas'ud ordered them broken and sold his own baqiyya at a discount till Umar forbade it and he lent it out; Umar and Uthman melted whatever zuyuf the bayt al-mal held into silver. Umar II jailed a man striking off the sultan's die and threw his iron in the fire; Abd al-Malik took another and meant to cut his hand before punishing otherwise — Medina's elders approved. Marwan ibn al-Hakam had cut a dirham-cutter's hand — Zayd ibn Thabit: 'he punished him' — and Aban ibn Uthman at Medina lashed the cutter thirty and paraded him, that for one who hollowed dirhams and salted them with counterfeits. On cutting full-weight dirhams the jurists split: Malik and Ibn Abi Dhi'b disliked and forbade it as corruption; al-Thawri and Abu Hanifa saw no harm where it did not injure Islam and its people — and Ibn Ka'b read Shu'ayb's people's claim to do as they would in their wealth (Hud) as the cutting of dirhams.
ڈیٹاسیٹ
قائمة مهاجري الحبشة بحسب ابن إسحاق
A roster of the emigrants to Abyssinia with their clans and fates as Ibn Ishaq enumerates them in Ibn Hisham's recension (part 4, pp. 3–11): those carried on the two ships (sixteen men), the rest of the emigrants (thirty-four men), the women emigrants (sixteen), and those born in Abyssinia (five men and five women).
ڈیٹاسیٹ
بُناة مسجد الضرار
The list of twelve men whom Ibn Ishaq names as the builders of Masjid al-Dirar, each with his lineage as transmitted (part 4, p. 174).
ڈیٹاسیٹ
تعداد وألوية جيش فتح مكة
Tribal contingents and fighter numbers in the army of the Conquest of Mecca (10,000 men), extracted from Ibn Hisham's Sira (juz' 4 pp. 42, 63).
ڈیٹاسیٹ
شهداء حنين وأوطاس
Roster of Muslim martyrs at the Battle of Hunayn and the expedition of Awtas (Shawwal 8 AH) with their lineages and circumstances of death, extracted from Ibn Hisham's Sira (juz' 4 pp. 97–101).
ڈیٹاسیٹ
جملة غزوات النبي بحسب ابن إسحاق
Ibn Ishaq's list, in Ziyad al-Bakka'i's transmission through Ibn Hisham, of the expeditions the Prophet led in person: twenty-seven from Waddan to Tabuk in his order, nine of them with fighting: Badr, Uhud, the Trench, Qurayza, al-Mustaliq, Khaybar, the Conquest, Hunayn and al-Ta'if.
ڈیٹاسیٹ
جملة سرايا النبي وبعوثه بحسب ابن إسحاق
Ibn Ishaq's list of the Prophet's missions and detachments, thirty-eight in all, as he sets them out from p. 257 onward interleaved with the narratives of some: from Ubayda ibn al-Harith's raid below Thaniyyat al-Marra to the sending of Usama ibn Zayd; with Ibn Ishaq's note that some people place Hamza's raid before Ubayda's.
ڈیٹاسیٹ
عطايا المؤلفة قلوبهم بالجعرانة
Roster of grant amounts and gifts distributed by the Prophet at al-Ji'rana (Shawwal 8 AH) to the chieftains of Quraysh and Najdi tribal leaders to reconcile their hearts, extracted from Ibn Hisham's Sira (juz' 4 pp. 135–138).
ڈیٹاسیٹ
أرقام غزوات العهد النبوي
Army strengths, dead and prisoners per Prophetic-era battle, extracted from al-Raheeq al-Makhtum with its classical citations.
ڈیٹاسیٹ
مساجد النبي بين المدينة وتبوك
The seventeen places where, according to Ibn Ishaq, the Prophet had known named mosques between Medina and Tabuk (part 4, pp. 174–175).
ڈیٹاسیٹ
المشاركون والمتخلفون في غزوة تبوك
A table of those Ibn Ishaq names in the Tabuk expedition, by category: the weepers, those who stayed behind without doubt, the excused, the hypocrites who stayed behind, those appointed over Medina, the spenders, those who caught up, and those who died or made peace (part 4, pp. 159–173).
ڈیٹاسیٹ
شهداء حصار الطائف
Roster of Muslim martyrs who fell during the siege of the fortress of Ta'if (Shawwal 8 AH) with their lineages and clans, extracted from Ibn Hisham's Sira (juz' 4 pp. 128–129).
ڈیٹاسیٹ
مراحل قصة الثلاثة المخلفين
The stages of the story of Ka'b, Murara and Hilal as Ka'b's account in Ibn Ishaq relates them, from the prohibition on speaking to them to the announcement of their repentance (part 4, pp. 175–181).
واقعہ
فتح عباد بن زياد قندهار والقلانس العبادية
Abbad ibn Ziyad raided from Sijistan — Sanarudh, Kish, across the mafaza — and took Qandahar after hard fighting and Muslim dead; seeing the folk's tall caps he had them copied, whence the 'Abbadiyya — and Ibn Mufarrigh's line: 'how many a corpse of your troops by Qandahar unburied'.
واقعہ
ولاية عبد العزيز بن عبد الله بن عامر سجستان
Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdallah ibn Amir came governing Sijistan for al-Quba' — al-Harith ibn Abdallah ibn Abi Rabi'a al-Makhzumi — in Ibn al-Zubayr's days; they brought him into Zaranj and warred on Rutbil, whom Abu Afra'a Umayr al-Mazini killed as the unbelievers routed. Abdullah ibn Nashira al-Tamimi counselled Abd al-Aziz to take all the treasury and leave — then came himself and entered Zaranj; Waki' ibn Abi Sud alone stood by Abd al-Aziz, got him back in when the gates opened to the Khatiban, and expelled Ibn Nashira, who gathered a host and fought — his horse stumbled and he was killed, mourned in Abu Huzaba's (or Hanzala ibn Arada's) elegy 'no youth after Ibn Nashira the youth'.
واقعہ
توحيد النقود في عهد عبد الملك
Heraclius's dinars and the Persian Baghliyya dirhams reached Jahiliya Mecca and traded only as bullion: their mithqal twenty-two qirats less a fraction, ten dirhams seven mithqals, the ratl twelve uqiyyas of forty dirhams — weights the Prophet confirmed, and Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali, and Mu'awiya after him. Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr struck a few dirhams under Ibn al-Zubayr, later broken; then Abd al-Malik asked and tested, wrote al-Hajjaj to strike dirhams at fifteen qirats of the dinar-qirats, and struck the Damascene dinars — which came to Medina with Companions and Followers there and none objected. Al-Hasan ibn Salih: the Ajam dirhams ran great and small — twenty, twelve, ten qirats — and when Islam needed the mean for zakah they summed forty-two and struck the third, fourteen qirats, so ten Arab dirhams weigh seven mithqals. Quraysh's weights: the dirham for silver, the dinar for gold, ten dirham-weights to seven dinar-weights, the sha'ira a sixtieth of a dirham, the uqiyya forty dirhams, the nashsh twenty, the nawa five — all confirmed when the Prophet entered Mecca. And Sa'id ibn al-Musayyab, asked who first struck engraved dinars, said 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan — dinars came Byzantine, dirhams Kisrawi and few Himyari'.
واقعہ
شأن عبد الله بن سوار بالقيقان
Abdallah ibn Sawar al-Abdi held the frontier, raided Qiqan, and gifted Mu'awiya Qiqani horses; back there the people summoned the Turks who killed him. So open-handed that none lit a fire but his — once, told a strange fire was a lying-in woman's khabis, he fed the whole camp khabis three days.
واقعہ
صلح عبد الله بن أمية ورتبيل الثاني
Abd al-Malik gave Khurasan to Umayya ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid, who sent his son Abdullah to Sijistan with covenant while at Kirman. The second Rutbil — king after the slain first — still feared the Muslims and truced Abdullah at Bust for a million; but when gifts and slaves were refused with 'fill this portico with gold or there is no peace', it proved a ruse: Rutbil emptied the land before him, then seized the defiles behind him and pressed him to withdraw taking nothing. Abdullah answered: 'rather take three hundred thousand as sulh, write us a deed, and never raid our land while I govern, nor burn nor ruin' — done; and Abd al-Malik, hearing, dismissed him.
واقعہ
قصيدة أبي المختار في عمال الأهواز
Abu al-Mukhtar Yazid ibn Qabs al-Sa'iq raised his poem against the Ahwaz officials to Umar: 'Tell the Commander of the Faithful, God's trustee in command and ban — leave not the rustaq-folk and villagers who gulp God's wealth; send to al-Hajjaj and learn his account, to Juzz and to Bishr, forget neither Nafi', nor Ibn Ghallab of Nasr's lords, nor al-Nu'man, nor the Banu-Ghazwan son-in-law, ask Shibl for the money and Ibn Muharrish.' Umar mulcted every named man of half his wealth — till he took a sandal and left a sandal — and when Abu Bakra objected 'I left you nothing' came 'your brother holds the treasury and Ubulla's tithes and lends you capital': ten thousand was taken, or half his estate.
واقعہ
خروج أبي بكر إلى نقع وإمرار خالد
Abu Bakr rode out with the Muhajirun and Ansar to Naq' facing Najd as the a'rab fled with their children; the people pressed him — 'return to Medina, to children and women, and set a man over the army' — till he returned and made Khalid ibn al-Walid commander, 'when they submit and give the sadaqa, whoever will may return'. Ibn Umar: as he sat his mount, Ali took its halter — 'where to, caliph of God's messenger? I tell you what he told you at Uhud: sheathe your sword, do not bereave us of yourself — by God, bereft of you, Islam has no order ever'. And his commission to Khalid: fight the people on the five — the testimony, the prayer, the zakah, the fast — one left out like all five; Khalid marched in Jumada II.
واقعہ
غزو أبي دلف للديلم
Abu Dulaf al-Qasim ibn Isa raided Daylam in al-Ma'mun's reign and was governor under al-Mu'tasim in al-Afshin's Jibal command, taking fortresses — Iqlism whose people treated for tribute, Bumaj taken by force then brought to tribute-terms, al-Iblam and Andaq among others — while al-Afshin sent other raiders who took Daylami forts as well.
واقعہ
قتل بني أمية على نهر أبي فطرس
'Abd Allah ibn 'Ali's slaughter of eighty-odd Umayyads at Nahr Abi Futrus in Palestine — Wednesday, mid-Dhu'l-Qa'da 132.
واقعہ
تدبير أبي جهل لضرب النبي بحجر وهو ساجد
Abu Jahl announced that he would sit in wait for the Prophet with a stone to crush his head when he prostrated; when he drew near he saw a stallion camel barring his way and fled; the Prophet said it was Gabriel, who would have seized him had he come closer.
واقعہ
قصة ابن الأهثم أبي طينة
Abdallah ibn al-Ahtham, Abu Haqan, Qutayba's Marw deputy during campaigns, wrote al-Hajjaj denouncing him. Bashir of the Ahtham warned Qutayba — 'you've opened to a treacherous envious man' — dismissed as cousin-envy, though Bashir begged it stand as his excuse. When al-Hajjaj forwarded the letter and the courier rode past the Sakka without stopping, Ibn al-Ahtham sensed the trap and fled to Syria: years peddling wine and flax round his neck, then rag and cotton over one eye, styled Abu Tutayna the oilman — until al-Walid died and Sulayman rose, when he cast off the disguise and preached congratulations to Sulayman with attacks on al-Hajjaj and Qutayba — 'Abu Tutayna the oilman, the most eloquent of men'. Reading the letter, Qutayba struck the Banu Ahtham, killing nine; Bashir said 'remember my excuse' — 'you put one foot forward and held the other back, enemy of God' — and killed them all. Waki' ibn Abi Sud, deposed from Tamim's command for a Dabbi, swore then, missed zhuhr and asr, and when asked answered: 'how should I pray to a Lord who killed our best as boys and was not angered for them?'
واقعہ
فتوح الأغالبة في صقلية
In al-Baladhuri: the house of al-Aghlab ibn Salim al-Ifriqi opened more than twenty cities of Sicily — in Muslim hands — and Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Aghlab opened of it in al-Mutawakkil's caliphate Qasr Yana and Hisn Ghalyana.
واقعہ
فتح أشروسنة على يد أحمد بن أبي خالد
Al-Ma'mun sent the katib Ahmad ibn Abi Khalid al-Ahwal in a great host; Kawus summoned the Turks through al-Fadl ibn Kawus — but Ahmad camped on the city by Haydar's short road before the Turks came, and Kawus, who had reckoned him bound to the long route, despaired and yielded. Al-Fadl drew the Turks into a waterless waste, slipped away to his father's aman, and the Turks perished of thirst. Kawus showed Islam at Baghdad and was re-kingdomed, then his son Haydar — al-Afshin — after him.
واقعہ
صلح بلخ ومسير الأحنف إلى خوارزم
Al-Ahnaf took Talaqan by sulh and Faryab — or Umair ibn al-Ahmar did — then marched on Balkh, the city of the Tukhara, whose people truced at four hundred thousand, or seven hundred on the sounder report; he left Asid ibn al-Mutashammis — some say his nephew — over it, then went against Khwarizm, all beyond the river with an eastern city, could not take it, and came back to a Balkh whose sulh Asid had already levied.
واقعہ
خطبة الأحنف لعمر في أهل البصرة
Al-Ahnaf ibn Qays came to Umar with the Basrans; Umar heard them one by one while al-Ahnaf sat silent in a corner till asked — then: 'our brothers of the garrison towns dwell between sweet waters and tangled gardens, and we in a reeking marsh whose dew never dries nor pasture grows, the briny sea eastward, the waste westward, no tillage no milk, our due reaching us like an ostrich's gullet; the weak man walks two farsakhs for sweet water and the woman miscarries her child going — lift our misery and mend our poverty or we are a people lost'. Umar joined Basra's children to the stipend and wrote Abu Musa to dig them a canal.
واقعہ
صلح الأحنف قصر الأحنف ومرو الروذ
Al-Ahnaf went toward Tugharistan to the place called Qasr al-Ahnaf — a fortress of Marw al-Rudh whose great rustaq bears his name, 'Shaqq al-Jarradh' — besieged it, and its folk truced at three hundred thousand; his condition: 'a man of ours enters the castle, gives the adhan in it, and stays among you till I return' — accepted, and the sulh covered the whole rustaq. At Marw al-Rudh they fought hard before being forced into the fort; its marzban, of Badhan of Yemen's line or kin, wrote that Badhan's Islam summoned him to peace — truced at sixty thousand, al-Mada'ini's sources say six hundred — after al-Ahnaf's horse had already taken Rustaq Bagh with its herds.
واقعہ
وقعة الأحنف بطخارستان
Tukharistan massed against the Muslims — Juzjan, Talaqan, Faryab and their neighbors to thirty thousand, with the Saghaniyan from the river's east bank. Back at his castle al-Ahnaf overheard by night a man tending his fire or kneading dough: 'the move is to camp between the Marghab and the mountain — river right, mountain left — and you face no more than your own number'. He took it, five thousand Muslims — four thousand Arabs, a thousand Ajam converts — waved his banner and charged; the Saghaniyan king drove his spear at al-Ahnaf, who wrenched it from his hand and fought on, killing three drum-bearers one after another; then the rout — slaughter wherever they found them, and the foe laid down arms in safety.
واقعہ
نظر المأمون في مزارعة الأهواز
Al-Rashid granted Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi the Ahwaz musarra'a lands; a doubt entered the grant, was raised to al-Ma'mun, who ordered review — the undisputed executed, the doubted marked 'al-mashkuk fihi' — a designation still current in al-Ahwaz.
واقعہ
غزو الحارث بن مرة القيقان ومقتله
Al-Harith ibn Murra al-Abdi went as a volunteer to the Indian frontier with Ali's leave — took booty and captives, divided a thousand heads in one day — then was killed with nearly all his men in al-Qiqan in 42h, that land of Sind adjoining Khurasan.
واقعہ
ولاية الجرشي وفتح حصون السغد
Sa'id ibn Amr al-Jarashi came to Khurasan; his lettered 'ahd read with solecisms, he told the people 'the amir is innocent of this lahn'. He invited Sughd back to obedience, held off battle till his envoys reported defiance, then marched — some twelve thousand broke from their leader to submission — and he opened most of Sughd's fortresses with satisfying gain.
واقعہ
ولاية الجنيد بن عبد الرحمن خراسان وحربه الترك
In 112h Hisham gave Khurasan to al-Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri; his vanguard caught the Khaqan's son drunk hunting — sent to Hisham — and he fought on till the Turks were driven off. Reinforced by Amr ibn Muslim with ten thousand Basrans, Abd al-Rahman ibn Nu'aym with ten thousand Kufans, thirty thousand spears, thirty thousand shields, and an open stipend for fifteen thousand men, his raids prospered — while the Hashimi da'is spread and grew strong in his rule. He died at Marw; Hisham then gave Khurasan to Asim ibn Abdallah al-Hilali. Abu Ubayda notes the Tukharistan districts al-Junayd had breached were returned to their sulh.
واقعہ
حفر نهر المبارك وقنطرة دجلة
In al-Baladhuri: Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri dug al-Mubarak canal — al-Farazdaq praised it ('al-Mubarak, like its name, waters Sawad's ploughland and the tyrant's lush domain; Tigris at its flood seems a fang stretched out on a caravan rope'). Khalid wrote Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik asking leave to build a pontoon on the Tigris; Hisham answered 'if this were possible the Persians would have preceded us,' and when pressed, 'if you are certain it will hold, do it.' He built it at enormous cost; the water soon cut it, and Hisham made him repay all he had spent.
واقعہ
صلح الرور
Months besieged on its hill, al-Rur yielded by sulh — no killing, no laying hands on their budd, 'for the budd is as the churches of Christians and Jews and the fire-houses of Magians' — kharaj laid and a mosque built; then al-Sikka before Bayas fell, a ruin today.
واقعہ
استخراج السيبين وضياع مسلمة
In al-Baladhuri: when breaches burst in al-Hajjaj's days he wrote al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik that he had costed their damming at three million dirhams; al-Walid found it excessive. Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik said 'I will pay, if you grant me the lowlands that still hold water after the three million is spent by your trusted adviser al-Hajjaj.' Granted, Maslama acquired adjoining tasasij lands, dug al-Sibayn, drew peasants and cultivators, brought the lands under tillage and annexed many estates to fortify himself. When the blessed dawla came and Umayyad wealth was seized, all al-Sibayn was granted to Dawud ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas, then bought from his heirs with its rights and bounds — becoming caliphal estates.
واقعہ
حفر نهر الصلة
In al-Baladhuri: al-Mahdi ordered Nahr al-Sila dug; they dug it and revived the lands along it, assigning its revenue to the sila of the people of the two sanctuaries and their expenses there — the compact offered cultivators who joined it, which they remain on today, fifty years, after which they would sharecrop at half.
واقعہ
غلب العلافيين على ثغر مكران ووقعة سعيد بن أسلم
Under al-Hajjaj, Sa'id ibn Aslam al-Kilabi held Makran's frontier till the Allafi brothers Mu'awiya and Muhammad, sons of al-Harith, rose and killed him — Allaf being Rabban ibn Hulwan of Quda'a, Abu Jurm. Al-Hajjaj then gave the thaghr to Mujja'a ibn Si'r al-Tamimi, who raided, took plunder, and opened parts of Qandabil — finished later by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim — dying in Makran within the year. His successor Muhammad ibn Harun al-Namari received, for al-Hajjaj, the king of Jazirat al-Yaqut's gift of Muslim-born women orphaned of merchant fathers.
واقعہ
كتبة الأوس والخزرج وأهل الكمال
Al-Waqidi: writing in Arabic was rare among Aws and Khazraj; some Jews had taught Arabic writing, and the boys learned it in early Medina. When Islam came, those who wrote were Sa'd ibn 'Ubada ibn Dulaym, al-Mundhir ibn 'Amr, Ubayy ibn Ka'b, Zayd ibn Thabit — who wrote Arabic and Hebrew — Rafi' ibn Malik, Usayd ibn Hudayr, Ma'n ibn 'Adi al-Balawi the Ansars' ally, Bashir ibn Sa'd, Sa'd ibn al-Rabi', Aws ibn Khawli and Abdallah ibn Ubayy. The kamil — who joined writing, archery and swimming — were Rafi' ibn Malik, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, Usayd ibn Hudayr, Abdallah ibn Ubayy and Aws ibn Khawli; and of Jahiliya Yathrib, Suwayd ibn al-Samit and Hudayr al-Kata'ib. Zayd ibn Thabit: 'the Prophet ordered me to learn the Jews' script — I do not trust the Jews with my correspondence — and before half a month passed I had learned it: I wrote his letters to the Jews, and when they wrote to him I read their letters'.
واقعہ
فتح الجوزجان على يدي الأقرع بن حابس
Fugitives reached Juzjan; al-Ahnaf sent al-Aqra' ibn Habis al-Tamimi with horse and the charge: 'sons of Tamim — love one another, give freely, set your affairs right, and open with the jihad of your bellies and loins; let your faith be sound and do not defraud, that your jihad prosper'. A first turn went against the Muslims; they wheeled back, routed the foe and stormed Juzjan — Ibn al-Ghariza's verses mourning the youths fallen between its two castles.
واقعہ
وضع الخط العربي وانتشاره
Al-Sharqi ibn al-Quttami: three Tayyi' men met at Baqqa — Muramir ibn Murra, Aslam ibn Sidra and Amir ibn Jadara — and devised the script, measuring Arabic's spelling against the Syriac. Men of al-Anbar learned it from them, al-Hira from al-Anbar; and Bishr ibn Abd al-Malik — brother of Ukaydir, the Christian lord of Dumat al-Jandal who sojourned at al-Hira — learned it there, came to Mecca, and taught its letters then its script to Sufyan ibn Umayya ibn Abd Shams and Abu Qays ibn Abd Manaf ibn Zuhra ibn Kilab. The three went trading to al-Ta'if; Ghaylan ibn Salama al-Thaqafi learned with them. Bishr went on to Mudar's lands where Amr ibn Zurara ibn Udas learned — he is called Amr the Scribe — then to al-Sham where men learned it; and a man of Tabukha learned from the Tayyi' three and taught a man of Wadi al-Qura, who settled there and taught its people.
واقعہ
نقل ديوان خراج العراق إلى العربية
In al-Baladhuri via al-Mada'ini from Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Sayf's shaykhs: the diwan of the Sawad's kharaj and all Iraq remained in Persian until al-Hajjaj governed Iraq and took as scribe Zadhanfarrukh ibn Biri, who had with him Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman — mawla of Banu Tamim whose father was among Sijistan's captives — writing before him in Arabic and Persian. Zadhanfarrukh presented Salih to al-Hajjaj who took to him, then confided his fear of displacement — Salih answering that the amir needed him more since none could keep his accounts but himself, and offering: by God, if you wished I could turn the accounts to Arabic. He converted half for display, then feigned illness; al-Hajjaj's physician found nothing wrong and Zadhanfarrukh ordered him to appear. When Zadhanfarrukh was killed in Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath's days, al-Hajjaj made Salih his scribe; told of the earlier exchange he resolved to make the diwan Arabic and charged Salih with it. Mardanshah ibn Zadhanfarrukh challenged: what will you do for dahwiya and shashwiya? — I write ushr and half-ushr; and wid? — likewise, the surplus being increased; whereupon: may God cut your root from this world as you have cut Persian's root. A hundred thousand dirhams were offered him to feign inability and desist — he refused and translated it. Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahya, Marwan ibn Muhammad's scribe, would say: God reward Salih — how great his favor to the scribes; and Sahl ibn Abi al-Salt said al-Hajjaj gave Salih a deadline until he turned the diwan over.
واقعہ
ولاية أسد بن عبد الله خراسان
Asad made al-Hasan ibn Abi al-Mammarta over Samarqand, where Turkish raids he could never catch drove him to pray in khutba 'cut their tracks, hasten their fates, take patience from them' — the Samarqandis cursed him back: 'rather send patience on us and shake their feet'. Asad took Ghurud's sulh and conversion in the Nimrud mountains; at Balkh he ordered the city rebuilt and the diwans moved there, gained nothing at al-Khattl amid famine, beat Nasr ibn Sayyar for reported talk and sent him to Khalid with three charged with shu'ubiyya — then left al-Hakam ibn Awana al-Kalbi in his place.
واقعہ
نزول الأساورة البصرة
At Tustar's siege the asawira showed no treachery; Abu Musa told Siyah 'you are not what we supposed' — Siyah answered 'our insight is not yours, and we hold no sacrality over you to fear for and fight: we entered this religion at its dawn seeking refuge, and it may be God's generous provision'. Granted top-tier stipends, they asked at Basra which clan was nearest the Prophet's kin — 'Banu Tamim' — so they allied them (the Azd having turned them away), took their plots, and dug the canal still called Nahr al-Asawira. Shirawayh had wished Bakr ibn Wa'il; Siyah refused, they settled with Tamim; the Sayabija and Zutt joined and Tamim contested for them — the asawira ending in Banu Sa'd, the Zutt and Sayabija in Banu Hanzala — fighting the polytheists and riding with Ibn Amir to Khurasan.
واقعہ
إسلام الأساورة وشروطهم
Siyah al-Uswari led Yazdgard's vanguard; sent to Ahwaz he camped at al-Kalbaniyya while Abu Musa besieged al-Sus — then seeing Islam's ascendancy he offered: we enter your religion, fight your enemies among the Persians, fight none of you in your internal disputes, you defend us if Arabs attack, we settle where we wish among you and rank in the highest stipend — compact sealed with the amir. Abu Musa countered 'you have what we have and owe what we owe'; they refused, so he wrote Umar, who wrote back: grant them all they asked.
واقعہ
أشرس والجزية عن أهل ما وراء النهر
Al-Ashras ibn Abdallah al-Sulami, swayed by his Nabati katib Umayra, raised Khurasan's levies, scorned the dahqans, summoned Transoxanians to Islam and dropped jizya from converts — they rushed to Islam and the kharaj collapsed — so he took musalama anyway, to their protest. Thabit 'Qutna' al-Azdi — cotton-plugged for his gouged eye — raged for them; al-Ashras scattered the gathering, jailed and bailed him, then sent him on a posting where the Turks killed him.
واقعہ
قضايا عطاء الورثة والموتى
Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam asked Uthman, after Abdallah ibn Mas'ud's death, for Abdallah's stipend — 'his dependents deserve it more than the bayt al-mal' — and took fifteen thousand, being Ibn Mas'ud's executor. Umar II gave an earned stipend to a dead man's heirs; Umar gave two-thirds of a year's stipend to a man who died eight months in. Three mamluks of Banu Affan who witnessed Badr drew three thousand each yearly; Ali enrolled an exposed infant at a hundred; Umar II enrolled Marwan ibn Shuja', still weaning, at ten dinars; and asked when a newborn's share falls due, al-Husayn (or al-Hasan) said 'when he cries out'.
واقعہ
تفرق الألسنة ببابل
In Nimrod's reign the wind that wrecked his tower left mankind's single Syriac tongue split into seventy-two languages overnight — nineteen to Shem's line, sixteen to Ham's, thirty-seven to Japheth's — whence the name Babel.
واقعہ
إذن الحمامات بالبصرة
Muslim ibn Abi Bakra drew a thousand dirhams and much food daily from his bathhouse; sick, he willed it to his brother Abd al-Rahman and told him the yield — who disclosed it and asked the Sultan's leave to build his own, baths being built at Basra only by the governors' permission. Leave followed for Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra, al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As, Siyah al-Uswari, al-Husayn ibn Abi al-Hurr al-Anbari, Rayta bint Ziyad, Lababa bint Awfa al-Jarashi for two, and al-Munjab ibn Rashid; Muslim recovered to find his yield ruined and kept saying 'may God cut his mercy'.
واقعہ
صياح أهل البصرة بعبد الله بن علي
After al-Mughitha, al-Mansur meant to carve an estate from the batiha and ordered al-Subaytiyya — hateful to Sulayman and the Basrans, who massed at the door of Abdallah ibn Ali, then a fugitive from al-Mansur at his brother Sulayman's, crying 'Commander of the Faithful, come down, we give you bay'a'. Sulayman dispersed them and sent al-Mansur a delegation — Suwayd ibn Abdallah al-Tamimi, al-Anazi, Dawud ibn Abi Hind, Ali ibn Bashir, Sa'id ibn Abi Aruba — with a picture of the batiha, warning the water would turn brackish; al-Mansur held 'I see it otherwise' — then came to Basra and had al-Subaytiyya extracted.
واقعہ
وقعة الري بين طاهر وعلي بن عيسى
Tahir's four thousand broke 'Ali ibn 'Isa's army by Rayy — the two-handed blow that named him Dhu'l-Yaminayn, 'his head before me and his seal on my finger'.
واقعہ
وقعة باخمرى
Ibrahim ibn 'Abd Allah's stand at Bakhamra in the taff-land sixteen farsakhs from Kufa — dead with four hundred of his Zaydi followers.
واقعہ
حرب دير الأعور
Abu Muslim's months of trench warfare at Dayr al-A'war by Nisibis broke 'Abd Allah ibn 'Ali's Syrian bid for the caliphate.
واقعہ
وقعة فخ
The Hasanid rising cut down at Fakhkh, six miles from Mecca on the day of Tarwiya — its survivors scattered to Daylam and worse.
واقعہ
يوم نهاوند فتح الفتوح
In al-Baladhuri: when Yazdgard fled Hulwan in year 19, Persians of Rayy, Qumis, Isbahan, Hamadhan and the Mahayn gathered to him in year 20 under Mardanshah Dhu al-Hajib behind the Dirafsh-i Kabiyan — sixty thousand, some say a hundred thousand. Ammar had written Umar, who meant to march himself, then ordered two-thirds of Kufa out with a Basra detachment and charged al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin — 'not as tax-gatherer, but as ghazi' — with succession running Hudhayfa, Jarir, al-Mughira, al-Ash'ath; al-Hurmuzan had counseled 'Isbahan is the head, Adharbayjan the wings.' The Muslims chained themselves in tens and fives lest they flee; Persian arrows wounded some before battle. Al-Nu'man announced three banner-shakes — ablution, then swords and shoes, then charge with none turning to another — and fought, his armor heavy, the first martyr, the Persian splitting his mule's belly; Ma'qil found him breathing, washed his face, gave him the tidings of victory — 'praise God; write to Umar.' Hudhayfa took the banner and the conquest was named Fath al-Futuh. Abu Uthman al-Nahdi bore the news to Umar, who wept, hand on head. Al-Sa'ib ibn al-Aqra' held the spoils — 'raise no falsehood, withhold no right' — climbed the fortress on Dhu al-Muwaynatayn's word to the Nukhayrkan treasure, two baskets of unmatched jewels sold at Umar's order to the Qurashi youth Amr ibn Harith for the warriors' shares, who resold one at al-Hira for the whole price and kept the other — his first capital. The conquest fell a Wednesday of year 19, or 20, and via Abu Ma'shar 21; al-Nu'man had camped at al-Isbidhar, al-Ash'ath on the right, al-Mughira the left.
واقعہ
وقعة ريشهر ومقتل شهرك
Shahrak, marzban of Fars, mustered a great host at Rayshahr near Tawwaj; al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As met him with Sawwar ibn Hammam al-Abdi on the vanguard — a fierce fight, with a warden posted at the wadi to kill any fugitive. An aswari champion fleeing begged him 'we fight a God-aided people — see this arrow split a stone, yet it could not have scratched them' — then word came of Shahrak's death: Sawwar had stabbed him off his horse and finished him, and Shahrak's son charged and killed Sawwar. The polytheists routed, Rayshahr fell by force — a day like al-Qadisiyya in its hardship and blessing; Amr ibn al-Ahtam bore the victory-verse to Umar.
واقعہ
صلح البيرون وسدوسان
Al-Birun's folk, having already sent envoys who truced with al-Hajjaj, brought fodder and opened their city — and Muhammad let no town pass unconquered. Beyond the river before Mihran, the samaniyya of Sarbindis truced for those behind them at a set kharaj; Sahban fell; at Mihran Dahir prepared. Muhammad ibn Mus'ab al-Thaqafi rode on Sadusan with horse and donkey-men; the samaniyya brokered its aman — kharaj, hostages, and four thousand Zutt who joined the army.
واقعہ
عصيان بشر بن داود وولاية موسى بن يحيى البرمكي
Sind ran smooth till Bishr ibn Dawud rebelled under al-Ma'mun; Ghassan ibn Abbad of Kufa's sawad drew him out in aman and carried him to Baghdad, then left Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki over the thaghr — who slew Bala king of al-Sharqi despite his offered five hundred thousand for life, Bala having once courted Ghassan before the assembled kings. Musa ruled well and died in 215h; his son Imran succeeded.
واقعہ
بناء المدينة الهاشمية بالكوفة
In al-Baladhuri: Yazid ibn Umar ibn Hubayra built a city at Kufa on the Euphrates and dwelt in it — save a little unfinished — when Marwan's letter came ordering him to shun the Kufans' neighborhood, so he left it and built the palace called Qasr Ibn Hubayra near Sura's bridge. When the Commander of the Faithful Abu al-Abbas rose he occupied that city, finished its pavilions, built in it and named it al-Hashimiyya; the people kept calling it Ibn Hubayra's out of habit, and he said 'I see Ibn Hubayra's name will not drop from it,' abandoned it, built the Hashimite City beside it and dwelt there, then chose al-Anbar where he built his famous city and was buried. Abu Ja'far al-Mansur, succeeding, dwelt in Kufa's Hashimiyya, finished what remained, added building and prepared it as he wished, then moved to Baghdad — founded it as Madinat al-Salam and repaired its old wall from the Tigris to al-Sarat. At al-Hashimiyya al-Mansur imprisoned Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib over his sons Muhammad and Ibrahim — his grave is there — and built al-Rusafa at Kufa, ordering his mawla Abu al-Khasib Marzuq to build the palace called Abu al-Khasib's on an old foundation — it is also said Abu al-Khasib built it for himself and al-Mansur would visit him there.
واقعہ
اتخاذ المغيثة
Basra's water came in a thin trickle, the batiha's mass draining to Nahr al-Dayr while folk drank from Ubulla — till Sulayman ibn Ali came, built al-Mughitha with its masnaniyyat on the batiha, dammed the water from Nahr al-Dayr into Nahr Ibn Umar and spent a million dirhams; and when the sea's intrusion brackened their water he dammed al-Qandal and it ran sweet.
واقعہ
إسكان أهل بخارى البصرة
Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad captive-took a body of Bukhara's people — or, as told, they came down on his aman and obligation, eager for it — and settled them at Basra; when al-Hajjaj built Wasit he moved many there, their descendants including Khalid al-Shatir, called Ibn Marquli.
واقعہ
مكاتبة قيصر لعمر في شجرة النخل
Caesar wrote to Umar ibn al-Khattab: my envoys came from your quarter claiming your land has a tree no creation equals — it puts out like donkey-ears, splits like pearls, greens like emerald, reddens like ruby, ripens to the sweetest faludhaj to eat, then dries to provision for the settler and wayfarer — 'if my envoys spoke true, I know this tree only as a tree of paradise'. Umar wrote back, from Abdallah Umar Commander of the Faithful to Caesar king of the Romans: your envoys spoke true — this tree with us is the tree God grew for Maryam when she bore Isa her son; fear God and take not Isa as a god beside Him.
واقعہ
جمع القرآن في خلافة أبي بكر
Zayd ibn Thabit: Abu Bakr sent for me after the Yamama dead, Umar at his side — 'the killing ran through the people on Yamama's day; I fear it running through the reciters in the stations and much of the Qur'an going — you must compile it'. 'How do a thing the Prophet did not do?' — 'By God, it is good' — till God opened his breast. 'You are a young man of sense, unaccused, who wrote the revelation: follow the Qur'an and gather it' — 'were I tasked to carry a mountain it were no heavier'. So he gathered it from the riqa', the shoulder-bones, the palm-stems and the breasts of men, till he found Bara'a's two closing verses with Khuzayma ibn Thabit alone.
واقعہ
فتح أذربيجان
Al-Mughira came to Kufa as Umar's governor carrying a letter appointing Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman to Azerbaijan; he marched to Ardabil — the province's city, seat of its marzban and its kharaj — where the marzban had gathered fighters from Bajirwan, Maymadh, al-Narir, Sarat, al-Shiz, al-Miyanij and beyond; they fought the Muslims hard for days, then the marzban treated for all Azerbaijan at eight hundred thousand dirhams weight-eight — no one killed, none captive, no fire-temple razed, and no exposure to the Kurds of Balasajan, Sabalan and Satrudan, nor barring the people of al-Shiz from their feast-music and wonted display; he then raided Muqan and Jilan to tribute. Umar dismissed him for Utba ibn Farqad, who found Ardabil on the covenant but its borderlands in breach — he campaigned, won and plundered. Variants: Waqidi has al-Mughira storm it in 22, Abu Mikhnaf in 20 then al-Ash'ath ibn Qays re-conquering on the same terms, and al-Zuhri gives a hundred-thousand treaty. Umar wrote them to eat only dhabiha and wear only pure fur in that carrion-mixed land. Al-Walid ibn Uqba's dismissal of Utba brought another breach, his 25 AH campaign restoring Hudhayfa's terms; when it rose against al-Ash'ath ibn Qays he hunted it 'meadow by meadow' — the han of their speech — resettled Arab stipendaries to preach Islam, and Sa'id ibn al-As's raids on Muqan and Jilan ended with Jarir al-Bajali crucifying the Armenian-Azerbaijani chief on Bajirwan's keep.
واقعہ
فتح الدينور وماسبذان ومهرجانقذف
In al-Baladhuri: Abu Musa al-Ash'ari returned from Nihawand — where he had marched personally on the Basra levy to reinforce al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin — to al-Dinawar, staying upon it five days and fighting one; its people accepted jizya and kharaj and asked quarter for themselves, their wealth and children, and he granted it, leaving his agent with horse. Then to Masabadhan — its people did not fight him; the people of al-Sirwan made peace on al-Dinawar's terms, paying jizya and kharaj, and he loosed squadrons through them and mastered its land — some say Abu Musa took Masabadhan before Nihawand's battle. Abu Musa sent Abdallah ibn Qays al-Ash'ari — al-Sa'ib ibn al-Aqra' al-Thaqafi, his son-in-law through his daughter, mother of Muhammad ibn al-Sa'ib — to al-Saymara, city of Mihrajanqadhaf, which he took by treaty on sparing of blood, abandoning of captives and the pardoning of the safra' and bayda' treasures, on jizya and the land's kharaj; he conquered the whole kura of Mihrajanqadhaf, the stronger report being that al-Sa'ib was sent from al-Ahwaz.
واقعہ
فتح همذان
In al-Baladhuri: al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba — Umar's Kufa agent after Ammar ibn Yasir's dismissal — sent Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali to Hamadhan in year 23; its people fought him and held him off, and his eye was struck by an arrow — 'I have counted it with God who beautified my face with it, lit what He willed for me, then took it from me in His cause.' He then took Hamadhan on Nihawand's treaty terms, late in year 23; its people fought and resisted again, and he mastered their land, taking it by force. Al-Waqidi dates Jarir's conquest of Hamadhan to year 24, six months after Umar's death; some relate that al-Mughira himself marched with Jarir on the vanguard, annexing Hamadhan to Kathir ibn Shihab al-Harithi. When Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas governed Kufa for Uthman he made al-Ala ibn Wahb ibn Abd ibn Wahban, of Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy, governor of Mah and Hamadhan — Hamadhan's people broke faith; he fought them until they submitted to his judgment, and he made peace on their paying the land's kharaj and the heads' jizya plus a hundred thousand dirhams for the Muslims, with no trespass on wealth, honor or children.
واقعہ
فتح حلوان وقرماسين
In al-Baladhuri: when the Muslims finished the affair of Jalula's battle, Hashim ibn Utba joined heavy horse to Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali, stationed at Jalula as a screen between the Muslims and their enemy; Sa'd then sent some three thousand, ordering him to rise with them and his men for Hulwan. As he neared it Yazdgard fled toward Isbahan; Jarir took Hulwan by treaty — staying his hand, securing their blood and wealth, and letting whoever wished flee go unmolested. He left Uzra ibn Qays ibn Ghaziyya al-Bajali at Hulwan, marched on al-Dinawar which he did not take, and conquered Qarmasin on Hulwan's terms; he then stayed governing at Hulwan until Ammar ibn Yasir came to Kufa — Umar having ordered him to reinforce Abu Musa al-Ash'ari — leaving Uzra over Hulwan and marching to Abu Musa in year 19; a group of Jarir's descendants settled Hulwan, whose posterity remain there.
واقعہ
فتح أصبهان
In al-Baladhuri: Umar sent Abdallah ibn Budayl ibn Warqa' al-Khuza'i to Isbahan in year 23 — or wrote Abu Musa ordering his dispatch — and Abdallah took Jayy by treaty after fighting: its people to pay kharaj and jizya, secured in their persons and wealth save the arms in their hands; al-Ahnaf ibn Qays of his army was sent to al-Yahudiyya, which treated on the same terms, and Ibn Budayl mastered Isbahan's land and tasasij, governing until a year of Uthman's caliphate passed, when Uthman made al-Sa'ib ibn al-Aqra' governor. Ibn Ishaq relates that Isbahan's marzban, an old man called al-Fadhusfan, was besieged and the cityfolk betrayed him; choosing thirty trusted archers he slipped out toward Kirman to join Yazdgard. Word reached Ibn Budayl who pursued with heavy horse; the Persian turned on a height: 'hold yourself — not one of you drops without an arrow; charge and we shoot; or grant us a champion and we will duel.' They duelled — a blow fell on his saddle-bow breaking it and cutting the girth-straps — then Ibn Budayl said: 'I would not love your death, for I see you wise and brave; what say you to returning with me that I treat with you for your townspeople's jizya — who stays is dhimmi, who flees is unmolested — and you surrender the city?' He returned, opened Jayy and kept his word, saying 'O people of Isbahan, I saw you slackening for days — you earned what I did to you.' Ibn Budayl traversed Isbahan's plain and mountain, mastering it, treating its kharaj as al-Ahwaz had been treated — the conquest falling in parts of years 23 and 24. Another version has Umar sending Ibn Budayl to join Abu Musa — Qumm and Qashan taken — and together raiding Isbahan, al-Ahnaf on Abu Musa's vanguard, both taking al-Yahudiyya then Jayy, mastering the land — the soundest report being Abu Musa took Qumm and Qashan and Ibn Budayl Jayy and al-Yahudiyya. Isbahan's nobles held strongholds at Jafrabadh in Greater al-Thaymara rustaq at Bahjawarsan and a fortress called Marbin; when Jayy fell they entered obedience paying kharaj, and scorning the jizya, they embraced Islam.
واقعہ
فتح جور
Jur, Ardashir-Khurra's city, where Harim ibn Hayyan stood — the Muslims besieged it and came away to besiege Istakhr, raiding the countryside as if broken. When Ibn Amir sat before it they fought then fortified, and he took it by the sword in 29h; another telling: raided for years until they entered by a hidden way they held to till the city fell. Ibn Amir also took al-Karyan and Fashjan of Darabjird — neither had joined the Hirbadh's sulh, and both had breached.
واقعہ
فتح ميسان
Al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba stormed Maysan after hard fighting and mastered its land; when Abar Qubadh's people broke faith he retook it by force — al-Mada'ini notes folk called Maysan, Dastumaysan, al-Furat and Abar Qubadh all 'Maysan'. Among Maysan's captives were Abu al-Hasan al-Basri and his brother Sa'id, sons of Yasar once named Qayruz; they fell to an Ansari woman — al-Rabi' bint al-Nadr, Anas's aunt, or Jamila of Salima, Anas's wife — who freed them, so 'our wala' is hers'.
واقعہ
فتح الموصل
Umar made Utba ibn Farqad al-Sulami governor of Mosul in year 20; Nineveh's people fought, he took its eastern fort by force, crossed the Tigris, and the other fortress treated for jizya with leave to quit; Mosul's monasteries treated likewise, then al-Marj, Bahadhra, Hibtun, al-Hiyana, al-Ma'alla, Damir and every Kurdish stronghold, Banu Ata of Hizza, Tall al-Shaharija and al-Salaq — Salih ibn Ubada holding Mosul's ribat — with Urmiya, al-Hawr, Khuway and Salamas paying Mosul a while. Umar dismissed him for Harthama ibn Arfaja al-Bariqi, who made it a misr, settled the Arabs in their plots and built the congregational mosque; Ibn Tulayd paved it with stone and Sa'id ibn Abd al-Malik built the wall al-Rashid later razed.
واقعہ
فتح قزوين
When al-Mughira governed Kufa he made al-Bara' ibn Azib governor of Qazwin, ordering him to take it then raid Daylam from it; he marched with Hanzala ibn Zayd, reduced Abhar on Nihawand's terms, then moved on Qazwin's fortress — its people had begged Daylam's aid but the Daylamis stood on the mountain withholding a hand, so they sought terms, scorned the jizya and professed Islam — said to have come down on the asawira-of-Basra terms, settling in Kufa allied to Zuhra ibn Hawiyya as 'Hura' al-Daylam', though others say they Islamized in place on ushr land; al-Bara' posted five hundred Muslims with them under Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid and granted them unclaimed lands, then raided Daylam to tribute, Jilan, al-Babar and al-Taylasan, and took Zanjan by force; the fortress, 'Kashwin' in Persian — the watched bound — had been ribat-manned by Persian asawira who fended Daylam.
واقعہ
فتح قم وقاشان
In al-Baladhuri: when Abu Musa and Abdallah ibn Qays al-Ash'ari returned from Nihawand they went to al-Ahwaz and settled it, then came to Qumm and stayed upon it days before taking it; al-Ahnaf ibn Qays — his name al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Tamimi — was sent to Qashan, took it by force, and joined them. It is also related that al-Ash'ari camped at Isbahan — or, Ibn Sa'd thinks, Qumm — offered them Islam which they refused, then jizya which they accepted by night, broke faith at morning, and he fought them until God gave him the mastery.
واقعہ
فتح الري وقومس
In al-Baladhuri via al-Kalbi from Abu Mikhnaf: two months after Nihawand's battle Umar wrote Ammar ibn Yasir, his Kufa agent, to send Urwa ibn Zayd al-Khayl al-Ta'i to Rayy and Dastaba with eight thousand; the Daylam gathered against him with Rayy's reinforcement, and God gave him victory — he killed and swept through them, left his brother Hanzala ibn Zayd, and came to Ammar asking to be sent to Umar — he having once borne the Bridge's ill news and wishing now to bring joy. Umar saw him and said 'we are God's and to Him we return'; Urwa answered 'rather praise God — we are victorious,' told his tale, and when asked why he did not send word answered 'I left my brother and wished to come myself' — so Umar named him al-Bashir. Urwa's verse: 'I stood forth a teacher to Qadisiyya's people — not every bearer of sorrow teaches.'
واقعہ
فتح سابور
Uthman came to Sabur in 23 or 24h — its folk already dreading the Muslims and its marzban, Shahrak's brother, having dreamed an Arab stripped his shirt, which gripped his heart — after brief defiance he sought aman: no killing no captives, dhimma and prompt payment. The people later betrayed, and in 26h Abu Musa took it by force, Uthman ibn Abi al-As on his vanguard.
واقعہ
فتح شهرزور والصامغان ودراباذ
Uzra ibn Qays tried Shahrazur as Umar's governor of Hulwan and could not take it; Utba ibn Farqad stormed it after fighting on Hulwan's treaty terms — the approach-fever killing Muslims — while al-Samaghan and Darabadh treated for jizya and kharaj with no killing, no captives and no path barred. Utba fought the Kurds slaughtering many and wrote Umar 'my conquests reach Azerbaijan' — Umar gave him Azerbaijan and Harthama Mosul; Shahrazur's districts stayed joined to Mosul till late in al-Rashid's reign, each district-agent's 200-dirham salary making 600 for these.
واقعہ
فتح سرق
Abu Musa took Surraq on Ramhurmuz's terms; they betrayed and Haritha ibn Badr's thick army failed to retake it — Abdallah ibn Amir took it by force, and Haritha governed it after. Abu al-Aswad satirized: 'Harith b. Badr, they gave you a charge — be a locust in it, betray and steal; your lot of the two Iraqs' wealth is Surraq' — and Haritha answered 'the God of folk repay you best — you spoke kindness and enjoined sufficiency; bid me decide and you would find me obedient — bid anything else, disobedient'.
واقعہ
فتح توج
When Umar gave Uthman ibn Abi al-As Bahrain and Uman, pacified and obedient, he sent his brother al-Hakam by sea to Fars with a great host of Abd al-Qays, Azd, Tamim and Najiya — taking the island Abr Kawan, then Tawwaj of Ardashir-Khurra's land. In Abu Mikhnaf's telling Uthman himself crossed, took Tawwaj, built its mosques, made it a Muslim settlement-house for Abd al-Qays and raided Arrajan from it till Umar's letter recalled him — others say al-Hakam opened it and settled the Muslims in 19h.
واقعہ
فتح الأبلة والفرات
Utba ibn Ghazwan stormed al-Ubulla and wrote Umar — borne by Nafi' ibn al-Harith — that it was the port of Bahrain, Uman, India and China; crossing to al-Furat its folk came out with their spades and were beaten, Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud taking the town by force; at al-Madhar its marzban came out, was routed with most of his men drowned, taken alive and beheaded; at Dastumaysan Utba struck pre-emptively 'to weaken their sides and embolden hearts', killing their dehqans; then Abar Qubadh fell — the tract from al-Fahraj to al-Furat being treaty-land, the rest of Ubulla by force. Utba's wife Arda bint al-Harith goaded the men 'if they rout you, you'll enter us uncircumcised', and the forelocked boy Ziyad divided the spoils at two dirhams a day.
واقعہ
وقعة داهر ومقتله
Muhammad stole across the Mihwan by a contrived bridge near Rasal's land of Qissa while Dahir scorned the threat; they met — Dahir on his elephant ringed by elephants and the Kakira — in a battle like none heard of, till dismounted he fought and fell at evening, the mushrikun routed and cut down at will. Al-Mada'ini names his killer a man of Banu Kilab: 'the spears bore witness on Dahir's day, and praised al-Qasim ibn Muhammad'.
واقعہ
قراصنة الديبل وصرخة يا حجاج
Pirates of Daybul seized the ship bearing the gifted women; one, of Banu Yarbu', cried 'ya Hajjaj' — 'ya labbayk' he answered, and wrote Dahir demanding their release: 'pirates beyond my power' came the reply. Al-Hajjaj's man Ubaydallah ibn Nabhan fell to Daybul, and Budayl ibn Tahfa al-Bajali, sent from Uman, was ringed and killed when his horse shied — some say the Zutt of al-Budha killed him. The island is called Jazirat al-Yaqut for its women's beauty.
واقعہ
فتح الديبل وكسر منارة البد
Muhammad reached Daybul on a Friday with the fleet behind him — trench, spears, banners, and the mangonel 'al-Arus' worked by five hundred men against the great budd whose tall mast bore a revolving red banner. Al-Hajjaj's letters, exchanged every three days, ordered the eastern arm shortened and the crew told to break the mast he described; broken, the kafirs' defiance sank, the sally was driven back, and ladders went up — a Muradi of Kufa first over — the city stormed, three days of killing, the temple's sadin slain, Dahir's agent fled; Muhammad marked out a Muslim quarter, built the mosque, and settled four thousand. Mansur ibn Hatim saw the broken mast, and al-Mu'tasim's governor Anbasa ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi razed the minaret's top for a prison before his removal; his successor Harun ibn Abi Khalid was killed there.
واقعہ
وفاة أبي بكر الصديق
Ibn Umar: the cause of Abu Bakr's death was the Prophet's death — grief wasted him till he died. And he had eaten with al-Harith ibn Kalada a gifted khazira — 'lift your hand: by God, a year's poison is in it, and you and I die in one day' — both sickened and died in one day at the year's end; al-Sha'bi: 'what do we expect of this low world — the Prophet was poisoned and Abu Bakr was poisoned'. Aisha: his illness began with a bath on a cold Monday, seven nights past of Jumada II; he fevered fifteen days without coming to prayer and died Tuesday night, eight nights remaining of Jumada II, year thirteen, aged sixty-three. At his death he told Aisha: 'look at the she-camel whose milk we drank, the bowl we breakfasted from, the wrap we wore — we used them while we held the Muslims' charge: when I die, return them to Umar' — 'may God mercy you, Abu Bakr: you have wearied who comes after you'.
واقعہ
مقتل يزدجرد بن شهريار
In al-Baladhuri: Yazdgard ibn Shahriyar ibn Kisra Abarwiz ibn Hurmuz ibn Anushirwan fled al-Mada'in to Hulwan, then Isbahan, then — after Nihawand — Istakhr; Ibn Budayl pursued without catching him, Abu Musa tried Istakhr and could not take it, and Uthman ibn Abi al-As failed likewise, so that when Abdallah ibn Amir reached Basra in year 29 all Fars was conquered save Istakhr and Jur. Yazdgard meant for Tabaristan — its marzban having offered its strength — then fled to Kirman; Ibn Amir sent Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud al-Sulami and Harm ibn Hayyan after him, but the damaq struck his camp at Bimandh, destroying the army save a few — the fort named Qasr Mujashi'. Yazdgard, seated at Kirman, would not speak to its marzban for hauteur and had his leg dragged — 'you are not fit to govern a village, let alone a kingdom; had God known good in you He would not have brought you to this' — then went to Sijistan whose king honored him until, asked for kharaj, he feigned deafness, and moved on to Khurasan. At Marw's border the marzban Mahuwayh received him with honor, and Nizak Tarkhan lodged and robed him a month — then wrote asking his daughter in marriage; enraged, Yazdgard answered 'you are but my slave — what emboldens you?' and ordered Mahuwayh's accounts audited. Mahuwayh wrote Nizak inciting him: 'he came beaten and fugitive, you honored him, and this is his answer' — and together they moved to kill him. Nizak came with the Turks to al-Janabidh; the fight held even then turned — his companions were slain and camp plundered. Marw's city refused him entry; he dismounted and walked to a miller's house on the Arghab. It is said Mahuwayh's men slew him there; or he incited the miller, killed him, then had the miller killed since 'a king's slayer should not live'; or the miller fed him, plied him drink till drunken, spied his crown at evening, coveted it, and dropped a millstone on him — taking crown and robes and casting him in the water, whereupon Mahuwayh killed the miller and household; or, hiding in the water he bargained 'release me for my belt, seal and crown,' laughed when told bread cost four dirhams — 'I was told I would need four dirhams' — and when Mahuwayh's seekers came begged 'do not kill me; take me to the Arabs' king to treat for myself and you' — refused, they strangled him with a bowstring, sacked his clothes and cast his body in the water. His son Firuz fell to the Turks, it is said, who married him off among them.
واقعہ
إفناء جديس
Hassan's march on Jadis: the carried-tree ruse foiling Zarqa' al-Yamama's sight, the dawn massacre at Jaww, king al-Aswad ibn Ghaffar's flight to Tayy', and the seeress crucified on the town's gate — renaming it al-Yamama.
واقعہ
حفر نهر عدي
Adi ibn Arta'a, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's governor, consulted the Basrans on digging a canal — Wak'i ibn Abi Sud wrote 'no canal, no home'; some say Adi's aim was to spite Bahz ibn Yazid ibn al-Muhallab. Umar's permission came, the canal was dug from Butq Shirin, the people came out to watch, and Adi bore al-Hasan al-Basri on the dam as he pointed.
واقعہ
حفر نهر الأبلة
Dijlat al-Awra's tidal rain-channel ran a farsakh, its Basra-side basin called al-Ijana; Umar ordered Abu Musa to dig the Basrans a canal — he began at al-Ijana, led it three farsakhs to Basra, making the Ubulla canal four — then the reach toward al-Hayri silted up. Ziyad, on the diwan under Abdallah ibn Amir, urged completing the dig and was stalled till Ibn Amir left for Khurasan; he resumed Abu Musa's channel to Basra with Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakra in charge, who opened the water racing his horse as it nearly outran him. Ibn Amir returned angry — 'you meant to carry off the canal's fame' — and the estrangement held between their houses for life; before the canal, folk drank from Dayr Qawus on the Tigris, a spot the spirits haunted.
واقعہ
حفر نهر ابن عمر
Abdallah ibn Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, Yazid ibn al-Walid's governor, received the Basrans with two flasks — Basra water and batiha water — and saw the difference: 'dig us a canal and we drink this sweet'. He wrote Yazid, who answered 'if the canal's cost reaches Iraq's kharaj, spend what we hold on it'; Nahr Ibn Umar was dug, and when a man guessed the cost at three hundred thousand, Ibn Umar said 'were it Iraq's whole kharaj, I would spend it'.
واقعہ
حفر نهر معقل
Umar ordered Abu Musa to dig the second canal run by Ma'qil ibn Yasar al-Muzani — so it bore his name; others say al-Mundhir ibn al-Jarud asked Mu'awiya for the Tharr canal, he wrote Ziyad, who dug and ran it through Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakra or another — and when it was done he sent Ma'qil to open it for baraka as a Companion, so the people called it Ma'qil's canal. Ziyad gave a man a thousand dirhams: 'go down the Tigris and ask who owns this canal — if anyone says Ziyad's, the thousand is yours'; he returned — 'not one I asked said anything but Ma'qil's canal'.
واقعہ
تدوين الديوان وفرض العطاء
Umar consulted the Muslims on writing a diwan — Ali: 'divide each year all you gather, keep nothing'; Uthman: 'much wealth — uncounted, who took and who did not will go unmarked'; al-Walid ibn Hisham ibn al-Mughira: 'I saw Syria's kings with a diwan and an army — write a diwan, raise an army'. He took the last, and called Quraysh's genealogists — Aqil ibn Abi Talib, Makhrama ibn Nawfal, Jubayr ibn Mut'im — 'write the people by their ranks'. They began with Banu Hashim, then Abu Bakr's folk, then Umar's by the caliphate — 'I would it were so,' said Umar, 'but begin with the Prophet's kin, nearest then nearest, till you set Umar where God set him'. Banu Adi came arguing for his primacy — 'bakh, bakh, Banu Adi: you would eat off my back and take my hasanat — my two companions walked a road and I will not differ; we won favour and reward only through Muhammad, our honour and the noblest Arabs, then nearest then nearest; by God, if the Ajam come with works and we without, they are worthier of him on the Last Day — the slow of deed is not sped by lineage'.
واقعہ
آل الفضل بن ماهان بسندان
Al-Fadl ibn Mahan, mawla of Banu Sama, took Sindan and held it — sent al-Ma'mun an elephant, wrote him, and prayed for him in a jami' mosque he built there. His son Muhammad sailed seventy bawarij to Mayd al-Hind, slew many and returned — to find his brother Mahan had seized Sindan; Mahan wrote al-Mu'tasim and gifted a teak plank unmatched for size. The Hind faction in his brother's affair turned, killed and crucified him, then took Sindan and broke its mosque where Muslims had prayed for the caliph.
واقعہ
سقوط الزباء وقتل جذيمة
al-Zabba's killing of Jadhima and her own fall to Qusayr's tunnel beneath the throne — dying by a poisoned ring (some say) with the famous cry; her city razed and her children captive, after Mard and al-Ablaq had defied her.
واقعہ
فتح أصطخر عنوة
Ibn Amir marched on Istakhr in 28h — Mahak truced for its folk, he left for Jur, and they broke and killed his agent; Jur fallen, he returned and took Istakhr by storm after heavy fighting and mangonels — forty thousand Ajam killed, most house-holders and asawira chiefs who had sheltered there destroyed, some say near a hundred thousand. On his vanguard Ubaydallah ibn Ma'tar al-Taymi had met them at Bramjard and fallen, buried in Bramjard's garden; Ibn Amir hurried — Abu Barza al-Aslami right, Ma'qil ibn Yasar left, Imran ibn al-Husayn horse, Khalid ibn al-Mu'ammar foot — and drove them inside. In another telling they betrayed under Ibn Abbas's Iraq governorship for Ali and were reconquered.
واقعہ
فتح نيسابور
Ibn Amir besieged Abarshahr — Naysabur's city — for months, each quarter under its own warden; one quarter-warden took aman to admit the Muslims by night, they opened the gate, and the marzban fortified in the qahandaz, then sought aman to compound for all Naysabur on a fixed wazifa — concluded at a million dirhams, some say seven hundred thousand. Qays ibn al-Haytham al-Sulami was made its governor at the conquest.
واقعہ
سقوط تستر وأسر هرمزان
Nine hundred fell in the battle and six hundred captives were beheaded after; then a Persian sought aman to show the Muslims the breach — converted, stipended for himself and his son — and led Ashras ibn Awf of Shayban across Dujayl on a stone weir, up the city, and pointed out Hurmuzan. Forty volunteers under Majza'a ibn Thawr with two hundred behind entered by night, killed the guard and cried takbir on the wall; Hurmuzan fled to his treasury-citadel, Abu Musa crossed at dawn and possessed the city — 'none taught the Arabs our weakness but one who saw their rising fortune and our waning' — while the defector killed his own family and cast them into Dujayl. Hurmuzan asked aman; Abu Musa gave it only on Umar's judgment, and he came down on that.
واقعہ
فتح أرجان وشيراز وبلاد فارس
Late in Umar's caliphate Abu Musa and Uthman ibn Abi al-As joined: Arrajan by sulh on jizya and kharaj; Shiraz of Ardashir-Khurra — dhimma paying kharaj, free exodus for who wished, no killing no enslaving; Siniz whose folk stayed land-workers; Uthman took Hisn Jannaba by aman, and Jarra, Kazarun and Nawbandajan of Sabur; Harim ibn Hayyan took Qal'at Shabir by force after siege and fighting.
واقعہ
أول قطع الدرب
In al-Baladhuri: they differ on who first cut the Darb — the Baghras pass — some saying it was Maysara ibn Masruq al-Absi, sent by Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, who met a Byzantine gathering with musta'riba of Ghassan, Tanukh and Iyad making to join Heraclius, fell on them and killed a great slaughter, after which Malik al-Ashtar al-Nakha'i joined him as reinforcement from Abu Ubayda at Antioch; others say the first to cut it was Umayr ibn Sa'd al-Ansari when he went out on the matter of Jabala ibn al-Ayham; and Abu al-Khattab al-Azdi heard that Abu Ubayda himself led the summer raid, passing Masisa and Tarsus — their people having evacuated with the forts beyond — and crossed the pass reaching Zanda, while others say he merely sent Maysara ibn Masruq who reached Zanda.
واقعہ
أول جمعة ببني سالم
The first Friday prayer in Islam — the camel 'commanded' forward through the Ansar's pleas until the hour caught him among Banu Salim in Wadi Ranuna' — and the jurists' standing dispute over the Friday quorum, al-Shafi'i holding to forty, the Kufans otherwise.
واقعہ
حدوث البطائح
In al-Baladhuri: the Persians used to foretell their kingdom's end, relating earthquakes and floods among its signs; the Tigris had flowed into Basra's Tigris called al-Mawra' in branching channels. Under Qubad ibn Fayruz a great breach opened in lower Kaskar and was neglected until its waters drowned many cultivated lands — Qubad being weak and little attentive — until his son Anushirwan had it dammed with embankments and some lands returned to cultivation. Then in the year the Prophet sent Abdallah ibn Hudhayfa al-Sahmi to Khosrow Aparviz — year 7, some say 6 — the Euphrates and Tigris rose in a flood unseen before or after; great breaches burst. Aparviz strained to dam them but the water defeated him, spread to the Bata'ih's site, covered buildings and crops and drowned several tasasij. Khosrow rode out himself to plug the breaches, scattered money over the execution-hides, worked the laborers to death and crucified — it is said — forty diggers on one breach in a day; yet he found no device against the water. Then the Arabs entered Iraq, the Persians were consumed by war, the breaches burst unattended and the dihqans proved too weak to dam the greatest — so the Batayih widened and grew.
واقعہ
تأسيس مدينة السلام بغداد
In al-Baladhuri: Baghdad was ancient, and al-Mansur garrisoned it, beginning his city in year 145; when news of Muhammad and Ibrahim ibn Abdallah's rising reached him he returned to Kufa, then moved the treasury houses, coffers and diwans from Kufa to Baghdad in 146, naming it Madinat al-Salam; he finished the city wall and all its works, and the old Baghdad wall, in 147. He bought the city's ground from village-owners of Baduraya, Qatrabull, Nahr Buq and Nahr Bin, granted it in iqta' to his family, commanders, troops, companions and secretaries, made the markets' gathering at al-Karkh and ordered the merchants to build shops, obliging them their rents; he built Madinat al-Salam's two mosques and the new pontoon on al-Sarat, and built al-Rusafa for al-Mahdi on the east side — called Askar al-Mahdi from his camping there bound for Rayy — occupied on return in 151; earlier he had ordered Qasr al-Waddah built, named for an Anbar man who financed it, and Qasr al-Mahdi by Bab al-Karkh.
واقعہ
بناء مدينة موسى بقزوين
When Musa al-Hadi reached Rayy he came to Qazwin and ordered a city built in its ground known as Madinat Musa; he bought a tract called Rustamabadh and endowed it for the town's benefit, his mawla Amr al-Rumi administering it, then Muhammad ibn Amr; and al-Mubarak al-Turki built a fortress called Madinat al-Mubarak peopled by his own mawali.
واقعہ
تأسيس المتوكلية
In al-Baladhuri: al-Mutawakkil succeeded in Dhu al-Hijja 232, dwelt at al-Haruni and built much; he granted the people qati'as behind Sur man Ra'a in the preserve al-Mu'tasim had walled, and they spread through it; he built a congregational mosque at vast cost and had its minaret raised so the muezzins' voices would carry — visible from parasangs away — gathering the people who left the first mosque. Then he founded a city he named al-Mutawakkiliyya, between Karkh Fayruz and Qatul Kisra, absorbing the hamlet called al-Ma'huza, built its mosque, granted its qati'as and dwelt there in the first of 246 — a few months after founding it — dying there in Shawwal 247; al-Muntasir succeeded that night and moved back to Sur man Ra'a on Tuesday the tenth of Shawwal.
واقعہ
تمصير سر من رأى
In al-Baladhuri: al-Mu'tasim left Madinat al-Salam for al-Qatul, dwelling at Qasr al-Rashid which Harun had built while digging his Qatul canal — called Abu al-Jund for watering lands for his troops' stipends; al-Mu'tasim built at al-Qatul, gave that palace to his mawla Ashinas al-Turki, considered garrisoning there and began a city, then resolved to garrison Sur man Ra'a instead — moved the people to it, dwelt there, built the congregational mosque at the markets' edge, named it Sur man Ra'a ('he who sees it rejoices'), and settled Ashinas and his attached commanders at Karkh Fayruz.
واقعہ
بناء مدينة سيسر
In al-Baladhuri: Sisar was named for lying in the lows between thirty hilltops — 'thirty heads' — called Sisar Sadkhaniye, 'thirty heads and a hundred springs,' its springs forming a hundred. It and its environs were ever pastures for the Kurds' cattle, holding meadows for the caliph al-Mahdi's herd-beasts and flocks under his mawla Sulayman ibn Qayrat — owner of Sahrat Qayrat at Madinat al-Salam — and his partner Salam al-Tayfuri, Tayfur having been Abu Ja'far al-Mansur's mawla gifted to al-Mahdi. When brigands and robbers multiplied in al-Hadi's caliphate they made the tract their refuge — being the border of Hamadhan, al-Dinawar and Adharbayjan — cutting the roads and sheltering there unmolested; Sulayman and Salam wrote al-Mahdi complaining of the exposure of the beasts and flocks in their charge, and he sent a great army and ordered them to build a city to shelter themselves, their helpers and herdsmen, and to fortify the beasts and flocks within — so they built Sisar, fortified and peopled it, annexing the rustaqs of Manharaj from al-Dinawar, al-Jawdhama from Adharbayjan's Barza kura, Rustaf and Khabanjir, making it a kura under its own amil who received its kharaj. When brigands again multiplied under al-Rashid and wrecked Sisar he ordered its repair and fortification, stationing a thousand men of al-Khaqan's followers under the mawla al-Sufdi — descendants remain. In al-Rashid's last days Murra ibn Ali al-Rudhayni al-Ijli was set over it; Uthman al-Awdi failed to wrest it from him while Murra took most of Adharbayjan from him; Murra kept paying Sisar's kharaj under Muhammad ibn al-Rashid on a muqata'a until the fitna, and it was taken from Asim ibn Murra under al-Ma'mun, returning to the caliphal estates.
واقعہ
تأسيس واسط
In al-Baladhuri: al-Hajjaj founded the city of Wasit in year 83 or 84, building its mosque, palace and Green Dome — it was reed-land, whence 'Wasit al-Qasab', equidistant from al-Ahwaz, Basra and Kufa; Ibn al-Qirriyya quipped 'he built it in a land not his own and will leave it to sons not his own.' A Wasit shaykh related that when finished al-Hajjaj wrote Abd al-Malik: 'I have founded a city in a karsh of land between the mountain and the two garrison towns and named it Wasit' — hence the Wasitis are called al-Karshiyyin. Before founding it he had meant to move al-Sin's people from Kaskar and dug Nahr al-Sin, then reconsidered, founded Wasit, dug the Nil and Zabi canals, revived their lands and founded the city called al-Nil. He seized Abdallah ibn Darraj's estates — reclaimed deadland, stagnant waters, springs and reed-beds marked with milestones under his Kufa kharaj office with al-Mughira — cleared their reeds and took them for Abd al-Malik, cultivating them; and he stripped doors from Zantaward, al-Dawqara, Dar Awsat, Dayr Masarjasan and Sharabit for his palace and Wasit's congregational mosque — those cities protested 'you have preferred us over our own cities and wealth,' and he paid them no heed.
واقعہ
حبيب بن المهلب بالسند وإسلام ملوكها ومقتل بني المهلب
Sulayman sent Habib ibn al-Muhallab to the Sind war as India's kings regained their thrones — Dahir's son Habsha back at Brahmanabadh — and Habib took obedience on Mihran's shore. When Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz followed, he wrote the kings inviting them to Islam with kingship kept and Muslims' rights and duties — his reputation had reached them — and Habsha and the kings converted, taking Arab names; Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili raided Hind and won. Under Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik the Banu al-Muhallab fled to Sind; Hilal ibn Ahwaz al-Tamimi cut them down at Tandabil — Mudrik, al-Mufaddal, Abd al-Malik, Ziyad, Marwan and Mu'awiya, with Mu'awiya ibn Yazid among others.
واقعہ
حفر نهر الأنبار
In al-Baladhuri: Anbar's dihqans asked Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas to dig them a canal they had already asked Persia's lord to dig; he wrote to Sa'd ibn Amr ibn Haram ordering it dug — the men dug until reaching a mountain that could not be cut, and left it. When al-Hajjaj governed Iraq he gathered labourers from every quarter and told his overseers 'see what a digger eats in a day — if it weighs what he hews out, do not hold back from digging,' and they spent on it till finished; that mountain was named for al-Hajjaj and the river for Sa'd ibn Amr ibn Haram. Al-Khayzuran, mother of the caliphs, ordered the canal called Mahdud dug — she named it al-Rayyan — her agent dividing it into sections, each section bounded and a crew assigned to dig it, whence 'Mahdud'; as for the river called Shayla, the sons of Shayla ibn Farrukhzadhan al-Marwazi claim Sapur dug it for their grandfather when he installed him as nighya of Anbar's tassuj — while others say it was named for a man called Shayla who contracted its digging and held a mabqala over it in al-Mansur's days, the canal having been long buried.
واقعہ
بعث الحجاج إلى الديلم
When the Kurds ravaged during Ibn al-Ash'ath's revolt, al-Hajjaj sent Amr ibn Hani' al-Absi with Damascenes who routed and slaughtered them, then ordered him against Daylam with twelve thousand — among them eighty of Banu Ujul and their Kufan clients, including Muhammad ibn Sinan al-Ujli, who settled a Dastaba village then built a house in Qazwin's suburb; the frontier folk rebuked him for exposing himself and them, he ignored them, his household built with him outside the town, others followed, and so the suburb grew.
واقعہ
دار الضرب وسكك الحجاج
Al-Hajjaj struck dirhams at the end of 75h and ordered them struck in all regions in 76h. 'Awana ibn al-Hakam: he asked how the Persians struck dirhams, took a mint-house, gathered the minters, struck the sultan's money from bullion and the purifications of zuyuf, sattuqa and bahraja, then licensed merchants' sheets for a fee and sealed the minters' hands. He struck 'ali dirhams marked 'bismillah, al-Hajjaj', then 'God is one, God the eternal' — the jurists disliked them and they were called makruha, or so the Ajam called them for their short weight; the Sumayriyya were named for their first striker. Mus'ab had struck dirhams by Ibn al-Zubayr's order in 70h on the Kisra-type marked 'baraka wa-'afiya' — al-Hajjaj altered them — and, per Ibn al-Kalbi, dinars too; al-Harith ibn Abdallah ibn Abi Rabi'a struck wazn-sab'a in Ibn al-Zubayr's days. Abd al-Malik first struck gold after the Year of Union, 74h (some dinars in 72, then 75). Then Umar ibn Hubayra refined the silver beyond his predecessors and bore hard on the changers; Khalid al-Qasri harder; Yusuf ibn Umar hardest — cut hands and flogged backs — so the Hubayriyya, Khalidiyya and Yusufiyya were the best Umayyad coin, the only Umayyad dirhams al-Mansur accepted for kharaj, whence the first dirhams were called makruha.
واقعہ
عقوبة الحجاج للأساورة
The asawira stood aside at the Camel and Siffin and all the Muslims' civil wars till Yawm Mas'ud, then witnessed al-Rabadha and the Ibn al-Ash'ath affair — for which al-Hajjaj razed their houses, cut their stipends and exiled some, citing their own clause: 'it was in your compact not to aid one of us against another'.
واقعہ
ولاية الحكم بن عمرو الغفاري خراسان
Ziyad told his chamberlain Fayl 'bring me al-Hakam' meaning al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi — but Umm Abdallah bint Uthman ibn Abi al-As was with him, and he was brought al-Hakam ibn Amr al-Ghifari instead; seeing him Ziyad blessed the chance: 'a righteous man of the Prophet's companions' — and gave him Khurasan, where he died in 50h, the first to pray beyond the river. Long after, Ibn Mubarak asked a Saghaniyan hadith-seeker 'do you know who conquered your land? — al-Hakam ibn Amr al-Ghifari'.
واقعہ
تقرير حكيم بن جبلة عن ثغر الهند
Uthman had Abdallah ibn Amir send Hakim ibn Jabala al-Abdi to scout the Indian frontier; his report — 'its water is scant, its fruit worthless, its thief a nobody; few troops would perish, many would starve' — drew the caliph's 'are you a poet or a rhymester?', and no campaign followed.
واقعہ
صلح حيان مع الأصبهبذ
Yazid posted Abdallah ibn Ma'mar al-Yashkari over Dihistan and al-Biyasan with four thousand and sent his son Khalid and brother Abu Uyayna against the Ispahbadh, who routed them back to Yazid's camp and wrote the marzban to kill his Arabs — Abdallah and his men were slaughtered in their beds. Yazid sent Hayyan, Masmala's mawla of Daylami captivity, who told the Ispahbadh 'I am a man of yours to you, though religion parts us; you cannot stand Khurasan's armies, and I found Yazid quick to terms' — he worked him till Yazid treated for seven hundred thousand dirhams and four hundred qirats of saffron; the Ispahbadh demanded weight-six, Hayyan bore the difference — a noble and leading mawla, called Abu Ma'mar.
واقعہ
ولاية هشام بن عمرو التغلبي السند
Al-Mansur gave Sind to Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi: he opened what resisted, sent Amr ibn Jamal's bawarij to Narand, took Qashayr with its crowds of captives, reopened Multan, expelled the Arab mutaghalliba from Qandabil, and came on Qandahar by ship — razed the budd and built a mosque on its site. The land flowered under him; then the thaghr passed to Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard, then Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim, whose mawla of Kinda Abu al-Summa is today's mutaghallib.
واقعہ
هرمزان بين يدي عمر
Carried to Umar, Hurmuzan was spared and stipended; Anas ibn Malik, his escort, narrates: 'Speak' — 'a living man's speech or a dead man's?' — 'no harm'. 'We Persians, so long as God left us between you, raided and killed you; when God was with you we had no hands against you.' Then 'what say you, Anas?' — 'I left a fierce force behind; count him a dog: kill it and the folk despair of life and grow fiercer, spare it and they hope.' Umar marvelled — Bara' and Majza'a had warned Anas not to kill him; doubting whether 'no harm' licensed the speech, Anas went out and al-Zubayr bore witness for him. Freed, Hurmuzan converted — then, accused of counselling Abu Lu'lu'a over Umar's murder, Ubaydallah ibn Umar drew him to see a horse and struck him dead unawares.
واقعہ
نهاية عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن الأشعث بسجستان
Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath renounced obedience and fled to Sijistan against Abd al-Malik and al-Hajjaj, allying with Rutbil — who then surrendered him in fear of al-Hajjaj's threatening letter. He threw himself from a mountain-top, or a rooftop, chained to his keeper who fell with him, and died; his head went to al-Hajjaj, who truced Rutbil for seven — some say nine — years, thereafter nine hundred thousand dirhams yearly in 'urud.
واقعہ
غزوة ابن الأشعث طبرستان
Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad made Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath ibn Qays al-Kindi governor of Tabaristan; he treated with them and bound a compact, they let him in, then seized the narrows, killed his son Abu Bakr and crushed his skull — Muhammad escaped, and the raiders of that frontier stayed wary of driving deep into enemy land.
واقعہ
عبور ابن عامر النهر وإحرامه شكراً
Abu Ubayda: Ibn Amir conquered this side of the river; when his fame reached Transoxania they sued for peace — he crossed to a place, or they came to him and truced — and collectors brought beasts, wada'if, silk and garments, whereupon he made ihram in thanks to God. No one else reports his crossing or his sulh with the east-bank people; he then performed umra and came before Uthman.
واقعہ
افتتاح ابن عامر خراسان
Ibn Amir invaded Khurasan in 30h — Ziyad over Basra, al-Ahnaf ibn Qays (or Ibn Khazim) on the van — confirmed the Tabasayn sulh, routed the Hayatila at Quhistan and took it by force, or reduced them to their fort and truced at six hundred thousand; Mu'ammar says the marcher was Umair ibn al-Ahmar, and it is Sukar ibn Wa'il's land. Yazid al-Jarrashi took Zam, Bakharz and Juwayn with captives; the ascetic al-Aswad ibn Kulthum — Adi al-Ribab — broke into Bayhaq through a wall-breach and fell with his band when the foe held it, Adham ibn Kathum then winning the town; al-Aswad, who had prayed to rise from the bellies of beasts and birds, was left unburied by his brother while his companions were buried. Ibn Amir took Basht, Ashband, Rukh, Zawa, Khuwaf, Asbara'in and Arghiyan.
واقعہ
مقتل عبد الله بن خازم
Tamim rose at Herat and killed Ibn Khazim's son Muhammad; the father took Uthman ibn Bashir ibn al-Muhtafiz and slew him in cold blood, with a Tamimi. Tamim conspired his deposition — Bujayr ibn Waraqa's party shifted to Abarshahr and renounced him as he sent his baggage with Musa to Tirmidh. Abd al-Malik's writ appointing him arrived; he fed the messenger the letter: 'I could not meet God having broken my bay'a to the son of the Prophet's hawari and given bay'a to the son of his exile'. Abd al-Malik gave it to Bukayr ibn Wishah — who had already deposed him, seized arms and treasury, and won Marw's bay'a. Marching for Tirmidh, Ibn Khazim was overtaken by Bujayr near Marw; Waki' ibn al-Dawraqiyya came out in arms and with Bujayr stabbed him, sat on his chest crying 'for Duwayla's vengeance' — his slain half-brother — as Ibn Khazim spat 'curse you: you kill Mudar's ram for a brother not worth a palm of date-stones', and Waki' answered in verse. His sons Anbasa and Yahya fell with him, his mawla Tahman — grandfather of the Mahdi's secretary Ya'qub ibn Dawud — was wounded; Bukayr sent his head to be displayed at Damascus and his severed right hand to Uthman ibn Bashir's sons.
واقعہ
عهد ابن خازم المفتعل على خراسان
Ibn Khazim contrived a covenant on Ibn Amir's tongue and took Khurasan; the Turkish masses gathered against him and he scattered them, then came to Basra before Uthman's killing.
واقعہ
حرب ابن خازم على ولاية خراسان
Ibn Khazim met the departing Salm at Naysabur and carried his covenant over Khurasan with a hundred thousand dirhams; Bakr ibn Wa'il's masses resented 'these men eating Khurasan over us' and raided his baggage before being fought off. Sulayman ibn Marthad told him the covenant was worthless — its issuer could not stay himself — and they agreed to let Ibn al-Zubayr arbitrate; six months on, Urwa ibn Qatiba brought Ibn Khazim the governorship — and Sulayman refused it: 'Ibn al-Zubayr is no caliph, only a man sheltering at the House'. Six thousand against fifteen thousand, cries 'humr la yunsarun' against 'ya nasr iqtarib' — Sulayman fell to Qays ibn Asim al-Sulami, who took his head; his remnant under Umar ibn Marthad at Talaqan was destroyed next. When Rabi'a gathered to Aws ibn Tha'laba at Herat, Ibn Khazim left Musa over Marw and marched — the Turks exploiting their strife to raid near Naysabur — had Aws poisoned, and before battle urged his men to stab the horses' nostrils, 'no horse ever endured that and stayed'; Aws, already ailing, took a wound and died days later.
واقعہ
فتح ابن سمرة وصنم الزور
Ibn Amir made Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura governor of Sijistan; he besieged Zaranj's marzban in his palace on their feast-day — truced for two million dirhams and two thousand wadif — then conquered between Zaranj and Kish on the India side, and by the Rukhkhaj road to the Dawar country, bottling them in Jabal al-Zur before truce. Eight thousand Muslims took four thousand each; he entered upon the Zur idol — gold, with ruby eyes — cut off its hand and took the rubies: 'yours, the gold and jewels — I meant only to show you it can neither harm nor benefit'. Bust and Zabil he took by compact.
واقعہ
ولاية عمران بن موسى السند وحربه الزط والميد
Al-Mu'tasim gave Imran ibn Musa the thaghr: he drove the Zutt of Qiqan, built al-Bayda and garrisoned it; took hill-top Qandabil from the mutaghallib Muhammad ibn al-Khalil and carried its chiefs to Qusdar; slew three thousand Mayd at Sikkar al-Mayd. On the Rur river he hand-stamped the Zutt, took their jizya, and bound each to keep a dog — till a dog fetched fifty dirhams — then raided the Mayd with Zutt chiefs, cutting a sea-channel that made their marsh water brackish. When Nizari-Yamani strife rose he leaned to the Yemenis, and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari — whose grandfather came with al-Hakam — killed him unawares.
واقعہ
قتل جفينة العبادي وابنيه
Jufayna al-'Ibadi, a Christian of al-Hira and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas's freedman — Ubaydallah ibn Umar accused him of abetting Abu Lu'lu'a in his father's killing, and killed him and his two sons.
واقعہ
حروب الجنيد بالسند
Al-Junayd came to Daybul and the eastern bank; Jaysha, refusing him, sent 'I have converted, the righteous man gave me my lands — I trust you not'. Hostages were exchanged for his country's kharaj, then returned as his people apostatized and fought — some say he never fought but al-Junayd wronged him. Gathering hosts and ships from Hind, he met al-Junayd's fleet at Batiha al-Sharqi, was taken captive, ship fleeing, and killed; Sasa ibn Dahir, fleeing to Iraq to charge al-Junayd's treachery, was cozened into a handclasp and slain. Breached al-Kiraj fell to his battering rams, walls cracked, stormed; agents went to Marmad, al-Mandal, Dahnaj and Barus. 'Killing in panic outweighs patience' he said; his armies raided Uzayn and burned Baharmad's rabad — and al-Baylaman and al-Jarz yielded forty million at home besides his zuwwar's share, as Jarir sang his open-handedness.
واقعہ
أمان جنديسابور
Abu Musa marched on panic-struck Jundishapur; they asked aman and he truced: no killing, no captives, no hands on wealth but weapons. A band of its folk went off to al-Kalbaniyya — al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad killed them and took it; and the asawira sought aman, were granted it, and converted.
واقعہ
فتح كابل وإسلام ملكها في أيام المأمون
The Mahdi's and Rashid's agents took Sijistan's atawa from Rutbil as strength allowed, posting their own men over the marches Islam had lost. Under al-Ma'mun at Khurasan the atawa came doubled, Kabul was opened, its king showed Islam and obedience, the governor's agent entered, the post-road was joined, and fresh myrobalan was sent him from it — and the land held steady for a time.
واقعہ
نكث أهل كابل ومقتل يزيد بن زياد
Kabul's folk broke and captured Abu Ubayda ibn Ziyad; Yazid ibn Ziyad marched on them at Junza and fell with many of his men — among the slain Zayd ibn Abdallah ibn Abi Mulayka al-Qurashi and Sila ibn Ashyam Abu al-Sahba' al-Adawi, husband of Mu'adha al-Adawiyya. Salm ibn Ziyad sent Talha ibn Abdallah ibn Khalaf al-Khuza'i — Talhat al-Talhat — who ransomed Abu Ubayda for five hundred thousand dirhams, then governed Sijistan for Salm, levying and rewarding his followers until he died there; a Yashkuri deputy was expelled by the Mudaris, factionalism broke out, each tribe seized its own town — and Rutbil took hope.
واقعہ
إذعان كابل شاه للمأمون
Al-Ma'mun loosed the troops on Sughd, Ushrusana and Farghana's breachers with incessant raids and daw'a letters; a force sent to Kabul Shah drew his tribute and submission — and the post-road ran till green myrobalan reached the caliph as fresh fruit.
واقعہ
شأن كاوس ملك أشروسنة ووقعة القهرمان
Kawus of Ushrusana bought peace from al-Fadl ibn Sahl, then broke it once al-Ma'mun reached Baghdad. His favored qahrman — married into al-Fadl ibn Kawus's line — exalted al-Fadl while demeaning Haydar ibn Kawus, al-Afshin-to-be, who leapt on him and killed him at the city gate, then fled to Hashim ibn Mahwayh al-Khuttali for intercession. Hearing worse from home, Haydar showed Islam, came to Baghdad, made Ushrusana's conquest sound easy to al-Ma'mun, and showed him a short road.
واقعہ
خراسان في خلافة علي
Mahwiya, marzban of Marw, came to Ali in his caliphate at Kufa; Ali wrote the dahqans, asawira and dahshalarin to render him the jizya — whereupon Khurasan broke away. Ali sent Ja'da ibn Hubayra al-Makhzumi, his mother Umm Hani' bint Abi Talib, who could not recover it; Khurasan never wore cloth again till Ali's death. Abu Ubayda: Ali's first agent was Abd al-Rahman ibn Abra, Khuza'a's mawla, then Ja'da.
واقعہ
استدعاء ملك خوارزم قتيبة على أخيه
Khwarizm's king, weak, with his brother Khurrazad risen strong against him, sent Qutayba an offer: so much money and the keys, if Qutayba would make him king over his lands instead. Khwarizm is three cities ringed by Fariqin, Madinat al-Fil the strongest — Ali ibn Mujahid says Madinat al-Fil is Samarqand — where the king took his seat and sent on the money.
واقعہ
تدبير قتيبة أمر خوارزم
Qutayba sent his brother Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim against Khurrazad — killed, with four thousand prisoners slain — and restored the first king on the agreed terms; his own people, calling him weak, killed him, whereupon Qutayba gave Khwarizm to his brother Ubaydallah ibn Muslim.
واقعہ
مقتل معن بن زائدة
Fearing winter's onset Ma'n withdrew to Bust; Kharijites who resented his rule slipped among the builders at his house, hid their swords in reed bundles at roofing-time, and entered his dome while he was being cupped — they butchered him, one splitting his belly with a dagger, Abu al-Ghulam al-Taqi striking his head. Yazid ibn Mazyad killed every one of them, then held Sijistan, bearing hard on its Arabs and Ajam until forged letters to al-Mansur — that the Mahdi's letters confused him — brought his dismissal, imprisonment and confiscation. Later released, he lay hidden in Madinat al-Salam until Kharijites met him on the bridge and he fought them; then he rose to Yusuf al-Barm in Khurasan.
واقعہ
فتح كرمان
Uthman ibn Abi al-As met Kirman's marzban at Abr Kawan by night and killed him — Kirman weakened and hearts dismayed. Ibn Amir sent Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud after Yazdgard to Bimand, where his army perished; left in charge when Ibn Amir marched for Khurasan, Mujashi' took Bimand by force — sparing its folk on aman; his Qasr Mujashi' stands there — took Burukharwa, then al-Shirjan, Kirman's chief city: days of siege, a horse-sally, taken by storm, a man left behind and many of its people exiled. Abu Musa had earlier sent al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad round al-Shirjan, trucing Bamm and the Andaghar — betrayed, Mujashi' retook them, took Jirraft by force, and rode Kirman till it was tamed.
واقعہ
رؤية نسطورا له في رحلة خديجة
On Khadija's Syria venture with her agent Maysara, the monk Nastura saw the cloud-shaded traveller from his cell and knew him — al-Mas'udi fixes it at four years, nine months and six days after the fourth Fijar.
واقعہ
فتح قتيبة مدينة الفيل
Qutayba took Madinat Fil — opened earlier by Umayya ibn Abdallah, then breached, and Yazid ibn al-Muhallab's assault failed — whence Ka'b al-Ashthari's verse: 'Fil gave itself to you with her own hands, and well she deserved'.
واقعہ
صلح نهاوند وماه دينار
In al-Baladhuri: when the Persian army was routed and Hudhayfa commanded, Nihawand was besieged — its people sallied and were beaten — until Simak ibn Ubayd al-Absi chased a man with eight riders, killing each as he turned, till the man alone sued for quarter, cast his weapon and was taken; speaking Persian he asked through a translator to be brought to the commander — 'I will make peace over this land, pay jizya, and give you what you wish for sparing me' — his name was Dinar. Hudhayfa made treaty with him on kharaj and jizya, securing the people of Nihawand in their wealth, orchards and homes — hence Nihawand was called Mah Dinar, and Dinar would visit Simak thereafter, giving gifts. Nihawand had been a Kufa conquest and al-Dinawar a Basra one; when Kufa's Muslims multiplied, al-Dinawar was made over to them and Nihawand compensated to Basra (being of Isbahan's kura), the kharaj differential going to Kufa — whence Nihawand 'Mah Basra' and al-Dinawar 'Mah Kufa' — under Mu'awiya's caliphate.
واقعہ
بناء المحفوظة والمنصورة
With Hind apostatized save Qassa's folk and no refuge left, al-Hakam ibn Awana al-Kalbi built al-Mahfuza beyond the lake — Syrian Kalbi shaykhs naming it Dimashq or Hims till one said Tadmur and drew 'God destroy you, fool — it is al-Mahfuza'. Amr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, his trusted deputy, raided from it and built al-Mansura below the lake — the governors' seat today — while al-Hakam won back enemy holdings to general approval. Khalid marvelled: 'I gave them the Arabs' most generous youth and they rejected him — the most miserly, accepted' — and al-Hakam was killed there. At the da'wa's dawn Abu Muslim gave the frontier to Mughallis al-Abdi, who set out via Tukharistan.
واقعہ
استمالة المأمون وجند المعتصم لأهل ما وراء النهر
Al-Ma'mun's Khurasan agents campaigned the unsubmitted while his envoys enrolled willing Transoxanians — their kings' sons included — in the diwan, honored and raised in stipend at court. Al-Mu'tasim kept the same till most of his army's standing troops were Sughdians, Faraghanis, Ushrusanis and Shashis, their kings attending his gate; Islam prevailed there and they raided the Turks beyond them. Abdallah ibn Tahir's son Tahir opened lands of al-Fuziyya none had reached before; and Ibn Ayyash holds Qutayba settled Arabs beyond the river as far as Farghana and al-Shash.
واقعہ
نقش معن بن زائدة على خاتم الخلافة
Ma'n ibn Za'ida engraved on the caliphal seal and took money from Kufa's kharaj. Umar's order to al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba: 'obey my messenger in him' — and before the seated assembly the messenger had a jami'a put on his neck and dragged hard, then jailed him in the reed-prison. Ma'n sent home for his she-camel, his jariya and his Qutwani abaya, rode out by night, lay hid till the search died, and came to Umar waking the tahajjud-men for dawn prayer — 'I come repentant' — 'You?!' After the prayer Umar put it to the assembly: 'cut his hand', said one; 'crucify him', said another; Ali said 'a man lied a lie — his punishment is in his skin', so Umar flogged him hard and jailed him. A Qurashi friend begged his release — 'you reminded me of the stabbing: bring Ma'n' — beaten again and returned to jail, till he told every friend 'do not mention me to the Commander'. Later Umar remembered, shared with him, and let him go.
واقعہ
حملة معن بن زائدة على رتبيل
Al-Mansur gave Sijistan to Ma'n ibn Za'ida al-Shaybani, who demanded of Rutbil the atawa al-Hajjaj had settled; Rutbil sent camels, Turkish tents and slaves, doubled in value — which enraged Ma'n. With Yazid ibn Mazyad on the van he marched on Rukhkhaj; Rutbil had left to summer in Zabulistan, which Ma'n took with mass captives, among them the boy Faraj al-Rukhkhaji — who told how a cloud of dust raised by wild asses' hooves looked to Ma'n like an army coming to wrest the captives, so he put them to the sword until he saw the donkeys and stopped; 'I saw my father bent over me saying: kill me, not my son'. The captives ran near thirty thousand. Mawand, Rutbil's deputy, sought aman to be borne to the Commander of the Faithful — sent to Baghdad with five thousand of their fighters, honored by al-Mansur, granted stipend and command.
واقعہ
مقتل مغلس وغلب موسى بن كعب السند
Mughallis al-Abdi reached Mansur ibn Jawhur al-Kalbi and was killed with his army; Abu Muslim then sent Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi, who met Mansur across the Mihran, routed him and slew his brother Mundhir — Mansur fled broken to die of thirst in the sands. Musa governed Sind, repaired al-Mansura, enlarged its mosque, and raided on.
واقعہ
سيرة ابن سمرة إلى كابل
Mu'awiya's appointment of Ibn Amir over Basra sent Ibn Samura back to Sijistan — Abbad ibn al-Husayn al-Habati over his shurta, and with him the ashraf Umar ibn Ubaydallah ibn Ma'mar, Abdullah ibn Khazim, Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a and al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra — reconquering town after town whose folk had apostatized, by force or sulh, until Kabul. Months of siege and mangonels opened a great breach; Abbad spent the night spearing the polytheists so they could not close it — al-Hasan: 'I never thought one man could stand for a thousand until I saw Abbad ibn al-Husayn'. At dawn the foe sallied; Ibn Khazim hamstrung their elephant which fell blocking the gate so they could not shut it — Abu Mikhnaf says it was al-Muhallab — and the Muslims entered by force. Victory-dispatch went with Umar ibn Ubaydallah and al-Muhallab; then Ibn Samura crossed Wadi Nasl, took Khawash and Quzan by force, Wazan whose folk fled, Khushak by sulh, al-Akhj by fighting, Zabulistan broken with captives, and Kabul again.
واقعہ
نزاع المرغاب
The Marghab tract — eight thousand jarib — was Hilal ibn Ahwaz al-Mazini's grant from Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik; Bashir ibn Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra dug its canals by force, named it Marghab Marw and claimed 'this qati'a is mine'. Humayri ibn Hilal sued; Bashir had already complained to Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri and won, so Khalid wrote Malik ibn al-Mundhir ibn al-Jarud on Basra's police: 'leave Bashir alone with the Marghab and its land' — while Amr ibn Yazid al-Usaydi sided with Humayri.
واقعہ
حيلة مرزوق على الأصبهبذ
When Tabaristan's people breached under al-Mansur and killed Muslims he sent Khazim ibn Khuzayma al-Tamimi and Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi — with them Marzuq Abu al-Khasib, Khazim's mawla, namesake of Kufa's Qasr al-Khasib. As the siege dragged he begged them to beat him and shave his head and beard; done, he escaped to the Ispahbadh claiming 'these two betrayed me — see what they did — I have fled to you; accept my desertion and I will show you the Arabs' weaknesses'. The Ispahbadh clothed him, rewarded him and showed trust; Marzuq wrote the generals all they needed, contrived the gate till it opened, the Muslims took the city and subdued the land.
واقعہ
هلاك مصقلة بطبرستان
Mu'awiya made Masmala ibn Hubayra ibn Shabal of Tha'laba ibn Shayban governor of Tabaristan — all its people war — reinforced with ten, some say twenty, thousand; the enemy tricked him, showing dread till he drove deep into the land, then seized the narrows and rolled the mountains' rocks onto their heads — the whole army perished and Masmala with it, and the people made him a proverb: 'till Masmala returns from Tabaristan'.
واقعہ
مسح قطيعة المسروقانين
Al-Masruqanan, the Abu Bakra family's qati'a — originally a hundred jarib — was surveyed by al-Mansur's surveyors at a thousand; they confirmed a hundred in the family's hands and seized the rest.
واقعہ
قطيعة معاوية السبخة
The marsh between the rivers was a salt-flat Mu'awiya granted one of his nephews; when the lad came to inspect it Ziyad had water released into it — 'the Commander of the Faithful granted me a waterfowl-marsh I have no use for' — so Ziyad bought it for two hundred thousand dirhams, dug its canals and parceled grants from it.
واقعہ
دعوة لا شبع الله بطنه على معاوية
Mu'awiya wrote for the Prophet in the Year of the Conquest; called to him one day while eating he delayed, and he said 'may God not fill his belly' — 'the Prophet's prayer caught me', Mu'awiya said, who ate seven meals a day, more and less.
واقعہ
قصة المغيرة بن شعبة وأم جميل
Al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba kept visiting Umm Jamil bint Yahjan of Hilal — wife of the Thaqafi al-Hajjaj ibn Utayk — till Abu Bakra ibn Masruh, Shibl ibn Ma'bad al-Bajali, Nafi' ibn al-Harith and Ziyad ibn Ubayda watched him enter and burst in on them naked; they testified before Umar, who told Abu Musa al-Ash'ari 'I am sending you to a town where Satan has nested' and made him governor with al-Bara' ibn Malik, Imran ibn al-Husayn and Awf ibn Wahb, recalling al-Mughira. Nafi', Shibl and Abu Bakra swore explicitly; Ziyad, fourth, said 'I saw an ugly sight and heard a high breathing — I know not whether he entered her'. Umar: 'I see the face of a man on whose word I hope no Companion is stoned' — he had the three flogged; Shibl cried 'you flog truth's witnesses?', Abu Bakra swore anew and was warned of the hadd — 'then it is a claim, your man is stoned' — and swore never to speak to Ziyad, his half-brother by Sumayya.
واقعہ
ولاية المهلب بن أبي صفرة خراسان
Al-Hajjaj, holding Khurasan with the two Iraqs, gave it in 99h to al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra — Zalim ibn Siraq ibn Subh of the Azd, Abu Sa'id — who campaigned widely: retook the breached Khattl and Khujanda, received Sughd's atawa, raided Kish and Nasaf, and died at Zaghul of Marw al-Rudh at al-Shawsa, his illness having begun in grief for his son al-Mughira.
واقعہ
غزو المهلب ثغر الهند وتحذيف الخيل
In 44h al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra raided the Indian frontier to Banna and the marshes between Multan and Kabul; at al-Qiqan eighteen Turkish riders on docked horses fought him and died — 'why are these Ajam readier to cut short than us?' — and he trimmed his own mounts, the first Muslim to do so.
واقعہ
خروج محمد بن البعيث
Marand was a small village settled by Halbas Abu al-Ba'ith, fortified by al-Ba'ith then his son Muhammad ibn al-Ba'ith who built palaces there; Muhammad broke away in al-Mutawakkil's caliphate, and Buna al-Saghir the caliph's mawla fought him till he took him, carried him to Samarra, and razed Marand's wall and that palace — the Ba'ithids descending from Utayb ibn Amr of Asad ibn Rabi'a, or Utayb ibn Awf ibn Sinan as the Utaybis tell it.
واقعہ
تجهيز محمد بن القاسم إلى السند
Al-Hajjaj gave Muhammad ibn al-Qasim the Sind frontier — recalled from a Rayy posting — with six thousand Syrian troops and outfitting down to threads and needles, ordered to muster at Shiraz; he even steeped carded cotton in wine-vinegar, dried in the shade, against Sind's vinegar-scarcity — 'soak it, cook with it, dye with it'. Muhammad marched through Makran, took Qanirbur and Arma'il — Muhammad ibn Harun joining him and dying near it, buried at Qanbal.
واقعہ
حمل محمد بن القاسم مقيداً ومقتله بواسط
Al-Walid dead, Sulayman put Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman over Iraq's kharaj and Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki over Sind; Muhammad was carried bound with Mu'awiya ibn al-Muhallab, reciting 'they wasted me — and what a youth they wasted, for the day of hardship and filling the gap'. Sind wept and painted him at al-Kiraj. Salih jailed him at Wasit — 'would that I were buried in Wasit's soil, pledged to iron, bound and shackled... had I not taken rest, mares and stallions bred for war would have been ridden; the Saksakis' horse had not entered our land, no amir of Akk over me, nor I follower of the Muzuni slave' — and tortured him among the Banu Abi Aqil till he died, avenging his brother Adam the Khariji killed by al-Hajjaj. Hazza ibn Bayd al-Hanafi praised him: 'he led armies at seventeen — how near a mastery to his birth'. Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha died eighteen days after reaching Sind.
واقعہ
فتح الملتان وبيت الذهب
Across the Bayas, Multan's folk fought — Za'ida ibn Umayr al-Ta'i excelled — then shut themselves in. The Muslims ate their donkeys till a protected man showed the water-intake — the spring al-Balah fed from Basmad's river — and cut it, they yielded on terms: the fighters slain, six thousand temple sadins and offspring enslaved, and gold heaped in a ten-by-eight cubit house filled through a roof hole — whence 'Multan, Faraj Bayt al-Dhahab', the frontier of the House of Gold. Its budd drew offerings and vows; Sind's pilgrims shaved heads and beards there and claimed its idol was the prophet Ayyub.
واقعہ
فتح قصدار على يد المنذر بن الجارود
Ziyad gave Abu al-Ash'ath al-Mundhir ibn al-Jarud the frontier; he campaigned Buqan and Qiqan, spread his squadrons, took Qusdar and made captives — Sinan had first opened it before its breach and died there. Some say Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad appointed Sinan with Ibn Harri over his saraya. Buqan's folk are Muslims today, and Imran ibn Musa al-Barmaki built its city al-Bayda under al-Mu'tasim.
واقعہ
مقتل موسى بن عبد الله بن خازم
Al-Mufaddal sent Uthman ibn Mas'ud with fifteen thousand, who camped on the island still called Jazirat Uthman, pressed Musa, and summoned Tarkhun. Seeing the forces arrive, Musa left the city charging his men: 'if I am killed, yield it to Mudrik ibn al-Muhallab, never to Ibn Mas'ud'. Turks and Sughd cut him off, his horse stumbled, he mounted behind a mawla crying 'death is bitter'; Uthman marked him — 'Musa's leap, by the Lord of the Ka'ba!' — drove him down, and they surrounded and slew him and his company save Irqiya ibn al-Harfana, spared to Khalid ibn Abi Barza. Wasil ibn Taysala al-Anbari struck the final blow; the city went to Mudrik — it was the end of 85h — and the man who struck dead Musa's leg was himself killed by Qutayba.
واقعہ
استيلاء موسى بن عبد الله بن خازم على الترمذ
Musa ibn Abdallah ibn Khazim was at Tirmidh; he came to Samarqand where king Tarkhon honored him — until one of his men killed a Sughdian and he was expelled — then to Kish's lord, then back to Tirmidh the fortress. Its dahqan lodged and fed him; when Musa lay down to stay, the dahqan said 'leave', and he answered 'I know no home like this' — and fought its people.
واقعہ
حروب موسى من الترمذ
Tirmidh's dahqan and folk went to the Turks for help — refused: 'curse you, a man in a hundred comes, expels you, takes your city'. His father's old companions joined Musa; when the Turks finally aided, surrounding him, he night-attacked and took their camp — sixteen Muslims wounded. Thabit and Hurayth ibn Qutba, backed by Tarkhun's levies, became his army's real commanders — 'yours is the name, theirs the command'. Hayatila and Turks sallied and were beaten — al-Hajjaj: 'praise God who gave the hypocrites victory over the polytheists' — and Musa built two great mounds of his foes' heads. Hurayth fell to a stray arrow; the men pressed Musa against Thabit, who fled, won Tarkhun's aid, took the rabad, and besieged him in eighty thousand as Kish, Nasaf and Bukhara reinforced Musa. Yazid ibn Huzayl, sent against Ziyad al-Qasir, took a head-blow and died in seven days — Yazid himself escaped across the Saghaniyan river — and Musa's night-raid on Thabit's camp scattered the Ajam home. Khurasan's people said: never his like — two years unbeaten with his father, Tirmidh taken with a handful, its king expelled, Turks and Ajam routed.
واقعہ
غزو مسلم بن سعيد فرغانة والهزيمة
Umar ibn Hubayra gave Khurasan to Muslim ibn Sa'id, who took al-Afshin's sulh on six thousand heads plus his fortress. When word came that Asad ibn Abdallah had been given Khurasan, Muslim campaigned Farghana — cut the trees and ruined the buildings — till the Khaqan descended and he fled three marches in a day, beasts collapsing under Turkish raids: 'you marched us out to disobey for fear of dismissal — this flattering world did not save you'.
واقعہ
مقتل مطرف وثأر مكرم
Mus'ab made Mutarrif ibn Saydan al-Bahili his Basra police chief; he executed the highwayman al-Nabi ibn Ziyad ibn Zubyan and flogged his Tamimi partner. Transferred to al-Ahwaz, Mutarrif was met by Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad ibn Zubyan's avenging host across a river — he crossed and was stabbed dead. Mus'ab sent Mukram ibn Mutarrif on the blood-feud; he camped where Askar Mukram stands and missed him — Ibn Zubyan reached Abd al-Malik, fought at his side against Mus'ab, killed him and took his head; al-Ba'ith sang 'we spared you — the best affair is sufficiency — we gave Ibn Saydan a bitter cup'.
واقعہ
قطيعة نافع ما مشى
Ziyad told Abd al-Rahman ibn Tubba' al-Himyari, master of his land-grants, to grant Nafi' ibn al-Harith 'what he walks'; Nafi' walked till his sandal-strap broke and sat — 'enough' — 'had I known, I would have walked to Ubulla' — 'let me throw my sandal' — and he threw it as far as al-Ijana.
واقعہ
فتح القسطنطينية على يد محمد الفاتح
In Arslan's commentary on Stoddard, the Ottoman siege begins under Bayezid I and resumes under Murad II before Mehmed II takes the city; the book describes three days of plunder and Friday prayer in Hagia Sophia on the fourth.
واقعہ
خاتم النبي للمراسلة
Anas ibn Malik: when the Prophet meant to write to the Byzantine king he was told 'they do not read a letter unsealed', so he took a silver seal — 'as if I see its whiteness on his hand' — engraved 'Muhammad, Messenger of God'.
واقعہ
حملة قيس على بلخ وخراب النوبهار
With Badghis, Herat, Bushanj and Balkh still on their breach, Ibn Amir sent Qays ibn al-Haytham against Balkh — its Nawbahar was ruined by Ata ibn al-Sa'ib, Banu al-Layth's mawla called al-Khashl, who also built the 'Qanatir Ata' over three rivers a farsakh out. Balkh sued for peace and return to obedience; Qays granted it — and Ibn Amir, when he presented himself, struck him a hundred lashes and imprisoned him. Ibn Khazim, appointed next, received Herat, Bushanj and Badghis's suit for aman, truced them, and bore their money to Ibn Amir.
واقعہ
سيرة قيس بن الهيثم بطخارستان
Left in charge, Qays ibn al-Haytham marched through Tukharistan; every land truced and yielded till Siminjan resisted — he besieged and stormed it. It is said Ibn Amir divided Khurasan among three: al-Ahnaf ibn Qays, Hatim ibn al-Nu'man al-Bahili and Qays ibn al-Haytham, the first the most established.
واقعہ
حركة قم وإعادة فتحها
In al-Baladhuri: when Qumm's people defied, withheld kharaj and rebelled, al-Ma'mun sent Ali ibn Hisham al-Marwazi with armies ordered to punish them — he killed their chief Yahya ibn Imran, demolished the city wall flat to the ground, and levied seven million dirhams plus increments, though they had earlier appealed against two million; this fell due in al-Mu'tazz's caliphate, when Musa ibn Bugha, his Jibal agent fighting the Tabaristan Talibis, was sent against them — the city was stormed, many of its people killed, and al-Mu'tazz ordered a group of its notables deported.
واقعہ
كتبة قريش وأهل بيت النبي
Abu Bakr ibn Abdallah ibn Abi Jahm al-'Adawi counted the literate of Quraysh when Islam came — seventeen men: Umar, Ali, Uthman, Abu Ubayda, Talha, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Abu Hudhayfa ibn 'Utba, Hatib ibn 'Amr, Abu Salama ibn Abd al-Asad, Aban ibn Sa'id and his brother Khalid ibn Sa'id, Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh, Huwaytib ibn Abd al-'Uzza, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Mu'awiya, Juhm ibn al-Salt — and of Quraysh's allies al-A'la' ibn al-Hadrami. Al-Shifa' bint Abdallah, a Jahiliya scribe, was told 'teach Hafsa the ant-charm as you taught her writing'; Hafsa wrote, Umm Kulthum bint 'Uqba wrote, A'isha bint Sa'd said 'my father taught me', Karima bint al-Miqdad wrote — while A'isha and Umm Salama read the mushaf but did not write. First to write for the Prophet at Medina was Ubayy ibn Ka'b, and when absent Zayd ibn Thabit — both wrote revelation and correspondence before him; first Qurashi scribe was Abdallah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh, who then apostatized to Mecca having altered the dictation, and in his case al-An'am's verse came down on the one who claims to bring the like of the revelation.
واقعہ
وفاة قثم بن العباس بسمرقند
Qutham ibn al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib died with Sa'id's army at Samarqand — some say martyred; hearing it, Ibn Abbas said 'what a distance between his birthplace and his grave' and turned to prayer, citing the verse on seeking help in patience and prayer. Earlier, offered five booty-shares by Sa'id at Khurasan, Qutham had asked only for one share for himself and one for his horse.
واقعہ
فتوح قتيبة بيكند وبخارا وقتل نيزك
In 87h Qutayba marched on Baykand with Nizak, crossing from Zamm — nearest of Bukhara's towns to the river — and when they betrayed and summoned Sughd he fought, raided and besieged till they sued: he took it by force. In 88h he campaigned Tumushkat and Karminiya, leaving brother Bashshar over Marw, then Bukhara, opened on sulh — Abu Ubayda's telling: they warded him till he begged 'let me enter and pray two rak'as', admitted, his hidden men overwhelmed the gate, he took great wealth and betrayed its folk. He struck the Sughd, killed Nizak in Tukharistan and crucified him, and opened Kish and Nasaf — Nakhshab — by sulh.
واقعہ
مقتل قتيبة بن مسلم
Khurasan held forty thousand Basran fighters, seven thousand Kufans, seven thousand mawali. Waki' feigned sickness, shins painted with ochre, sending 'I cannot stir'; those sent to fetch him slipped to his side. He called for spear and his son's-mother's veil as banner — 'Idris, Iblis' messenger, met him: Qutayba swore by God he would not come till he brought his head — and closed on the fustat. Salih called for his bow — 'not a bow day' — a Dabbi's arrow struck Qutayba's throat, he was dragged in and finished; Hayyan called the Ajam to Tamim's side; the tent-cords were cut and the faza's pole fell on his skull. Abdallah ibn Alwan took the head — Hisham ibn al-Kalbi says Jahm ibn Zahr al-Jumhi killed him and Sa'd ibn Majd struck him — brothers, household, the deaf umm-walad died with him; Dirar ibn Muslim alone Tamim spared. The Azd took head and seal; Waki' sent it to Sulayman by Salit ibn Atta, forbade Bahila's plunder, and confirmed Lahiq ibn Humayd on Marw. Qutayba was fifty-five.
واقعہ
افتتاح قتيبة ما وراء النهر
Al-Hajjaj gave Qutayba ibn Muslim al-Bahili Khurasan; marching on Akharun he was met at Talaqan by Balkh's dahqans bridging the river, and at the crossing by the Saghaniyan king bearing gifts and a golden key, yielding obedience and inviting him into his land — pressed by Akharun and Shuman's king — and Kafiyan's king came likewise, both surrendering their lands. Qutayba left his brother Salih beyond the river, who took Kasan and Urusht of Farghana — Nasr ibn Sayyar in his army — and Sakhr and Akhsikath, Farghana's old city; Kasan and Urusht, breached later, were last reopened by Nuh ibn Asad under al-Mansur. Juzjan's king truced on coming in person, came, returned, and died at Talaqan.
واقعہ
فتح قتيبة سمرقند
Qutayba besieged Samarqand — the old seat of Sughd's kings before Ishtikhan — through repeated battles, while the Shash king came from Tarband with his fighters for the fiercest fighting, broken and routed. Ghurak truced at two hundred and two thousand dirhams yearly with leave to pray in the city — entered, ate the food Ghurak prepared, built a mosque, and left a Muslim colony including the exegete al-Dahhak ibn Muzahim — or, some say, seven hundred thousand and three days' hospitality. The pact covered the idol- and fire-houses: the idols were taken out, stripped, and burned — the Ajam swore whoever touched them perished — and when Qutayba burned them with his own hand many embraced Islam. Abu Ubayda counts the conquest by force, Sa'id's unbroken sulh deemed too small; and he opened Baykand, Kish, Nasaf, al-Shash, Bum of Farghana, Sughd and Ushrusana.
واقعہ
قدوم قتيبة سجستان
Qutayba ibn Muslim, holding Khurasan and Sijistan under al-Walid, gave Sijistan to his brother Amr; when Amr pressed Rutbil for arrears, Rutbil answered he owed only the 'urud agreed with al-Hajjaj. Amr wrote to Qutayba, who came in person; Rutbil sent: 'we have not left obedience — we only agreed on 'urud, so do not wrong us'. Qutayba told the army 'accept his 'urud — it is an accursed frontier', and they did. Before returning he sowed a crop at Zaranj so the enemy would despair of his leaving and submit; when locusts ate it he had it burned, leaving Ibn Abdallah ibn Umayr al-Laythi — Ibn Amir's maternal half-brother — over Sijistan.
واقعہ
استيحاش قتيبة من سليمان بن عبد الملك
Qutayba dreaded Sulayman, having backed Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Walid for the succession. When al-Walid died Sulayman took the pulpit and railed at Habanqa al-'A'ishi — Yazid ibn Tazwan, who prized fat camels saying 'I do not mend what God has corrupted' — then at Tamim ('not Banu Tamim but Banu Dhamim'), Bakr ibn Wa'il, and the Azd, 'ya ahl al-safila — I will not say ahl al-'aliya — may He set you where He set you'. His letter granting Qutayba the governorship came with orders to free prisoners, pay stipends and permit departures — broadcast by the messenger — and Qutayba called it his design, telling the people 'Sulayman has made you great as mosquitoes' marrow, and you will yet be asked bay'a to Anwar, a boy whose slaughter is unlawful'. Stung by his curses they heard his apology — 'I was angry, knew not what I said' — and answered: if he lets us go home, good; if not, he blames only himself.
واقعہ
نقل الربيع بن زياد خمسين ألفاً إلى خراسان
In 51h Ziyad gave Khurasan to al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad al-Harithi, who moved near fifty thousand folk of the two misrs with their families — among them Burayda ibn al-Husayb al-Aslami, who died at Marw under Yazid ibn Mu'awiya, and Abu Barza al-Aslami, who died there too — settling them short of the river; he was the first to order the troops' garrison-settling. News of Hujr ibn Adi's killing grieved him; he prayed for death, fell that day, and died in 53h. His son Abdallah succeeded, fought Amul and Zamm into sulh, and died at Marw two months on.
واقعہ
نقض رامهرمز وفتحها
Abu Musa truced Ramhurmuz; they broke it, so Abu Maryam al-Hanafi re-truced them for eight hundred — or nine hundred — thousand dirhams; they betrayed again and it was taken by force in Abu Musa's last days.
واقعہ
فتح راور وبرهمباذ
Muhammad stormed Rawar, where a wife of Dahir, fearing capture, burned herself, her maids and her wealth; then Brahmanabadh al-Atiqa — two farsakhs from the later al-Mansura, then mere thicket — where Dahir's remnant fought and fell, eight thousand dead or twenty-six thousand by the larger count, and today ruins. Sawandra's folk won aman on hosting and guiding the Muslims — Muslims today — and Basmad truced the same. Ibn al-Kalbi names Dahir's killer al-Qasim ibn Tha'laba al-Ta'i.
واقعہ
حرب رتبيل والربيع بن زياد
The Kabul Shah mustered and expelled every Muslim in Kabul; Rutbil came and took Zabulistan and Rukhkhaj as far as Bust. Al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad rode out with the people, fought Rutbil at Bust and routed him, pursued him to Rukhkhaj and fought him there, then went on to conquer the Dawar country.
واقعہ
امتناع رتبيل عن أتاوة العمال
To Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik's men Rutbil paid nothing. Asked what had become of the folk who used to come 'hollow-bellied, faces blackened by prayer, sandals of palm-fibre' — 'they are gone' — 'those were your betters in covenant and might, though you have fairer faces'. And why he paid al-Hajjaj but not them: 'al-Hajjaj never looked at what he spent once he won his purpose, though not a dirham returned; you never spend a dirham unless you hope ten come back for it'. Neither Umayyad nor Zubayrid governors of Sijistan took that atawa from him.
واقعہ
شكوى أهل الكوفة سعداً وتعاقب الولاة
In al-Baladhuri via Jabir ibn Samura: the Kufans maligned Sa'd to Umar claiming he prayed poorly; Sa'd answered he led them the Messenger's prayer unabridged — lingering in the first two, light in the last — and Umar's mosque-by-mosque inquiry praised him everywhere until a man of Banu Abs called Abu Sa'da testified he neither divided equally nor judged justly; Sa'd's counter-prayer for a liar befell him, Abd al-Malik ibn Umayr later seeing him in the alleys saying 'an old man tried — Sa'd's prayer struck me'. Amr ibn Ma'dikarib testified for Sa'd with 'a gnat's gathering and a goodly mother's tenderness', gave Umar his famous appraisals of war and weapons — the spear 'your brother though he may betray', arrows 'death's messengers', mail 'a burden for horseman and weariness for footman yet a strong fortress', and for the sword 'there your mother bewailed you' met by Umar's 'nay, your mother bewailed you' — whereupon 'the fever drove me to you'. Umar deposed Sa'd for Ammar ibn Yasir, whom they then called weak and unknowledgeable — deposed after a year and nine months — and Umar cried 'who will excuse me from the Kufans? Appoint the strong they make him a sinner, the weak they slight him', finally giving it to al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba on his pledge not to return to his former accusation, which he held till Umar's death; Uthman then appointed Sa'd, replaced him with al-Walid ibn Uqba — Sa'd greeting him 'either you measured after me or I grew senile after you' — then with Sa'id ibn al-As.
واقعہ
سعيد بن عثمان وموقف بخارا
Mu'awiya gave Khurasan to Sa'id ibn Uthman ibn Affan — the first to cross the river with his whole army, and with him Rufay' Abu al-Aliya al-Riyahi ('Rufay' Abu al-Aliya: elevation and height'). The Khatun, hearing of his crossing, sued for peace; yet the Sughd, Turks, Kish and Nasaf — that is Nakhshab — came against him at a hundred and twenty thousand, meeting at Bukhara as the Khatun regretted her tribute and broke covenant. A slave of Sa'id's detached part of the host, the rest broke, and the Khatun gave hostages and renewed the peace — and Sa'id entered Bukhara's city.
واقعہ
ولاية سعيد حذيفة خراسان وهزيمة سورة
Under Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik, Maslama gave Khurasan to his son-in-law Sa'id ibn Abd al-Aziz — nicknamed 'Hudhayfa' when a dahqan saw him saffron-dyed with combed hair and called him effeminate. His man Sawra ibn al-Hurr retook Ishtikhan from the Turks and routed them, then lost the second battle with heavy loss; the obscene lampoon on Sa'id survives. Khurasan's notables complained to Maslama and he was deposed — al-Jarrah meanwhile had kept weighed silver and gold pieces under his carpet, tossing each visitor his due.
واقعہ
قتل رهن السغد سعيد بن عثمان
Sa'id carried his Sughd hostages to Medina, gave their clothes and belts to his mawali, dressed them in wool, and set them to water-carrying, wells and labour — they entered his majlis, butchered him, then killed themselves. Malik ibn al-Rayb and Khalid ibn Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt each have verses on him.
واقعہ
ولاية سلم بن زياد خراسان
Yazid ibn Mu'awiya gave Salm ibn Ziyad Khurasan; the Khwarizmians truced at four hundred thousand borne to him. He crossed the river with his wife Umm Muhammad bint Abdallah ibn Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi — the first Arab woman across — came to Samarqand whose folk gave him a thousand-fold bloodwit; a son born to him was named al-Sughdi; his wife borrowed the Sughd lord's wife's jewels, wore and returned them. From Sughd he sent an army to Khujanda — with A'sha Hamdan among them — defeated; then back at Marw he campaigned again across the river and killed Bandun the Sughdi, whose people had mustered for him.
واقعہ
محنة سلم بن زياد مع ابن الزبير
At Yazid's death the people turned on Salm — 'ill did Ibn Sumayya think to command us in community and strife', as had been said to his brother Ubaydallah at Basra — and he left Khurasan to Ibn al-Zubayr, who fined him four million dirhams and imprisoned him. Salm would say 'would I had gone to Syria and stayed in my brother Ubaydallah's service — washing his foot — rather than come to Ibn al-Zubayr'. At Mecca until al-Hajjaj's siege, he tunneled from prison to al-Hajjaj, then Abd al-Malik — 'by God, had you stayed at Mecca she would have no governor but you' — who gave him Khurasan; reaching Basra, he died there.
واقعہ
صلح سرخس
Ibn Khazim fought Sarakhs; its marzban Zadhuya sought peace on aman for a hundred men and the surrender of its women — his own daughter fell to Ibn Khazim's lot, who took her and named her Maysha' — and he ruled Sarakhs's land. Another telling: he truced on aman for a hundred souls, named the hundred, omitted himself — and was killed, and the town entered by force. From Sarakhs Ibn Khazim sent his mawla Yazid ibn Salim to take Kif and Yabina.
واقعہ
قتل السيايجة حراس بيت المال
A body of Sayabija — forty or four hundred — stood watch over Basra's treasury; when Talha and al-Zubayr came to Basra, held for Ali by Uthman ibn Hunayf, they refused to surrender the treasury till Ali's arrival — so they were fallen upon at dawn and killed, Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr leading that party; over the Sayabija then was Abu Salama al-Zutti, a righteous man.
واقعہ
سيل العرم
The breach of Saba's dam — a farsakh-square work of Luqman al-Akbar whose stone-and-iron channel fed thirty engineered outlets — decayed by the centuries until the water seized it and emptied the gardens; its name the 'Arim, the musanah burst by a rat for the greater wonder.
واقعہ
ضياع خاتم الخلافة في بئر أريس
The Prophet's silver seal, engraved 'Muhammad, Messenger of God', passed to Abu Bakr's sealing, then Umar's, then Uthman's — and slipped from his hand into the well mid-caliphate; it was emptied and the seal not recovered, so he had a seal made engraved 'Muhammad, Messenger of God' in three lines. Variants: all silver, fass and ring, or a silver ring with an Abyssinian stone; and his word, 'I have made a seal — let no one engrave upon its engraving'.
واقعہ
أمان العبد بشهريج
Shahrij held a full month's siege; one day a Muslim slave lagged behind — taken for a defector — and wrote the garrison an aman on an arrow he shot in. Next day they came out: 'here is your aman'; the Muslims wrote Umar, who answered 'the Muslims' slave is of the Muslims — his dhimma is as theirs: honor it', and they did. In another telling the fort was at Siraf, the garrison saying 'we know not freeman from slave', and Umar's answer the same.
واقعہ
فتح السوس
Abu Musa besieged al-Sus till its food failed; its marzban bought aman for eighty named men — excluding himself — to open the gate; Abu Musa beheaded him, spared the eighty, killed the other fighters and took the wealth and children. In the citadel stood a curtained house: the body of the prophet Daniel, whom a drought had moved them to ask Babylon's people to bury among them for rain — Bukhtanasar had carried him captive to Babylon and he died there. Abu Musa wrote Umar, who answered 'shroud and bury him' — he dammed the river, buried him and released the water. Khalid ibn Zayd, who lost an eye there, tells the dahqan's hundred-man aman and the spared 'enemy of God' who cried 'wait, I give great wealth' — refused and beheaded.
واقعہ
نزول سابور الجنود على الحضر
Shapur I's month-long investment of al-Dayzan's Hatra — broken only when the lovesick al-Nadira told him to track thrown straw up the Tharthar's hidden channel into the fortress; its king slain, Hadra razed, the tale became poetry.
واقعہ
حصار الحجاج لابن الزبير سنة اثنتين وسبعين
al-Hajjaj closed on Mecca in Dhu'l-Qa'da 72 for a fifty-night siege; the takbir for the fall of Abu Qubays rolled through Damascus, while the thirty-one-year-old stood armoured at 'Arafa barred by Ibn al-Zubayr from the tawaf.
واقعہ
فتح مناذر
Abu Musa besieged Manadhir against fierce fighting; al-Muhajir ibn Ziyad, al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad's brother, meant to sell his life fasting — Abu Musa had sworn every faster break his fast or not fight, so he drank 'not from thirst' and fell martyred, his head raised on the citadel between two merlons — the poem 'راح المهاجر في حل بإجمال' mourns him. Al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad, left in charge, took Manadhir by force — killing the fighters, capturing the children — so both Manadhirs passed to the Muslims under Asim ibn Qays al-Sulami; in another telling Umar ruled it 'a Sawad village — return what you took'.
واقعہ
حصار سمرقند في أيام سعيد بن عثمان
Sa'id ibn Uthman marched on Samarqand with the Khatun's Bukhara levies, camped at its gate, and swore not to stir until it opened and he had thrown down its qahandaz. Three days' fighting — fiercest on the third — cost him an eye and cost al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra his (or the Muhallab's eye went at Talaqan); the foe slackened, wounds telling, when a man guided Sa'id to a castle holding their kings' sons and nobles — besieged, the city feared its storm and sued: seven hundred thousand dirhams, hostages of their nobles' sons — fifteen, or forty, or eighty — and his right to enter the city and leave by the other gate. He loosed a stone at the qahandaz and it lodged in its loophole; then he withdrew, and at Tirmidh the Khatun's suit won another sulh.
واقعہ
حصار تستر
Abu Musa marched on Tustar, the enemy's strength and edge — and wrote Umar for aid; Umar ordered Ammar ibn Yasir out of Kufa, putting Jarir ibn Abdallah al-Bajali first. The wings: Abu Musa's right al-Bara' ibn Malik, Anas's brother; left Majza'a ibn Thawr al-Sadusi; horse Anas ibn Malik — Ammar's right al-Bara' ibn Azib, left Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman, horse Qaraza ibn Ka'b, foot al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin al-Muzani. The fighting ran to Tustar's gate where al-Bara' ibn Malik fought till martyred, and Hurmuzan went in.
واقعہ
حملة الربيع بن زياد إلى سجستان
Ibn Amir, bound for Khurasan in 30h, camped at Shaq al-Shirjan and sent al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad into Sijistan: al-Fahraj, then the seventy-five-farsakh mafaza, then Rustaq Zaliq raided on Mihrjan day — its dahqan ransomed himself by planting his spear and piling gold and silver over it — then Karkuya and Haysun surrendered unresisted. Guided to Zaranj across Wadi Nuq, he fought Zusht hard — Muslim dead — till they were forced inside the walls; Nashrudh fell with the father of Abu Salih, later al-Hajjaj's secretary — a Marra woman, Abla, bought him — and Shirwadh with Ibrahim ibn Bassam's grandfather. At Zaranj the marzban Aparwiz sought aman: al-Rabi' sat him on a corpse, leaned on another, seated his companions on corpses — dark, long-limbed, loud-voiced — and the awed marzban truced for a thousand slave-youths each bearing a gold cup. His governorship ran two and a half years, forty thousand captives, and al-Hasan al-Basri was his secretary.
واقعہ
فتنة الحبطات بسجستان
Ibn Samura left Umair ibn al-Ahmar al-Yashkuri over Zaranj when Uthman's affair unravelled — its people expelled him and shut the gates. After the Camel, Hasaka ibn Utab al-Habati and Imran ibn al-Fasil al-Burjumi rode out with Arab desperadoes: plundered Zaliq whose folk had broken, captured al-Bakhtari's grandfather al-Asamm ibn Mujahid, and entered Zaranj whose marzban truced. Ali's envoy Abd al-Rahman ibn Jaza' al-Ta'i was killed by Hasaka — 'I will kill four thousand of the Habata', and it was said 'the Habata are not even five hundred'; Abu Mikhnaf adds that Awn ibn Jamda al-Makhzumi, sent likewise, was killed by the bandit Buhadali al-Ta'i. Ali then had Ibn Abbas send Rubay'i ibn al-Kas al-Anbari with four thousand — with al-Husayn ibn Abi al-Hurr and Na'il ibn Dhi al-Hurra on the vanguard — who killed Hasaka and secured the country, their rajaz vow: 'we will not befriend the party of Ibn Affan — we found it in the Book of the Furqan'.
واقعہ
فتح مكران على يد سنان بن سلمة
Ziyad appointed the pious Sinan ibn Salama ibn al-Muhabbiq al-Hudhali — first to bind his troops with divorce-oaths — who took Makran by storm, garrisoned it, and held it firm; the poets mocked his swearing ('a divorce whose wife gets no dower'). Ibn al-Kalbi names Hakim ibn Jabala the conqueror. Ziyad's next man Rashid ibn Amr al-Judaydi won at Qiqan, fell at al-Mayd, and Sinan, left in command, held the thaghr two years.
واقعہ
حساب الحجاج في غزو السند وما بعد داهر
al-Hajjaj totted it up: sixty million spent on Muhammad ibn al-Qasim against a hundred and twenty million gained — 'we have sated our wrath, taken our revenge, gained sixty million dirhams — and Dahir's head'. Al-Hajjaj died while Muhammad fought on; back at al-Rur he gave stipends, took al-Baylaman's unresisted submission and Sursant's peace — today's Basran resort — then al-Kiraj, where Dahir's son Duhar sallied, fled or fell, and the city came down on terms amid killing and captives: 'we killed Dahir and Duhar, and horse fells knight after knight'.
واقعہ
حادثة الكاهن في بني سعد
As Halima's account is transmitted by Bayhaqi, she brought the boy to a soothsayer in Banu Sa'd after the chest-opening; the soothsayer urged his killing, Halima refused, and she returned him to Mecca, where he was briefly lost at the great gate.
واقعہ
صلح هراة وبادغيس وبوشنج
An army under Aws ibn Tha'laba ibn Raqqi — or Khulayd ibn Abdallah al-Hanafi — went to Herat; its great came out to Ibn Amir and truced for Herat, Badghis and Bushanj, save Taghun and Baghun taken by force. Ibn Amir's writ, penned by Rabi' ibn Nahshal and sealed by himself, charged the great with piety, sincere counsel to the Muslims and righting his lands, compounded Herat's plain and mountain on the agreed jizya divided justly — 'whoever withholds what is on him has no covenant nor dhimma'. Another telling: Ibn Amir marched on Herat in strength, fought, and the marzban truced for a million.
واقعہ
صلح مرو
Kanazbak, marzban of Tus, compounded Tus at six hundred thousand; Marw's marzban sent al-Shahijan suing for peace, and Hatim ibn al-Nu'man al-Bahili truced Marw at a million two hundred thousand — others say a million dirhams and two hundred thousand jarib of wheat and barley, or a million one hundred thousand uqiyya — on terms that they widen the Muslims' housing while the tax-division rested on them, the Muslims only collecting. All Marw was sulh save the village called al-Sanj, taken by force. Abu Ubayda has it in wada'if, beasts and goods — no cash then — the whole kharaj on that basis till Yazid ibn Mu'awiya made it money.
واقعہ
صلح عبيد الله بن أبي بكرة ورتبيل
Ziyad dismissed al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad and gave Sijistan to Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra, who campaigned; at Barzan, Rutbil sent seeking peace for his land and Kabul's at one million two hundred thousand. Ubaydallah consented, and when Rutbil asked that two hundred thousand be waived he agreed — the sulh concluded at a million dirhams. Ubaydallah reported to Ziyad, who ratified it, and he remained in Sijistan until Ziyad's death.
واقعہ
صلح الطبسين وفتح باب خراسان
Abu Musa al-Ash'ari sent Abdallah ibn Budayl ibn Warqa' al-Khuza'i raiding through Kirman to the Tabasayn — two fortresses, Tabas and Qurayn, a palm-bearing jurm that is the gate of Khurasan — where he took booty; men of the Tabasayn came to Umar ibn al-Khattab and truced for sixty thousand, some say seventy-five, and were given a writ. Another telling has Ibn Budayl going of his own accord from Isbahan.
واقعہ
ولاية تميم بن زيد السند والانسحاب من الهند
Tamim ibn Zayd al-Utbi — feeble successor — died near Daybul at the Buffalo-Water, named for herds fleeing the shore's blue flies. Of the Arabs' most open-handed, he spent eighteen million Tatari dirhams found in Sind's bayt al-mal. A Yarbu'i lad Khanis reached Hind, begged al-Farazdaq a letter for his manumission, swearing by Ghalib's grave; Farazdaq's verses asked 'Khaytis freed as my bounty' — and Tamim, unsure if the name was Habish or Khanis, freed every slave so lettered. In his days the Muslims quit the lands of Hind and abandoned their stations, not returning to this day.
واقعہ
الترمذ بين موسى بن عبد الله بن خازم وقتيبة
When Abdallah ibn Khazim al-Sulami was killed his son Musa came to Tirmidh's king, who sheltered him and his men — till Musa cast him out and held it in rebellion; at his death it passed to the governors, its people broke, and Qutayba ibn Muslim retook it.
واقعہ
صلح دارابجرد
Uthman came to Darabjird — their banner-town and seat of religion, its master the Hirbadh — who truced on money paid and on its folk standing equal with the surrendered towns of Fars; a gathering near Jahram he scattered and took its land, then Fasa's great-man truced on Darabjird's terms — or, it is said, the Hirbadh truced it too.
واقعہ
كارثة عبيد الله بن أبي بكرة الثانية
Under al-Hajjaj, Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra returned to Sijistan — bewildered, weakened, the land barren — marched near Kabul, where the enemy seized a defile on him and Rutbil closed in. He truced for five hundred thousand dirhams, three sons as hostages — Nahar, al-Hajjaj, and Abu Bakra — and a writ not to raid while he governed. Shurayh ibn Hani' al-Harithi counselled: 'fear God and fight, else you weaken Islam on this frontier and flee the death that is your lot' — they fought; Shurayh charged and fell; the army escaped spent through Bust's mafaza where many died of thirst and hunger; Ubaydallah died of grief for what befell the people — some say an ear illness — leaving his son Abu Bardha'a in command.
واقعہ
حملة عبيد الله بن زياد على بيكند
On Ziyad's death Mu'awiya gave Khurasan to his son Ubaydallah, twenty-five years old; he crossed the river with twenty-four thousand and came on Baykand while the Khatun held Bukhara's city — her summons brought a Turkish swarm the Muslims routed, and as they laid waste she sued for peace and aman: a million dirhams, and he entered the city, taking Ramadin and Baykand, two farsakhs apart and Ramadin her dependency. It is said he also took the Saghaniyan, and brought Bukhara folk to Basra on stipends.
واقعہ
فرائض عمر في العطاء
The diwan, written in 20h, opened with Banu Hashim, nearest to the Prophet first, sabiqa breaking kin-ties — and for the Ansar 'begin with Sa'd ibn Mu'adh's rah t of Aws'. Abu Bakr had made shares equal; Umar refused — 'I will not make who fought the Prophet like who fought with him': five thousand a year for every Badr man, allies and mawali equal; four thousand for Badr-like Islam, Abyssinia-migrants and Uhud-men; two thousand for Badris' sons, save Hasan and Husayn joined to their father's five thousand for kinship; al-Abbas five or seven thousand; above all, the Prophet's wives twelve thousand, Juwayriya and Safiyya joined. Umar ibn Abi Salama got four thousand — 'I favor his nearness: bring me a mother like Umm Salama' — and Usama ibn Zayd four thousand to Abdallah ibn Umar's three: 'he was dearer to the Prophet than you, his father dearer than yours'. The rest by rank, Qur'an and jihad; Yemen and Qays folk from two thousand to none below three hundred — 'were the wealth great I'd give each man four thousand: a thousand for travel, a thousand for arms, a thousand left home, a thousand for horse and shoe' — stipends for muhajirat women, a hundred for the exposed infant rising at weaning, a hundred and monthly keep for every foundling, suckling and upkeep on the bayt al-mal.
واقعہ
خواص فرائض عمر وعدله في العطاء
Yazid ibn Abi Habib: Umar set Amr ibn al-As at two hundred as amir, Umayr ibn Wahb al-Jumahi at two hundred for his patience in want, Busr ibn Abi Artat at two hundred as a man of conquest — 'many a conquest God wrought by his hand' — and wrote Amr to set the Tree-pledgers at two hundred, take that himself as amir, and put Kharija ibn Hudhafa in sharaf al-ata' for his courage. A governor who paid Arabs and left mawali got his letter: 'it suffices a man for evil to scorn his Muslim brother'; Ammar ibn Yasir's stipend was six thousand, Salman's four, Hurmuzan's two. When the diwan was laid down Abu Sufyan ibn Harb said 'a diwan like Banu al-Asfar's — pay them and they will lean on it and leave trade'; Umar: 'it must be — the Muslims have grown'. Stipends went to the dahqans too — Nahr al-Malik's, Ibn al-Nukhayrajan, Khalid and Jamil sons of Busubuhri, Sistam ibn Tarisi of Babil and Khutarniya, al-Rufayl of al-Al, and Ju'ayfina al-Abadi at a thousand each — and his letter to the jund-commanders attached every freed Hamra' convert to his mawali 'theirs what is theirs, on them what is on them', or formed them into a tribe equal in stipend. Abu Ubayda refused the badia till the hadara were provided, Umar II wrote the same to Yazid ibn Husayn, and Umar gave Mecca's people no stipend and sent them on no expedition.
واقعہ
أمانة عمر في الفيء
Umar wrote Hudhayfa to pay the people their rizq; 'done — and much remains' came the answer, and his: 'it is theirs — the fay' God gave them — not Umar's nor Al Umar's — divide it among them'. Abu Hurayra brought five hundred thousand from Bahrayn — 'much money has come: shall we count it or weigh it?' — and a man said 'I have seen these Ajam keep a diwan they pay the people by'; so Umar wrote the diwan: first Muhajirun five thousand, Ansar four thousand, the Prophet's wives twelve thousand. 'It is their right — had it been Khattab-money I'd not have given it, but I know there is surplus: let each stipend buy sheep for his sawad, then rams, till his children hold a substance' — and 'I counsel whom God charges: the Prophet said who dies cheating his flock will not smell paradise'. Every newborn, boy or girl, was registered for a hundred and two jaribs a month.
واقعہ
مساحة عمر بن هبيرة للقطائع
Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik wrote Umar ibn Hubayra: 'the Commander of the Faithful holds no share in Arab land — go through the grants and take their surplus for me'; Umar walked each qati'a asking its owner how he held it, till one answered 'we inherited them from truthful fathers, and when we die our sons inherit' — the people cried out, and he stopped.
واقعہ
حكم جميع بن حاضر في وفود سمرقند
Under Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz a Samarqand delegation charged that Qutayba had entered their city and settled Muslims on treachery; Umar ordered his governor to set a qadi over the claim — Jumay' ibn Hadir al-Baji ruled the Muslims must leave unless the city fight them on even terms — and the Samarqandis, loath to fight, confirmed the Muslims, who stayed among them.
واقعہ
دعوة عمر الثاني ملوك ما وراء النهر وغزو ابن معمر
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz wrote the kings beyond the river summoning them to Islam — some converted. His Khurasan governor al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami jailed Mukhallad ibn Yazid and Yazid's agents, and sent Abdallah ibn Ma'mar al-Yashkuri deep into enemy lands till he neared China; the Turks surrounded him till he ransomed free and reached al-Shash. Umar lifted kharaj from Khurasan's converts.
واقعہ
من سياسة عمر وأحكامه
When Umar appointed an official he registered his wealth, and halved the fortunes of wronging governors — a half to the treasury, a half to them. Long he ate nothing of the fisc till want touched him; he asked the Companions and Ali said 'lunch and supper' — he took that. His letter: no army or raiding amir shall flog a hadd far from the route, lest Satan's zeal carry him to the unbelievers. 'This matter stands only on a firmness without despotism and a gentleness without weakness'. A woman came: 'my husband prays all night and fasts all day' — 'well praised' — Ka'b ibn Suwar: 'she complains — she says he gives her no share' — 'then judge between them: God allowed him four women — she has a day of every four days and a night of every four nights'. And sixteen dinars spent on his hajj — 'Abdallah, we have been extravagant with this money'.
واقعہ
نظام الأرزاق الشهرية لعمر
Umar had a jarib of food kneaded and baked and oiled — thirty men ate lunch from it, and the same at supper — 'two jaribs a month suffice a man', and so each man, woman and mamluk drew two jaribs monthly; a man would curse his fellow 'may God lift your two jaribs' — death cut them — 'and that is on tongues to this day'. Abu al-Darda' counted 'rightly-guided sunnas Umar granted the umma — among them the two mudds and the two qists'; on the minbar, mudd and qist in hand: 'we run your stipends and your rizq every month — for every Muslim soul each month a mudd, a qist of oil, a qist of vinegar' — 'and the slave?' — 'yes, and the slave'. For dependents he set the fighters' households and their descendants at tens; Uthman and his governors kept it and made it heritable to non-stipended heirs till Umar II, who heard Sulayman ibn Habib's account, disliked the inheritance — 'cut it and generalize the stipend' — 'I fear they will imitate your cutting and not your generalizing' — 'truly said', and he left them. The newborn drew ten; Mu'awiya deferred it to the weanling; Abd al-Malik cut it save whom he willed — and 'do not hasten weaning your children: we stipend every newborn in Islam'.
واقعہ
ولاية أمية بن عبد الله خراسان وقتل بكير
Khurasan split between Bukayr's party and Bujayr's until its notables wrote Abd al-Malik that only a Qurashi could mend it — Umayya ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid was sent, gave Bukayr Tukharistan then the trans-river campaigns, and planned Bukhara then Musa at Tirmidh. Bukayr raced to Marw, seized Umayya's son, called the people to depose him; forewarned, Umayya truced Bukhara cheaply, took ships Bukayr had burned, returned and fought him, then truced him any district he chose — but hearing he still plotted, had him seized at his house and imprisoned, where Bujayr ibn Waraqa leapt on him and killed him. Umayya campaigned al-Khattl, broken since Sa'id ibn Uthman's sulh, and took it.
واقعہ
خنق عقبة بن أبي معيط للنبي في الحجر
Uqba ibn Abi Mu'it put his garment around the Prophet's neck while he prayed by the Kaaba and choked him severely; Abu Bakr seized his shoulders, pushed him away and said: Will you kill a man for saying 'My Lord is God'?
واقعہ
إسلام ملك العسيفان
At al-Usayfan between Kashmir, Multan and Kabul, a king begged his idol's sadins to pray for his sick son — they claimed its answer, the boy died, and he demolished the shrine, broke the idol, slew the sadins — then summoned Muslim merchants who taught him tawhid, and he converted under al-Mu'tasim.
واقعہ
تعاقب العشر والخراج على أراضي الفرات
Euphrates lands whose holders surrendered them when the Muslims entered, or which passed to Muslim hands as gifts, were made ushr-lands; they had been kharaj — al-Hajjaj returned them to kharaj, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz to sadaqa, Umar ibn Hubayra back to kharaj, Hisham part to sadaqa, and al-Mahdi at last made them all sadaqa-lands.
واقعہ
خبيص عتبة بن فرقد
Umar sent his Azerbaijan governor Utba ibn Farqad a hamper of khabis-sweets among the felt-rolls; Utba asked if it was money, then had it sent back. Utba later made two baskets of khabis wrapped in hides and felt, sent by his mawla Suhaym — Umar tasted, 'fine indeed; did the Emigrants eat their fill of it? It is yours alone' — and wrote back: 'it is not your toil nor your mother's nor your father's; eat nothing but what fills the Muslims in their camps'.
واقعہ
غارة عثمان بن أبي العاص على تانه والهند
In 15h Umar gave Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi Bahrayn and Uman; he sent brother al-Hakam to Bahrayn and from Uman detached troops to Tana — Umar's answer was the famous 'ya akha Thaqif, you set worms upon wood; had they been struck I'd have taken their like from your people'. Al-Hakam sent to Barus, and brother al-Mughira to the Daybul creek, where he met the enemy and prevailed.
واقعہ
بيعة وكيع بن حسان على قتيبة
Qutayba preached his ihsan, their scant loyalty, and warned of the Ajam he had raised over them — they resolved on war and gave no answer. Al-Hudayn ibn al-Mundhir refused their leadership and pointed them to Waki' ibn Hassan ibn Qays ibn Abi Sud of Tamim — 'none else can bear it: a rough Arab whose tribe obeys him, a Tamimi; and Qutayba slew the Banu al-Ahtham, who seek their blood'. They sought him out, he gave his hand, and they swore him bay'a — Hayyan, Maslama's mawla, having gone between them.
واقعہ
حكم وكيع بن حسان خراسان تسعة أشهر
Waki' held Khurasan sole; Sulayman meant to confirm him but was told fitna raises him and the jama'a lowers him — too rough, too bedouin, a man who called for a basin and urinated in public. Nine months till Yazid ibn al-Muhallab came appointed; Mukhallad his son called Waki' to account — 'yield God's wealth' — 'was I God's treasurer?' — and jailed him. Mukhallad took al-Buttam, left when they breached, then wheeled back and entered it with Jahm ibn Zahr, who took wealth and golden idols — Buttam's folk trace their mawla-status to him.
واقعہ
عذاب يوم الظلة
In al-Mas'udi the Day of the Shadow fell in king Kalamn's reign at Madyan — a door of fire opened from the sky while Shu'ayb sheltered at the thicket of al-Ayka, and the white pleasant cloud the people drove the believers into became their fire; Kalamn's daughter Haritha lamented him from the Hijaz.
واقعہ
غزو يزيد بن المهلب جرجان
Sulayman gave Yazid ibn al-Muhallab Iraq; bound for Khurasan he met Sul al-Turki on the road, took the caliph's leave to raid him — Jilan and Sariya — then besieged him in Dihistan, cut his supplies, and accepted his treaty: safe self, property and household for the city — and kept faith, while killing fourteen thousand Turks, though Abu Ubayda reports Sul slain. Jurjan paid him Sa'id's tribute, breached, and Jahm ibn Zahr retook it — one account has a hundred and twenty thousand in his host against the fired-brick wall the Turks had seized, one end in the sea; he found Sul at al-Buhayra, besieged him six months and treated him out with three hundred of his household. When Jurjan breached again its marzban fortified at Wajah among thickets — seven months, mangonels, then an informer's path and hide-ladders; Jahm swore 'if I am spared life, let me not be spared death', the gate-keepers fell, and the enemy knew only the takbir behind them — the captives driven to Wadi Jurjan were slaughtered till the blood ran, and Yazid built Madinat Jurjan.
واقعہ
مغازي يزيد بن المهلب وخلافة المفضل
The Muhallab's son Yazid succeeded, campaigning widely — al-Buttam opened by his own son Mukhallad. Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Abbas ibn Rabi'a of Abd al-Muttalib's house, fleeing with Ibn al-Ash'ath's remnant, reached Herat, killed al-Ruqad al-Mutakki and levied kharaj; Yazid beat him, forbade pursuit, and the Hashimi fled to Sind. On Yazid's Khwarizm raid the troops wore the captives' clothes and perished of cold. Then al-Hajjaj gave Khurasan to al-Mufaddal ibn al-Muhallab, who retook breached Badghis, Shuman and others, dividing the spoils.
واقعہ
عطاء زينب بنت جحش ودعاؤها
When the stipends issued Umar sent Zaynab bint Jahsh hers; 'God forgive Umar — my sisters were worthier of sharing this than I' — 'it is all yours' — she veiled it with cloth, had Barza bint Rafi' take fistfuls to her kinsfolk and orphans till five hundred and eighty remained beneath, and prayed: 'God, let no stipend of Umar's reach me past this year' — and she died. Ibn Shihab's register: twelve thousand to the consummated wives, six each to Juwayriya and Safiyya as fay'-born, five thousand to Muhajir Badris, four to Ansari Badris, sarih and halif and mawla equal; Mus'ab ibn Sa'd's: six thousand Badris, ten thousand the mothers, Aisha plus two thousand for the Prophet's love; and of their five Ajam, Tamim al-Dari and Bilal. 'If I live to next year I will set the humblest Muhajirun at two thousand'.
واقعہ
تقسيم زياد أعمال خراسان سنة ٤٥
Governor of Basra in 45h, Ziyad divided Khurasan's commands: Umair ibn al-Ahmar over Marw — the first to settle the Arabs there — Khulayd ibn Abdallah al-Hanafi over Abarshahr, Qays ibn al-Haytham over Marw al-Rudh, Talaqan and Faryab, Nafi' ibn Khalid al-Tahi of the Azd over Herat, Badghis and Bushanj, and Qadis of the Anwaran.
واقعہ
قطع الزط ومحاربة عجيف لهم
Al-Hajjaj settled a mass of Sind's Zutt — families, children and buffaloes — in Kaskar's lowlands; they overran the batiha and bred, joined by runaway slaves and the Bahila and Khawla mawlas of Muhammad ibn Sulayman ibn Ali, who egged them to highway robbery and open defiance. In al-Ma'mun's days travellers avoided them and Baghdad lost all Basra shipping; al-Mu'tasim devoted himself to them, charging the Khurasani Ujayf ibn Anbasa with open funds — he staged lean tailed horses between the bata'ih and Baghdad so word reached him within hours — and Ujayf dammed the water against them with great works till not one escaped, barged them to Baghdad and scattered them: some at Khaniqin, the rest to Ayn Zarba and the frontier.
واقعہ
نقل الزط إلى سواحل الشام
Mu'awiya transferred a company of the old Zutt and Sayabija to Syria's coasts and Antioch; al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik moved more Zutt to Antioch and its region.
نمائش
الهجرتان إلى الحبشة
A short lesson on the first departure from Mecca: why they went to Abyssinia, who sheltered them, what happened there and how they returned, with the differing accounts of their return.
نمائش
من الخصومة إلى الإسلام: من غيّروا موقفهم
A trail through twelve places in the stories of those who opposed the call in Mecca and then entered Islam, from Umar to the Muslims of the conquest, and then the category of 'those whose hearts were to be reconciled'.
نمائش
الإسلام في ثلاثين دقيقة
An introductory trail for those who have not known Islam before: the meanings of Islam, iman and ihsan, the five pillars and how they are performed, then who the Prophet is, how the message began and where the Hijri calendar starts.
نمائش
سيرة النبي: من الفيل إلى الوفاة
A trail through the Prophet Muhammad's life in twelve stations: his birth in the Year of the Elephant, the revelation in the cave of Hira, the Aqaba pledges, the Hijra, the building of Medina, Badr, Uhud and the Trench, Hudaybiyya, the conquest of Mecca, the Farewell Pilgrimage, the Year of Delegations, and the passing — as the museum's pages tell them in order.
نمائش
العهد المكي: من الغار إلى الهجرة
A chronological trail through the years of the call in Mecca, from the descent of the revelation in the cave of Hira to the Hijra, in twelve events ordered as they unfolded.
گروہ
الأندغار
The Andaghar — a people of the Kirman side toward Sijistan; they converted in the asawira's wake and were lodged at Basra with the Sayabija and Zutt.
گروہ
الأساورة
Persian cavalrymen who entered Islam en bloc at the conquest; in al-Baladhuri they lived opposite Daylam and converted when the Muslims came to Qazwin on the terms of Basra's asawira, then settled at Kufa, joined there by those of Hamra' Daylam whom Ziyad moved to Basra.
گروہ
بنو يدر
Banu Yadar, amirs of the Sus from the post-Abd al-Mu'min Almohad fitnas; of Banu Badas — Ali ibn Yadar marched into the Sus in open revolt in 651, fortifying Tiyunudin and taking Tazakht, obeyed by the Kazula, Lamta, Zakn and Lakhs tribes, starving the Almohad governor of Taroudant and routing Ibn Asnak's army; when the Marinids took Marrakesh in 668 he seized Taroudant, Ifri and all the Sus's strongholds until his killing that year — his nephews Ali ibn Abd al-Rahman and Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Yadar holding on until the Marinid sultan extinguished them.
گروہ
حمراء ديلم
The four thousand 'Shahanshah's troops' with Rustam at al-Qadisiyya; in al-Baladhuri they were safe-conducted to settle and ally where they wished with fixed stipends, allied with Zuhra ibn Hawiyya al-Sa'di, their naqib Dayl giving the name Hamra' Daylam; Ziyad moved some to Syria — called al-Furs — and some to Basra's asawira; al-Mada'ini makes them Khusraw's servants brought from Daylam who converted after al-Qadisiyya and witnessed al-Mada'in.
گروہ
الغزاة المجاهدون من قرابة بني مرين بالأندلس
The 'refractory' Marinid princes of the Abd al-Haqq line who crossed to al-Andalus as jihad volunteers from 661 AH — their deeds proved fine and their stations honoured under the Banu al-Ahmar until they shared the Nasrid realm and monopolised the leadership of its jihad, Ibn al-Ahmar appointing their chiefs over the Zenata ghazi-volunteers, the command passing between the Banu Rahhu and Banu Abi al-Ala' houses into Ibn Khaldun's own day.
گروہ
السيايجة
The Sayabija — Sindhi captives of the Persian jund who, hearing the asawira's story, converted and were lodged by Abu Musa in Banu Hanzala at Basra; a body of them, forty or four hundred, stood watch over Basra's treasury.
گروہ
الزط
The Zutt — a Sindhi people among the captives taken for the Persian jund; pre-Islamic they pastured the coasts and the Taff, then hearing of the asawira they converted and Abu Musa lodged them in Banu Hanzala at Basra. A second mass al-Hajjaj settled with families and buffaloes in Kaskar's lowlands overran the batiha and cut the roads under al-Ma'mun, till Ujayf ibn Anbasa took them wholesale for al-Mu'tasim and scattered them to Khaniqin, Ayn Zarba and the thughur.
سفر
غزوة الأبواء (ودان) أول غزوات النبي
سفر
من عدن إلى زيلع في البحر في رحلة ابن بطوطة
سفر
غزوة بني سليم بالكدر
سفر
من عيذاب إلى جدة في طريق الحج
سفر
مسير جيش المدينة إلى بدر
The Muslim army's route from Medina to Badr in Ramadan 2 AH: out of Medina's pass to Bir al-Rawha, off the Mecca road at al-Naziya to Rahqan and the Safra pass, then Dhi Afran, al-Asafir and al-Dabba, to the wells of Badr.
سفر
من بدر إلى المدينة في رحلة ابن جبير
سفر
من بغداد إلى دمشق شمالاً ثم غرباً على طريق ابن جبير
سفر
من بغداد إلى المدينة على طريق الحاج العراقي
سفر
من البصرة إلى فارس وعراق العجم على طريق ابن بطوطة
سفر
غزوة بحران
سفر
غزوة بواط
سفر
من القاهرة إلى عيذاب على درب الصعيد
سفر
من القاهرة إلى قوص في النيل، طريق ابن جبير
سفر
درب زبيدة — طريق الحج من الكوفة إلى مكة
The pilgrim road from Kufa to Mecca as registered by Qudama ibn Ja'far in the barid chapter — its relay stations, mileages and each halt's cisterns, wells and minbars: from Madinat al-Salam to Kufa, al-Qadisiyya and al-Udhayb (the frontier picket between Arabs and Persians with its twin walls), then al-Maghitha, al-Qar'a, Waqisa, al-Aqaba, al-Qa', populous Zubala, al-Shiquq, Qabr al-Abbadi, al-Tha'labiyya, walled al-Khuzaymiyya with its minbar and hammam (once called Zarud, its sand red), al-Ajfar, Fayd with the governor's lodge and canal and minbar, Tawz, al-Hajir, Ma'dan al-Nuqra, al-Rabadha with abundant water, Ma'dan Bani Sulaym, and on through the Hijaz road to Mecca.
سفر
غزوة ذي العشيرة
سفر
غزوة ذي أمر
سفر
مسيرة فتح مكة
The march of the ten-thousand-strong army of the Conquest from Medina to Mecca in Ramadan 8 AH (January 630 CE): departing Medina on 10 Ramadan, breaking fast at al-Kudayd, encamping with 10,000 fires at Marr al-Zahran, halting at Dhu Tuwa to divide columns, and entering Mecca.
سفر
درب الهجرة الأولى إلى الحبشة
The first group of Muslims left Mecca in Rajab of the fifth year of prophethood, twelve men and four women, slipping to the port of Shu'ayba, where two trading ships carried them to Abyssinia. Some returned to Mecca on false news and went back; Quraysh then sent a delegation with gifts to the Negus.
سفر
من غرناطة إلى القاهرة في رحلة ابن جبير إلى الحج
سفر
سرية حمزة إلى سيف البحر
سفر
مسير النبي إلى الحديبية
The Prophet's march from Medina to al-Hudaybiyya in Dhu al-Qa'da of year 6 AH, on pilgrimage with those who followed him: past Dhu al-Hulayfa, near Usfan, then by a rough track between the hills over Thaniyyat al-Mirar to the far end of al-Hudaybiyya.
سفر
من مكة إلى حنين فالطائف ثم العودة
The march after the conquest of Mecca in Shawwal 8 AH: from Mecca to the valley of Hunayn where the battle took place, the pursuit of the Hawazin and Thaqif remnants to Awtas and Ta'if, the siege of Ta'if, then the return by way of al-Ji'rana, the umra and Medina. The book names only the stops it gives, so only those are listed.
سفر
درب الإسراء
The earthly leg of the Isra: the Prophet's night journey on the Buraq from al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca to al-Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, as al-Raheeq narrates it. The text gives no halting places between them. The ascent through the heavens is not a geographic route and is not listed here.
سفر
درب الطائف
سفر
من مكة إلى العراق مروراً بالمدينة مع ركب العراق
سفر
من المدينة إلى مكة على درب الركب الشامي
سفر
درب غزوة بني المصطلق
The march of the Prophet from Medina in Sha'ban 6 AH to the watering-place of al-Muraysi' near Qudayd, where the raid took place, and the return to Medina; the book names only these two stops and does not give the halts between them.
سفر
سرية عبد الله بن جحش إلى نخلة
سفر
من قوص إلى عيذاب في الصحراء، طريق ابن جبير
سفر
عودة مهاجري الحبشة إلى خيبر
The emigrants' voyage from Abyssinia to the Prophet at Khaybar in the two ships the Negus provided, with Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri, after al-Hudaybiyya. Ibn Ishaq names neither the port nor the route, and says they arrived while the Prophet was at Khaybar.
سفر
سرية سعد بن أبي وقاص إلى الخرار
سفر
غزوة سفوان
سفر
من صنعاء إلى عدن في رحلة ابن بطوطة
سفر
من صقلية إلى غرناطة في رحلة ابن جبير عائداً
سفر
من تبريز إلى الموصل وديار بكر ثم العودة إلى بغداد
سفر
مسير النبي إلى تبوك ورجوعه
The Prophet's march from Medina to Tabuk in Rajab of year nine and his return, by the halting-places Ibn Ishaq names: Thaniyyat al-Wada' where he camped, al-Jurf where Ali caught up, al-Hijr, and Tabuk where he stayed some ten nights, and Wadi al-Mushaqqaq on the way back. Ibn Ishaq does not order every stop; the return section (Dhi Awan) was completed in a later batch.
سفر
من تلمسان إلى القاهرة في رحلة ابن بطوطة من المغرب
سفر
سرية عبيدة بن الحارث إلى بطن رابغ
شخصیت
أبان بن عثمان
Aban ibn Uthman ibn Affan; a Medinan jurist once its governor, who lashed the dirham-cutter thirty and paraded him — for hollowing and salting with counterfeits.
شخصیت
عباد بن زياد
Abbad ibn Ziyad; from Sijistan he crossed the mafaza and stormed Qandahar — and the tall caps of its folk became the 'Abbadiyya.
شخصیت
عباد بن الحصين الحبطي
Abbas ibn al-Husayn al-Hibati; he warned Humran ibn Aban of al-Hajjaj's threat — 'if he claims Arab descent and won't own his father and his fiefdom to Uthman, I'll strike his neck' — so Humran gifted him the west bank that became Abbadan, whose first garrisoner he was. Before that he held Ibn Samura's shurta at Kabul — a whole night spearing the foe till dawn; al-Hasan: I never thought one man could stand for a thousand until I saw Abbad ibn al-Husayn.
شخصیت
عبد الأعلى بن عبد الله بن عامر
Abd al-A'la ibn Abdallah ibn Amir; he won the canal suit against Harb ibn Salm, then gave it back — 'by God, never shall I take back what I made his'.
شخصیت
عبد العزيز بن عبد الله بن عامر
Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdallah ibn Amir; governed Sijistan for the Zubayrid al-Quba' — al-Harith ibn Abdallah ibn Abi Rabi'a — entered Zaranj and warred on Rutbil till Abu Afra'a Umayr killed him; then emptied the treasury and left on Ibn Nashira's counsel, was restored by Waki' ibn Abi Sud, and expelled Ibn Nashira who fell by his stumbling horse.
شخصیت
عبد الحميد الأول
Abd al-Hamid I (r. 1187–1203/1773–1788) — came from the palace seclusion to sign away the Black Sea: Küçük Kaynarca (1774) freed Crimea, opened Ottoman waters to Russian ships and gave Russia a protected church in Galata.
شخصیت
عبد الحميد بن يحيى
Marwan ibn Muhammad's scribe; in al-Baladhuri he would say of the diwan's translator Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman: 'God reward Salih — how great his favor to the scribes.'
شخصیت
عبد الحميد الثاني
Abd al-Hamid II (r. 1293–1327/1876–1909) — ruled under a constitution hostage to his person: ministers, treaties, war and law all his alone. His pan-Islamic counterweight: the Shaykhs' Council, the Arab Tribal School for sons of chiefs, and correspondence with the Arab amirs — against British approaches to the Sharif of Mecca and the imams of Yemen and Asir.
شخصیت
عبد المجيد الأول
Abdülmecid I — Mahmud II's son, 'of slight build, sharp mind, realistic and merciful'; under Mustafa Rashid Pasha's hand the Tanzimat ran on three tracks: Western military and administrative models, secularising the social order, and centralising Istanbul's power over the provinces.
شخصیت
عبد الملك بن أبي حرة
Narrator from his father, 'the most knowledgeable man on the Sawad'; in al-Baladhuri he lists from him Umar's ten sawafi heads, their seven-million-dirham yield, and the register's burning in the Jamajim.
شخصیت
عبد المسيح بن بقيلة
Guide to Kufa's site; in al-Baladhuri he told Sa'd 'I will show you land sunk below the steppe and raised above the floodpools,' directing him to today's Kufa — called Suristan.
شخصیت
عبد الرحمن بن أبرى
Abd al-Rahman ibn Abra, Khuza'a's mawla; in Abu Ubayda's account Ali's first agent over Khurasan, before Ja'da ibn Hubayra.
شخصیت
عبد الرحمن بن العباس الهاشمي
Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Abbas ibn Rabi'a ibn al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib; out with Ibn al-Ash'ath, he fled to Herat, killed al-Ruqad al-Mutakki and levied kharaj — beaten by Yazid ibn al-Muhallab who forbade pursuit, he fled on to Sind.
شخصیت
عبد الرحمن بن جزء الطائي
Abd al-Rahman ibn Jaza' al-Ta'i; Ali's envoy to Sijistan, killed by Hasaka ibn Utab — Ali swore to kill four thousand of the Habata, and was told they were not even five hundred.
شخصیت
عبد الرحمن بن مسلم الباهلي
Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Bahili, Qutayba's brother; sent against Khurrazad he killed him and slew four thousand captives.
شخصیت
عبد الرحمن بن سمرة
Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura ibn Habib ibn Abd Shams; Ibn Amir's governor of Sijistan — Zaranj's marzban truced under feast-day siege for two million and two thousand wadif; he conquered to Kish and the Dawar country, trapped them in Jabal al-Zur, cut the hand off the gold ruby-eyed Zur idol and took its eyes: 'yours — I meant to show you it neither harms nor benefits'; Bust and Zabil by compact.
شخصیت
عبد الرحمن بن زياد
Abd al-Rahman ibn Ziyad; a sharif whom Mu'awiya made over Khurasan after Sa'id ibn Uthman's dismissal — he held it at Mu'awiya's death.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن عبد الله بن الأهثم أبو حاقان
Abdallah ibn al-Ahtham, Abu Haqan — Qutayba's Marw deputy whose denunciation al-Hajjaj returned; forewarned he fled to Syria peddling wine, flax, then oil as one-eyed 'Abu Tutayna' — until al-Walid's death, when his unmasking sermon for Sulayman made him 'the most eloquent of men'.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن الأصبهاني
Abdallah ibn al-Asbahani; Basra's Dar Ibn al-Asbahani bears his name — he commanded four hundred men when he met al-Mukhtar under Mus'ab, on the right wing.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن الحسن
Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib, father of Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya and Ibrahim; in al-Baladhuri al-Mansur imprisoned him at the Kufa Hashimiyya over his sons — his grave is there.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن الربيع بن زياد
Abdallah ibn al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad al-Harithi; succeeded his father over Khurasan in 53h, fought Amul and Zamm into a sulh, and died at Marw two months later.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن علي
Abdallah ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas, the Abbasid commander; in al-Baladhuri he stayed at Basra, and Abu al-Asad — al-Mansur's mawla — was the one who brought him into Kufa; a fugitive from al-Mansur at his brother Sulayman's in Basra, the crowd cried at his door 'Commander of the Faithful, come down, we give you bay'a' till Sulayman dispersed them.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن علوان
Abdallah ibn Alwan; he severed Qutayba's head after the faza's pole crushed his skull.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن عمرو الكوسج
Abdallah ibn Amr al-Thaqafi al-Kawsaj; when Abu Bakra and his brother Nafi' contested the Kawsajan tract, he offered himself as arbiter, ruled it to himself and they yielded — or, as told, asked a leap's-width water share and leapt thirty cubits.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن بديل
Abdallah ibn Budayl ibn Warqa' al-Khuza'i; in al-Baladhuri sent by Umar to Isbahan in 23 — took Jayy by treaty after fighting, dueled and honored the fleeing marzban al-Fadhusfan, secured jizya for his townspeople, mastered Isbahan's land and tasasij, and set its kharaj on al-Ahwaz's model.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن دراج
Mu'awiya's mawla; in al-Baladhuri he had estates reclaimed during his tenure of Kufa's kharaj office under al-Mughira — dead land, stagnant waters, springs and reed-beds staked with milestones — which al-Hajjaj then seized for Abd al-Malik and cultivated.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن خازم السلمي
Abdallah ibn Khazim ibn Asma' ibn al-Salt al-Sulami; his Basra house came as a qati'a from his aunt Dajaja, Abdallah ibn Amir's mother.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن معمر اليشكري
Abdallah ibn Ma'mar al-Yashkari; Yazid's governor of Dihistan and al-Biyasan with four thousand — the Ispahbadh's letter to the marzban had him and his men slaughtered unaware in their quarters.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن ناشرة التميمي
Abdallah ibn Nashira al-Tamimi; he counselled Abd al-Aziz to empty Sijistan's treasury and leave, then came himself and entered Zaranj — expelled by Waki' ibn Abi Sud, he raised a host and fought till his horse stumbled and he was killed, elegized as 'no youth after Ibn Nashira the youth'.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن قيس الأشعري
in al-Baladhuri, sent by Abu Musa al-Ash'ari with al-Sa'ib ibn al-Aqra' his son-in-law to al-Saymara, which was taken by treaty.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن سوار العبدي
Abdallah ibn Sawar al-Abdi; frontier lord who gifted Mu'awiya Qiqani horses, then died at Qiqan to Turkish aid — so generous no other fire burned in his camp, and a lying-in woman's khabis meant three days' khabis for all.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن شبل الأنتمسي
Abdallah ibn Shibl al-Antamasi; he led al-Walid ibn Uqba's van in the 25 AH Azerbaijan campaign, raiding Muqan, al-Babar and al-Taylasan to plunder and captives.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن عمر بن عبد العزيز
Abdallah ibn Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz; Yazid ibn al-Walid's governor — the two-flask complaint of Basra's brackish water moved him to dig Nahr Ibn Umar: 'were the cost Iraq's whole kharaj, I would spend it'.
شخصیت
عبد الله بن أمية
Abdullah ibn Umayya; given Sijistan by his father while at Kirman — truced the second Rutbil at Bust for a million, refused gifts with 'fill this portico with gold or no peace', a ruse that let Rutbil trap him in the defiles; he settled for three hundred thousand, a written covenant, and no-raid terms — and Abd al-Malik dismissed him.
شخصیت
أبو عفراء عمير المازني
Abu Afra'a Umayr al-Mazini; he killed Rutbil in Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdallah ibn Amir's war, and the unbelievers routed.
شخصیت
أبو الأسد
al-Mansur's mawla-commander; in al-Baladhuri sent to Basra during Abdallah ibn Ali's stay there and the one who brought him into Kufa — he dug Nahr Abi al-Asad at the Batayih while camped opposite Isa ibn Musa's force in the war on Ibrahim ibn Abdallah al-Hasani.
شخصیت
أبو الهياج الأسدي
Amr ibn Malik ibn Ju'ada al-Asadi; in al-Baladhuri Sa'd appointed him over the people's plot-marking at Kufa's founding.
شخصیت
أبو الجراح القاضي
Abu al-Jarrah the qadi, keeper of Ibn al-Zubayr's prison; he escaped it and Sallam ibn Ziyad bought him Khalid ibn Tulayq's Basra house.
شخصیت
أبو الخصيب مرزوق
al-Mansur's mawla; in al-Baladhuri ordered to build him the palace called Abu al-Khasib's on an old foundation — it is also said he built it for himself and al-Mansur would visit him there. Basra's Nahr Abi al-Khasib bears his name
شخصیت
أبو المختار الصعيق
Abu al-Mukhtar Yazid ibn Qabs ibn Yazid al-Sa'iq; author of the famous poem that denounced the Ahwaz officials to Umar, who mulcted them of half their wealth.
شخصیت
أبو عمرو بن العلاء
Abu Amr ibn al-Ala' the philologist; in al-Baladhuri via al-Athram from Abu Ubayda from him: when the Arabs saw the many villages, palms and trees they said 'we never saw a greater mass' — al-sawad meaning the multitude — hence the Sawad's name.
شخصیت
أبو أيوب المورياني
Abu Ayyub al-Muryani; al-Mansur's minister, ordered to write the money-letters on yellowed sheets — and so it ran.
شخصیت
أبو برزة الأسلمي
Abu Barza Nadla ibn Ubaydallah al-Aslami; he held Ibn Amir's right wing at Istakhr's fall.
شخصیت
أبو دلف القاسم بن عيسى
Abu Dulaf al-Qasim ibn Isa al-Ijli, lord of al-Karaj and al-Mu'tasim's commander; he raided Daylam under al-Ma'mun and governed in al-Mu'tasim's reign during al-Afshin's Jibal command, taking the Daylam forts of Iqlism, Bumaj, al-Iblam and Andaq.
شخصیت
أبو مريم الحنفي
Abu Maryam al-Hanafi; sent to Ramhurmuz after their breach, he re-truced them for eight hundred thousand dirhams.
شخصیت
أبو محجن بن حبيب الثقفي
Abu Muhjan ibn Habib al-Thaqafi; in al-Baladhuri he charged the elephant at the Day of the Bridge and hamstrung its leg after Abu Ubayd struck its trunk; he left verses on that day's fallen.
شخصیت
أبو قيس بن عبد مناف بن زهرة
a Qurashi who learned the script with Sufyan ibn Umayya from Bishr ibn Abd al-Malik.
شخصیت
أبو رجاء الفارسي
Narrator from his father of his grandfather, who said: 'I was a Magian at al-Qadisiyya; when the Arabs shot arrows we cried duk duk — meaning spindles — and those spindles undid our rule,' describing the Muslims' arrows piercing double mail while Persian nawakiyya shafts failed.
شخصیت
أبو سعدة
A man of Banu Abs at Kufa; in al-Baladhuri he told the investigators Sa'd 'neither divided equally nor judged justly' — whereupon Sa'd's prayer befell him, Abd al-Malik ibn Umayr seeing him in the alleys saying 'an old man tried — Sa'd's prayer struck me.'
شخصیت
أبو سلمة الزطي
Abu Salama al-Zutti; chief of the Sayabija treasury-guards when they were killed in the Camel affair — remembered as a righteous man.
شخصیت
أبو عبيد بن مسعود الثقفي
Abu al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd ibn Mas'ud, of Thaqif; Umar's first appointee to Iraq in a thousand men — routed Jaban at al-Mudhayyib and Durna to Kaskar, pacified the Jalinus at Barusma at four dirhams a head, then crossed the bridge he had repaired against Dhu al-Hajib Mardanshah's mailed thousands and elephant, fighting till killed — or the elephant knelt upon him.
شخصیت
أبو عبيدة بن زياد
Abu Ubayda ibn Ziyad; captured by Kabul's people when they broke, ransomed by Talha ibn Abdallah — Talhat al-Talhat — for five hundred thousand dirhams at Salm ibn Ziyad's sending.
شخصیت
أبو عثمان النهدي
In al-Baladhuri, who carried the glad tidings of Nihawand to Umar — 'al-Nu'man was killed' — whereupon Umar said 'we are God's' and wept, his hand on his head; 'killed among later ones I do not know' — 'but God knows them.'
شخصیت
أبو عيينة بن المهلب
Abu Uyayna ibn al-Muhallab, Yazid's brother; sent with Khalid against the Ispahbadh and routed with him.
شخصیت
أبو زيد الأنصاري
One of those who collected the Qur'an in the Prophet's time, per Abu Mikhnaf; killed at the Day of the Bridge.
شخصیت
أحمد بن أبي خالد الأحول
Ahmad ibn Abi Khalid al-Ahwal the katib; al-Ma'mun's commander who took Haydar's short road and camped on Ushrusana's city before the Turks arrived — Kawus surrendered.
شخصیت
أحمد بن أبي طاهر المروزي
Abu al-Fadl the scribe and foremost poet, author of a caliph history, d. 280h.
شخصیت
أحمد الثالث
Ahmed III (r. 1115–1143/1703–1730) — recovered the Morea and Azov, nearly captured Peter the Great on the Pruth, then lost Belgrade to Austria and signed Passarowitz (1718): Serbia and part of Wallachia gone, Morea kept.
شخصیت
عائشة بنت سعد
A'isha bint Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas; in al-Baladhuri via al-Waqidi, she related that when Mu'awiya killed Hujr ibn Adi her father said 'had Mu'awiya seen what came of the seepage of Ayn Qantarat Hulwan he would have known Hujr's great service to Islam.'
شخصیت
أفشين
al-Afshin, lord of Ushrusana; he bought off Muslim ibn Sa'id's invasion with six thousand heads and his fortress.
شخصیت
الأحنف بن قيس
al-Ahnaf ibn Qays — al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Tamimi; in al-Baladhuri, sent by Abu Musa to take Qashan by force and by Ibn Budayl to al-Yahudiyya on Jayy's terms, on Abu Musa's vanguard in one version.
شخصیت
العلاء بن عبد الرحمن بن مخرز
al-Ala' ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Mukhriz, Qurashi of Abd Shams; in al-Baladhuri — per al-Kalbi — he was over Kufa's quarter in Ibn al-Zubayr's days, Sikkat Ibn Mukhriz being named for him, his house the site of today's Dar Isa ibn Musa.
شخصیت
العلاء بن وهب
al-Ala ibn Wahb ibn Abd ibn Wahban of Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy; in al-Baladhuri, Sa'd's appointee for Uthman over Mah and Hamadhan — when Hamadhan's people broke faith he fought them into submission and treated on land kharaj, head jizya, 100,000 dirhams for the Muslims, and immunity of wealth, honor and children.
شخصیت
الأشهب بن بشر الكلبي
al-Ashhab ibn Bishr al-Kalbi; al-Hajjaj's governor of Sijistan when the truce-years ended — he pressed Rutbil hard over the 'urud until the king's complaint reached al-Hajjaj, who dismissed him.
شخصیت
أشرس بن عبد الله السلمي
al-Ashras ibn Abdallah al-Sulami; Hisham's governor, guided by his Nabati katib Abu Umayya — raised the levies, freed converts from jizya, watched the kharaj collapse, clawed it back as musalama, and sent the jailed-then-bailed Thabit Qutna to a death by Turks.
شخصیت
الأسود بن كلثوم العدوي عدي الرباب
al-Aswad ibn Kulthum al-Adawi, the ascetic called Adi al-Ribab; at Bayhaq he and a band entered by a wall-breach, the foe held it, and he died fighting with his men — Adham ibn Kathum then won the town. He had prayed to rise from the bellies of beasts and birds, so his brother left him unburied while the fallen companions were buried.
شخصیت
الأسود بن سريع التميمي
Al-Aswad ibn Sari' al-Tamimi; some say he laid out Basra's mosque and was the first to judge in it — the sons of Mas'ud taunted 'God have mercy, you have made yourself famous' and he answered 'I shall not do it again'.
شخصیت
العيزار بن حريث
Kufan narrator; in al-Baladhuri he transmits an alternative table of Umar's Sawad levies — two dirhams and two jaribs per wheat jarib, a dirham and jarib on barley, ten on vine, ten on ratba, five on cotton, a dirham per Farsi palm and on the two daqal grades.
شخصیت
الفادوسفان
Isbahan's aged marzban; in al-Baladhuri, betrayed by his besieged cityfolk, he fled with thirty archers toward Kirman — Ibn Budayl pursued, dueled him, struck his saddle-bow, and honored him with terms for his townspeople, to whom he said 'I saw you slackening for days — you earned what I did to you.'
شخصیت
الفضل بن عبد الرحمن رائض البغال
Al-Fadl ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Abbas ibn Rabi'a ibn al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib — nicknamed Ra'id al-Bighal, mule-breaker, for his riding; folk followed him after Ibn al-Ash'ath's flight to Sijistan, and he fled al-Hajjaj. To his house reverted the Nahr Nafidh qati'a Uthman had granted al-Abbas ibn Rabi'a with a hundred thousand dirhams.
شخصیت
الفضل بن ماهان
al-Fadl ibn Mahan, mawla of Banu Sama; Sindan's conqueror who sent al-Ma'mun an elephant and kept him in the mosque's dua — after him his sons Muhammad and Mahan fought over it till Hind retook it.
شخصیت
الفطمش بن الأعور
Al-Fatammash ibn al-A'war ibn Amr al-Dabbi, poet; his verse on Rayy's Furkhan fortress curses 'the keep on whose head the caller to prayer gleams'.
شخصیت
الهادي موسى
Musa ibn al-Mahdi, al-Hadi; in al-Baladhuri he dwelt at Madinat al-Salam and died there.
شخصیت
الحجاج بن أرطاة
Al-Hajjaj ibn Artat, called Abu Artat; he travelled to Rayy with al-Mahdi and died there.
شخصیت
الحجاج بن عتيك الثقفي
Al-Hajjaj ibn Utayk of Thaqif; husband of Umm Jamil bint Yahjan, on whom the watchers saw al-Mughira call; he held the Euphrates charge — the Hajjaj of Abu al-Mukhtar's satire on the Ahwaz officials.
شخصیت
الحكم بن أبي العاص الثقفي
al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi, Uthman's brother; sent to Bahrayn and on to Barus in 15h.
شخصیت
الحكم بن عمرو الغفاري
al-Hakam ibn Amr al-Ghifari, a chaste Companion; fetched to Ziyad by mistake for al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As, he was blessed and given Khurasan — died there 50h, the first to pray beyond the river and the conqueror of the Saghaniyan lands.
شخصیت
الحكم بن عوانة الكلبي
al-Hakam ibn Awana al-Kalbi; Asad ibn Abdallah's deputy over Khurasan on his departure.
شخصیت
الحكم بن مسعود
Brother of Abu Ubayd ibn Mas'ud al-Thaqafi; in al-Baladhuri he took the banner at the Day of the Bridge after his brother's death and was killed.
شخصیت
الحكم بن نهيك الهجيمي
Al-Hakam ibn Nuhayk al-Hujaymi; al-Hajjaj's governor of Kirman after Fars — he built Arrajan's mosque and dar al-imara.
شخصیت
الحارث بن عبد الله بن أبي ربيعة المخزومي القباع
Al-Harith ibn Abdallah ibn Abi Rabi'a al-Makhzumi, called al-Quba'; he gave Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdallah ibn Amir Sijistan in Ibn al-Zubayr's days, and they warred on Rutbil.
شخصیت
الحارث بن كلدة
the famed physician of the Arabs; ate the poisoned khazira with Abu Bakr — 'a year's poison is in it, we die in one day' — and both died in one day at year's end.
شخصیت
الحارث بن مرة العبدي
al-Harith ibn Murra al-Abdi; Ali-sanctioned volunteer of the Indian frontier — a thousand heads' booty in one day — killed with his men at al-Qiqan in 42h.
شخصیت
الحسن بن الحسين الطاهري
Al-Hasan ibn al-Husayn, Abdallah ibn Tahir's uncle; sent at Khurasan's head against Mazyar, his the ambush-ruse that took him on the false aman.
شخصیت
الهربذ
The Hirbadh, master of Darabjird — banner-town of Fars's folk and their religion; he truced Uthman on payment and equal terms with the surrendered towns, and is said to have truced Fasa as well.
شخصیت
الحضين بن المنذر
al-Hudayn ibn al-Mundhir; Khurasan's people begged him to lead them against Qutayba — he refused and pointed them to Waki' ibn Hassan, 'none else can bear it'.
شخصیت
الهذيل بن قيس العنبري
in al-Baladhuri via al-Kalbi and Abu al-Yaqzan, Marwan's governor over Isbahan — whence the Anbari line settled there.
شخصیت
الحصين بن أبي الحر العنبري
Al-Husayn ibn Abi al-Hurr al-Anbari; granted leave for a Basra bathhouse in the permission-wave.
شخصیت
الجارود العبدي
A chief of Abd al-Qays who had been a Christian; he came in his people's delegation and asked the Prophet to guarantee his religion if he left it for Islam. The Prophet answered that he guaranteed God had guided him to something better, and he and his companions embraced Islam; he asked for mounts, there were none, and the Prophet forbade him to ride stray camels. He remained firm in Islam until he died, having lived into the ridda, when he called his people back from apostasy with al-Gharur. Al-Baladhuri adds that in 22 AH Umar ordered him sent against the fortresses of Fars.
شخصیت
الجنيد بن عبد الرحمن المري
al-Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri; Hisham's governor from 112h — his scouts took the Khaqan's son drunk hunting, and Hisham armed him with twenty thousand men, thirty thousand spears and shields; the Hashimi da'is flourished in his rule. He died at Marw.
شخصیت
الكوكي
A Daylami known as al-Kawki around whom the Daylamis rallied when the Talibis rose in Daylam and the Tabaristan side in 253 AH; al-Mu'tazz sent Musa ibn Bugha against them.
شخصیت
الخيزران أم الخلفاء
Mother of the caliphs; in al-Baladhuri she ordered the canal known as Mahdud dug — naming it al-Rayyan — her agent dividing it into bounded sections each assigned to a digging crew, whence the name Mahdud.
شخصیت
الكسائي النحوي
Ali ibn Hamza al-Kisa'i, master of Kufa's reading and grammar and tutor of al-Hadi, al-Amin and al-Rashid; buried at Rayy.
شخصیت
المبارك التركي
Al-Mubarak al-Turki, mawla of Musa al-Hadi; built at Qazwin the fortress called Madinat al-Mubarak, peopled by his own clients.
شخصیت
المفضل بن المهلب
al-Mufaddal ibn al-Muhallab; al-Hajjaj's governor after his brother Yazid — he retook breached Badghis, Shuman and others, and divided the spoils among the people.
شخصیت
المغيرة بن أبي العاص الثقفي
al-Mughira ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi, Uthman's brother; sent to the Daybul creek he met the enemy and prevailed.
شخصیت
المغيرة بن المهلب
al-Mughira ibn al-Muhallab; his death before his father's was the beginning of the Muhallab's own illness — grief that ended at Zaghul of Marw al-Rudh.
شخصیت
المهاجر بن زياد الحارثي
Al-Muhajir ibn Ziyad al-Harithi, al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad's brother; martyred at Manadhir — he would sell his life fasting, drank at Abu Musa's order 'not from thirst', fought and fell, his head set between two merlons — the elegy 'راح المهاجر في حل بإجمال' is his.
شخصیت
المهلب بن أبي صفرة
Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra al-Azdi; the Basrans' amir and commander of the Azraqite wars — he gave his wife Khayra bint Damra the Mahallaban and Khayrakan estates, mother of Abu Uyayna.
شخصیت
المختار بن أبي عبيد
al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd al-Thaqafi; in al-Baladhuri the saying 'the Kufans' love is honor and their hatred ruin' is attributed to him — or to another.
شخصیت
المختار بن كعب الجمحي
al-Mukhtar ibn Ka'b al-Jumhi; his verse on Qutayba — 'he tamed Sughd with raids till he left it squatting in the bare waste'.
شخصیت
المنذر بن عمرو
one of the literate Ansar when Islam came.
شخصیت
المنذر بن حسان بن ضرار
Al-Mundhir ibn Hassan ibn Dirar of the Malik ibn Zayd Dabis; he shared in Mihran's blood on al-Nukhayla day.
شخصیت
المنذر بن حسان الضبي
al-Mundhir ibn Hassan ibn Sirar al-Dabbi; disputed with Jarir ibn Abdallah over killing Mihran at al-Buwayb — he took Mihran's belt while Jarir took the rest of the spoil.
شخصیت
المنجاب بن راشد الضبي
Al-Munjab ibn Rashid al-Dabbi; granted leave for a Basra bathhouse, the dying man's verse asks 'how is the road to Minjab's bath?'.
شخصیت
النخيرخان
commander of al-Mada'in who met the Muslims past Dayr Ka'b in a great host; Zuhayr ibn Sulaym grappled him and slit his belly with his own dagger.
شخصیت
النعمان بن امرئ القيس
al-Nu'man ibn Imri' al-Qays ibn al-Shaqiqa bint Abi Rabi'a ibn Duhl ibn Shayban, king of al-Hira; in al-Baladhuri he built al-Khawarnaq for Bahram Jur ibn Yazdgard — who was in his ward when he left his kingdom and wandered, as Adi ibn Zayd al-Ibadi's verse records.
شخصیت
النعمان بن مقرن
al-Nu'man ibn Amr ibn Muqarrin al-Muzani; in al-Baladhuri governor over Kaskar and its district — or at Medina — when Umar gave him the Nihawand army: 'I am employing you' — 'not as a tax-gatherer, but as a ghazi' — 'a ghazi, then'; the succession letter ran Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman, then Jarir, then al-Mughira, then al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, with al-Sa'ib ibn al-Aqra' al-Thaqafi beside him.
شخصیت
النعمان بن صهبان الراسبي
Al-Nu'man ibn Suhban al-Rasibi; he judged between Mudar and Rabi'a in the days Yazid died — his Qasr al-Nu'man enlarged by Ubaydallah drew his prophecy 'evil wealth: much water drowns, little parching', which came to pass.
شخصیت
النُّسَير
Raider on the Iraq marches at the conquest; in al-Baladhuri sent by al-Muthanna ibn Haritha with Hudhayfa ibn Mihsan to Tikrit after the Day of the Bridge, safe-conducting Ukbara and al-Baradan and routing Khurzad ibn Mahibandadh at Qasr Sabur; also said sent by Khalid ibn al-Walid against Maskin and Qatarrabul villages — the name appears as al-Tusayr in places.
شخصیت
القاسم بن ثعلبة الطائي
al-Qasim ibn Tha'laba ibn Abdallah ibn Hasn al-Ta'i; by Ibn al-Kalbi's account, Dahir's killer.
شخصیت
الربيع بنت النضر
Al-Rabi' bint al-Nadr, Anas ibn Malik's aunt; it is said al-Hasan al-Basri and his brother fell to her from Maysan's captives and she freed them — others say it was Jamila, Anas's wife of Salima.
شخصیت
الربيع بن خثيم الثوري
Al-Rabi' ibn Khuthaym al-Thawri, ascetic of the Followers; Ali sent him raiding Daylam at the head of four thousand, and Qazwin kept his famous mosque with a tree the common folk rubbed for blessing — said to have sprouted from his planted tooth-stick — until Tahir ibn Abdallah's governor cut it in al-Mutawakkil's reign fearing it would beguile the people.
شخصیت
الربيع بن زياد الحارثي
Al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad al-Harithi; in one telling Abu Musa sent him against the asawira at al-Kalbaniyya — he fought them till they sought aman on conversion, war against the Medes, free alliance and free settlement.
شخصیت
الرواد الأزدي
Al-Rawwad al-Azdi; he settled Tabriz, then his son al-Wajna' ibn al-Rawwad, who built and walled it so the people rallied to him — al-Wajna' and the Azd mawla Sadaqa ibn Ali later ravaged Azerbaijan.
شخصیت
الرقاد المتكي
al-Ruqad al-Mutakki; killed at Herat by the Hashimi Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Abbas in Ibn al-Ash'ath's remnant.
شخصیت
السائب بن الأقرع
al-Sa'ib ibn al-Aqra' al-Thaqafi; in al-Baladhuri, sent by Umar with his letter to al-Nu'man and charged with the spoils — 'raise no falsehood, withhold no right' — he gathered and divided them, and on Dhu al-Muwaynatayn's word climbed the fortress to the Nukhayrkan treasure, taking the two jewel baskets sold at Umar's order.
شخصیت
الشاهجان
al-Shahijan; Marw's marzban sent him to Ibn Amir suing for peace, and Hatim ibn al-Nu'man went and made it.
شخصیت
الشماخ بن ضرار
Al-Shammakh ibn Dirar al-Thumali — some say al-Taghlibi — the poet; he rode Sa'id ibn al-As's Azerbaijan raid and sang of Bukayr ibn Shaddad, knight of Atlal.
شخصیت
الصولي
Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Suli, the chess-player historian of the Awraq on the Abbasids, d. 335h under al-Muti'.
شخصیت
الوليد بن هشام بن المغيرة
al-Walid ibn Hisham ibn al-Mughira; his advice Umar took for the diwan — 'Syria's kings have a diwan and an army: write a diwan, raise an army'.
شخصیت
علي بن عبد الله العباسي
Ali ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas; in al-Baladhuri, patron of the mawlas Mihlahil, Mujalid al-Sarawi and Maymun Abu Bishr — his son Muhammad renamed the mawla Yahya and freed him.
شخصیت
علي بن هشام المروزي
al-Ma'mun's commander; in al-Baladhuri, sent against rebellious Qumm — killed its chief Yahya ibn Imran, razed its wall, and levied seven million dirhams plus increments.
شخصیت
عمار بن أبي الخصيب
Ammar ibn Abi al-Khasib; the builder who executed the congregational mosque of al-Mahdi's al-Muhammadiyya at Rayy — his name inscribed on its wall — in the building dated 158 AH.
شخصیت
عمرو الرومي
Amr al-Rumi, al-Hadi's mawla; he administered Madinat Musa at Qazwin and the Rustamabadh endowment, succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Amr.
شخصیت
عمرو بن الأهتم التميمي
A poet of Banu Minqar of Tamim; he came in the Tamim delegation of 9 AH as its youngest member and was left with the mounts, Qays ibn Asim belittled him before the Prophet, who gave him the same gift as the others, and he lampooned Qays in two verses; in Umar's caliphate he carried the news of the Rayshahr victory, as al-Baladhuri relates.
شخصیت
عمرو بن هانئ العبسي
Amr ibn Hani' al-Absi; al-Hajjaj sent him with Damascenes against the Kurds who had ravaged in Ibn al-Ash'ath's days — he routed them and killed many — then ordered him against Daylam with twelve thousand.
شخصیت
عمرو بن حارث
A Qurashi youth; in al-Baladhuri he bought the two jewel baskets of Nihawand's spoils for the warriors' shares, sold one at al-Hira for the price of both, and kept the other — his first capital.
شخصیت
عمرو بن حريث المخزومي
A Makhzumi of Kufa; in al-Baladhuri he built in its mosque, and Ziyad deputized him over Kufa when he went to Basra.
شخصیت
عمرو بن ميمون الأودي
a witness of Umar's stabbing — his account: the two-pointed dagger, thirteen wounded six dead, the thrown cloth, the suicide — and Umar's last counsels.
شخصیت
عمرو بن محمد بن القاسم
Amr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qasim; al-Hakam ibn Awana's trusted deputy — raiding from al-Mahfuza he built al-Mansura below the lake, the governors' seat.
شخصیت
عمرو بن مسلم الباهلي
Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili, Qutayba's brother; his governor of Sijistan under al-Walid — his demand for arrears drew Rutbil's answer that only al-Hajjaj's 'urud was due, and brought Qutayba himself to the frontier.
شخصیت
عمرو بن عتبة الزاهد
Amr ibn Utba the Ascetic; he campaigned with Utba ibn Farqad al-Sulami in Azerbaijan when its borderlands breached.
شخصیت
عمرو بن عتبة بن نوفل
Amr ibn Utba ibn Nawfal of Banu Zuhra, his mother Atika bint Abi Waqqas; per al-Kalbi, Sa'd's appointee over the people at Jalula.
شخصیت
عمرو بن زرارة بن عدس
of Mudar's lands, learned the script from Bishr — he is called Amr the Scribe.
شخصیت
أنس بن زنيم
Anas ibn Zunaym; riding with Abu al-Aswad and Fil — he posed the bathhouse riddle 'two-thirds of Fil's bath: by your father, Kisra's bath is naught'.
شخصیت
أبرويز مرزبان زرنج
Aparwiz, marzban of Zaranj; sent to seek aman, al-Rabi' seated him on a corpse and leaned on another, his companions likewise — awed, he truced for a thousand slave-youths each bearing a gold cup.
شخصیت
عقيل بن أبي طالب
Aqil ibn Abi Talib; one of Quraysh's tongues Umar called with Makhrama and Jubayr to write the people by their ranks — they opened with Banu Hashim.
شخصیت
أردة بنت الحارث
Arda bint al-Harith ibn Kallada, Utba ibn Ghazwan's wife; she goaded the men at the al-Furat city fight with her verse 'if they rout you, you'll enter us uncircumcised'.
شخصیت
أسد بن عبد الله القسري
Brother of Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri; in al-Baladhuri he founded the village called Suq Asad with its market and moved people into it — his camp, when he marched to Khurasan as governor, was by that market.
شخصیت
أعشى همدان
A'sha Hamdan the poet; in Salm ibn Ziyad's army to Khujanda, defeated — his verses lamenting his horse and his own bloodied fall.
شخصیت
أشناس التركي
al-Mu'tasim's mawla; in al-Baladhuri given Qasr al-Rashid at al-Qatul, then settled with his attached commanders at Karkh Fayruz in Sur man Ra'a.
شخصیت
أشرس بن عوف
Ashras ibn Awf of Shayban; the Persian defector walked him across Dujayl's stone weir up into Tustar and showed him Hurmuzan — the way the Muslims entered the city.
شخصیت
أسيد بن المتشمس
Asid ibn al-Mutashammis — or, some say, al-Ahnaf's nephew; left over Balkh after its sulh, he levied its settlement.
شخصیت
عاصم أو ابن عاصم التميمي
Asim, or Ibn Asim, of Banu Tamim; the first to call Sijistan's people to the Kharijite view.
شخصیت
عاصم بن عبد الله الهلالي
Asim ibn Abdallah ibn Yazid al-Hilali; Hisham's governor of Khurasan after al-Junayd's death at Marw.
شخصیت
عاصم بن مرة
son of Murra ibn Ali al-Rudhayni; in al-Baladhuri, from whom Sisar was taken under al-Ma'mun, returning to the caliphal estates.
شخصیت
عاصم بن قيس بن الصلت السلمي
Asim ibn Qays ibn al-Salt al-Sulami; Abu Musa's governor of conquered Manadhir.
شخصیت
عطاء بن السائب الخشل
Ata ibn al-Sa'ib, Banu al-Layth's mawla, called al-Khashl; he ruined Balkh's Nawbahar in Qays ibn al-Haytham's campaign and built the three-river 'Qanatir Ata' a farsakh from the city.
شخصیت
عون بن جمدة المخزومي
Awn ibn Jamda ibn Hubayra al-Makhzumi; in Abu Mikhnaf's account Ali's man to Sijistan, killed by the Ta'i bandit Buhadali on the Iraq road.
شخصیت
أوس بن خولي
a literate Ansari of the kamil who joined writing, archery and swimming.
شخصیت
أوس بن ثعلبة
Aws ibn Tha'laba ibn Ruqi of Taym Allah, a Khurasan notable who bore great charges there — Qasr Aws at Basra bears his name — and passing Palmyra he mocked its two idols 'you two maidens of Tadmur's folk, how long you have wearied standing'. He led Ibn Amir's army to Herat; Rabi'a rallied to him there, Ibn Khazim marched on him and had him poisoned — ailing, he took a wound in the battle and died of it days later.
شخصیت
أعين مولى سعد
Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas's mawla; in al-Baladhuri Kufa's Hammam A'yan is named for him — the man al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf sent to the defecting Abdallah ibn al-Jarud al-Abdi of Rustuqubadh, who answered 'were you not a messenger I'd kill you.'
شخصیت
بهمتة عظيم أبورد
Bahmana, the great of Abiward; he came to Ibn Amir and compounded Abiward at four hundred thousand — or Ibn Khazim was sent and its people truced at the same.
شخصیت
بلج بن نشبة السمدي
Balj ibn Nashba al-Samadi, the watchman whose name stuck to Hammam Balj at Basra — he whom Ziyad called 'who is like him, a watchman and a warden'.
شخصیت
بندون السغدي
Bandun the Sughdi, a king of Sughd; the Sughd mustered for him and Salm ibn Ziyad, crossing the river, killed him in battle.
شخصیت
بشير بن سعد
one of the literate Ansar when Islam came.
شخصیت
بشير بن عبيد الله بن أبي بكرة
Bashir ibn Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra; he dug the Marghab canals at Basra by force, named it Marghab Marw, claimed it as his qati'a — sued by Humayri ibn Hilal, he went up to Khalid al-Qasri, made his complaint and was believed.
شخصیت
بشار بن مسلم الباهلي
Bashshar ibn Muslim ibn Amr al-Bahili, Qutayba's brother; he gifted al-Hajjaj a horse that won him the race — the grant was seven hundred jarib (some say four hundred) for which he dug the canal named Nahr Bashshar.
شخصیت
بلال بن أبي بردة
Bilal ibn Abi Burda; he cut Nahr Ma'qil into Basra's Fayd where it had stood broken, dug the canal named for him, lined both banks with shops, moved the market there — all done for Yazid ibn Khalid al-Qasri.
شخصیت
بشر بن عبد الملك
brother of Ukaydir the Christian lord of Dumat al-Jandal; learned the Arabic script at al-Hira and carried it to Mecca, Ta'if, Mudar and al-Sham.
شخصیت
بشر بن المحتفز
Bishr ibn al-Muhtafiz; governor of Jundishapur — the 'Bishr' of Abu al-Mukhtar's satire.
شخصیت
بشر بن داود
Bishr ibn Dawud; the Sind governor who broke with al-Ma'mun, drawn out in aman by Ghassan ibn Abbad and carried to Baghdad.
شخصیت
بسطام بن ترسي
dihqan of Babil and Khutarniyya; converted after the Sawad's conquest — Umar left his land in his hand and lifted the jizya.
شخصیت
بديل بن طهفة البجلي
Budayl ibn Tahfa al-Bajali; sent from Uman against Daybul, his horse shied, the enemy ringed and killed him — some say the Zutt of al-Budha did it.
شخصیت
بجير بن ورقاء الصرعي
Bujayr ibn Waraqa' al-Sura'i of Tamim; with the party that renounced Ibn Khazim at Abarshahr, he pursued and stabbed him near Marw with Waki' ibn al-Dawraqiyya — and later leapt on the imprisoned Bukayr ibn Wishah and killed him.
شخصیت
بكير بن شداد
Bukayr ibn Shaddad ibn Amir of Kinana, rider of the horse Atlal; he rode with Sa'id ibn al-As on the Azerbaijan raid — al-Shammakh's verse ransoms 'Bukayr of the Shaddakh sons, knight of Atlal' — and he it was who heard a Jew reciting poetry in Umar's caliphate and killed him.
شخصیت
بكير بن وشاح
Bukayr ibn Wishah — some say Wisah; Ibn Khazim's shurta-chief who deposed him, seized arms and treasury, won Marw to Abd al-Malik's bay'a, and was made governor — he sent Ibn Khazim's head to Damascus. Under Umayya he held Tukharistan and the trans-river campaigns, then turned, imprisoned Umayya's son and deposed him; fought, then truced for a district, was seized on renewed suspicion and killed in his cell by Bujayr ibn Waraqa'.
شخصیت
بنا الصغير
Buna al-Saghir, al-Mutawakkil's mawla; he fought the rebel Muhammad ibn al-Ba'ith, took him to Samarra, and razed Marand's wall and palace.
شخصیت
بريدة بن الحصيب الأسلمي
Burayda ibn al-Husayb al-Aslami, Abu Abdallah; among the fifty thousand transplanted to Khurasan by al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad in 51h, he died at Marw under Yazid ibn Mu'awiya.
شخصیت
داهر ملك السند
Dahir, king of Sind; refusing to free the pirated women — 'pirates beyond my power' — he met Muhammad ibn al-Qasim elephant-backed amid elephants and the Kakira, dismounted, fought, and fell at evening; al-Mada'ini names a Kilabi his killer.
شخصیت
داود بن أبي هند
Dawud ibn Abi Hind of Basra; one of Sulayman ibn Ali's delegates to al-Mansur over al-Subaytiyya.
شخصیت
داود بن علي
Dawud ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas; in al-Baladhuri he was granted all al-Sibayn when Umayyad wealth was seized under the blessed dawla — later bought from his heirs with its rights and bounds into the caliphal estates.
شخصیت
داود بن يزيد بن حاتم
Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi; the Sind thaghr after Umar ibn Hafs — the Kinda-mawla Abu al-Summa al-Mutaghallib in his company.
شخصیت
ذو الحاجب مردانشاه
Persian commander sent against the Arabs at the Day of the Bridge; in al-Baladhuri Anushirwan had named him Bahman for blessing, he was called Dhu al-Hajib for tying his brows up over his eyes in pride — though his name is said to be Rustam — and he met the Muslims with four thousand mailed men and an elephant.
شخصیت
دينار
Nihawand's dihqan; in al-Baladhuri, spared by Simak ibn Ubayd after his eight companions fell, he asked to treat with the commander — paying kharaj and jizya for his city's security — whence Nihawand was called Mah Dinar; he would visit Simak thereafter bearing gifts.
شخصیت
ضرار بن مسلم الباهلي
Dirar ibn Muslim al-Bahili, Qutayba's brother; the only brother spared at his fall — Tamim gave him safety.
شخصیت
دوهر بن داهر
Duhar ibn Dahir; he sallied against Muhammad ibn al-Qasim at al-Kiraj, was routed, fled — some say was killed — and the city yielded on terms.
شخصیت
فرج الرخجي
Faraj al-Rukhkhaji, Ziyad's son; a boy among Ma'n's Zabulistan captives — he told how wild-ass dust made Ma'n put the sword to them, his father bent over him saying 'kill me, not my son', till the truth of the dust stayed his hand.
شخصیت
الفرزدق
Hammam ibn Ghalib the poet; in al-Baladhuri he praised al-Mubarak canal which Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri dug.
شخصیت
فيل مولى زياد
Fil, Ziyad's mawla and chamberlain, owner of Basra's second bathhouse; his hamlaaj-nag beside Abu al-Aswad's and Anas ibn Zunaym's poor mounts bred the riddle 'two-thirds of Fil's bath — by your father, Kisra's bath is naught' and Abu al-Aswad's answer that they would not flaunt among the mawali on the Prophet's sunnah.
شخصیت
فيروز بن يزدجرد الثالث
son of the last Sasanian; in al-Baladhuri, fallen to the Turks who married him and kept him among them.
شخصیت
غسان بن عباد
Ghassan ibn Abbad of Kufa's sawad; al-Ma'mun's man who drew Bishr ibn Dawud out in aman and left Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki over the thaghr.
شخصیت
غيلان بن خرشة الضبي
Ghaylan ibn Kharasha al-Dabbi; he ran Ibn Amir's digging of the Umm Abdallah Dajaja canal — the one Haritha ibn Badr praised riding with Ibn Amir ('never a greater blessing — the weak drink at their own doors') then damned riding with Ziyad ('never a worse canal — their boys drown in it'); some say the two-tongued speaker was Ghaylan himself.
شخصیت
غيلان بن سلمة الثقفي
travelled with Bishr's company to Ta'if and learned the script from them.
شخصیت
غورك ملك السغد
Ghurak, king of Sughd; he summoned the Shash king's aid and was broken, then truced at two hundred and two thousand yearly, prepared the food Qutayba ate, and let him pray and build a mosque in the city.
شخصیت
حبيب بن المهلب
Habib ibn al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra; Sulayman's Sind-war commander — received obedience on Mihran's shore and won his fights.
شخصیت
حبشة بن داهر
Habsha ibn Dahir; restored to Brahmanabadh after his father's death, he answered Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's letter — Islam for kept kingship — and he and the kings converted, taking Arab names.
شخصیت
حكيم بن جبلة العبدي
Hakim ibn Jabala al-Abdi; Abdallah ibn Amir's scout of the Indian frontier — his rhymed dismissal ('its water scant, its fruit worthless; few men lost, many starved') ended Uthman's appetite for the campaign. In the Jamal prelude Ibn Hunayf made him Basra's police-chief; he marched with seven hundred 'Abd Qays on Ibn al-Zubayr's provisioning party and fell to Suhaym's sword with seventy men.
شخصیت
همام بن هانيء العبدي
al-Jurashi's commander; in al-Baladhuri, to whom most of al-Mafaza's people commended their estates — he held them paying the treasury's due until death, his sons then giving the tract to al-Ma'mun as caliphal estates.
شخصیت
حمزة بن عبد الله بن الزبير
Hamza ibn Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr; his father's governor of Basra — marching into al-Ahwaz he saw its mountain and said 'as if it were Qa'ayq'an'.
شخصیت
حنظلة بن خالد أبو مالك
Hanzala ibn Khalid al-Tamimi, Abu Malik of Qazwin; he worked till all of Dastaba — long split between Rayy and Hamadhan — was joined to Qazwin, and hearing a fellow townsman say 'I won it over, I Abu Malik', answered 'rather you ruined it, you Abu Halik (father of ruin)'.
شخصیت
حنظلة بن زيد
brother of Urwa ibn Zayd; in al-Baladhuri, left in command at Rayy while Urwa bore the victory news to Umar.
شخصیت
حرب بن عبد الله البلخي
in al-Baladhuri, head of Ja'far ibn al-Mansur's shurta at Mosul — Baghdad's Harbiyya quarter is named for him.
شخصیت
حرب بن سلم بن زياد
Harb ibn Salm ibn Ziyad; he contested his canal with Abd al-A'la ibn Abdallah ibn Amir — and when the verdict turned to Abd al-A'la, Harb yielded 'it is yours, sheikh of the counsel', Abd al-A'la yielded back 'it is yours', and when his mawlas warned Harb had only come after the judgment swung, he answered 'never shall I take back what I made his'.
شخصیت
هرم بن حيان العبدي
Harim ibn Hayyan al-Abdi; sent by Uthman to Qal'at Shabir — taken by force after siege and fighting, or, as some say, Qal'at al-Sutuj.
شخصیت
هرثمة بن عرفجة البارقي
Harthama ibn Arfaja al-Bariqi — Ibn Durayd reverses the nasab; first to lay out Mosul's plots, settle Arabs and make it a misr, appointed by Umar after Utba's dismissal; he found a fort, Christian churches, few houses and the Jewish quarter, housed the Arabs on their allotments and built the congregational mosque — some say he first misr-ed and plotted al-Haditha before Mosul.
شخصیت
حسكة بن عتاب الحبطي
Hasaka ibn Utab al-Habati; after the Camel he and Imran ibn al-Fasil led Arab desperadoes into Sijistan — plundered Zaliq, captured al-Bakhtari's grandfather, entered Zaranj — and he killed Ali's envoy Ibn Jaza' al-Ta'i, till Rubay'i ibn al-Kas came with four thousand and killed him.
شخصیت
حسان النبطي
Mawla of Banu Dubba, owner of Basra's Hawd Hassan and eponym of Manarat Hassan in the Bata'ih; in al-Baladhuri he reclaimed Bata'ih lands for al-Hajjaj under al-Walid and for Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.
شخصیت
حاتم بن النعمان الباهلي
Hatim ibn al-Nu'man al-Bahili; sent to Marw he truced its marzban at a million two hundred thousand — or a million dirhams with two hundred thousand jarib of grain, or a million one hundred thousand uqiyya.
شخصیت
حيدر بن كاوس الأفشين
Haydar ibn Kawus, the famous al-Afshin; demeaned by his father's favored qahrman he killed him at the city gate, fled to al-Khattl, then showed Islam at Baghdad, taught al-Ma'mun Ushrusana's short road, and was made king after his father.
شخصیت
حيان مولى مصقلة
Hayyan, Masmala's mawla of Daylami captivity, Abu Ma'mar, among the noble and leading clients; Yazid sent him to the Ispahbadh and he worked him till the treaty stood at seven hundred thousand dirhams plus four hundred qirats of saffron — and bore himself the difference between the weight-six and weight-seven measures.
شخصیت
هلال بن أحوز المازني
Hilal ibn Ahwaz al-Mazini; Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik's grantee of the eight-thousand-jarib Marghab tract at Basra.
شخصیت
هشام بن عمرو التغلبي
Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi; al-Mansur's Sind governor — Multan retaken, Qandabil's mutaghalliba expelled, Qandahar's budd razed for a mosque, the land prosperous under him.
شخصیت
حذيفة بن محصن
Commander of the conquest; in al-Baladhuri sent by al-Muthanna ibn Haritha with al-Nusayr to Tikrit after the Day of the Bridge; per Attab ibn Ibrahim they safe-conducted Tikrit's people with a written document later enforced by Utba ibn Farqad at al-Tirhan and Mosul.
شخصیت
حميري بن هلال
Humayri ibn Hilal ibn Ahwaz al-Mazini; he sued Bashir ibn Ubaydallah over the Marghab and lost, Amr ibn Yazid al-Usaydi backing his claim.
شخصیت
حريث بن قطبة الخزاعي
Hurayth ibn Qutba al-Khuza'i; with brother Thabit the real commanders of Musa's Tirmidh army via Tarkhun's backing — killed by a stray arrow.
شخصیت
حسين الكردي
Husayn al-Kurdi — commander of the Mamluk fleet sent by Qansuh al-Ghawri against the Portuguese: victor at Chaul in 1508, defeated at the famous battle of Diu in 1509.
شخصیت
ابن عبد الله بن عمير الليثي
Ibn Abdallah ibn Umayr al-Laythi, Ibn Amir's maternal half-brother; Qutayba's deputy over Sijistan on his return to Khurasan.
شخصیت
ابن الأندرزغز
Lord of Barusma; in al-Baladhuri he made peace with Abu Ubayd ibn Mas'ud at four dirhams per head on condition of withdrawal.
شخصیت
ابن الجوزي
Abd al-Rahman ibn Ali ibn al-Jawzi, historian-preacher, author of the Abbasid-caliph history ending in al-Nasir's days.
شخصیت
ابن المقفع
Abdallah ibn al-Muqaffa'; the famed chancery secretary, Baladhuri's source for the Persian zamam, seals and diwan usages.
شخصیت
ابن القرية
In al-Baladhuri, who quipped on Wasit's building: 'he built it in a land not his own and will leave it to sons not his own.'
شخصیت
إبراهيم بن عبد الله الحسني
Ibrahim ibn Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib, brother of Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya; in al-Baladhuri, fought by Isa ibn Musa while Abu al-Asad camped between them at the Batayih — he and Muhammad were the cause of their father Abdallah's imprisonment at the Hashimiyya.
شخصیت
إبراهيم بن سلمة
One of the Khurasan da'is; in al-Baladhuri al-Khawarnaq was granted him under the blessed dawla — grandfather of Abd al-Rahman ibn Ishaq the qadi of Madinat al-Salam under al-Ma'mun and al-Mu'tasim — and he raised al-Khawarnaq's dome in Abu al-Abbas's reign.
شخصیت
عمران بن الفصيل البرجمي
Imran ibn al-Fasil al-Burjumi; rode with Hasaka ibn Utab's desperadoes into Sijistan after the Camel — the rajaz: 'tell Sijistan: famine and war are come, with Ibn al-Fasil and the Arabs' desperadoes — no silver will destroy them, no gold'.
شخصیت
عمران بن الحصين
Imran ibn al-Husayn Abu Nujayd al-Khuza'i, Companion; Umar sent him with Abu Musa to Basra among the Ansar aid when al-Mughira was dismissed.
شخصیت
عمران بن موسى البرمكي
Imran ibn Musa ibn Yahya ibn Khalid al-Barmaki; he built the city al-Bayda in the Buqan lands under al-Mu'tasim.
شخصیت
عيسى بن المهدي
Isa ibn al-Mahdi ibn al-Khayzuran; in al-Baladhuri in the Turkic women's ward, eponym of Baghdad's Isabadh quarter.
شخصیت
عيسى بن إدريس
son of Idris ibn Ma'qil al-Ijli; in al-Baladhuri, who settled and mastered al-Karaj, built its fortress — enlarged and citied by his son Abu Dulaf al-Qasim, whence Karaj Abi Dulaf.
شخصیت
عيسى بن جعفر العباسي
Isa ibn Ja'far ibn al-Mansur; Harun al-Rashid's Basra governor, ordered to fold the dar al-imara into the mosque — and did.
شخصیت
عيسى بن موسى
Isa ibn Musa al-Abbasi; in al-Baladhuri he campaigned against Ibrahim ibn Abdallah al-Hasani while Abu al-Asad camped between their forces and dug the canal named for him at the Batayih.
شخصیت
إسحاق بن إبراهيم بن مصعب
al-Mutawakkil's Sawad agent; in al-Baladhuri he annexed the Taff springs to his charge, farmed their tithe, made them Sawadi — as they remained in al-Baladhuri's day — and dug 'Islamic springs' on the same dispensation.
شخصیت
جبر بن أبي عبيد
Son of Abu Ubayd ibn Mas'ud al-Thaqafi; in al-Baladhuri he took the banner at the Day of the Bridge after his uncle al-Hakam and was killed, before al-Muthanna took it and withdrew the people.
شخصیت
جعدة بن هبيرة المخزومي
Ja'da ibn Hubayra ibn Abi Wahb al-Makhzumi, son of Umm Hani' bint Abi Talib; sent by Ali to breached Khurasan, he could not recover it — it stayed uncovered till Ali's death.
شخصیت
جهم بن زحر الجعفي
Jahm ibn Zahr al-Ju'fi, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab's champion; he retook breached Jurjan, then led the hide-ladder ascent of Wajah — 'if I am spared life, let me not be spared death' — killed the gate-keepers, raised the takbir behind the enemy at mid-afternoon, and drove the captives to Wadi Jurjan where they were slaughtered till the blood ran.
شخصیت
جهور بن مرار المجلي
Jahwar ibn Marrar al-Ijli — Ibn Durayd reads al-Marrar; he presented Umar ibn al-Ala' the Rayy butcher to al-Mansur, who honoured and ranked him.
شخصیت
جميل بن بصبهري
dihqan of the two Fallujas and al-Nahrayn; converted after the Sawad's conquest — Umar left his land in his hand and lifted the jizya.
شخصیت
جفينة العبادي
a Christian of al-Hira, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas's freedman — killed with his two sons by Ubaydallah ibn Umar over the Abu Lu'lu'a charge.
شخصیت
جميع بن حاضر الباجي
Jumay' ibn Hadir al-Baji; set as qadi over Samarqand's claim that Qutayba planted Muslims on treachery — he ruled they must leave unless the city fight on even terms, and the citizens, loath to fight, confirmed them.
شخصیت
جزء بن معاوية
Juzz ibn Mu'awiya, al-Ahnaf's uncle; governor of Surraq — the 'Juzz' of Abu al-Mukhtar's denunciation.
شخصیت
كعب الأحبار
a Yemeni Jewish scholar converted under Abu Bakr or Umar; told Umar 'I find you in the Torah killed a martyr' and 'we find you in God's book at a gate of Jahannam, barring people from it'.
شخصیت
كعب بن سور
Umar's judge of Basra; understood the praising wife's true complaint and ruled her a day of four days and a night of four nights.
شخصیت
كابل شاه
The Kabul Shah, king of Kabul; he mustered and expelled every Muslim in Kabul, whereupon Rutbil overran Zabulistan and Rukhkhaj as far as Bust.
شخصیت
كامن دار بنت نرسى
Kamandar bint Narsi, cousin of al-Nushajan and lady of the Nahr al-Mar'a palace; she provisioned Abu Musa al-Ash'ari khabis when he lodged there — the canal taking its 'Woman' name from her.
شخصیت
كنازبك مرزبان طوس
Kanazbak, marzban of Tus; he came to Ibn Amir and compounded Tus at six hundred thousand dirhams.
شخصیت
كريمة بنت المقداد
she could write, per al-Waqidi's family chain through her niece.
شخصیت
كثير بن شهاب الحارثي
Fighter in Sa'd's army; in al-Baladhuri he charged the Jalinus after the crossing of al-Sirat and speared him — or killed him; Ibn al-Kalbi assigns the kill to Zuhra ibn Hawiyya.
شخصیت
كاوس ملك أشروسنة
Kawus, king of Ushrusana; he bought peace through al-Fadl ibn Sahl, broke it, lost his qahrman to son Haydar's blow, and yielded when Ahmad ibn Abi Khalid came by the short road — showing Islam at Baghdad he was reinstated, then Haydar after him.
شخصیت
خالد الشاطر ابن مارقلي
Khalid al-Shatir, known as Ibn Marquli; of the Bukharan stock Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad settled at Basra and al-Hajjaj moved to Wasit.
شخصیت
خالد بن عبد الله القسري
Khalid ibn Abdallah ibn Asad ibn Kurz al-Qasri; in al-Baladhuri he built his mother — a Christian — a church that is today's Sikkat al-Barid at Kufa, built shops with brick-and-gypsum vaulting, dug the canal called al-Jami', built Qasr Khalid, repaired and reinforced Kufa's pontoon, and renewed the mosque's maqsura.
شخصیت
خالد بن الحارث بن غلاب
Khalid ibn al-Harith ibn Ghallab of Banu Dahman; keeper of Isfahan's treasury — the 'Ibn Ghallab' of Abu al-Mukhtar's satire.
شخصیت
خالد بن المعمر الذهلي
Khalid ibn al-Mu'ammar al-Dhuhli; he led Ibn Amir's foot on the day Istakhr fell by storm. Mu'awiya made him over Khurasan after Qays ibn al-Haytham; he died at Qasr Munatil or Ayn al-Tamr — a poisoned draught Mu'awiya sent in regret, some say, or a glass shard in his leg that bled him dry.
شخصیت
خالد بن عرفطة العذري
Banu Zuhra's deputy in Sa'd's army at al-Qadisiyya; left over the camp at Qasr al-Mudhayyib, then sent with the pursuit cavalry killing fugitives to Burs, where he lodged with a man named Bustam who honored him — Nahr Bustam being named for it — and crossed al-Sirat to overtake the Jalinus.
شخصیت
خالد بن يزيد المهلبي
Khalid ibn Yazid ibn al-Muhallab; his father sent him with his uncle Abu Uyayna against the Ispahbadh, who routed them back into Yazid's camp.
شخصیت
خالد بن زيد المزني
Khalid ibn Zayd al-Muzani; he lost an eye at al-Sus and narrates its siege — the hundred-man aman and the dahqan who exempted himself and was killed.
شخصیت
خارجة بن حذافة
Kharija ibn Hudhafa; Umar's letter to Amr set him in sharaf al-ata' for his courage.
شخصیت
خرشة بن مسعود
Kharisha ibn Mas'ud of Tamim then Shaqira; with Ibn al-Ash'ath he fortified in the Fasa castle that bears his name, then fled and died at Wasit — his progeny remain at Fasa.
شخصیت
خرزاد بن باس
Kharrzad ibn Bas; he defied al-Hajjaj, fortified his castle at Ayadhaj, then slipped the siege for Abd al-Malik — Mukram ibn al-Farz caught him, two dirhams in his cap, and al-Hajjaj beheaded him.
شخصیت
خاتون بخارا
The Khatun, queen of Bukhara; her Turkish levies routed by Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad, she truced at a million and he entered Baykand. Under Sa'id ibn Uthman she broke covenant as the Sughd, Turks, Kish and Nasaf massed a hundred twenty thousand — broken, she gave hostages, renewed the peace, aided him on Samarqand, and sued for sulh again at Tirmidh.
شخصیت
خيرة بنت ضمرة القشيرية
Khayra bint Damra al-Qushayriyya, al-Muhallab's wife and Abu Uyayna's mother — hers were Khayrakān and Mahallabān, which al-Muhallab gave her, or which was hers and took his name.
شخصیت
خازم بن خزيمة التميمي
Khazim ibn Khuzayma al-Tamimi, al-Mansur's commander; sent with Rawh ibn Hatim against breaching Tabaristan — his mawla Marzuq Abu al-Khasib, namesake of Kufa's Qasr al-Khasib, contrived the city's fall by the false-defection ruse.
شخصیت
خليد بن عبد الله الحنفي
Khulayd ibn Abdallah al-Hanafi; in one account he, not Aws ibn Tha'laba, led the army sent against Herat.
شخصیت
خرزاد
Khurrazad, brother of Khwarizm's king; he opposed and overbore him till the king bought Qutayba's aid with money and keys to be made sole ruler.
شخصیت
خرزاد أخو رستم
Persian commander at Jalula; entrenched with dependents at Khaniqin under an oath not to flee, routed by the Muslims.
شخصیت
خُرزاد بن ماهبنذاذ
Persian commander garrisoned at Qasr Sabur — known in al-Baladhuri's day as Qasr Isa ibn Ali — who came out against al-Nusayr's raiders, fought and was routed, his men withdrawing to Ayn al-Tamr.
شخصیت
خزيمة بن ثابت
the two-testimonies Companion; with him alone Zayd found the two closing verses of Bara'a when gathering the Qur'an."
شخصیت
لبابة بنت أوفى الجرشي
Lababa bint Awfa al-Jarashi; granted leave for two Basra bathhouses — one among the Qaba' folk, one in Banu Sa'd.
شخصیت
لاحق بن حميد أبو يجلز
Lahiq ibn Humayd, called Abu Yajlaz; Waki' ibn Hassan's appointee on Marw, accepted and well-received.
شخصیت
ليلى الأخيلية
the poetess; in al-Baladhuri via al-Mada'ini, she came to al-Hajjaj who honored her, and asked a letter to his Rayy agent — dying at Sawa, where she lies buried.
شخصیت
ماهك
Mahak, the dahqan of Istakhr; he truced Ibn Amir for its folk in 28h — they broke, killed his agent, and were taken by storm.
شخصیت
محمود الأول
Mahmud I (r. 1143–1168/1730–1754) — brought in the first European military adviser (the Comte de Bonneval), yet won the war that produced the Treaty of Belgrade 1739: Austria ceded Belgrade, Serbia and Wallachia back, and Russia pledged no Black Sea fleet.
شخصیت
محمود الثاني
Mahmud II (r. from 1223/1808) — destroyed the Janissary corps outright, then was free to rebuild his army on European lines: the fez replaced the turban and European dress became the officials' uniform.
شخصیت
ماهويه
Marw's marzban; in al-Baladhuri, who honored the fleeing Yazdgard, then — ordered to account — incited Nizak Tarkhan and joined his killing.
شخصیت
ماهويه مرزبان مرو
Mahwiya, marzban of Marw; he came to Ali at Kufa and carried back the caliph's letters to the dahqans, asawira and dahshalarin for the jizya — and Khurasan broke away.
شخصیت
مجزأة بن ثور السدوسي
Majza'a ibn Thawr al-Sadusi; he held Abu Musa's left wing at Tustar.
شخصیت
مخرمة بن نوفل
Makhrama ibn Nawfal; of Quraysh's genealogists summoned with Aqil and Jubayr to write the diwan.
شخصیت
مالك بن المنذر بن الجارود
Malik ibn al-Mundhir ibn al-Jarud al-Abdi; Basra's police chief under Khalid al-Qasri — the letter told him 'leave Bashir alone with the Marghab'.
شخصیت
معن بن زائدة الشيباني
Ma'n ibn Za'ida al-Shaybani; al-Mansur's governor of Sijistan — angered by Rutbil's doubled gift-tribute he took Zabulistan with near thirty thousand captives, and in Faraj al-Rukhkhaji's telling put the sword to them over wild-ass dust mistaken for an army; winter drove him to Bust where Kharijites hidden among his builders killed him under the cupping-horn — Yazid ibn Mazyad slew them all.
شخصیت
منجوف بن ثور السدوسي
Manjuf ibn Thawr al-Sadusi; he retook Thuban for Abu Musa after its people's breach — al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad had taken it by force before.
شخصیت
منصور بن جمهور الكلبي
Mansur ibn Jawhur al-Kalbi; he killed Abu Muslim's Sind agent Mughallis and routed his army — then Musa ibn Ka'b broke him, slew his brother, and drove him to a thirst-death in the sands.
شخصیت
معقل بن يسار
In al-Baladhuri, who related Umar's consultation of al-Hurmuzan and who witnessed Nihawand — he found al-Nu'man ibn Muqarrin breathing his last, washed his face, and gave him the glad tidings of victory, to which al-Nu'man said 'praise God; write to Umar.'
شخصیت
مردانشاه بن زادان فروخ
Son of al-Hajjaj's Persian scribe; in al-Baladhuri he challenged Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman's Arabization: 'what of dahwiya and shashwiya?' — 'I write ushr and half-ushr'; 'and wid?' — 'likewise' — and cried 'may God cut your root from this world as you have cut Persian's root.'
شخصیت
مرجانة أم عبيد الله بن زياد
Marjana, Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad's mother, whom Shirawayh the Aswari married and for whom he built the thousand-doored Hazārdir.
شخصیت
مرزوق أبو الخصيب
Marzuq Abu al-Khasib, Khazim ibn Khuzayma's mawla and namesake of Kufa's Qasr al-Khasib; for al-Mansur he contrived Tabaristan's fall — beaten and shaven by his masters, he played the abused deserter to the Ispahbadh, mapped the Arabs' weaknesses and opened the gate.
شخصیت
مصقلة بن هبيرة
Masmala ibn Hubayra ibn Shabal of Tha'laba ibn Shayban ibn Tha'laba ibn Ukaba; Mu'awiya made him governor of Tabaristan with ten or twenty thousand, the enemy lured him deep then rolled the narrows' rocks down — his army annihilated, his name a proverb for the never-returning.
شخصیت
مسعود بن حارثة
Brother of al-Muthanna ibn Haritha al-Shaybani; killed at the Day of Mihran, prompting al-Muthanna's saying 'let not my brother's fall dismay you — the falls of your best are such', after which they charged as one.
شخصیت
ماوند خليفة رتبيل
Mawand, Rutbil's deputy; granted aman by Ma'n to be borne to the Commander of the Faithful — sent to Baghdad with five thousand of their fighters, honored by al-Mansur, stipended and given command.
شخصیت
ميمون أبو بشر
mawla of Ali ibn Abdallah; in al-Baladhuri granted a qati'a near Bustan al-Qass by Bab al-Sham — the Taqat Bishr are named for his son Bishr.
شخصیت
ميشاء بنت زاذويه
Maysha', daughter of Zadhuya marzban of Sarakhs; she fell in Ibn Khazim al-Sulami's lot of the Sarakhs treaty, who took her and named her Maysha'.
شخصیت
مازيار بن قارن
Mazyar ibn Qarin, Ispahbadh of Tabaristan; he conquered the impregnable Shirwin mountains with Muhammad ibn Musa under al-Ma'mun, who named him Muhammad and gave him the Ispahbadh's rank over Tabaristan, al-Ruwayan and Dumbawand. Al-Mu'tasim confirmed him; six years in he apostatized and broke faith — taken by his brother Quhyar's ambush-ruse with al-Hasan ibn al-Husayn, carried to Samarra in 225, flogged to death and crucified beside Babak.
شخصیت
مهلهل بن صفوان
his name Yahya ibn Safwan, mawla of Ali ibn Abdallah; in al-Baladhuri al-Mansur granted him a qati'a in the city whence Darb Mihlahil — renamed by Muhammad ibn Ali from a verse of 'Muhalmil,' and Muhammad freed him.
شخصیت
مهران بن مهربنداذ الهمذاني
Persian commander sent by Buran bint Kisra against the Muslims in twelve thousand; killed at al-Buwayb in year 14, Jarir ibn Abdallah and al-Mundhir ibn Hassan al-Dabbi disputing his kill — Mundhir took his belt, Jarir the rest.
شخصیت
معاذة العدوية
Mu'adha al-Adawiyya, the Basran ascetic; her husband Sila ibn Ashyam Abu al-Sahba' al-Adawi fell with Yazid ibn Ziyad at Junza in the Kabul battle.
شخصیت
معاوية بن المهلب
Mu'awiya ibn al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra; carried bound to Iraq with Muhammad ibn al-Qasim on Sulayman's recall.
شخصیت
معاوية بن عمرو الموصلي
Mu'awiya ibn Amr al-Mawsili al-Ta'i; he settled Tarir in Azerbaijan, built and housed his sons who raised palaces, made it a town and built the Bajirwan Market the Sultan set apart for them.
شخصیت
معاوية بن صعصعة
Mu'awiya ibn Sa'sa'a ibn Mu'awiya, al-Ahnaf ibn Qays's cousin's son; he backed Humayri in the Marghab feud — when Bashir pleaded the canal was their herds' pasture: 'for a bow-legged cow, a she-ass and a kid you would take our pasture?'
شخصیت
معيقيب بن أبي فاطمة
Mu'ayqib ibn Abi Fatima, Umar's scribe; he wrote the letter to al-Mughira granting Abu Abdallah Nafi's Basra land for tillage and foals in Safar 17 AH.
شخصیت
مدرك بن المهلب
Mudrik ibn al-Muhallab; his brother Yazid, given Iraq by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, made him governor of Sijistan — and Rutbil gave him nothing.
شخصیت
مغلس العبدي
Mughallis al-Abdi; Abu Muslim's man on the Sind frontier at the da'wa's dawn — he took the Tukharistan road.
شخصیت
الشيخ محمد عبده
Egyptian reformer of the late 19th and early 20th century. Arslan, who studied under him in Beirut during Abduh's exile after the 'Urabi revolt (1886), calls him the teacher of the age and says that his reading of Islamic belief was the one that could revive the faith; Arslan also notes that Rashid Rida wrote his biography in two volumes.
شخصیت
محمد بن عبد الله بن خازم
Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Khazim al-Sulami; made over Herat by his father, he was killed in Tamim's rising — avenged by Uthman ibn Bashir's slaying in cold blood.
شخصیت
محمد بن الأشعث الكندي
Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath ibn Qays al-Kindi; Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad's governor of Tabaristan — he treated and covenanted, they let him in, seized the narrows, killed his son Abu Bakr and crushed his skull, and he escaped.
شخصیت
محمد بن علي العباسي
Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas, head of the da'wa; in al-Baladhuri he renamed Ali's mawla Yahya 'Mihlahil' from a verse and freed him — his mawlas Munira and Umm Ubayda their fosterer received Baghdad qati'as from al-Mansur.
شخصیت
محمد بن هارون النمري
Muhammad ibn Harun ibn Dhar' al-Namari; al-Hajjaj's Makran governor — in his day the king of Jazirat al-Yaqut gifted al-Hajjaj Muslim-born orphans of merchant fathers.
شخصیت
محمد بن إبراهيم بن مصعب
Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Mus'ab; al-Mu'tasim sent him with the court's joined troops against Mazyar beside al-Hasan ibn al-Husayn.
شخصیت
محمد بن مروان
Muhammad ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam; he governed Mosul, the Jazira, Armenia and Azerbaijan for his father Marwan, his police-chief Ibn Tulayd paving Mosul with stone — Waqidi has Abd al-Malik giving him the Jazira and Armenia and his brother Sa'id Mosul.
شخصیت
محمد بن موسى بن حفص بن عمر بن العلاء
Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Hafs ibn Umar ibn al-Ala'; with Mazyar ibn Qarin he conquered the Shirwin mountains — Tabaristan's most impregnable, thickest in jungle and thicket — under al-Ma'mun.
شخصیت
محمد بن مصعب الثقفي
Muhammad ibn Mus'ab ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi; sent on Sadusan he took the samaniyya-brokered aman — kharaj, hostages, and four thousand Zutt auxiliaries.
شخصیت
محمد بن سنان العجلي
Muhammad ibn Sinan al-Ujli of Banu Ujul's Kufan clients; one of the eighty al-Hajjaj posted to the Daylam ribat, then settled a Dastaba village and built a house in Qazwin's suburb — the frontier folk rebuked him, he built on with his household outside the walls, others followed, and the rabad was completed.
شخصیت
محمد بن سليمان العباسي
Muhammad ibn Sulayman ibn Ali al-Abbasi; in his Basra governorship al-Mahdi bought into the mosque the houses of Nafi' ibn al-Harith, Umm Jamil al-Hilaliyya and Amr ibn Wahb al-Thaqafi.
شخصیت
مجالد بن مسعود السلمي
Mujalid ibn Mas'ud al-Sulami, Mujashi's brother; with him he taunted al-Aswad ibn Sari' over laying out and judging in Basra's mosque.
شخصیت
مجاعة بن سعر التميمي
Mujja'a ibn Si'r al-Tamimi; al-Hajjaj's frontier man after the Allafis — raided and opened parts of Qandabil, completed by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim; died in Makran within the year.
شخصیت
مخلد بن يزيد
Mukhallad ibn Yazid ibn al-Muhallab; his father left him over Khurasan when he marched on Jurjan and again when he returned to Sulayman.
شخصیت
مكرم بن الفرز
Mukram ibn al-Farz of Banu Jamwana; al-Hajjaj's man sent after the rebel Kharrzad ibn Bas at Ayadhaj — who slipped his long siege by night for Abd al-Malik, was caught with two dirhams in his cap and beheaded by al-Hajjaj. To this Mukram some trace the name Askar Mukram.
شخصیت
مكرم بن مطرف
Mukram ibn Mutarrif al-Bahili; sent by Mus'ab after his father's killer, he camped where Askar Mukram stands and found him not.
شخصیت
المنذر بن الجارود العبدي
Al-Mundhir ibn al-Jarud al-Abdi; he spoke to Mu'awiya about digging the Tharr canal, so the letter went to Ziyad and the Ma'qil canal was dug, as they tell it.
شخصیت
منيرة
mawla of Muhammad ibn Ali; in al-Baladhuri granted a holding — Darb Munira and Khan Munira on the east side are named for her.
شخصیت
مرة بن علي الرديني
Murra ibn Ali al-Rudhayni al-Ijli; in al-Baladhuri set over Sisar in al-Rashid's last days — Uthman al-Awdi could not wrest it while Murra took most of Adharbayjan from him — paying its kharaj on muqata'a under al-Amin until the fitna.
شخصیت
مرة مولى أبي بكر
Murra, mawla of Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr — a freedman of standing; he asked Aisha to write Ziyad and open her address with 'Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan' — she did, and Ziyad, delighted at the kinship-title, honoured Murra, displayed the letter's superscription to the people, granted him a hundred jarib on the Ubulla canal and bade him dig its canal, which bears his name. His son Uthman was among Basra's notables; the qati'a left his descendants for the Al al-Saffaq ibn Hujr ibn Yujayr al-Iqawi of Azd.
شخصیت
مرة الهمذاني
Murrah al-Hamadhani; he relates Ali's offer — whoever hates fighting Mu'awiya with us, take his stipend and go fight Daylam — and 'I was in the picked troop; we took our stipends and went out to Daylam four or five thousand'.
شخصیت
موسى بن عبد الله بن خازم
Musa ibn Abdallah ibn Khazim al-Sulami; sheltered with his men by Tirmidh's king after his father's death, he cast the king out and held it in rebellion — on his death it passed to the governors, broke again, and Qutayba ibn Muslim retook it.
شخصیت
موسى بن بغا
al-Mu'tazz's Jibal agent; in al-Baladhuri, sent against Qumm amid the Tabaristan Talibi war — took it by storm, killing many.
شخصیت
موسى بن كعب التميمي
Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi; Abu Muslim's appointee who routed Mansur ibn Jawhur to his sand-death, then governed Sind — al-Mansura repaired, mosque enlarged, conquests won.
شخصیت
موسى بن طلحة
Narrator of Talha ibn Ubayd Allah's house; in al-Baladhuri he reports Uthman as Iraq's first grantor of qata'i' and that Ibn Mas'ud and Sa'd let their lands at a third and a quarter share.
شخصیت
موسى بن يحيى البرمكي
Musa ibn Yahya ibn Khalid ibn Barmak; Ghassan's successor on the thaghr — he slew Bala king of al-Sharqi past his five-hundred-thousand ransom, ruled well, and died in 215h.
شخصیت
مصعب بن الزبير
Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr; his brother Abdallah's amir over Iraq, who struck a few dirhams, later broken.
شخصیت
مسلم بن أبي بكرة
Muslim ibn Abi Bakra; owner of Basra's third bathhouse at Bilalabadh yielding a thousand dirhams and much food daily — his father telling him 'you do no deed yet lack no profit' — whose deathbed trust his brother Abd al-Rahman broke by opening the bathhouse permissions.
شخصیت
مسلم بن سعيد
Muslim ibn Sa'id; Umar ibn Hubayra's governor, truced by al-Afshin on six thousand heads and his fortress — then, fearing dismissal when Asad was named, he ravaged Farghana and fled the Khaqan three marches in a day.
شخصیت
مطرف بن سيدان الباهلي
Mutarrif ibn Saydan al-Bahili of Banu Jana'a; Mus'ab's Basra police chief — he executed the highwayman al-Nabi ibn Ziyad ibn Zubyan, whose brother Ubaydallah avenged him in single stab, then joined Abd al-Malik and took Mus'ab's head.
شخصیت
نافع بن الحارث الثقفي
Nafi' ibn al-Harith al-Thaqafi; he carried Utba's letter telling Umar al-Ubulla was the port of Bahrain, Uman, India and China — he had come with Utba, he and Abu Bakra, when Umar appointed him. He is Nafi' ibn al-Harith ibn Kallada, the Arabs' physician Abu Abdallah, first to breed horses at Basra — Umar's Safar-17 letter, written by Mu'ayqib ibn Abi Fatima, granted him Tigris-bank land that was neither kharaj-land nor fed by jizya-land's water; his was Basra's first built house, on the mosque's northern side, whose sons' refusal to sell led Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad to demolish the part the mosque's squaring needed.
شخصیت
نفطويه النحوي
the grammarian, author of a two-volume caliph history ending in al-Qahir's days.
شخصیت
نعيب بن زياد الواسطي
Na'ib ibn Ziyad al-Wasiti; he ran al-Shu'aybiyya for Ali ibn al-Rashid — a son's Tigris house at Wasit bears his name.
شخصیت
نايل بن ذي الحرة الحميري
Na'il ibn Dhi al-Hurra al-Himyari — the manuscript reads 'Bab'; on Rubay'i ibn al-Kas's vanguard to Sijistan, also named Abd al-Rahman — of Sijistan's captives; Fayruz Husayn traced his line to Ibn Abi al-Hurr.
شخصیت
نيزك
Nizak, lord of Badghis or the Juzjan; he campaigned with Qutayba at Baykand in 87h — then Qutayba killed and crucified him in Tukharistan.
شخصیت
نيزك طرخان
lord of the Turks; in al-Baladhuri, who hosted Yazdgard a month, then asked his daughter — answered 'you are but my slave' — and joined Mahuwayh to kill him at al-Janabidh.
شخصیت
نفيع أبو بكرة
Nufay' Abu Bakra; one of 'the two Nafi's' named in Abu al-Mukhtar's satire, with his brother Nafi' ibn al-Harith ibn Kallada.
شخصیت
نوح بن أسد
Nuh ibn Asad; last conqueror of the breached Kasan and Urusht of Farghana, under al-Mansur — some say al-Muntasir.
شخصیت
النوشجان بن جسنسما
Al-Nushajan ibn Jasnasima — Tabari reads Anushajan; lord of the Nahr al-Mar'a palace who treated its surrender to Shurayh ibn Amir, the palace's lady being his cousin Kamandar bint Narsi.
شخصیت
بيروز دهقان الأهواز
Piruz, dahqan of Suq al-Ahwaz; he fought al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba, truced on money, broke, and Abu Musa took the town by force in 17h.
شخصیت
قرظة بن كعب الأنصاري
Qaraza ibn Ka'b al-Ansari, Abu Muslim; the last conqueror of Rayy after its repeated breaches, under Abu Musa's Kufa governorship for Uthman, after whom it stayed quiet — Rayy's governors lodged at Hisn al-Zaynabi gathering at the mosque built in his presence, counted in the muhdatha district; he later governed Kufa for Ali, died there, and Ali prayed over him — at Tustar he led Ammar ibn Yasir's horse.
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القاسم بن سليمان مولى زياد
Al-Qasim ibn Sulayman, Ziyad's mawla; the drained Qasiyya tract he took by a forged letter, claiming Yazid ibn Mu'awiya's grant.
شخصیت
قطري بن الفجاءة
Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a; among the ashraf who rode with Ibn Samura to Kabul — later the Kharijite chieftain.
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قطن بن قبيصة الهلالي
Qatn ibn Qabisa ibn Mukhariq al-Hilali; al-Hajjaj's governor of Fars and Kirman — at the uncrossable river he offered a thousand dirhams to whoever crossed, paid up, and so the ja'iza was first named; his father Qabisa was a Companion.
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قيس بن الهيثم السلمي
Qays ibn al-Haytham al-Sulami; made governor of Naysabur at its conquest.
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قيس بن عاصم السلمي
Qays ibn Asim al-Sulami; he killed Sulayman ibn Marthad in the war for Khurasan's governorship and took his head — a different man from Qays ibn Asim al-Minqari of Tamim.
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قيس بن مكشوح المرادي
Qays ibn Hubayra ibn al-Makshuh al-Muradi; sent by Abu Ubayda at Umar's order reinforcing Sa'd in seven hundred — whether he witnessed al-Qadisiyya or arrived after the fighting is debated, Umar ruling his share stood if he came before the dead were buried; his charge-cry 'death is the lot of the noble' is recorded.
شخصیت
قيس بن مسعود الشيباني
Qays ibn Mas'ud al-Shaybani; Kisra's warden of the Taff, maker of al-Manjashaniyya six miles from Basra, his horses pastured in Rawdat al-Khayl above.
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قوهيار بن قارن
Quhyar ibn Qarin, Mazyar's brother; nursing his slights he secretly served al-Hasan ibn al-Husayn and Muhammad ibn Ibrahim against him, devised the ambush, seized his brother's belt as the hidden men closed — and was killed in Tabaristan by his brother's own retainers.
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قرة بن حبان الباهلي
Qurra ibn Habban al-Bahili; Basra's Qantarat Qurra bears his name, an old canal beside it.
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قُرط بن جمّاخ العبدي
Fighter in the Iraq conquests; in al-Baladhuri he fenced at the Day of Mihran till his sword bent, and was among those who reached Rustam at al-Qadisiyya, whose killer went unknown.
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قثم بن العباس بن عبد المطلب
Qutham ibn al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib; with Sa'id ibn Uthman in Khurasan he died at Samarqand — some say martyred — having declined five booty-shares for one his own and one his horse's; Ibn Abbas mourned 'what a distance between his birthplace and his grave'.
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ربيع بن نهشل
Rabi' ibn Nahshal; he wrote Ibn Amir's writ to Herat's great in the Herat-Badghis-Bushanj sulh, sealed by Ibn Amir.
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راشد بن عمرو الجديدي
Rashid ibn Amr al-Judaydi of Azd; Ziyad's frontier man — victorious at Qiqan, killed raiding al-Mayd.
شخصیت
ريطة بنت زياد
Rayta bint Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan; she took leave to build a Basra bathhouse in the permission-wave after Muslim ibn Abi Bakra's yield broke.
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ربعي بن الكاس العنبري
Rubay'i ibn al-Kas al-Anbari; sent by Ali through Ibn Abbas with four thousand to Sijistan — al-Husayn ibn Abi al-Hurr and Na'il ibn Dhi al-Hurra on the van — killed Hasaka and held the country, their rajaz vowing not to befriend 'the party of Ibn Affan, for we found in the Book of the Furqan'.
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رتبيل
Rutbil, king of the Zabils; after the Kabul Shah expelled the Muslims he took Zabulistan and Rukhkhaj to Bust, where al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad routed him and pursued to Rukhkhaj; later he sued Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra at Barzan for peace over his land and Kabul's — settled at a million dirhams, ratified by Ziyad.
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صدقة بن علي
Sadaqa ibn Ali ibn Sadaqa ibn Dinar, the Azd's mawla; he ravaged Azerbaijan with al-Wajna' ibn al-Rawwad, fought Urmiya's people till he mastered it, and built palaces there with his brothers.
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سحامة بن عبد الرحمن الأصم
Sahama ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Asamm al-Ghudani, al-Hajjaj's muezzin, who fought with Yazid; the Basra house later known as Abu Ya'qub al-Khattabi's was his.
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سعيد بن عبد العزيز حذيفة
Sa'id ibn Abd al-Aziz, nicknamed 'Hudhayfa' when a dahqan mocked his saffron robe and combed hair; Maslama's son-in-law over Khurasan, he sent Sawra to Ishtikhan — one victory, one rout — gave Nasr ibn Sayyar command, and was deposed on the notables' complaint.
شخصیت
سعيد بن أبي عروبة
Sa'id ibn Abi Aruba — Abu Aruba's name being Mihran; one of the Basran delegation to al-Mansur bearing the batiha's picture.
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سعيد بن المسيب
Sa'id ibn al-Musayyab; among the greatest Meccan-Medinan Followers — 'Abd al-Malik first struck engraved dinars' — and sent bullion to Damascus, struck for him on the Jahiliya mithqal.
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سعيد بن عمرو الجرشي
Sa'id ibn Amr al-Jarashi; over Khurasan he disavowed his katib's solecisms — 'the amir is innocent of this lahn' — then, Sughd refusing, marched till twelve thousand defected to him and he opened most of its fortresses.
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سعيد بن أسلم بن زرعة الكلابي
Sa'id ibn Aslam ibn Zur'a al-Kilabi; al-Hajjaj's man on the Makran frontier — killed in the Allafi brothers' rising that seized the thaghr.
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سعيد بن سارية الخزاعي
Sa'id ibn Saria al-Khuza'i; Ali appointed him to Azerbaijan, then al-Ash'ath ibn Qays al-Kindi.
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سعيد بن عثمان بن عفان
Sa'id ibn Uthman ibn Affan; Mu'awiya's governor of Khurasan — first to cross the river with his whole army. At Bukhara the Khatun's hundred-twenty-thousand broke and she renewed peace on hostages; at Samarqand he swore not to stir till it opened, lost an eye in three days' fighting, and truced at seven hundred thousand plus noble hostages, entering and leaving by its gates; he sat on Tirmidh till it truced too.
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سلام الطيفوري
Sulayman ibn Qayrat's partner in Sisar's pastures; in al-Baladhuri, of Tayfur — Abu Ja'far al-Mansur's mawla gifted to al-Mahdi.
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سلمة بن عمرو الضبي
Salama ibn Amr ibn Dirar al-Dabbi — some say al-Bara' ibn Azib; Hudhayfa sent him over the Rayy army after Urwa withdrew and dispatched him to Qumis — they did not resist and opened Damaghan's gates.
شخصیت
صالح بن عبد الرحمن
Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman, mawla of Banu Tamim — his father among Sijistan's captives; in al-Baladhuri he wrote Arabic and Persian before al-Hajjaj's scribe Zadhanfarrukh, was presented to al-Hajjaj who took to him, and transferred the Sawad and Iraq kharaj diwan into Arabic.
شخصیت
صالح بن المنصور
in al-Baladhuri, eponym of Baghdad's Salihiyya quarter.
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صالح بن مسلم الباهلي
Salih ibn Muslim al-Bahili, Qutayba's brother; left beyond the river he took Kasan, Urusht, Sakhr and Akhsikath — Farghana's old city — with Nasr ibn Sayyar in his host.
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صالح بن عبادة الهمذاني
Salih ibn Ubada al-Hamdani; he held Mosul's ribat-post in Utba ibn Farqad's conquest days.
شخصیت
سليل بن يزيد
Salil ibn Yazid ibn Malik of Tayy; the only man hit when the Muslims forded the Tigris to al-Mada'in at the fishermen's village.
شخصیت
سليط بن عطة الحنفي
Salit ibn Atta al-Hanafi; Waki' ibn Hassan's courier bearing Qutayba's head to Sulayman.
شخصیت
سليط بن قيس الأنصاري
Salit ibn Qays ibn Amr al-Ansari; sent by Umar with Abu Ubayd to Iraq with the saying 'but for the haste in you I'd have appointed you — war is cunning, only the patient man suits it'; at the Bridge he reproached Abu Ubayd for crossing against his counsel and fought till killed.
شخصیت
سلم بن زياد
Salm ibn Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan; Mu'awiya's and Yazid's governor of Khurasan and namesake of Basra's Nahr Salm — he bought Khalid ibn Tulayq the qadi's house for Abu al-Jarrah, Ibn al-Zubayr's jailer-qadi, for his flight from that prison.
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سنباذ
Sanbadh, who rose at Rayy in the first days of the Abbasid state; Umar ibn al-Ala' the butcher fought him with his gathered band and wounded him sore.
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صصة بن داهر
Sasa ibn Dahir; fleeing to Iraq to charge al-Junayd's treachery, he was soothed into a handclasp — and killed.
شخصیت
سورة بن الحر الحنظلي
Sawra ibn al-Hurr al-Hanzali; Sa'id's spearhead beyond the river — retook Ishtikhan and routed the Turks, forbade pursuit, then was routed with heavy loss in the second round.
شخصیت
سوار بن همام العبدي
Sawwar ibn Hammam al-Abdi; al-Hakam's vanguard-leader at Rayshahr — he charged Shahrak, stabbed him from his horse and finished him, and Shahrak's son charged and killed Sawwar.
شخصیت
سليم الثالث
Selim III (r. 1203–1222/1788–1807) — refused the powers' peace overtures, blamed the late defeats on estrangement from religion, and when France took Egypt in 1798 proclaimed jihad, answered from the Hijaz to North Africa.
شخصیت
شهرك مرزبان فارس
Shahrak, marzban and governor of Fars — the gravest threat of the Arabs' coming; he mustered the great host at Rayshahr where Sawwar ibn Hammam stabbed him off his horse, having posted his wadi-guard to kill all fugitives.
شخصیت
شبل بن معبد البجلي
Shibl ibn Ma'bad ibn Ubayd al-Bajali; one of the four witnesses against al-Mughira — flogged by Umar he cried 'you flog truth's witnesses and void the hadd?'.
شخصیت
شيرويه الأسواري
Shirawayh the Aswari; he married Marjana, mother of Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad, and built her a palace of many doors — called Hazārdir — for the thousand doors it held, or the thousand asāwira Kisra lodged there in a thousand houses.
شخصیت
شرحبيل بن السمط الكندي
Arab horseman at the Day of Mihran; in al-Baladhuri he fought well that day.
شخصیت
شريح بن عامر
Shurayh ibn Amir of Sa'd ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin; Khalid left him over conquered al-Khurayba — a Persian strongpoint where he killed and captured — then he reached Nahr al-Mar'a and took its palace by treaty from al-Nushajan.
شخصیت
شريح بن هافيء المرادي
in al-Baladhuri, who went to Mu'awiya on Kathir ibn Shihab's account when imprisoned and flogged at Damascus, securing his release.
شخصیت
شريح بن هانيء الحارثي
Shurayh ibn Hani' al-Harithi; when Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra truced Rutbil for five hundred thousand and three sons as hostages, he counselled 'fear God and fight — else you weaken Islam's frontier and flee the death that is your lot' — then charged and was killed.
شخصیت
شريك بن الأعور الحارثي
Shurayk ibn al-A'war al-Harithi — Shurayk ibn al-Harith; Ibn Ziyad's governor of Kirman, who gave Yazid ibn Ziyad al-Himyari a land-grant later sold after Ibn Ziyad's flight.
شخصیت
شويس العدوي
Shuways al-Adawi; he relates marching with al-Ubulla's amir to its conquest, then crossing to al-Furat whose folk came out with spades and were beaten.
شخصیت
صلة بن أشيم أبو الصهباء العدوي
Sila ibn Ashyam Abu al-Sahba' al-Adawi, husband of the ascetic Mu'adha al-Adawiyya; martyred with Yazid ibn Ziyad at Junza.
شخصیت
سمّاك بن تخرمة الأسدي
Simak ibn Takhrama ibn Humayn al-Asadi of Banu al-Halik; in al-Baladhuri Kufa's Simak mosque is named for him — he whom al-Akhtal lampooned for building his family a house, telling him 'you meant to praise me and satirized me'; al-Halik was the first to work iron, for which his sons were taunted; Simak had fled Ali ibn Abi Talib from Kufa and settled at al-Raqqa.
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سماك بن عبيد العبسي
In al-Baladhuri, at Nihawand he chased a Persian and his eight riders, killing each as he turned until the man alone sued for quarter — the captive proved to be Dinar of Nihawand's treaty, who thereafter visited Simak with gifts.
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سنان بن سلمة بن المحبق الهذلي
Sinan ibn Salama ibn al-Muhabbiq al-Hudhali; pious commander, first to bind troops with divorce-oaths — took Makran by storm, garrisoned it, died at Qusdar, and held the frontier two years after Rashid ibn Amr's fall. Ibn al-Kalbi credits Hakim ibn Jabala with Makran's conquest.
شخصیت
سياه الأسواري
Siyah al-Uswari, of Ziyad's circle; granted leave for a Basra bathhouse.
شخصیت
سبيط الدهقان
Subayt, a Basra dahqan; his reedbed fell in the tract al-Mansur took for al-Subaytiyya — short-paid and beaten by the agent, he kept to the caliph's gate demanding the balance till death, and the estate bears his name.
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سفيان بن أمية بن عبد شمس
a Qurashi who learned his letters then the script from Bishr ibn Abd al-Malik at Mecca.
شخصیت
سحيم مولى عتبة
Suhaym, Utba ibn Farqad's mawla; he carried the two khabis baskets to Umar, who tasted them and sent back his famous letter.
شخصیت
صول التركي
Sul al-Turki, the king the Turks named after seizing Jurjan's wall; he met Yazid ibn al-Muhallab on the Khurasan road, was besieged at Dihistan then six months at al-Buhayra till he treated for his life, property and three hundred household against surrendering the town — Abu Ubayda reports him killed.
شخصیت
سليمان بن مرثد
Sulayman ibn Marthad of Banu Sa'd of the Mura'id of Rabi'a; he contested Salm's covenant for Ibn Khazim, accepted Ibn al-Zubayr's arbitration, then refused the award — 'Ibn al-Zubayr is no caliph, only a man sheltering at the House' — and fell with fifteen thousand against six thousand to Qays ibn Asim's sword, his cry 'ya nasr iqtarib', his head taken.
شخصیت
سليمان بن قيراط
al-Mahdi's mawla, owner of Sahrat Qayrat at Madinat al-Salam; in al-Baladhuri keeper of the caliph's meadows and flocks at Sisar — on his report of the brigands al-Mahdi ordered Sisar built, which he and Salam al-Tayfuri fortified.
شخصیت
سليمان باشا الخادم
Sulayman Pasha al-Khadim — governor of Egypt under Sulayman the Magnificent who led the 1538 Ottoman expedition to India: he garrisoned Aden, besieged Diu, captured a forward castle with eighty prisoners and withdrew when Portuguese reinforcements arrived.
شخصیت
سميرة الضبية
a Dubba woman of the Muhajirat; in al-Baladhuri she held a turret in the Jibal whence Sinn Sumayra is named.
شخصیت
سويد بن عبد الله التميمي
Suwayd ibn Abdallah al-Tamimi; first of the Basran delegation Sulayman sent al-Mansur with the batiha's picture, warning the water would bracken were al-Subaytiyya cut.
شخصیت
سويد بن الصامت
of Jahiliya Yathrib, one who joined writing, archery and swimming. In Ibn Ishaq's account preserved by al-Samhudi he was of Banu 'Amr ibn 'Awf of the Aws, called 'al-Kamil' for his hardiness and verse; he came to Mecca, where the Prophet invited him to Islam — he neither refused nor accepted — then returned to Yathrib and was soon killed on the day of Bu'ath, and men of his people held that he died a Muslim.
شخصیت
سويد بن منجوف السدوسي
Suwayd ibn Manjuf al-Sadusi; visiting sick, he told Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra 'give me what you gave Ibn Ma'mar and all will be well' — the four-hundred-jarib Suwaydan qati'a was his, and took his name.
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طاهر بن عبد الله بن طاهر
Tahir ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir; sent by his father into al-Fuziyya he opened places none before him had reached.
شخصیت
طهمان مولى ابن خازم
Tahman, Ibn Khazim's mawla; wounded but spared on the day of his master's killing — grandfather of Ya'qub ibn Dawud, the Mahdi's secretary after Abu Ubaydallah.
شخصیت
طلحة بن عبد الله بن خلف الخزاعي
Talha ibn Abdallah ibn Khalaf al-Khuza'i — Talhat al-Talhat; sent by Salm ibn Ziyad, he ransomed Abu Ubayda ibn Ziyad from Kabul's captivity for five hundred thousand dirhams, then governed Sijistan for Salm, levying and rewarding his followers until he died there.
شخصیت
تميم بن زيد الأتبي
Tamim ibn Zayd al-Utbi; Sind's weak governor, of the Arabs' most generous — he scattered eighteen million Tatari dirhams and, unable to read whether Farazdaq's plea named Habish or Khanis, freed every slave so lettered; in his days the Muslims quit Hind's lands.
شخصیت
طرخون ملك سمرقند
Tarkhun, king of Samarqand; he honored Musa ibn Abdallah ibn Khazim until one of Musa's men killed a Sughdian, then expelled him and his company.
شخصیت
ثابت بن ذي الحرة الحميري
Thabit ibn Dhi al-Hirra al-Himyari; in al-Mada'ini's telling, the conqueror of Qal'at Dhi al-Rifaq.
شخصیت
ثابت بن قطبة الخزاعي
Thabit ibn Qutba al-Khuza'i; he and brother Hurayth held real command of Musa's army through Tarkhun's aid — after Hurayth's death to a stray arrow Musa's men pressed for his removal; he fled, returned with Tarkhun's eighty thousand to besiege Tirmidh, and was scattered by Musa's night-raid.
شخصیت
ثابت قطنة الأزدي
Thabit 'Qutna' al-Azdi — cotton-plugged for a gouged eye; he raged for the converts taxed after Islam, was jailed then bailed by al-Ashras, and sent where the Turks killed him.
شخصیت
تاج الدولة تتش
Taj al-Dawla Tutush — Malikshah's brother, given Seljuk Syria in 1077 and founder of the Damascus Seljuk state.
شخصیت
عبيد الله بن أبي بكرة
Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra; Ziyad's governor of Sijistan after al-Rabi's dismissal — at Barzan he granted Rutbil peace for his land and Kabul's at a million two hundred thousand, waived two hundred thousand, and concluded at a million dirhams which Ziyad ratified; he held the post until Ziyad's death.
شخصیت
عبيد الله بن المهدي
Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi al-Abbasi; al-Rashid's grantee of the Ahwaz musarra'a lands — a doubt arose, men raised it to al-Ma'mun, who ordered them reviewed: what held no doubt was executed, what was doubtful was named 'the doubted' — a practice still known in al-Ahwaz.
شخصیت
عبيد الله بن معتر التيمي
Ubaydallah ibn Ma'tar al-Taymi; Ibn Amir's vanguard to Istakhr — met at Bramjard, killed and buried in Bramjard's garden.
شخصیت
عبيد الله بن مسلم الباهلي
Ubaydallah ibn Muslim al-Bahili, Qutayba's brother; made over Khwarizm when its restored king was slain by his own for weakness.
شخصیت
عبيد الله بن نبهان
Ubaydallah ibn Nabhan; al-Hajjaj's commander sent on Daybul for the pirated women — killed.
شخصیت
عبيد الله بن عمر
Ubaydallah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab; suspecting Hurmuzan of counselling Abu Lu'lu'a over his father's murder, he drew him out to see a horse and cut him down unawares.
شخصیت
عبيد الله بن زياد بن ظبيان
Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad ibn Zubyan of Taym Allah; avenged his brother al-Nabi by stabbing Mutarrif ibn Saydan dead, then fled to Abd al-Malik — at whose side he fought Mus'ab, killed him and took his head.
شخصیت
عجيف بن عنبسة
Ujayf ibn Anbasa, a Khurasani; al-Mu'tasim's commander against the Zutt brigands of the batiha — given captains, troops and open funds, he staged lean horses to Baghdad so word came within hours, dammed the water against them with great works and took them all, barging them to Madinat al-Salam.
شخصیت
أمير بن الأحمر اليشكري
Umair ibn al-Ahmar al-Yashkuri; Ibn Samura's deputy at Zaranj, expelled by its people who shut the gates — Ziyad al-A'jam's verse: 'but for Umair, Yashkur had perished, and Yashkur is doomed anyway'.
شخصیت
عمر بن أبي سلمة
Umar ibn Abi Salama, the Prophet's step-son; given four thousand he was defended by Umar — 'I favor his nearness: bring a mother like Umm Salama'.
شخصیت
عمر بن العلاء
Umar ibn al-Ala', a butcher of Rayy; he gathered a company and fought Sanbadh on his rising — brave work — Jahwar ibn Marrar presented him to al-Mansur who honoured and ranked him; he governed Tabaristan and was martyred there under al-Mahdi.
شخصیت
عمر بن فرج الرخجي
In al-Baladhuri, under whom Nahr al-Maymun's mouth was redirected in al-Wathiq's days.
شخصیت
عمر بن هبيرة
Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari; Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik's governor of Iraq — ordered to survey the grants and seize their surplus, he measured till a landowner answered 'we inherited them from truthful fathers' and the outcry stopped him; the Mahallaban estate is known in the diwan as 'Umar ibn Hubayra's qati'a', granted him when Yazid seized the Muhallabids' wealth.
شخصیت
عمر بن مرثد
Umar ibn Marthad; Sulayman's remnant rallied to him at Talaqan — Ibn Khazim marched, fought, and killed him.
شخصیت
عمر بن عبيد الله بن معمر التيمي
Umar ibn Ubaydallah ibn Ma'mar al-Taymi; of the ashraf with Ibn Samura at Kabul's conquest — sent with al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra bearing the victory dispatch.
شخصیت
أمية بن عبد الله بن خالد بن أسيد
Umayya ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid ibn Abi al-As; Abd al-Malik's governor of Khurasan — he sent his son Abdullah to Sijistan with covenant while himself at Kirman. Abd al-Malik later gave him Khurasan — the notables' plea for 'a Qurashi' after the fitna — where Bukayr's coup ended with Bujayr killing him in prison, and Umayya took the broken Khattl.
شخصیت
أم جميل بنت يحجن
Umm Jamil bint Yahjan ibn al-Afqam of Banu Hilal, wife of the Thaqafi al-Hajjaj ibn Utayk; al-Mughira the Basra governor visited her till the watchers burst in and testified before Umar.
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أم كرزان
A Bajila woman; in al-Baladhuri she told Jarir when her people returned the Sawad quarter 'my father died and his share is fixed in the Sawad — I will not submit', and when told her people had agreed, answered 'I will not submit unless you mount me on a docile she-camel with a red saddle-cloth and fill my hands with gold' — which was done.
شخصیت
أم محمد بنت عبد الله بن عثمان الثقفية
Umm Muhammad bint Abdallah ibn Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi, Salm ibn Ziyad's wife; she crossed the river with him — the first Arab woman across — bore the son he named al-Sughdi, and borrowed the Sughd lord's wife's jewels, wore and returned them.
شخصیت
أم عبيدة
foster mother and mawla of Muhammad ibn Ali; in al-Baladhuri granted a qatma — the Taqat Umm Ubayda near the bridge are named for her.
شخصیت
عروة بن قطبة
Urwa ibn Qatiba; he bore Ibn al-Zubayr's writ giving Ibn Khazim Khurasan, six months after the arbitration pact.
شخصیت
عروة بن زيد الخيل الطائي
Urwa ibn Zayd al-Khayl al-Ta'i; in al-Baladhuri sent by Abu Ubayd to al-Zawabi whose dihqan he pacified on Barusma's terms; at the Bridge he fought a fight worth a company's and carried al-Muthanna's report to Umar. Sent by Ammar at Umar's command to Rayy and Dastaba with eight thousand — victorious over Daylam and Rayy's host — he bore the news to Umar himself and was named al-Bashir, he who once carried the Bridge's tidings.
شخصیت
عتبة بن فرقد السلمي
Commander of the Jazira conquests; in al-Baladhuri he opened al-Tirhan and Mosul and enforced for Tikrit's people the safe-conduct document written them by al-Tusayr and Hudhayfa ibn Mihsan.
شخصیت
عثمان الأودي
in al-Baladhuri, who tried and failed to wrest Sisar from Murra ibn Ali, losing most of his held Adharbayjan to him.
شخصیت
عثمان بن بشير بن المحتفز
Uthman ibn Bashir ibn al-Muhtafiz; taken by Ibn Khazim after his son Muhammad's killing at Herat and slain in cold blood — Ibn Khazim's severed right hand was later sent to his sons.
شخصیت
عثمان بن مسعود
Uthman ibn Mas'ud; sent by al-Mufaddal with fifteen thousand he camped on 'Uthman's Island' by Tirmidh, tightened on Musa with Tarkhun's coming, and marked him — 'Musa's leap, by the Lord of the Ka'ba' — to his death in 85h.
شخصیت
عزرة بن قيس
Uzra ibn Qays al-Bahili — some read Uraza; Umar's governor of Hulwan who tried Shahrazur and failed, before Utba ibn Farqad took it.
شخصیت
عزرة بن قيس البجلي
Uzra ibn Qays ibn Ghaziyya al-Bajali; in al-Baladhuri left by Jarir over Hulwan when he marched toward al-Dinawar and took Qarmasin, then again when he joined Abu Musa al-Ash'ari in year 19.
شخصیت
وكيع بن أبي سود التميمي
Wak'i ibn Abi Sud al-Tamimi; when Adi ibn Arta'a consulted the Basrans on a canal he wrote 'if you dig us no canal, Basra is no home for us'. Deposed from Tamims Khurasan command for a Dabbi, he swore to kill Qutayba after the Banu Ahthams killing and, missing prayers, answered: how should I pray to a Lord who killed our best as boys and was not angered?
شخصیت
وكيع بن الدورقية القريعي
Waki' ibn al-Dawraqiyya al-Quray'i — Abu Rabi'a, son of Umaira and a Dawraq captive; with Bujayr he stabbed Ibn Khazim and sat on his chest avenging Duwayla, his half-brother slain by Ibn Khazim, who spat back 'you kill Mudar's ram for a brother not worth a palm of date-stones'. A coarse giant: he ate the shoot before him during prayer — 'would God forbid a plant the sky's water raised on earth's clay?' — and answered reproach for wine with 'it washes my urine till it is silver'.
شخصیت
وكيع بن حسان التميمي
Waki' ibn Hassan ibn Qays ibn Abi Sud of Tamim; al-Hudayn's choice to lead Khurasan against Qutayba — 'a rough Arab his clan obeys, and the Banu al-Ahtham Qutayba slew seek him for their blood' — he gave his hand and took their bay'a, Hayyan mawla Maslama their go-between.
شخصیت
واصل بن طيسلة العنبري
Wasil ibn Taysala al-Anbari; he struck Musa ibn Abdallah ibn Khazim the final blow in 85h after his horse's fall.
شخصیت
يحيى بن عمران
chief of Qumm's people; in al-Baladhuri, killed by Ali ibn Hisham al-Marwazi when they rebelled and withheld kharaj under al-Ma'mun.
شخصیت
يزيد الجرشي أبو سالم
Yazid al-Jarrashi, Abu Salim ibn Yazid; sent by Ibn Amir he took Rustaq Zam of Naysabur by force, then Bakharz and Juwayn with captives.
شخصیت
يزيد بن أبي كبشة السكسكي
Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki; Sulayman's Sind governor who had Muhammad ibn al-Qasim carried bound — dead eighteen days after reaching the land.
شخصیت
يزيد بن حجبة
Yazid ibn Hujba ibn Amir of Taym Allah ibn Tha'laba ibn Ukaba; Ali made him governor of Rayy and Dastaba, he cheated and shorted the kharaj, Ali jailed him, he broke out and fled to Mu'awiya in Syria.
شخصیت
يزيد بن هزيل كل العزي
Yazid ibn Huzayl Kal al-Azzi; sent by Musa against Ziyad al-Qasir — wounded, he asked quarter yet took a head-blow that killed him in seven days — while Yazid escaped by throwing himself into the Saghaniyan river.
شخصیت
يزيد بن مزيد
Yazid ibn Mazyad; Ma'n's vanguard to Rukhkhaj — after the Kharijites killed Ma'n at Bust he slew them to a man, held Sijistan with a heavy hand until forged letters to al-Mansur brought his dismissal, imprisonment and confiscation; released, he hid in Madinat al-Salam, fought the Kharijites on the bridge, and rose under Yusuf al-Barm in Khurasan.
شخصیت
يزيد بن تزوان هبنقة العائشي
Yazid ibn Tazwan, called Habanqa al-'A'ishi; singled out in Sulayman's first khutba — the man who prized fattened camels saying 'I do not mend what God has corrupted' — while Sulayman favored the rich.
شخصیت
يزيد بن عمر الأسيدي
Yazid ibn Umar al-Usaydi, lieutenant of Adi ibn Arta; the canal called Yazidān at Basra bears his name — a man of standing in his time.
شخصیت
يزيد بن عمر بن هبيرة
Yazid ibn Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari, the last Umayyad governor of Iraq; in al-Baladhuri he built a city on Kufa's Euphrates side, left it unfinished on Marwan's letter ordering him to shun the Kufans' neighborhood, and built Qasr Ibn Hubayra near Sura's bridge — which Abu al-Abbas then occupied as al-Hashimiyya; he also repaired Kufa's pontoon.
شخصیت
يزيد بن زياد بن ربيعة الحميري
Yazid ibn Ziyad ibn Rabi'a ibn Mufarri' al-Himyari; granted Kirman land at Ibn Ziyad's letter to Shurayk, sold after Ibn Ziyad's flight from Basra.
شخصیت
يزيد بن زياد بن أبيه
Yazid ibn Ziyad; marched on Kabul's breakers who had taken his brother Abu Ubayda, fought them at Junza, and fell with many of his men.
شخصیت
يونس بن حبيب النحوي
Yunus ibn Habib, Basra's grammarian; 'I lived when the houses of Ziyad and Ibn Amir stood estranged over the Ubulla canal Ziyad completed without him'.
شخصیت
يوسف بن عمر الثقفي
Yusuf ibn Umar ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi Aqil al-Thaqafi, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf's cousin; in al-Baladhuri Hisham's governor over Iraq, for whom Hira's Suq Yusuf is named.
شخصیت
زادان فروخ
Zadanfarrukh; he dug the canal in Mahallaban, al-Mughira ibn al-Muhallab's estate, and the canal took his name.
شخصیت
زادان فروخ بن بيري
al-Hajjaj's scribe; in al-Baladhuri employed when he took Iraq, Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman writing Arabic and Persian before him — he presented Salih to al-Hajjaj, then confided fear of being displaced by him.
شخصیت
زاذويه مرزبان سرخس
Zadhuya, marzban of Sarakhs; he sued for peace on aman for a hundred men and the handing over of its women — his daughter fell to Ibn Khazim, named Maysha' — or, in the other telling, the named hundred excluded himself and he was killed, the town entered by force.
شخصیت
زائدة بن عمير الطائي
Za'ida ibn Umayr al-Ta'i; distinguished himself the day Multan's folk fought Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.
شخصیت
زيد بن عبد الله بن أبي مليكة القرشي
Zayd ibn Abdallah ibn Abi Mulayka ibn Abdallah ibn Jud'an al-Qurashi; martyred with Yazid ibn Ziyad at Junza in the Kabul battle.
شخصیت
زياد القصير الخزاعي
Ziyad al-Qasir al-Khuza'i; struck down by Musa's man Yazid ibn Huzayl — quarter asked, he gave a head-blow instead, and Yazid died of it seven days on.
شخصیت
زبيدة بنت جعفر
Umm Ja'far Zubayda bint Ja'far ibn al-Mansur; in al-Baladhuri the first digger of Nahr al-Maymun was her agent, a man called Sa'id ibn Zayd.
شخصیت
زهير بن سليم الأزدي
grappled al-Nakhirjan at al-Mada'in, both falling, then slit his belly with the dagger at his own belt.
شخصیت
زهرة بن حوية السعدي
Zuhra ibn Hawiyya ibn Abdallah ibn Qatada al-Tamimi, then al-Sa'di; commanded the Muslims' foragers at al-Qadisiyya whose clash with Persian horse triggered the battle, and per Ibn al-Kalbi — the stronger account — he killed the Jalinus.
مقام
أبر قباذ
A city of the Tigris districts; Utba ibn Ghazwan turned to it in his hour and God opened it to him.
مقام
عبادان
Abbadan, Basra's island and sea-fortress; it was Humran ibn Aban's qati'a from Abd al-Malik — one of the Ayn al-Tamr captives claiming Namir ibn Qasit descent — until al-Hajjaj's threat, conveyed by Abbas ibn al-Husayn al-Hibati, moved Humran to gift him the west bank, which took Abbas's name. Abbas first garrisoned it, then al-Rabi' ibn Sabih the jurist fortified and raided from it, sailed for India and died at sea — buried on a Jarathir island in 160h.
مقام
أبهر
A town between Hamadhan and Qazwin; al-Bara' ibn Azib besieged it en route to Qazwin — its fortress had been built by a Persian lord over springs dammed with ox-hides and wool, a bench laid and the fort raised above — fought, then sought aman on Nihawand's terms, which he granted, and he seized Abhar's lands.
مقام
أبورد
Abiward of Khurasan; its great Bahmana truced Ibn Amir at four hundred thousand — or Ibn Khazim's mission fixed its people at the same.
مقام
أبر كاوان
Abr Kawan, the island off Fars first taken by al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As's sea expedition — folk call it Bani Kawan.
مقام
آخرون
Akharun beyond the river; Qutayba's first objective — its and Shuman's king had pressed the Saghaniyan's king, who bought Qutayba's protection with a golden key and obedience.
مقام
أخسكت
Akhsikath — al-Balkhi's Akhsikath — Farghana's old city; opened by Salih ibn Muslim with Kasan, Urusht and Sakhr.
مقام
الأخج
al-Akhj on the road to Zabulistan; its folk fought Ibn Samura and were beaten, and he opened it.
مقام
الببر
A district in the Daylam mountains toward the Caspian; Kathir ibn Shihab raided it with al-Taylasan in Umar's reign.
مقام
البيلمان
al-Baylaman of Sind; it yielded without a fight to Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's force, Sursant making peace likewise.
مقام
البحيرة
A Jurjan town where Sul al-Turki camped; Yazid besieged him six months, fought him again and again, till he treated for his self, property and three hundred of his household against surrendering al-Buhayra and all in it.
مقام
البتم
al-Buttam, the hill-country beyond the river; opened by Mukhallad ibn Yazid ibn al-Muhallab in his father's governorship.
مقام
الفرات
The town of al-Furat in the Tigris districts; Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud took it by force, its folk coming out with their spades — where Arda bint al-Harith sang her famous goading verse.
مقام
الحديثة
al-Haditha near Mosul — an old village with two churches and Christian cells which Harthama ibn Arfaja made a misr settling Arabs, named 'the New' as it postdated Mosul, with a fort beside it; others say it was named when Anbar folk moved in under Ibn al-Rufayl in al-Hajjaj's days and built its mosque.
مقام
المدينة الهاشمية
A city on the Euphrates near Kufa; in al-Baladhuri begun by Yazid ibn Umar ibn Hubayra, abandoned on Marwan's letter, completed and named by Abu al-Abbas — who then forsook it for a second Hashimite city beside it when Ibn Hubayra's name clung — dwelt in and expanded by al-Mansur before his move to Baghdad; Abdallah ibn al-Hasan was imprisoned and buried there, and al-Mansur built al-Rusafa at Kufa.
مقام
الإجانة
al-Ijana, the wide basin at the Dijlat al-Awra channel's edge three farsakhs from Basra — Jahiliyya named it, Islam's Arabs called it al-Jazara — where Abu Musa began the Ubulla canal.
مقام
الكلبانية
al-Kalbaniyya in al-Ahwaz — where Siyah al-Uswari and his corps halted, sent from Istakhr toward al-Sus as Abu Musa besieged it; there the asawira stood apart from the Persian host.
مقام
الختل
al-Khattl beyond the river; truced by Sa'id ibn Uthman, they broke — Umayya ibn Abdallah took it, they broke again — and the Muhallab opened it.
مقام
الخورنق
An old Persian palace at al-Hira; in al-Baladhuri built by al-Nu'man ibn Imri' al-Qays — son of al-Shaqiqa bint Abi Rabi'a ibn Duhl ibn Shayban — for Bahram Jur ibn Yazdgard ibn Bahram ibn Sabur Dhu al-Aktaf, Bahram Jur being in this Nu'man's charge when he left his kingdom and wandered, as Adi ibn Zayd al-Ibadi mentions in his verse; when the blessed dawla rose al-Khawarnaq was granted to Ibrahim ibn Salama, one of the Khurasan da'is — grandfather of Abd al-Rahman ibn Ishaq the qadi of Madinat al-Salam under al-Ma'mun and al-Mu'tasim — and Ibrahim raised al-Khawarnaq's dome in Abu al-Abbas's reign, it not existing before.
مقام
الكيرج
al-Kiraj of Sind; Duhar's sally broken, it yielded on terms — and here Sind's folk painted Muhammad ibn al-Qasim when he was carried bound.
مقام
المذار
A town of the Tigris districts; its marzban came out against Utba ibn Ghazwan, was routed with most of his men drowned, captured alive and beheaded.
مقام
المحفوظة
al-Mahfuza, 'the Guarded', built by al-Hakam ibn Awana beyond the lake as the Muslims' refuge-misr when Hind apostatized — named against a fool's 'Tadmur'.
مقام
المنجشانية
al-Manjashaniyya, six miles from Basra — the estate Qays ibn Mas'ud al-Shaybani, Kisra's warden of the Taff, made through his agent Manjashan; above it Rawdat al-Khayl where his horses grazed.
مقام
المنصورة
al-Mansura of Sind below the lake; built by Amr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qasim on his victory — the governors' seat, once mere thicket near old Brahmanabadh.
مقام
المرغاب
al-Marghab at Basra — Bashir ibn Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra dug its canals by force within Hilal ibn Ahwaz's eight-thousand-jarib grant and named it Marghab Marw.
مقام
الميانج
A district of Azerbaijan between Ardabil and Maragha; its people joined the marzban's muster on Hudhayfa's conquest.
مقام
المغيثة
al-Mughitha, the dam Sulayman ibn Ali built on Basra's batiha at a million dirhams' cost — turning the water from Nahr al-Dayr into Nahr Ibn Umar.
مقام
المحمدية
The city al-Mahdi built at Rayy in 158 AH, moated and girded with a fired-brick suburb, which Rayy's people then called the inner city versus the outer walled town; Hisn al-Zaynabi fell inside it and the Lahirish family settled after its building; the old Rayy, called Arazi in Jahiliyya and said to have been swallowed, lay six farsakhs off and gave Rayy its name.
مقام
المنعرج
A spot in Maysan where al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba met and killed Maysan's dehqan who had apostatized from Islam, writing the victory to Umar.
مقام
القاسية
al-Qasiyya at Basra, a tract the water had left dry — taken by al-Qasim ibn Sulayman on a forged grant-letter of Yazid ibn Mu'awiya.
مقام
الرور
al-Rur, a hilltop Sind city; taken by sulh after months — 'the budd is as the churches of Christians and Jews and the Magians' fire-houses' — kharaj laid, a mosque built.
مقام
الرويان
A Tabaristan district; Sa'id ibn al-As conquered it with the plain and Dumbawand.
مقام
الصامغان
An Iraqi highland district; its people treated with Utba ibn Farqad alongside Darabadh for jizya and kharaj — no killing, no captives, no road barred.
مقام
الشاش
al-Shash beyond the river, its king at Tarband; Qutayba took most of it to Isbijab, whose old fort the Turks held with Shash folk till Nuh ibn Asad's conquest under al-Mu'tasim — he walled it round its people's vines and farms.
مقام
الشيخان
A site between Medina and Mount Uhud on the eastern road along the Harra; it held two utum said to be named for an old man and woman who conversed there. The Prophet spent the eve of Uhud there, reviewed the men and sent back those too young — Abu Sa'id al-Khudri was among them — and Banu Haritha's houses stood in its quarter, with the mosque in which he prayed on the march to Uhud.
مقام
الشيز
A town of Azerbaijan holding the great fire-temple Adhar Gushnasp; its people stood among the Ardabil marzban's fighters, and Hudhayfa's treaty singled them out — not to be barred from their fire-temple.
مقام
الشعيبية
al-Shu'aybiyya at Basra; its Euphrates folk carried it to Ali ibn al-Rashid as his sharecroppers on lightened terms — he made it ushr-sadaqa land and shared them as they accepted, Na'ib ibn Ziyad al-Wasiti managing it.
مقام
السيبين
Twin canals dug by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik when granted the lowlands still holding water in return for spending three million dirhams on the dams under al-Hajjaj; granted to Dawud ibn Ali under the Abbasids, then bought from his heirs into the caliphal estates.
مقام
السبيطية
al-Subaytiyya, the estate al-Mansur cut from Basra's batiha over the town's objection; a dahqan named Subayt's reedbed was in it — the agent withheld part of its price and beat him, and he haunted al-Mansur's gate claiming the balance till he died, so the estate took his name.
مقام
السوس
al-Sus, the great city of al-Ahwaz; starved out by Abu Musa it fell on an eighty-man aman, its marzban beheaded — and in its citadel was found the prophet Daniel's body, buried in the riverbed on Umar's command.
مقام
الطبسين
al-Tabasayn — the twin fortresses Tabas and Qurayn, a palm-bearing jurm that is the gate of Khurasan; raided by Abdallah ibn Budayl for Abu Musa, then truced before Umar at sixty or seventy-five thousand under a writ, a peace Ibn Amir confirmed when he marched on Khurasan.
مقام
الطيلسان
A Daylam district; Kathir ibn Shihab raided it with al-Babar, among the frontier posts Rayy's governor reached.
مقام
الطيرهان
A town beside Mosul; Utba ibn Farqad took it with Tikrit before marching through the Bajarma district to Shahrazur.
مقام
العسيفان
al-Usayfan between Kashmir, Multan and Kabul; its king, his son dead despite the idol's 'answer', broke shrine, image and sadins — and took tawhid from Muslim merchants under al-Mu'tasim.
مقام
الزابوقة
A Basra site holding two of the seven daskaras where Utba ibn Ghazwan's men first lodged, later built in mud-brick by a band of them.
مقام
عمورية
The Phrygian capital stormed by al-Mu'tasim in 223 — delivered by its patrikios Lawi, sacked for four days while the caliph dreamed of Constantinople.
مقام
آمل
Amul — Amuya — on the Jayhun; fought then truced by Abdallah ibn al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad in his brief succession over Khurasan.
مقام
أنسان
Anasān at Basra, named for Anas ibn Malik's qati'a from Ziyad.
مقام
جبل الرماة
A hill southeast of the Muslim camp at Uhud, where the Prophet stationed fifty archers to prevent the Meccan cavalry from flanking them.
مقام
أرض الأصبهانيين
The Asbahanis' land at Basra, bought from Arabs — the Asbahanis were converts who had migrated to Basra, said to have been among the asawira who settled there.
مقام
أرمائيل
Arma'il of Makran; taken by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim after Qanirbur — Muhammad ibn Harun dying nearby, buried at Qanbal.
مقام
أرجان
Arrajan, the Fars city adjoining Tawwaj — raided from Tawwaj by Uthman, then taken by him and Abu Musa on jizya-and-kharaj sulh.
مقام
عسكر مكرم
Askar Mukram in al-Ahwaz, named for Mukram ibn Mutarrif who camped there hunting his father's killer on Mus'ab's charge — or, as also said, for Mukram ibn al-Farz.
مقام
أيذج
Ayadhaj of al-Ahwaz; Abdallah ibn Amir took it after heavy fighting, Kurds gathering to its defenders.
مقام
عين الصيد
A Taff spring; in al-Baladhuri named Ayn al-Sayd because fish gathered in it — once plugged, a Muslim's horse sank its legs into it, he dug, struck water and restored it with helpers; it then passed to Isa ibn Ali, who bought it from al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan's children — Umm Kulthum bint al-Hasan holding a share — Mu'awiya having granted it to al-Hasan ibn Ali as part of the caliphate settlement, with other springs.
مقام
أذربيجان
The province of Azerbaijan, whose seat Ardabil held its marzban and kharaj office; Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman conquered it on Umar's writ delivered by al-Mughira, its marzban treating for eight hundred thousand dirhams weight-eight.
مقام
باب الفيل
A gate of Kufa's mosque; in al-Baladhuri the Muslims took an elephant at al-Mada'in's conquest, wrote Umar who ordered it sold — a Hira man bought and toured it through the villages, and Umm Ayyub bint Umara ibn Uqba, al-Mughira's wife, wished to see it; it stopped at the mosque gate while she looked and gifted its keeper, then a few steps on fell dead — hence the Elephant Gate. It is also said the viewer was al-Walid ibn Uqba's wife, that a magician conjured an elephant on a donkey from the gate — dismissed as false — that the mosque's basin was carried in on an elephant, or that a governor's elephant breached it; the first account is the firmest.
مقام
بادغيس
Badghis, the hill-country of Khurasan; covered by Herat's great sulh with Ibn Amir and Bushanj under the writ charging him to divide the jizya justly — 'whoever withholds what is on him has no covenant nor dhimma'.
مقام
باجروان
A district of Azerbaijan; its men stood among the fighters the marzban of Ardabil mustered against Hudhayfa.
مقام
البلاسجان
An Azerbaijani mountain holding the Balasajan Kurds; Hudhayfa's treaty bound the marzban not to expose the land to the Kurds of Balasajan, Sabalan and Satrudan.
مقام
بلخ
Balkh, the city of the Tukhara; al-Ahnaf's march won its sulh at four or — the sounder report — seven hundred thousand, Asid ibn al-Mutashammis (or al-Ahnaf's nephew) left over it.
مقام
بم
Bamm of Kirman; its folk truced al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad, broke and apostatized, and Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud retook it.
مقام
بنة
Banna between Multan and Kabul by the marshes; reached by al-Muhallab in 44h — the Azd's night-stand praised in verse.
مقام
بروص
Barus of the Sind-Indian lands; sent to by al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As under his brother Uthman's governorship.
مقام
كورة برزة
An Azerbaijani district of the Awad tribe whose chief town one of them peopled and fortified; a minbar was set there in 239 AH despite the Awadis' resentment.
مقام
برزان
Barzan in Sijistan; there Rutbil's embassy sought Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra's peace for his land and Kabul's — concluded at a million dirhams.
مقام
البطائح
A vast marshland in lower Iraq; in al-Baladhuri it formed after the Hijra when great breaches burst that Khosrow Aparviz could not dam, then widened during the Muslim-Persian wars. Abdallah ibn Darraj reclaimed lands there for Mu'awiya yielding five million, and Hassan al-Nabati reclaimed lands for al-Hajjaj and Hisham. Before it formed, Kaskar had the Jubb river and the barid road to Maysan — when swamped, its flooded tracts were named the Barid marshes and Aghmar Bithi marshes. Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's gift elephant to al-Hajjaj crossed it by ship, whence the landing called Musharra'at al-Fil. Al-Hajjaj let breaches drown it to spite the dihqans he accused of favoring Ibn al-Ash'ath.
مقام
بيهق
Bayhaq, a rustaq of Naysabur; the ascetic al-Aswad ibn Kulthum breached its walls and fell with his band before Adham ibn Kathum won the town.
مقام
بيكند
Baykand beyond the river, two farsakhs from its dependency Ramadin; Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad's twenty-four thousand routed the Khatun's Turks and he entered at a million dirhams' sulh.
مقام
بلالاباذ
A Basra site holding Muslim ibn Abi Bakra's bathhouse — the town's third — which passed to Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili.
مقام
بيمنذ
Bimand of Kirman; Mujashi's army first perished there, then he took it by force, spared its folk on aman — Qasr Mujashi' stands in it.
مقام
البيرون
al-Birun of Sind; its people's preemptive sulh to al-Hajjaj held — they brought fodder and admitted Muhammad ibn al-Qasim in peace.
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برهمباذ
Brahmanabadh al-Atiqa, two farsakhs from al-Mansura's later site; Dahir's remnant made its stand — stormed with eight or twenty-six thousand dead — a ruin today.
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برامجرد
Bramjard near Istakhr; there the townsmen met and killed Ibn Amir's vanguard Ubaydallah ibn Ma'tar — buried in Bramjard's garden.
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البوقان
al-Buqan near the Indian frontier; raided by al-Mundhir ibn al-Jarud and Ibn Harri — its folk Muslims today — and Imran ibn Musa al-Barmaki built its city al-Bayda under al-Mu'tasim.
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بوشنج
Bushanj of Khurasan; joined to Herat's great sulh with Badghis, save Taghun and Baghun taken by force.
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بست
Bust of Sijistan; taken by Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura by compact with Zabil.
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بثق شيرين
Butq Shirin at Basra, named for Shirin, wife of Kisra ibn Hurmuz.
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الدامغان
The chief city of Qumis; when Sulayman ibn Amr al-Dabbi was sent to Qumis after Ibn al-Zaynabi's treaty its people did not resist and opened Damaghan's gates — it was taken by treaty without fighting.
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دراباذ
A district beside Shahrazur; its people treated with Utba ibn Farqad for jizya and kharaj among his conquests.
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دارابجرد
Darabjird of Fars — the banner-town of its people and seat of their religion under the Hirbadh; Uthman truced it on payment, its folk equal with Fars's surrendered towns.
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درجة جنك
Darjah Jank at Basra, a Thaqif holding — so named for the lawsuits over it, jank being Persian for clamour.
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دستميسان
The Dastumaysan district of the Tigris lands; its people massed, Utba struck first to weaken their sides, and their dehqans were killed in the rout.
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دورق
Dawraq of al-Ahwaz; taken by force with al-Sus and Tustar in Abu Musa's campaign.
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الديبل
al-Daybul, Sind's port at its creek; al-Mughira ibn Abi al-As met the enemy there and prevailed.
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ديلم
The mountain country south of the Caspian west of Tabaristan; Urwa ibn Zayd broke Daylam with the Rayy host on conquest day, Kathir ibn Shihab raided them from Rayy and routed them, Sa'd raided them in his second governorship, and Rayy's amils kept raiding Daylam from Dastaba.
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دير قاووس
Dayr Qawus, the Tigris spot four farsakhs above al-Ubulla where Basrans drank before the canal — running amid salt-flats, unbuilt on its banks, and haunted.
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دهستان
A city beyond Jurjan in the Turks' country where Sul al-Turki sat; Yazid ibn al-Muhallab besieged it, cut its supplies, and took its treaty — aman for surrender — posting Abdallah ibn Ma'mar over it and al-Biyasan.
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دنباوند
Mount Dumbawand, greatest of Tabaristan's mountains; Sa'id ibn al-As conquered it with the Tabaristan plain and al-Ruwayan in his 29 AH raid.
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الفهرج
al-Fahraj on the Sijistan road; al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad's halt before crossing the seventy-five-farsakh mafaza to Zaliq.
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فرغانة
Farghana, the Transoxanian land on the Sayhun; Salih ibn Muslim took its Kasan, Urusht, Sakhr and Akhsikath — its old city — with Nasr ibn Sayyar in his host.
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فارس
Fars, the great province named for its people; the Muslims conquered it from the sea under Umar — Abr Kawan first, then Tawwaj and Rayshahr where its marzban Shahrak fell, then Arrajan, Shiraz, Sabur, Darabjird and the rest.
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الفارياب
al-Faryab of Khurasan; opened by al-Ahnaf ibn Qays, or by Umair ibn al-Ahmar al-Yashkuri in another account.
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فسا
Fasa of Fars; its great-man truced Uthman on Darabjird's terms — some say the Hirbadh himself truced it.
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فيض البصرة
The Fayd of Basra, the channel Ziyad dug after finishing the Ubulla canal — from his mawla Fil's house to the bridge-site.
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هراة
Herat, a city of Khurasan; to it Fayruz exiled the Persians whose descendants joined the Turkish Hayatila aiding Quhistan.
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حصن الزينبدي
Rayy's fortress above the town, called Hisn al-Furkhan ibn al-Zaynabi, formerly 'Arin; its lord Ibn al-Zaynabi made the treaty with Urwa ibn Zayd for Rayy and Qumis — five hundred thousand dirhams, no killing, no captives, no fire-temple razed, kharaj on Nihawand's terms — and Rayy's governors dwelt there gathering at the mosque beside it; it fell inside al-Mahdi's al-Muhammadiyya, he ordered its repair and lodged there overlooking the mosque and palace, and it was afterwards made a prison; al-Fatammash's verse curses its keep.
مقام
أسبيجاب
Isbijab, the far fort of al-Shash; an old conquest lost to the Turks, retaken by Nuh ibn Asad under al-Mu'tasim, who walled its people's vines and farms.
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إشتيغن
Ishtikhan of Sughd; the seat to which Sughd's kings moved after ancient Samarqand.
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جبل الزور
Jabal al-Zur in the Dawar country toward Kabul; Ibn Samura bottled its folk there, truced, and entered on the gold ruby-eyed Zur idol — cutting its hand and taking the rubies to show it 'neither harms nor benefits'.
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جهرم
Jahram of Fars; a gathering massed against Uthman near it — he scattered them and took the Jahram land.
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جيلان
Gilan south of the Caspian; al-Bara' ibn Azib raided it from Qazwin, and al-Walid ibn Uqba raided it in Uthman's reign with Daylam, Muqan, al-Babar and al-Taylasan.
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جيرفت
Jirraft of Kirman; taken by force by Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud.
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جنديسابور
Jundishapur, the great city of al-Ahwaz; its panic-struck people took Abu Musa's aman — no killing, no captives, no wealth touched but weapons.
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جنزة
Junza in Kabul's marches; there Yazid ibn Ziyad fought Kabul's breakers and fell with many of his men.
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جرجان
The province at the Caspian's corner; its king treated with Sa'id ibn al-As for two hundred thousand dirhams in the 29 AH Tabaristan campaign.
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الجوزجان
al-Juzjan of Khurasan; the rout's fugitives reached it, al-Aqra' ibn Habis pursued with horse, turned a first setback and stormed it — its Rustaq Hawf with the two castles mourned in verse.
مقام
كابل
Kabul, the great city of India's marches; besieged by Ibn Samura for months under mangonels till breached — the foe's hamstrung elephant blocking their gate, by Ibn Khazim's stroke or al-Muhallab's — entered by force, breached again and retaken; then the Kabul Shah expelled its Muslims and Rutbil overran to Bust, till Ubaydallah ibn Abi Bakra's million-dirham sulh covered Kabul's lands.
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كرمينية
Karminiya beyond the river; campaigned by Qutayba with Tumushkat in 88h.
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الكاريان
al-Karyan and Fashjan (al-Fishajan) of Darabjird's land; outside the Hirbadh's sulh and breached — Ibn Amir took both.
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كاسان
Kasan of Farghana — commonly Kashanan; opened by Salih ibn Muslim, breached, and last retaken by Nuh ibn Asad under al-Mansur.
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كازرون
Kazarun of Sabur's land in Fars; taken by Uthman ibn Abi al-As.
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خواش
Khawash and Quzan of Bust on the Sijistan road; Ibn Samura took them by force after crossing Wadi Nasl.
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خجنده
Khujanda beyond the river on the Sayhun; Salm ibn Ziyad's army, A'sha Hamdan among them, was defeated there.
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خشك
Khushak on the Sijistan road; its folk truced Ibn Samura after Wazan.
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الأهواز
al-Ahwaz, the Khuzistan province — a great kura of the Jibal; conquered under Umar, seat of Hurmuzan the last Persian marzban, and where the asawira's conversion-conditions were granted.
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خوارزم
Khwarizm, the land beyond the river with its eastern city; al-Ahnaf marched on it after Balkh but could not take it.
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كش
Kish, the Sijistan marches toward India; Ibn Samura conquered the stretch between Zaranj and Kish.
مقام
مدينة الفيل
Madinat al-Fil, strongest of Khwarizm's cities — Ali ibn Mujahid calls it Samarqand; opened by Umayya ibn Abdallah, breached, beyond Yazid ibn al-Muhallab's reach, and taken by Qutayba — 'Fil gave herself to you with her own hands'.
مقام
مدينة المبارك
The fortress al-Mubarak al-Turki, al-Hadi's mawla, built at Qazwin, peopled by a company of his own clients.
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مدينة جرجان
The city Yazid ibn al-Muhallab built at Jurjan after his conquests there.
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مدينة موسى
The town Musa al-Hadi built on Qazwin's ground, endowed with the purchased tract of Rustamabadh for its needs, administered by his mawla Amr al-Rumi then his son Muhammad.
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مكران
Makran, the coastal land between Fars and Sind; stormed and garrisoned by Sinan ibn Salama — Ibn al-Kalbi names Hakim ibn Jabala — and mourned in A'sha Hamdan's famous verses.
مقام
الملعب بالإسكندرية
Alexandria's ancient hippodrome, where a yearly festival threw a ball whose lucky catcher took the kingship; Amr ibn al-As attended it in the jahiliyya and the ball fell into his sleeve — 'the custom is annulled, such a man cannot be made king' — and on its site the Banu Khulayf raised their famous palace.
مقام
مناذر
Greater and Lesser Manadhir of al-Ahwaz's districts; Abu Musa besieged them and al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad took them by force, killing the fighters — governed by Asim ibn Qays al-Sulami — and there fell al-Muhajir ibn Ziyad, his head raised between two merlons.
مقام
مراغة
A city of Azerbaijan once called Afrahruudh; Marwan ibn Muhammad camped near it returning from the Muqan-Jilan raid, its great dung-pits gave his mules their rolling-ground — 'the maragha village', then the word village dropped — its people commended it to Marwan who bought and peopled it; seized among Umayyad estates for a daughter of al-Rashid; after al-Wajna' al-Azdi and Sadaqa ibn Ali's ravaging, Khuzayma ibn Khazim walled and garrisoned it under al-Rashid, Babak's rise made it a refuge, and al-Ma'mun's agents Ahmad ibn al-Junayd and Ali ibn Hisham repaired the wall while its suburb was fortified.
مقام
مرند
An Azerbaijani town, once a small village settled by Halbas Abu al-Ba'ith, fortified by al-Ba'ith then his son Muhammad who raised palaces; his Mutawakkil-era defiance ended with Buna al-Saghir razing wall and palace.
مقام
مرج دابق
مقام
مرو
Marw, the great city of Khurasan; its marzban's envoy al-Shahijan sued for peace and Hatim ibn al-Nu'man compounded it at a million two hundred thousand — variants: a million dirhams with two hundred thousand jarib of grain, or a million one hundred thousand uqiyya — the terms widening Muslim housing, all of it sulh save the village al-Sanj taken by force.
مقام
مرو الروذ
Marw al-Rudh of Tugharistan in Khurasan's works; besieged hard by al-Ahnaf till its folk took refuge in the fort and its marzban — of Badhan of Yemen's line — truced at sixty or six hundred thousand; its Qasr al-Ahnaf compounded at three hundred thousand on the clause that a Muslim enter, give the adhan, and stay till his return.
مقام
مهران
Mihran, Sind's great river and its land; here Muhammad ibn al-Qasim camped mid-way, crossed the Mihwan by a contrived bridge, and Dahir fell at evening.
مقام
موقان
The Muqan steppe of Azerbaijan on the Aras; al-Walid ibn Uqba, Kufa's governor for Uthman, raided it among his northern campaigns.
مقام
نهر أبي الأسد
A canal at the Batayih; in al-Baladhuri dug by Abu al-Asad, al-Mansur's mawla-commander sent to Basra during Abdallah ibn Ali's stay there — who also brought Abdallah ibn Ali into Kufa — while camped opposite Isa ibn Musa's force during the war on Ibrahim ibn Abdallah al-Hasani; or, he widened the canal's mouth for ships and it was named for him.
مقام
نهر عدي
Nahr Adi at Basra — a khawr of the town's river until Adi ibn Arta'a, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's governor, cut it from Butq Shirin on the town's plea and Wak'i's letter.
مقام
نهر الأمير
Nahr al-Amir at Basra, dug by al-Mansur and gifted to his son Ja'far — first 'the Commander of the Faithful's canal', then 'the prince's'; al-Rashid bought it, parcelled grants from it and sold.
مقام
نهر الأساورة
The Asāwira canal at Basra by Fil's house, dug by Abdallah ibn Amir — or, as some say, dug by the asāwira themselves.
مقام
نهر البنات
Nahr al-Banat at Basra — Ziyad's daughters, each granted sixty jarib, the common measure of his grants.
مقام
نهر المرأة
The Woman's Canal of the Tigris districts; Shurayh ibn Amir took its palace by treaty from al-Nushajan ibn Jasnasima — the 'woman' its lady Kamandar bint Narsi, al-Nushajan's cousin — and it was named because Abu Musa al-Ash'ari lodged there, she provisioned him khabis, and he kept saying 'feed us the woman's flour'.
مقام
نهر النعمان بن المنذر
Nahr al-Nu'man ibn al-Mundhir at al-Qandal, a Tigris khawr dammed by Sulayman ibn Ali — the Lakhmid king's own Kisra-era grant, with a palace of his there.
مقام
نهر الأبلة
The Ubulla canal, Basra's great channel from al-Ijana to al-Ubulla, four farsakhs long; Abu Musa began its digging on Umar's order and Ziyad completed it from the silted reach — the cause of his feud with Abdallah ibn Amir.
مقام
نهر ابن عمر
Nahr Ibn Umar at Basra, dug by Abdallah ibn Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz for Yazid ibn al-Walid after the two-flask complaint of the town's brackish water.
مقام
نهر معقل
The Ma'qil canal of Basra, named for Ma'qil ibn Yasar whom Ziyad sent to open it for his Companion's blessing — though Ziyad dug it, none called it Ziyad's canal.
مقام
سيحان
Sayhan, the Basra canal that belonged to the Barmakids — they themselves named it Sayhan.
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نامنة
A Tabaristan village; Sa'id ibn al-As took it with Tamisa on the Tabaristan raid.
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نارند
Narand of the Indian quarters; reached by Amr ibn Jamal's bawarij under Hisham ibn Amr.
مقام
نسا
Nasa of Khurasan; Ibn Khazim took its Humrandiz rustaq and its lord truced at three hundred thousand — or on land-capacity kharaj, with no killing and no captives.
مقام
نسف
Nasaf — that is Nakhshab — beyond the river; its folk marched with Sughd, Turks and Kish on Sa'id ibn Uthman's host and were broken at Bukhara.
مقام
النوبهار
The Nawbahar, Balkh's great edifice; ruined by Ata ibn al-Sa'ib in Qays ibn al-Haytham's campaign when its people broke.
مقام
نينوى
The twin forts of Nineveh facing Mosul across the Tigris; their people fought Utba ibn Farqad, he took the eastern fort by storm, crossed the river, and the other fort's people treated for jizya with leave for whoever wished to quit.
مقام
قلعة ذي الرفاق
Qal'at Dhi al-Rifaq in al-Ahwaz; opened by Thabit ibn Dhi al-Hirra al-Himyari.
مقام
قندابيل
Qandabil between Makran and Sind; parts opened by Mujja'a ibn Si'r, completed by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.
مقام
القندهار
al-Qandahar on the Sijistan-India road; stormed by Abbad ibn Ziyad at cost — its tall caps the model of the 'Abbadiyya — and Ibn Mufarrigh's 'he whose fate is written at Qandahar'.
مقام
قنطرة قرة
Qantarat Qurra at Basra, named for Qurra ibn Habban al-Bahili; Umm Abdallah ibn Amir bought the old canal there and gave it in sadaqa as the town's drainage, and Ibn Amir bought the market and gave it likewise.
مقام
قصر المسيرين
Qasr al-Musayyirin at Basra, Abd al-Rahman ibn Ziyad's, where al-Hajjaj jailed the families of Ibn al-Ash'ath's followers — a palace within a palace — beside Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad's palace and its jawsaq.
مقام
قصر النواشق
Qasr al-Nawashiq at Basra — Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan's palace, so named by the street-toughs.
مقام
قصر النعمان
Qasr al-Nu'man at Basra, the seat of al-Nu'man ibn Suhban al-Rasibi who judged between Mudar and Rabi'a when Yazid died; Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad enlarged it and Nu'man foretold 'evil wealth — much water drowns me, little parching' — the water failed and every soul there died.
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قصر أوس
A Basra palace named for Aws ibn Tha'laba of Taym Allah, the man of the Palmyra-idols verse.
مقام
هزاردر
Hazārdir, the Basra palace of many doors built by Shirawayh for Marjana — named for the thousand doors, or the thousand asāwira Kisra lodged in a thousand houses there.
مقام
قصة
Qassa of Sind; alone steadfast in Islam when Hind's folk apostatized after Tamim ibn Zayd.
مقام
القيقان
al-Qiqan of the Sind lands adjoining Khurasan; raided by al-Muhallab in 44h — the grave of al-Harith ibn Murra, Abdallah ibn Sawar and Rashid ibn Amr.
مقام
قوهستان
Quhistan, the nearest city to the Tabasayn at Khurasan's gate; led there by al-Ahnaf ibn Qays, its people and the Hayatila — Turks, some say Persian outcasts exiled by Fayruz to Herat — met him and were routed.
مقام
قصدار
Qusdar of Makran; first opened by Sinan ibn Salama who died there at its breach — retaken by al-Mundhir ibn al-Jarud with captives.
مقام
رامدين
Ramadin, a town of Baykand's two farsakhs on; taken with it by Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad.
مقام
رامهرمز
Ramhurmuz of al-Ahwaz; twice truced — Abu Maryam's eight-hundred-thousand compact — twice betrayed, and taken by force in Abu Musa's last days.
مقام
راوند
A town of Isbahan's district; there lie the Graves of the Boon-Companions — three Kufans of al-Hajjaj's Daylam army who drank together, died one by one, each buried beside his friend, the last singing 'know you not that I am alone at Rawand'.
مقام
راور
Rawar, a Sind city; stormed by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim — a wife of Dahir there burned herself, her maids and wealth rather than be taken.
مقام
ريشهر
Rayshahr of Sabur's land near Tawwaj; there al-Hakam and the marzban Shahrak fought fiercely — Sawwar killed Shahrak, Shahrak's son killed Sawwar, and the town fell by force on a day likened to al-Qadisiyya.
مقام
الرخج
Rukhkhaj, the Sijistan region; by its road Ibn Samura mastered the lands as far as the Dawar country.
مقام
رستمباذ
A tract at Qazwin bought by Musa al-Hadi and endowed for the benefit of Madinat Musa whose building he commanded.
مقام
سبلان
Azerbaijan's great mountain holding the Sabalan Kurds; Hudhayfa's treaty barred exposing the land to the Kurds of Balasajan, Sabalan and Satrudan.
مقام
سابور
Sabur of Fars; Uthman's aman-sulh of 23 or 24h after Shahrak's brother's dream — then the people's breach, and Abu Musa took it by force in 26h with Uthman on his vanguard.
مقام
سدوسان
Sadusan of Sind; its samaniyya-brokered aman gave Muhammad ibn al-Qasim kharaj, hostages, and four thousand Zutt auxiliaries.
مقام
الصغانيان
al-Saghaniyan, the lands on the river's east bank; its folk joined the thirty-thousand Tukharistan mass against al-Ahnaf — its king's spear was wrenched from his hand and he was killed, after al-Ahnaf had slain three drum-bearers in turn.
مقام
سمرقند
Samarqand, the great city of Sughd; Sa'id ibn Uthman besieged it under oath not to stir till it opened, lost an eye in three days' fighting — and al-Muhallab his — then truced at seven hundred thousand and royal hostages after besieging the kings'-sons castle, his stone lodging in the qahandaz's loophole.
مقام
سقيفة بني ساعدة
The roofed hall of Banu Sa'ida where the Ansar met after the Prophet's death and Abu Bakr was acclaimed; al-Samhudi argues it stood by the market of Medina at what is now Darb al-Suwayqa — in the Jirar Sa'd quarter where Sa'd ibn Ubada's sept lived — not at the Banu Sa'ida village by Bi'r Buda'a as al-Matari held, for Sa'd was among his own sept and the saqifa stood by his house.
مقام
سرخس
Sarakhs of Khurasan; fought by Ibn Khazim till its marzban Zadhuya truced on a hundred men's aman and the surrender of its women — his daughter becoming Ibn Khazim's Maysha' — or, in the other telling, killed for excluding himself, the town then taken by force.
مقام
سارية
A Tabaristan town; Yazid ibn al-Muhallab raided it with Jilan on his way to Dihistan.
مقام
ساترودان
An Azerbaijani tract holding the Satrudan Kurds, covered by the no-exposure clause of Hudhayfa's treaty with Ardabil's marzban.
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ساوندرا
Sawandra of Sind; its folk won aman on hosting and guiding the Muslims — Muslims today.
مقام
شهرزور
A city on Iraq's upper flank toward the mountain; Uzra ibn Qays failed at it and Utba ibn Farqad took it after fighting on Hulwan's terms — the approach-fever killing Muslims — with al-Samaghan and Darabadh treating alongside; its district stayed joined to Mosul till late in al-Rashid's reign.
مقام
شط عثمان
Shatt Uthman at Basra — Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi bought it from Caliph Uthman for his Ta'if money, or, as told, for his brother's Medina house which the caliph annexed to the Mosque.
مقام
الشيرجان
al-Shirjan, chief city of Kirman; Mujashi' ibn Mas'ud took it by storm after days of siege and a horse-sally, left a man behind, and many of its folk went into exile.
مقام
جبال شروين
The Shirwin mountains of Tabaristan — its most impregnable and hardest, thickest in jungle and thicket — conquered by Muhammad ibn Musa and Mazyar ibn Qarin under al-Ma'mun.
مقام
شومان
Shuman of Khurasan; opened by al-Mufaddal ibn al-Muhallab in his governorship.
مقام
سمنجان
Siminjan of Tukharistan; alone of its lands it resisted Qays ibn al-Haytham's march and was besieged and stormed.
مقام
السند
al-Sind, India's seaboard; Hakim ibn Jabala's verdict to Uthman — scant water, worthless fruit, a trifling thief; small armies lost, large ones starved.
مقام
سندان
Sindan on India's coast; al-Fadl ibn Mahan's conquest and Muslim seat with its caliph-praising jami' — his sons' feud ended in a crucifixion and Hind's reconquest.
مقام
سيراف
Siraf on Fars's coast; in one telling its Surayanj fort is where the Muslim slave's arrow-aman was written, which Umar ordered honored — others call it Shahrij.
مقام
السغد
al-Sughd, the Transoxanian land whose greatest city is Samarqand; its folk joined the Turks, Kish and Nasaf against Sa'id ibn Uthman at a hundred and twenty thousand, broken before Bukhara.
مقام
سوق الأهواز
Suq al-Ahwaz, the chief town of al-Ahwaz — al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba raided it, its dahqan Piruz truced on money then broke, and Abu Musa took it by force in 17h under Samura ibn Jundab al-Fazari.
مقام
سرق
Surraq of al-Ahwaz; taken on Ramhurmuz's terms, betrayed, Haritha ibn Badr's army repulsed, and Abdallah ibn Amir took it by force — Haritha its governor after.
مقام
الطالقان
al-Talaqan of Khurasan; taken by sulh under al-Ahnaf after the Tukharistan battle.
مقام
طميسة
A Tabaristan town; Sa'id ibn al-As took it in the 29 AH raid with the village of Namna.
مقام
تانه
Tana, an Indian seaboard post; raided from Uman under Uthman ibn Abi al-As — Umar's rebuke: 'you set worms upon wood; had they been struck I'd have taken their like from your people'.
مقام
الطاربند
al-Tarband, the Shash king's seat; from it he answered Sughd's summons with his fighters, and Qutayba broke them.
مقام
ترير
An Azerbaijani town, once a village with a crumbling old palace, settled by Mu'awiya ibn Amr al-Mawsili al-Ta'i who housed his sons there; they raised palaces, made it a town and built the Bajirwan Market, enlarged and set apart for them by the Sultan outside the Azerbaijan governors' charge.
مقام
توج
Tawwaj of Ardashir-Khurra's land in Fars; opened by al-Hakam — or Uthman — ibn Abi al-As in 19h, its mosques built and Abd al-Qais settled in it as the Muslims' base for the Fars campaigns, fortified after Shahrak's death.
مقام
الترمذ
al-Tirmidh on the Jayhun; the Khatun's sulh won from Sa'id ibn Uthman sitting on it, then its king's shelter of Musa ibn Abdallah ibn Khazim — who cast him out and held it in rebellion — then the governors', breached, and retaken by Qutayba ibn Muslim.
مقام
تومشكت
Tumushkat beyond the river; campaigned by Qutayba with Karminiya in 88h and brought to sulh.
مقام
طوس
Tus of Khurasan; its marzban Kanazbak compounded it with Ibn Amir at six hundred thousand dirhams.
مقام
الأبلة
al-Ubulla, Basra's port on the Tigris; Suwayd ibn Qutba helped Khalid ibn al-Walid fight its people when he reached Basra in year 12.
مقام
عقبة الجارود
Uqbat al-Jarud, the pass between Jarra and Shiraz — al-Jarud al-Abdi lagged at dawn for a need with his water-flask, Kurds surrounded and killed him, and the pass bears his name.
مقام
أرمية
An ancient city of Azerbaijan which the Magians claim as their prophet Zarathustra's home; Sadaqa ibn Ali ibn Sadaqa ibn Dinar, the Azd's mawla, fought its people till he entered and mastered it, building palaces with his brothers.
مقام
أورشت
Urusht of Farghana; opened by Salih ibn Muslim, breached, and last retaken by Nuh ibn Asad under al-Mansur.
مقام
أشروسنة
Ushrusana beyond the river between Samarqand and al-Shash; campaigned by Qutayba ibn Muslim.
مقام
عيون الطف
Springs on the Sawad's fringe — Ayn al-Sayd, al-Qutqutana, al-Ruhayma, Ayn Jamal and their sisters; in al-Baladhuri they belonged to the holders of the frontier posts beyond the Sawad, being the springs of Sabur's trench dug between him and the Arabs manning its posts — Sabur having granted them the land, worked without kharaj. At Dhu Qar the Arabs took some springs; the Persians kept some, then plugged most on fleeing the Muslim advance on al-Hira; what the Arabs kept they cultivated tithe-free, and the spring-lands abandoned after al-Qadisiyya and al-Mada'in were given to the Muslims who granted them likewise as ushri. Uyun al-Taff's revenues ran with Medina's crown lands and Najd villages to Medina's officials until Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn Mus'ab took the Sawad for al-Mutawakkil, annexed them, farmed their ushr and made them Sawadi — as they remain; he also dug 'Islamic springs' of the same dispensation.
مقام
أزين
Uzayn in Hind; raided by al-Junayd's armies with al-Maliba and Baharmad, whose suburbs they burned.
مقام
وجاه
A Tabaristan fortress where Jurjan's marzban fortified against Yazid, ringed by thickets and jungle; seven months and mangonels availed nothing till an informer showed a path and hide-ladders carried Jahm ibn Zahr up — the captives were slaughtered in Wadi Jurjan till the blood ran.
مقام
ورثان
An Azerbaijani bridge-town like the Wahsh and Arshaf bridges of Babak's days; Marwan ibn Muhammad built and revived it as his estate, it fell with the Umayyad seizures to Zubayda umm Ja'far whose agents razed the wall — lately rebuilt — and there al-Afshin Haydar ibn Kawus camped and fortified during the Babak war.
مقام
واسط
A garrison city founded by al-Hajjaj in year 83 or 84; in al-Baladhuri he built its mosque, palace and Green Dome — it was reed-land, whence Wasit al-Qasab — equidistant from al-Ahwaz, Basra and Kufa; his letter to Abd al-Malik, 'I have founded a city in a karsh of land between the mountain and the two garrison towns,' is why the Wasitis were called al-Karshiyyin.
مقام
وزان
Wazan on the Sijistan road; its folk fled before Ibn Samura, who took it.
مقام
زابل
Zabil of Sijistan; taken by compact with Bust under Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura.
مقام
زابلستان
Zabulistan, the land south of Kabul and Sijistan; taken by Ibn Samura after its people broke, with captives — then overrun by Rutbil as far as Bust.
مقام
زاغول
Zaghul of Marw al-Rudh at al-Shawsa; there al-Muhallab died returning from Kish and Nasaf, his illness begun in grief for al-Mughira.
مقام
زالق
Zaliq, the Sijistan fortress five farsakhs from the capital; raided by al-Rabi' on Mihrjan, its dahqan ransoming himself with his spear planted and heaped over with gold and silver.
مقام
زنجان
A town in Qazwin's marches; al-Bara' ibn Azib took it by force after Qazwin's treaty and his raids on Daylam, Jilan, al-Babar and al-Taylasan.
مقام
زرنج
Zaranj, the great city of Sijistan; besieged by al-Rabi' ibn Ziyad its marzban Aparwiz truced for a thousand wadif with gold cups — seated on a corpse — in a two-and-a-half-year governorship that took forty thousand captives; then Ibn Samura besieged its marzban on their feast-day for two million dirhams and two thousand wadif.
ریاست
مملكة أكسوم (الحبشة)
The Ethiopian power across the Red Sea which twice occupied Yemen — first 340–378 exploiting Himyarite rivalries, then in 525 under Aryat with Roman ships, in revenge for Dhu Nuwas’s trenches of fire — and whose commander Abraha led the elephant campaign on Mecca.
ریاست
أولاد منديل
The emirate of the Awlad Mandil of Maghrawa in Wadi Shelif and the Middle Maghreb marches; they restored their people's kingship after the Khazirids' fall, descending from Abd al-Samad ibn Muhammad ibn Khazrun of the Tripoli Khazrunids who fled to the Aures then Zawawa then intermarried with the Shelif Maghrawa — his line were called Banu Muhammad then the Khazriyya: Abu Nas the pious, granted Wadi Shelif by the Almohads; his son Abd al-Rahman, born of a Makkhukh princess and gathering the Maghrawa tribes under Almohad favour; his sons Mandil and Tuhaym; and al-Abbas ibn Mandil, who contested Tlemcen with the Yaghmurasanids and Abd al-Wadids until the Marinid fitnas extinguished the state.
ریاست
بنو أبي العافية
Banu Abi al-Afiya ibn Abi Na'il, the Miknasa branch that ruled Tasul and the Taza–Malwiyya–Melilla marches; first clients then scourges of the Idrisids — Musa ibn Abi al-Afiya drove them from Fez under the Fatimid da'wa, warred the eunuch Maysur, was driven into the desert and returned, and the house survived as Zirid clients until Yusuf ibn Tashfin's Almoravids destroyed its last chiefs.
ریاست
بنو غانية
Banu Ghaniya, remnant of the Almoravids; a Massufa house of the veiled tribes — Yahya al-Massufi their champion honoured by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, slain leaving by a wife named Ghaniya two sons Muhammad and Yahya raised in the sultan's care; Ali ibn Yusuf granted Yahya the western Andalus seated at Cordoba and Muhammad the eastern isles Majorca, Menorca and Ibiza in 520, and Ishaq ibn Muhammad held all until his death in 580 leaving eight sons — then his son Ali ibn Muhammad carried the house to Ifriqiya, striking Béjaïa unawares in Safar 581, taking Algiers, Mazuna and Milyana, besieging the Qal'a, ruling Qafsa and investing Tripoli, fighting the Almohads by land and sea in famous wars until their house was extinguished.
ریاست
بنو قتادة أمراء مكة
Banu Qatada, amirs of Mecca after the Hawashim; of Musa al-Jawn's line dwelling as nomads in Wadi Yanbu — Abu Aziz ibn Qatada intermarried with the Hawashim and on their decline inherited Mecca through the female line (d. 589); then Qatada ibn Idris multiplied his mamluks and stretched his writ from Yemen's borders to Medina from Yanbu's castle, his descendants ruling on to Abu Numayy who held Mecca's affairs some fifty years, then his sons Rumaytha and Humayda — Mecca's amirs in Ibn Khaldun's own day and ancestors of its later sharifs.
ریاست
أتابكية أربل البجتجنية
The Begtiginid atabegs of Erbil; named for Begtigin, a Seljuk army mamluk seated at Erbil — their most famous Zayn al-Din Ali Kuchuk ibn Begtigin, lieutenant of Mosul, and his son Muzaffar al-Din Gokburi, lord of Erbil and Harran who became one of Saladin's great amirs — the house lasting in the Jazira until it passed into Ayyubid then Mongol allegiance.
ریاست
الدولة البيزنطية (الروم)
The Roman power that ruled Egypt and Syria, controlled the sea trade routes that strangled Yemen’s caravan economy, set up client kings among the Arabs of al-Sham, and armed Abyssinia’s fleet for the second occupation of Yemen.
ریاست
السلاجقة الدانشمندية
The Danishmendid state; the Turkish chief Jumushtekin ibn Danishmend made his power fast in Cappadocia at Sivas, Kayseri and Malatya — routing the Franks at the last — and his heirs Ghazi, Muhammad II, Dhu'l-Nun and Ya'qib Arslan played a splendid part in the Crusader wars until the house was absorbed into its great Seljuk neighbour of Rum.
ریاست
دولة بني مهدي باليمن
The state of Ali ibn Mahdi al-Himyari and his sons in Yemen; begun in the preacher's da'wa when the mountain folk swore to him after Umm Fatik's death in 545 — his cause flared over Tihama and its mountains, he crushed the Najahids and took Zabid in 554, and the Sulaymanids' whole Yemeni kingship passed into Banu Mahdi's hands until the Ayyubid state came and took the country.
ریاست
الإمارة بالحجاز (حكومة مكة)
The leadership of Mecca and custody of the House from Ismail to Quraysh in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account: Ismail and his sons, then Jurhum for about twenty centuries, then Khuza'a for three hundred years, then Qusayy and Quraysh from about 440 CE; a government mixing worldly primacy and religious leadership, ruling among the Arabs in religion's name and overseeing the pilgrims' affairs, with parliament-like offices, yet weak, as the Abyssinian invasion showed.
ریاست
الدولة الغورية
The Ghurid state, kings of Ghor who held the sultanate after the Ghaznavids; mountain kings at Firuzkuh in Subuktigin's days, when Bahramshah of Ghazna killed Muhammad ibn al-Husayn and crucified his brother Suri at Ghazna's gate their brother Ala al-Din al-Husayn marched in 547 AH, took and burned the city — then the state settled with his nephews Ghiyath al-Din and Shihab al-Din who overran Khurasan and India until Shihab al-Din granted Delhi as iqta' to Qutb al-Din Aybak.
ریاست
دولة بني جوجي بالدست (القبيل الذهبي)
The state of the sons of Jochi (Dushi Khan) ibn Genghis in the Qipchaq Dasht from Filak to Bulgar; Jochi's sons Naju and Berke inherited it, Berke converting at a Bukhara shaykh's hand of Najm al-Din Kubra's school and seeking his brother Monke's leave to strike the caliphate's lands — their throne sat at Saray until Uzbek's reign when Islam spread among them and they intermarried with Egypt's kings.
ریاست
الدولة الحمدانية
The state of the Banu Hamdan ibn Hamdun al-Taghlibi, of Banu Taghlib ibn Wa'il of the Jazira; it began with authority over Mosul when al-Muktafi appointed Abu al-Hayja Abd Allah ibn Hamdan over it, then extended through the Jazira and Syria, settling under its great amirs Nasir al-Dawla at Mosul and Sayf al-Dawla at Aleppo, acting independently under the Abbasid call — in Ibn Khaldun's description.
ریاست
دولة الهواشم بمكة
The Hawashim state of Mecca of the Banu Hasan; Muhammad ibn Ja'far and his brothers seized its emirate after the Sulaymanids, and its khutba swung between the Abbasid and Ubaydi calls through their years — al-Muqtadi sending Mecca's gold-inscribed minbar in year 470 and Khatlagh the first Turkic amir of the hajj, the minbar broken and burned in the Sunni-Shi'i fitna — until, with the Fatimid state's extinction and the Hawashim enfeebled, Abu Aziz ibn Qatada (d. 589) intermarried with them and Banu Qatada inherited the rule of Mecca through the female line.
ریاست
الدولة الكاكويهية (آل كاكويه)
The state of the Kakuyids, Daylamite kings of Isfahan and Yazd; Ala al-Dawla ibn Kakuya held Isfahan and gave Sultan Mahmud ibn Subuktigin allegiance and the khutba in 420 AH, Mas'ud took the city from him and he recovered it, and Ala al-Dawla Karsasf ibn Qaramard ibn Kakuya ruled Yazd as son-in-law of the sultans Muhammad and Sanjar upon their sister — the house held the Jibal until the Seljuks prevailed.
ریاست
الدولة المروانية الكردية
The Kurdish Marwanid state of Diyar Bakr after the Hamdanids — not Arab, as Ibn Khaldun notes; founded by Bad al-Kurdi Husayn ibn Dushik who seized Amid and Diyar Bakr, then carried on by his nephew Abu Ali ibn Marwan who took the Kayfa stronghold and secured Diyar Bakr, his descendants' rule lasting until the Seljuk states arose.
ریاست
الدولة المزيدية
The state of Banu Mazyad of Banu Asad, kings of al-Hilla in Iraq, whose range ran from Baghdad to Basra and Najd; their chief Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Mazyad took the Dubaysi islands and in his lifetime authority passed to his son Dubays Nur al-Dawla, the state peaking under his grandson Sadaqa ibn Mansur — builder of al-Hilla, titled king of the Arabs — until he was killed in 501 AH fighting Sultan Muhammad ibn Malikshah, after whose sons their line faded.
ریاست
مملكة الأنباط
The strong north-Hijazi kingdom of the sons of Nabit ibn Ismail in the traditional account, capital at Petra, which dominated the peninsula’s fringes until Rome broke it.
ریاست
بنو نجاح بزبيد
Banu Najah of Zabid, mawali of Banu Ziyad; when al-Sulayhi took Zabid, Najah's sons Mu'arik, Sa'id and Jayyash scattered — Sa'id and Jayyash fleeing to Dahlak island to learn Qur'an and adab — until they ambushed Ali al-Sulayhi by night in the saddle-lines on his march to Mecca and Jayyash killed him with his own hand in 473; they took Zabid, ruling under the Abbasid khutba against the Sulayhids' Ubaydi one, Jayyash famed for justice until his death at the turn of the fifth century, his son al-Fatik succeeding until Ali ibn Mahdi the Khariji ended the house in 554.
ریاست
الدولة الخاقانية (القراخانية)
The Turkic state of Kashghar and the Turkestan marches — kings of Turkestan whose seat was Kashghar with Saqun and Khimo reaching the Shash lands; the first of them to accept Islam was Sabuq Qara Khan, named Abd al-Malik, and they served the Samanids as levied allies until Abu Ali ibn Simjur tempted them with Bukhara in the Samanid collapse of the 390s — Bughra Khan took the country piecemeal and died on the road from Bukhara (the text reads year 403 of the fourth century), pious, just, learned-loving and Sunni in leaning; his brother Ilig Khan Sulayman 'Shihab al-Dawla' then entered Bukhara on 10 Dhu'l-Qa'da of year 389 on the text's reading, seized Buktuzun and Abd al-Malik and the deposed Abu'l-Harith Mansur — and the Samanid state was ended.
ریاست
بنو قرمان
Banu Qaraman, Turkmen amirs of Rum; they won a piece of the Rum lands between Sivas and the Ottomans' country — Antalya and the Alanya coast mountains to Konya — seated on the Armenian marches, their forefather the man who routed Hayton (Hetum) the Leo king of Sis in 720, their house bound thereafter to the Banu Uthman by ties and marriage until the Ottoman state absorbed them.
ریاست
بنو الرسي بصعدة
Banu al-Rassi, the Zaydi imams of Sa'da; from the line of al-Qasim al-Rassi ibn Ibrahim Tabataba — first to rise there was Yahya ibn al-Husayn al-Rassi, who summoned Sa'da to himself, took the laqab al-Hadi and was sworn as imam, a mujtahid in legal rulings whose fiqh Ibn Hazm saw and judged not far from the Sunni way; his son Muhammad al-Murtada's tenure faltered but his brother al-Nasir Ahmad's held, and the imamate ran unbroken in his sons until the Sulaymanids of Mecca, driven out by the Hawashim, seized Sa'da and ended the state there in the sixth century — though the Rassid claim lived on in their descendants past 700.
ریاست
الدولة الساسانية (الفرس)
The Persian power rebuilt by Ardashir from 226 CE: it ruled Iraq and the Gulf, kept the Lakhmid kings of al-Hira as frontier wardens, and absorbed Yemen as a province after expelling the Abyssinians until Badhan’s conversion.
ریاست
الدولة السليمانية بمكة
The Sulaymanid state of the Hasanids at Mecca and later Yemen; when Quraysh's folk died out of Mecca in the second-century fitnas the ra'asa arose for the Banu Sulayman ibn Dawud ibn Hasan al-Muthanna — their chief Muhammad ibn Sulayman 'al-Zaydi' (after his Imami creed), the amir whom Abu Tahir al-Qarmati met on the Day of Tarwiya and slaughtered the pilgrims in 317 — their emirate lasted through the Alid-Qarmatian wars until it faded.
ریاست
الدولة العقيلية
The state of Banu Uqayl ibn Ka'b at Mosul and the Jazira; they rose as Hamdanid power failed — Abu al-Darda' Muhammad ibn al-Musayyib seized Mosul, then his brother al-Muqallad (titled Husam al-Dawla under Baha' al-Dawla's patronage) held Mosul, Kufa, al-Qasr and the two congregational towns, and their sons Qirwash and Badran succeeded until Muslim ibn Quraysh extended the realm to Syria and Aleppo.
أبو لهب
An early Egyptian film dramatising Abu Lahab's opposition to Islam in Mecca — among the first Arabic films on a Qur'anic figure.
الإمام
An Arabic series on the life of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and his steadfastness during the Mihna — the largest Arabic drama about a Sunni scholar-saint.
الإسلام: القصة الخفية
Tom Holland's Channel 4 documentary questioning the first-century evidence for Islam from a revisionist historical perspective; it drew widespread objections from Muslim viewers.
المسيح
Nader Talebzadeh's Iranian film presenting the life of Jesus from the Islamic perspective, including the Muslim account of the crucifixion.
المصير
Youssef Chahine's film about Ibn Rushd in Almohad Cordoba on the eve of the burning of his books — a deliberate parallel with 1990s Egypt and religious militancy.
المهاجر
Youssef Chahine's retelling of the Joseph story set in ancient Egypt; its release sparked a legal battle in Egypt over depicting Qur'anic prophets on screen.
المحارب الثالث عشر
John McTiernan's adventure film starring Antonio Banderas as Ahmad ibn Fadlan, the Abbasid envoy thrown in with Viking warriors — adapted from Crichton's novel drawn on Ibn Fadlan's risala.
الناصر صلاح الدين
Youssef Chahine's Egyptian epic starring Ahmed Mazhar as Saladin and the liberation of Jerusalem — the most famous Arabic film on the Crusades.
القادسية
Salah Abu Seif's Egyptian epic on the Battle of al-Qadisiyya and the fall of the Sasanian empire — a classic of Egyptian conquest-era drama.
السلطان والقديس
UPF's docudrama, narrated by Jeremy Irons, on St Francis of Assisi's meeting with Sultan al-Kamil at Damietta in 1219 amid the Fifth Crusade.
التغريبة الفلسطينية
Hatem Ali's landmark series following a Palestinian family through the Nakba from village to refugee camp — the canonical drama of Palestinian memory.
العثمانيون: أمراء أوروبا المسلمون
Rageh Omaar's three-part BBC documentary on the Ottoman empire and its relationship with Europe.
الظاهر بيبرس
A Syrian-Emirati series on Sultan al-Zahir Baybars — from the Mamluk ranks to the defeat of the Mongols at Ain Jalut; among the largest Arabic productions on the Mamluk era.
علي
Michael Mann's biopic with Will Smith as Muhammad Ali — from his conversion to the Nation of Islam to the title fights and the Vietnam refusal; Smith was Oscar-nominated.
أمير بين العبيد
Andrea Kalin's documentary on Abdul Rahman Ibrahima — the Fulani prince enslaved in Mississippi who won back his freedom — from Terry Alford's biography.
أصحاب الكهف
Farajollah Salahshour's Iranian series on the People of the Cave — the youths who slept through a pagan empire's persecution; an early Iranian religious drama widely dubbed into Arabic.
أزمنة ورياح
Reha Erdem's film about three children in an Anatolian village whose days are structured by the five prayer times — a landmark portrayal of rural worship.
فجر الإسلام
Salah Dehni's Syrian film on Islam's dawn in Mecca and Quraysh's rejection — an early drama of the first preaching years that does not show the Prophet.
الفتح ١٤٥٣
A Turkish epic about Mehmed II and the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 — one of the highest-grossing Turkish films of its era.
الريح الحارة
M.S. Sathyu's Indian classic on a Muslim shoe merchant in Agra who refuses to leave for Pakistan after Partition — the defining screen work on Muslims and Partition.
حرائق
Denis Villeneuve's Oscar-nominated film about Canadian twins returning to their mother's Middle Eastern homeland, uncovering a civil war fought between Muslims and Christians.
عندما حكم المسلمون أوروبا
Bettany Hughes's Channel 4 documentary on the Islamic civilisation of al-Andalus and its influence on Europe.
حياة محمد
A three-part BBC documentary presented by Rageh Omaar, tracing the Prophet's life on location in Arabia with scholars and contemporary Muslims.
الرجل الحر: بديع الزمان سعيد النورسي
A Turkish biopic of Bediüzzaman Said Nursi — Kurdish scholar to author of the Risale-i Nur — the largest film about a modern Turkish religious scholar.
العلم والإسلام
Jim Al-Khalili's three-part BBC series on science in Islamic civilisation — from the House of Wisdom to the present.
الإسلام: إمبراطورية الإيمان
A three-part PBS/Gardner Films documentary surveying Islamic history from the Prophet's mission to the Ottoman empire — one of the most-broadcast documentaries on Islamic civilisation in the West.
صلاح الدين: فاتح القدس
A Turkish–Pakistani co-production on Saladin's rise in Egypt and the recapture of Jerusalem — the largest recent screen production on the Crusades leader.
معركة الجزائر
Gillo Pontecorvo's landmark film on the 1956–57 Battle of Algiers between the FLN and French colonial forces — the classic screen account of an anti-colonial struggle.
مالكولم إكس
Spike Lee's epic biopic starring Denzel Washington — Malcolm X's journey from crime to the Nation of Islam to Sunni Islam after the hajj.
مملكة السماء
Ridley Scott's epic about Balian of Ibelin and the defence of Jerusalem in 1187; Saladin is a major, dignified character and the film's portrayal of the Crusades has been widely discussed.
ملك سليمان
Shahriar Bahrani's Iranian film on the prophet Solomon's kingdom as told in Islamic sources; Solomon appears on screen per Iranian convention.
مريم المقدسة
Shahriar Bahrani's Iranian film about Maryam daughter of Imran and the birth of Jesus, told from the Qur'anic and Islamic tradition.
مات كيلاو
A Malaysian epic on the warrior Mat Kilau and the Pahang resistance to British rule in the 1890s — the highest-grossing Malaysian film ever at release.
معاوية
An MBC series on Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan and the first fitna; its broadcast drew wide controversy over the depiction of Companions and early Islamic civil strife.
معاوية والحسن والحسين
A major Arabic co-production dramatising the first fitna — from Hasan's caliphate and abdication to Muawiya's rule and Karbala; contested for depicting the Prophet's household.
مدن النور: صعود وسقوط إسبانيا الإسلامية
Gardner/UPF's PBS documentary on seven centuries of Muslim-Christian-Jewish coexistence in al-Andalus and its end.
محمد رسول الله
Majid Majidi's Iranian epic about the Prophet's childhood in Mecca; he is shown from behind and in silhouette, never his face. It was planned as the first part of a trilogy.
محارب الصحراء
Rupert Wyatt's Saudi-backed epic set in seventh-century Arabia on the eve of Islam, starring Anthony Mackie and Aiysha Hart — among the first major Hollywood-scale productions shot at NEOM.
مختارنامه
Davoud Mirbagheri's Iranian series on al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd's uprising in Kufa to avenge Karbala; members of the Prophet's family are depicted on screen per Shia convention.
ملوك الطوائف
Hatem Ali's Syrian series on the taifa kings of al-Andalus after Cordoba's fall — al-Mu'tamid, Ibn Zaydun and Wallada — and the cities' struggle against the Almoravids.
العاصمة عبد الحميد
A TRT series on Sultan Abdülhamid II's final years ruling from Yıldız Palace — a prominent modern dramatisation of the late Ottoman period.
قمر بني هاشم
The Syrian series on the Banu Hashim from Abd al-Muttalib to the Prophet's mission; it answers the depiction question by showing the Prophet's trace, not his person.
قيامة أرطغرل
The TRT series about Ertuğrul, father of Ottoman founder Osman I; dubbed and broadcast to mass audiences across the Arab world, Pakistan, India and beyond.
المؤسس عثمان
The sequel series to Ertuğrul, following Osman I and the founding of the Ottoman state — among the most-watched Turkish historical series worldwide.
ربيع قرطبة
Hatem Ali's Syrian series on the Andalusian fitna and the fall of the Umayyad caliphate of Cordoba in 1009 — a landmark Arabic drama on al-Andalus.
رجال أحرار
Ismaël Ferroukhi's film on the Grand Mosque of Paris and rector Si Kaddour Benghabrit sheltering Jews under Nazi occupation — a true story of Muslim rescue.
سلمان الفارسي
Davoud Mirbagheri's Iranian mega-series on Salman al-Farisi's journey from Persia to Islam and his meeting with the Prophet — Iran's largest recent religious production.
المنير
Hanung Bramantyo's film on Ahmad Dahlan, founder of Muhammadiyah, and the early years of Indonesia's Islamic reform movement in Yogyakarta.
صقر قريش
An Arabic series on Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil — 'the falcon of Quraysh' — and his escape from the Abbasid massacre to found Umayyad rule in al-Andalus.
شهيد كوفه
Davoud Mirbagheri's Iranian series on Ali ibn Abi Talib from the Prophet's death to his martyrdom in Kufa; Ali is depicted on screen, per Shia convention.
سيدّو
Ousmane Sembène's Senegalese classic about a village resisting Islam, Christianity and colonialism alike — a pillar of African cinema portraying Islam's arrival with a critical eye.
صعود الإمبراطوريات: العثمانيون
A Netflix docudrama series on Mehmed II's conquest of Constantinople and its aftermath, blending Turkish dramatic scenes with historians' commentary.
عمر
An MBC historical series following the life of Umar ibn al-Khattab from the Jahiliya to his assassination as caliph; the Prophet is neither shown nor heard.
عمر المختار: أسد الصحراء
Moustapha Akkad's film starring Anthony Quinn as the Libyan resistance leader Omar al-Mukhtar; banned in Italy for decades for its depiction of the fascist campaign.
واإسلاماه
Salah Abu Seif's Egyptian classic on Mamluk Egypt's resistance to the Mongol invasion after the fall of Baghdad.
يونس إمره: رحلة الحب
A TRT series about the Sufi poet Yunus Emre and his apprenticeship under Taptuk Emre — one of few television dramas centred on a Sufi's life.
يوسف الصديق
A 45-episode Iranian series telling the complete story of the prophet Joseph; dubbed into dozens of languages and among Iran's most successful religious dramas.
زخرف العالم
Michael Schwarz's PBS documentary based on Maria Rosa Menocal's book on eight centuries of convivencia in medieval al-Andalus.
تصنیف
الأوراق — الصولي
al-Suli's Awraq, on the Abbasids only, which al-Suyuti inspected.
تصنیف
الإحاطة في تاريخ غرناطة
Ibn al-Khatib's al-Ihata fi Tarikh Gharnata — the multi-volume history and biographies of Granada.
تصنیف
الإكليل في أنساب حمير وأيام ملوكها
Al-Hamdani's Iklil — the ten-volume crown of Himyarite genealogy and regnal lore, interleaved with conjunction-reckoning, natural philosophy and the ancients' views on world ages.
تصنیف
الإعلام بتاريخ أهل الإسلام
Ibn Qadi Shuhba's al-I'lam bi-Tarikh Ahl al-Islam — a general Islamic history by the Damascene Shafi'i judge-historian.
تصنیف
أزهار الروضتين في أخبار الدولتين
Abu Shama's Azhar al-Rawdatayn — 'flowers of the two gardens', the chronicle of the states of Nur al-Din and Salah al-Din of the Kurds.
تصنیف
فتوح البلدان
Al-Baladhuri's (d. c. 279 AH) book of the conquests, described by its author in its opening as a relaying and abridgement of the reports of the learned in hadith, siyar and the conquests of the lands, collated against one another; it opens with a condensed siyar from the halt at Quba' through the Ridda news, then pursues the conquests region by region — Syria, Egypt and the Maghreb to al-Andalus and the islands, the Sawad and the foundations of Kufa, Basra, Wasit and Baghdad, the Jibal and Hamadhan and Isfahan, the killing of Yazdajird, Ray, Qumis, Qazwin, Azerbaijan, Mosul, Shahrazur, Jurjan and Tabaristan, the Tigris districts, Ahwaz, Fars, Kirman, Sijistan, Kabul, Khurasan and Sind — closing with the rulings of kharaj and stipends; the editors note in their introduction that al-Baladhuri narrated several reports around a single event, showing the insight of a critical historian rather than a mere recorder (Mu'assasat al-Ma'arif ed., intro pp. 5–7 and book opening p. 8).
تصنیف
الإعلام بمن ولي مصر في الإسلام
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani's al-I'lam bi-man Wala Misr — notices of Egypt's rulers in Islam.
تصنیف
إنباء الغمر في أبناء العمر
Ibn Hajar's Inba' al-Ghumr — his annals of the events he lived from 773 onward, drawing on Ibn al-Furat, Ibn Duqmaq, Ibn Hiji, al-Maqrizi, al-Fasi, al-Aqfahsi and al-Ayni plus what he witnessed, intended as a continuation of al-Dhahabi's history.
تصنیف
اتعاظ الحنفا بأخبار الفاطميين الخلفا
Al-Maqrizi's Itti'az al-Hunafa — 'admonition of the upright' on the Fatimid caliphs' history; the nisba is to Maqriz, a Baalbek district.
تصنیف
أخبار قضاة مصر
Al-Kindi's Akhbar Qudat Misr — the first collection of Egypt's judges to AH 246, continued by Ibn Zulaq to Rajab 386 and crowned by Ibn Hajar's Raf' al-Isr.
تصنیف
رفع الإصر عن قضاة مصر
Ibn Hajar's Raf' al-Isr 'an Qudat Misr — 'lifting the burden': his large-volume continuation of Egypt's judges, itself epitomised in the Nujum al-Zahira.
تصنیف
تاريخ الخلفاء
Al-Suyuti's compact history: biographies of the caliphs, commanders of the faithful charged with the umma's affairs, from Abu Bakr's era to his own day in chronological order — with each entry the notable incidents of his days and the deaths and appointments of scholars, amirs and governors.
تصنیف
تاريخ الرسل والملوك
A universal chronicle arranged by Hijri year, from the creation to 302 AH, by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (d. 310 AH). It opens with the prophets and earlier peoples and Persian kings, then follows the caliphate, the conquests and the civil strife year by year.
تصنیف
تاريخ خلفاء بني العباس — أبو موسى هارون
the prince Abu Musa Harun ibn Muhammad al-Abbasi's Abbasid-caliph history.
تصنیف
تاريخ خلفاء بني العباس — ابن الجوزي
Ibn al-Jawzi's Abbasid-caliph history, seen by al-Suyuti ending in al-Nasir's days.
تصنیف
تاريخ الخلفاء — ابن أبي طاهر
Abu al-Fadl Ahmad ibn Abi Tahir al-Marwazi the scribe and poet's caliph history; he died 280h.
تصنیف
تاريخ الخلفاء — نفطويه
Naftawayh the grammarian's history of the caliphs in two volumes, ending in al-Qahir's days — per al-Suyuti's opening fa'ida.

ہجری زمانی خاکہ

رحلات إبراهيم إلى مكة

إسكان هاجر وإسماعيل بمكة

رفع قواعد الكعبة

أمر ذبح إسماعيل

مملكة سبأ

فناء طسم وجديس باليمامة

مملكة حمير

إجلاء جرهم عن مكة

مملكة الغساسنة

مملكة الحيرة (المناذرة)

مملكة غانة القديمة

الاحتلال الحبشي الأول لليمن

اقتسام مناصب مكة بين بني عبد مناف وبني عبد الدار

استيلاء قصي بن كلاب على مكة

سيل العرم

منافرة هاشم وأمية

يوم البردان

حرب البسوس

حلف المطيبين والأحلاف

مقتل حجر أبي امرئ القيس

شبه الجزيرة العربية قبل الإسلام

مذبحة نجران (أصحاب الأخدود)

الاحتلال الحبشي الثاني لليمن

يوم الكلاب الأول

بناء أنوشروان سد الباب والأبواب

قتل عمرو بن هند مضرط الحجارة

حرب الحارث الأعرج على بني تغلب

قتل تميم بالمشقر

غلبة ثقيف على الطائف

يوم النسار

يوم الشقيقة ومقتل بسطام بن قيس

يوم أوارة الثاني

يوم أوارة الأول

يوم ذي نجب

حرب زهير بن جناب على بكر وتغلب

حرب زهير بن جناب على حرم غطفان

يوم الجفار (الصيلم)

الحرب بين الأحلاف وبني مالك

غلبة الأنصار على المدينة وقتل الفطيون

محمد

عام الفيل ومولد النبي

أخبار الإرهاصات في إيوان كسرى عند مولد النبي

حادثة شق الصدر

تحرير اليمن والولاية الفارسية

وفاة آمنة بالأبواء

وفاة عبد المطلب وكفالة أبي طالب

يوم شعب جبلة

استسقاء أبي طالب بالغلام محمد

لقاء الراهب بحيرا ببصرى

حرب الفجار

حلف الفضول

يوم رحرحان

زواج النبي من خديجة

رحلة النبي التجارية إلى الشام في مال خديجة

يوم الهباءة

حرب كعب بن عمرو المازني

حرب سمير

يوم السرارة

يوم ذي قار

إعادة بناء الكعبة وقضية الحجر الأسود

انشقاق القمر

ثلاث سنوات من الدعوة السرية

فترة الوحي

نزول جبريل بالوحي مرة ثانية: أوائل المدثر

العصر النبوي

بدء الوحي في غار حراء

الدعوة في الأقربين

اضطهاد المستضعفين

الصيحة على الصفا

مجلس الوليد بن المغيرة

الهجرة الأولى إلى الحبشة

سجدة النجم

مقاطعة بني هاشم في شعب أبي طالب

إسلام حمزة بن عبد المطلب

وفادة قريش إلى النجاشي

تهديد قريش لأبي طالب ومقايضة عمارة

الهجرة الثانية إلى الحبشة

مساومة عتبة بن ربيعة

إسلام عمر بن الخطاب