عبد المجيد الأول
Abdülmecid I — Mahmud II's son, 'of slight build, sharp mind, realistic and merciful'; under Mustafa Rashid Pasha's hand the Tanzimat ran on three tracks: Western military and administrative models, secularising the social order, and centralising Istanbul's power over the provinces.
عہد · عثمانی سلطنت · سلسلے میں نمبر 23 · 1839–1861ء
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عہد کے واقعات
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ثورات الأبازة
Draft card for the nineteenth-century Abaza uprisings in Circassia against Ottoman taxation; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة عكا (١٨٤٠)
Draft card for the Battle of Acre in 1840, the Allied bombardment of Ibrahim Pasha's fortress in the Syrian War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة أخالتسيخ (١٨٥٣)
Draft card for the Battle of Akhaltsikhe in 1853, the Ottoman stand against the Russians in the Crimean War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة ألما
Draft card for the Battle of the Alma in 1854, the first action of the Crimean War in which the Ottoman state fought alongside the allies; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة تشيتاته
Draft card for the Battle of Cetate in 1853, the Ottoman victory over the Russians at the Crimean War's opening; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة تشيرنايا
Draft card for the Battle of the Chernaya in 1855, Russia's defeat by the French and Sardinians in the Crimean War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة دعان
Draft card for Battle of Daan (1841); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة إنغوري (١٨٥٥)
Draft card for the Battle of Enguri in 1855, an action of the Caucasus front of the Crimean War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة إيفباتوريا
Draft card for the Battle of Eupatoria in 1855, the Ottoman garrison's repulse of the Russian assault in the Crimean War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة إنكرمان
Draft card for the Battle of Inkerman in 1854, the Crimean War engagement in which the allies and the Ottomans fought the Russians; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة كولاشين (١٨٥٨)
Draft card for the Battle of Kolašin in 1858, an Ottoman–Montenegrin clash; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة نهر الكلب (١٨٤٠)
Draft card for Battle of Nahr al-Kalb (1840); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة نيغويتي
Draft card for the Battle of Nigoiti, an action of the Caucasus front of the Crimean War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة نصيبين (نزب)
Draft card for the Battle of Nezib in 1839, Ibrahim Pasha's victory over the Ottoman army that shook the sultanate; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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معركة صيدا (١٨٤٠)
Draft card for the Battle of Sidon in 1840, the Allies' expulsion of Ibrahim Pasha's army from the coast; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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1855ء کا بورصہ کا عظیم زلزلہ
1855ء کے زلزلے نے بورصہ کی یادگاروں کو سخت نقصان پہنچایا: اورخان غازی مسجد کو شدید ضرر ہوا جو بعد میں مرمت ہوئی ، یلدرم بایزید مسجد کا ایک مینار گر گیا ، اور امیر سلطان مسجد متاثر ہو کر دوبارہ تعمیر ہوئی ۔
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فتح بتليس (١٨٥٥)
Draft card for Capture of Bitlis (1855); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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فتح كركبيل
Draft card for Capture of Gergebil (1843); its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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أخذ فيدينو (١٨٥٩)
Draft card for the capture of Vedeno in 1859, the fall of Shamil's capital to the Russians in the Caucasian War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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انتفاضات درسيم
Draft card for Dersim Uprisings; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحملة الفرنسية على الشام (١٨٦٠)
Draft card for the French expedition to Syria in 1860–61 following the Mount Lebanon civil conflict; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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ثورة الهرسك (١٨٥٢)
Draft card for the Herzegovina Uprising of 1852–62, Luka Vukalović's rising against the Ottomans; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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خط شريف كلخانة
The Gülhane decree (1839): Reshid Pasha's charter proclaiming equal rights for all Ottoman subjects regardless of faith — denounced by the ulema, and read by the source as the price paid to Britain for settling the Egyptian crisis.
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الخط الهمايوني
The 1856 Reform Edict (Khatt-i Hümayun): Abdülmecid's decree confirming Gülhane and going further — abolishing tax-farming, equal conscription and equal treatment for every Ottoman subject whatever their faith.
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ثورة مقدونيا (١٨٥٤)
Draft card for the 1854 Macedonian rebellion, the Greeks' uprising against the Ottomans during the Crimean War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حملة محمد علي على الشام
Muhammad Ali's Syrian war (1831–1840): Ibrahim Pasha conquered Syria on the pretext of Acre harbouring Egyptian draft-dodgers, beat the Ottoman army deep into Anatolia, forced the Porte into the Russian alliance of Hünkâr İskelesi (1833) — until the 1840 London convention confined Egyptian rule to Muhammad Ali's lifetime.
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الحرب المصرية العثمانية الثانية
Draft card for the Second Egyptian–Ottoman War of 1839–1841, Ibrahim Pasha's second war ended by his withdrawal from Syria under the powers' pressure; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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الحروب الصربية العثمانية
Draft card for the Serbian–Ottoman wars of 1352–1913, the centuries of Serb–Ottoman conflict; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار كربلاء (١٨٤٣)
Draft card for the Siege of Karbala in 1843, Najib Pasha's storming of the city to restore Ottoman rule; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار قارص
Draft card for the Siege of Kars in 1855, the Ottoman-British garrison's stand then surrender to Russia in the Crimean War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار سيفاستوبول (١٨٥٤–١٨٥٥)
Draft card for the Siege of Sevastopol from 1854 to 1855, the Crimean War's great siege in which the Ottoman state fought alongside the allies; its sources are not yet checked on the page.
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حصار سلستره (١٨٥٤)
Draft card for the Siege of Silistra in 1854, the Ottoman stand against the Russians in the Crimean War; its sources are not yet checked on the page.