Converts and those who leave
Family: Peoples, minorities and protected groups · 146 entries
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Abdullah ibn Salam
c. 550 CEA learned rabbi of Banu Qaynuqa' who examined the Prophet, declared him genuine, and became the most famous Jewish convert of Medina — held in Sunni tradition as one promised paradise.Waraqa ibn Nawfal
c. 555 CEKhadija's cousin, an elderly Meccan Christian who had studied the scriptures; the man who first told the shaken Prophet that what had come to him in the cave was prophecy.Salman al-Farisi
c. 568 CEA Persian seeker who passed through Zoroastrianism and Christianity before reaching Muhammad; freed from slavery in Medina, he is remembered for proposing the trench at the siege of 627.Suhayl ibn Amr
c. 570 CEQuraysh's orator and spokesman — the diplomat who faced Muhammad across the table at Hudaybiyya — who converted at the conquest and died a Muslim in the plague of Amwas.Amr ibn al-As
c. 573 CEA Meccan diplomat who opposed the Muslims until 629–630, then converted and became the commander who conquered Egypt — and later Mu'awiya's chief ally in the first civil war.Malik ibn Awf al-Nasri
c. 580 CEThe young commander of Hawazin who fielded the tribal confederation against the Muslims at Hunayn — and within weeks accepted Islam, reconciled with the Prophet at al-Ji'rana, and led his people back to their faith and their property.Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl
c. 585 CESon of Abu Jahl: a leader of the Meccan opposition who was pardoned at the conquest of Mecca, became a Muslim, and died fighting under the banner of Islam on the Syrian front.Khalid ibn al-Walid
c. 585 CEThe great commander on both sides of the early wars: the cavalry leader who turned the day at Uhud for the Meccans, then converted in 629 and led the Muslim armies at Mu'ta, in the Ridda wars and at the Yarmuk.Mus'ab ibn Umayr
c. 585 CEA refined young Qurayshi of wealth who embraced Islam early and was sent to Medina before the Hijra as the community's first emissary and teacher; killed bearing the standard at Uhud.Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid
c. 590 CEWar-chief of Banu Asad who claimed prophecy at the Prophet's death, was broken by Khalid at Buzakha, fled to Syria — then returned, became a Muslim, and fought in the conquests he had once stood against.al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
c. 594 CEOne of the earliest converts and a cousin of the Prophet through his mother Safiyya; at Badr he was one of the army's two horsemen, commanded the right wing, and joined the patrol that captured Quraysh's water-bearers.Wahshi ibn Harb
c. 600 CEAn Abyssinian slave famous for his javelin: promised his freedom for killing Hamza at Uhud, he later became a Muslim and, in the tradition's account, also killed the false prophet Musaylima at Yamama.Abu Hurayra
c. 603 CEA convert of the Khaybar years who became, by far, the most prolific narrator of hadith in the Sunni collections — a fact celebrated by the tradition and debated by scholars.Attab ibn Usayd
c. 610 CEA young Umayyad Qurashi companion whom the Prophet appointed over Mecca when he marched to Hunayn in Shawwal 8 AH and confirmed as its governor on his return through al-Ji'rana; the Prophet teased his youth, and Attab administered the city and led its pilgrimage in the Prophet's lifetime.Safiyya bint Huyayy
c. 610 CEA woman of the Jewish tribe Banu Nadir who was taken captive at Khaybar, then freed and married to the Prophet, becoming one of the Mothers of the Believers.Abdullah ibn Abi Umayya
A Qurashi nobleman of Banu Makhzum, brother of Umm Salama and maternal cousin of the Prophet; after opposing the early call, he accepted Islam on the road to the conquest of Mecca and was martyred by an arrow during the siege of Ta'if.Abdullah ibn Khatal
A former Muslim sent by the Prophet to collect sadaqa; he killed his Muslim servant over a meal, apostatized with the collected camels, and kept two singing girls who performed lampoons against the Prophet; he was ordered killed on the Conquest and slain clinging to the Kaaba curtains.Farwa ibn Amr al-Judhami
An Arab commander in Byzantine service governing the tribes around Ma'an in southern Syria, who embraced Islam after Mu'ta, sent the Prophet a white mule, and was crucified by the Byzantines when he refused to apostatise.Miqyas ibn Subaba
A man of Banu Sahm who came to Medina feigning Islam to claim blood money for his brother killed accidentally; after accepting the wergild, he murdered his brother's killer and fled back to Mecca an apostate; proscribed on the day of the Conquest and slain by Numayla ibn Abdullah.Sa'id ibn Sa'id ibn al-As
An early Muslim of Banu Umayya, brother of Khalid ibn Sa'id and Amr ibn Sa'id; he migrated to Abyssinia and fell as a martyr to an arrow at the siege of Ta'if.al-Miqdad ibn Amr
A Bahrani confederate adopted into Quraysh and one of the first Muslims; at Badr he was one of the army's two horsemen, commanded the left wing, and made the council's famous pledge to fight to Bark al-Ghimad.Abbad ibn Bishr
A Companion of Banu Abd al-Ashhal; Musa ibn Uqba lists him among those at Badr and says he took part in the killing of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf; Aisha said three of the Ansar had no one to rival them in merit: Usayd ibn Hudayr, Sa'd ibn Mu'adh and Abbad ibn Bishr.Abbas ibn Mirdas al-Sulami
A knight, poet and chieftain of Banu Sulaym; he embraced Islam prior to the conquest of Mecca after a miraculous encounter with his idol Dimar, led the Sulaym contingent at the Conquest and Hunayn, and was renowned for his stirring war poetry.Abd Yalil ibn Amr
Chief of Thaqif who led the six-man delegation to the Prophet in Ramadan 9 AH after initially refusing the mission for fear of meeting Urwa ibn Mas'ud's fate; he negotiated the terms and the demolition of al-Lat.Abdullah ibn al-Zib'ara
One of the finest poets of Quraysh, harsh against the Muslims, who embraced Islam at the conquest; he fled to Najran after the fall of Mecca, verses of Hassan ibn Thabit reached him, he returned and became Muslim and composed verses of apology; al-Marzubani says the Prophet ordered him a robe when he praised him.Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr ibn Abd al-Muttalib
A cousin of the Prophet, listed by Ibn Sa'd in the fifth class of Companions; one of those who held firm at Hunayn, and killed at Ajnadayn in 13 AH after killing two Byzantine challengers; not to be confused with Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam.Abdullah ibn Amr ibn Haram
A prominent chief of Banu Salima of the Khazraj, father of Jabir ibn Abdullah; he embraced Islam and took the Second Pledge of Aqaba where he was appointed a naqib; he fought at Badr and was the first Muslim martyred at the battle of Uhud, where the Prophet spoke of God speaking to him without a veil.Abdullah ibn Atik
A heroic Companion from Banu Salima of the Khazraj fluent in Jewish dialect; chosen by the Prophet to lead the five-man covert mission to Khaybar to assassinate Sallam ibn Abi al-Huqayq (Abu Rafi'); though his leg was fractured on withdrawal, the Prophet wiped it and it healed instantly.Abdullah ibn Jahsh
One of the earliest Muslims and an ally of Banu Abd Shams; he emigrated to Abyssinia and fought at Badr; the Prophet sent him to Nakhla, and reports say he was the first commander in Islam and the first to be given a banner; he was killed at Uhud and buried in one grave with Hamza, and al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar says he was nicknamed 'the one mutilated for God'.Abdullah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh
A scribe of revelation who apostatized back to Quraysh; proscribed on the day of the Conquest, he was sheltered by his foster brother Uthman ibn Affan who pleaded for him until the Prophet granted him pardon; he returned to Islam and later governed Egypt under Umar and Uthman.Abdullah ibn Unays
A Juhani and ally of Banu Salima among the Ansar; he was at al-Aqaba and later campaigns and was one of those who broke the idols of Banu Salima; the Prophet sent him alone to Khalid ibn Nubayh al-Anzi, whom he killed; Jabir travelled a month to him for a hadith; he entered Egypt and went out to Ifriqiya, and died in Syria in 54 AH as is known.Abu Bakra Nufay' ibn al-Harith
A slave of Thaqif who descended from the besieged fortress of Ta'if on a pulley (bakra) in response to the Prophet's proclamation of freedom; the Prophet manumitted him as a 'freeman of God', and he became a prominent Companion and hadith transmitter in Basra.Abu Basir (Utba ibn Usayd)
A determined Meccan convert who escaped to Medina following the Hudaybiyya Treaty; surrendered to Quraysh envoys in adherence to treaty terms, he overpowered his guard on the journey back and established a coastal guerrilla base at al-Is, intercepting Quraysh caravans until Quraysh begged the Prophet to accept them in Medina.Abu Burayda al-Aslami
A tribal chief who rode out hunting the Quraysh bounty on the Prophet's head, but on meeting him embraced Islam on the spot with seventy of his people, and raised his turban on his spear as a banner of safe-conduct.Abu Dujana
His name was Simak ibn Kharasha, or ibn Aws ibn Kharasha; agreed to have been at Badr; at Uhud he took the Prophet's sword 'with its right' and struck the polytheists' heads with it; it is said he took part in killing Musaylima, and Ali said he was martyred at al-Yamama.Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utba
One of the earliest to embrace Islam, he made both emigrations, prayed towards both qiblas and fought at Badr; he became Muslim after forty-three others, adopted his freed slave Salim, and was killed at al-Yamama aged fifty-six; his name is disputed (Muhshim, Hushaym, Hashim or Qays).Abu Jandal ibn Suhayl
Son of Suhayl ibn Amr who embraced Islam early in Mecca and was imprisoned by his father; at the conclusion of the Hudaybiyya Treaty he escaped in chains to the Muslim camp; honoring the newly signed pact, the Prophet returned him while counseling patience, whereupon Abu Jandal escaped to the coastal enclave at al-Is with Abu Basir.Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir
An Ansari of the Aws, of Banu Amr ibn Awf; his name is disputed (Bashir, Rifa'a or Marwan); the Prophet sent him back on the road to Badr, left him in charge of Medina and gave him a share and the reward of the Badr fighters; it is said he was one of the naqibs on the night of al-Aqaba and he carried the banner of Banu Amr ibn Awf at the conquest.Abu Quhafa Uthman ibn Amir
The father of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq; an old, blind man who watched the Muslim army enter Mecca from Mount Abu Qubays and was brought by his son to the Prophet at Dhu Tuwa to profess Islam.Abu Said al-Khudri
A Khazraji Companion known by his kunya, judged too young at Uhud, where his father was killed; he campaigned afterwards and became one of the great transmitters of hadith and among the most learned of the younger Companions; al-Waqidi has him dying in 74 AH.Abu Tha'laba al-Khushani
A well-known Companion known by his kunya, of Banu Khushayn of Quda'a; his name is disputed in many forms (Jurhum, Jurthum and others); he came to the Prophet as he was preparing for Khaybar, embraced Islam and took part, asked about eating from the vessels of the People of the Book and about hunting, and settled in Syria.Addas the Christian
A Christian slave from Nineveh serving Utba and Shayba ibn Rabi'a in their orchard at al-Ta'if; upon offering grapes to the Prophet and hearing the name of Jonah (Yunus), he embraced Islam and kissed the Prophet's head, hands, and feet.Adi ibn Hatim
The son of the famously generous Hatim al-Ta'i; he embraced Islam in 9 AH or 10 AH, having been a Christian, stood firm during the apostasy and brought his tribe's alms to Abu Bakr; he took part in the conquest of Iraq and was with Ali at Siffin, settled in Kufa and died after 60 AH.al-Abbas ibn Ubada
A zealous leader of the Khazraj who attended both Pledges of Aqaba; at the Second Pledge he stood to impress upon the Yathribites the gravity of their covenant, declaring their readiness to face war against all mankind; after the meeting he offered to strike the Quraysh encampment at Mina if ordered; he was martyred at the battle of Uhud.al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami
An early Muslim Companion and skilled diplomat from Hadramawt; appointed by the Prophet as his envoy to al-Mundhir ibn Sawa, ruler of Bahrain, who accepted Islam alongside his people; served as governor of Bahrain under the Prophet, Abu Bakr, and Umar.al-Ala ibn Jariya al-Thaqafi
A leader of Thaqif allied to Banu Zuhra; he embraced Islam after the fall of Mecca and was granted one hundred camels at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum to reconcile his tribe.al-Aqra' ibn Habis al-Tamimi
A paramount chieftain and arbitrator of Banu Tamim in Najd; given one hundred camels at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum to reconcile his tribe, he became a loyal Companion and participated in the early Islamic conquests.al-Ash'ath ibn Qays
One of the kings of Kinda and holder of the quarter-share of Hadramawt; he came to the Prophet in 10 AH with seventy riders of Kinda, left Islam with those of Kinda who did, was captured and brought to Abu Bakr, embraced Islam again and was freed and married to Abu Bakr's sister; he was at al-Yarmuk, al-Qadisiyya and with Ali at Siffin, and died forty nights after Ali's killing.al-Bara' ibn Azib
A Companion of the Aws, as was his father; he was judged too young at Badr along with Ibn Umar and sent back, then took part at Uhud; he joined fourteen or fifteen expeditions with the Prophet, took al-Rayy, was with Ali at the Camel and Siffin, settled in Kufa and died in the governorship of Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr.al-Bara' ibn Malik
The brother of Anas ibn Malik and son of Umm Sulaym, he was the Prophet's camel-driver chanting on his journeys, took part in the campaigns except Badr, distinguished himself at al-Yamama, and was killed at the fortress of Tustar in Umar's caliphate, around 20 AH.al-Bara ibn Ma'rur
Senior chief of Banu Salima of the Khazraj and the foremost spokesman for the Yathrib delegation at the Second Pledge of Aqaba; he took the Prophet's hand and proclaimed their commitment to defend him with their lives and arms; he died shortly before the Prophet reached Medina in the Hijra.al-Dahhak ibn Sufyan al-Kilabi
A companion of Banu Kilab appointed sadaqa collector over his people in 9 AH; when a clan of them refused the call to Islam and fought, he led the expedition that routed them in Rabi' al-Awwal of that year.al-Harith ibn Hisham
A prominent nobleman of Banu Makhzum and brother of Abu Jahl; after fierce opposition to Islam at Badr and Uhud, he embraced Islam on the day of the conquest of Mecca, was granted one hundred camels at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum, and fell as a martyr in the conquest of Syria.al-Miswar ibn Makhrama
A young Companion of Banu Zuhra, born two years after the Hijra, who came to Medina as a boy after the conquest; a nephew of Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, he preserved the hadith about Ali's proposal to the daughter of Abu Jahl, and he was with Ibn al-Zubayr, dying from a catapult stone in the first siege in 64 AH.al-Nadir ibn al-Harith al-Thaqafi
A prominent Thaqafi physician-nobleman and son of the famed physician al-Harith ibn Kalada; allied to Banu Abd al-Dar, he embraced Islam and was granted one hundred camels by the Prophet at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum.al-Shayma bint al-Harith al-Sa'diyya
A woman of Banu Sa'd ibn Bakr of Hawazin and foster-sister of the Prophet through nursing; taken among the Hunayn captives, she made herself known to him, he recognized her by a mark and honored her, spread his cloak for her to sit upon, then manumitted her and returned her to her people.al-Walid ibn Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt
A maternal half-brother of Uthman ibn Affan, he embraced Islam on the day of the conquest; Ibn Abd al-Barr says the commentators do not disagree that verse 6 of al-Hujurat was revealed about him when the Prophet sent him to collect alms from Banu al-Mustaliq, and Ibn Hajar points to the weakness of the chains of that story; Uthman made him governor of Kufa in 25 AH and removed him after he was flogged for drinking wine, as the two collections report; he withdrew from the civil strife and stayed at al-Raqqa until he died in Mu'awiya's caliphate.al-Zibriqan ibn Badr
A Tamimi notable and poet who came among his people's ten chiefs to Medina after Uyayna's raid, declaimed boastfully against Hassan ibn Thabit and was answered; he accepted Islam and was later appointed sadaqa collector over part of Banu Sa'd.Amr ibn al-Jamuh
A chief of the Ansar from Banu Salima, who kept a wooden idol in his house until he embraced Islam, after the young men of his clan threw it repeatedly into the dung pits; Ibn al-Kalbi says he was the last of the Ansar to become Muslim; the Prophet told Banu Salima 'rather, your chief is Amr ibn al-Jamuh', and he gave the wedding feast when the Prophet married; he was killed at Uhud.Amr ibn Ma'dikarib
The famous poet and horseman of Zubayd; in Ibn Ishaq's account he came to the Prophet with the delegation of Zubayd and embraced Islam, he left Islam after the Prophet's death, was captured and returned to it, and fought well at al-Qadisiyya; whether he met the Prophet is disputed.Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri
A prominent scout and courier Companion from Banu Damra; captured at Bi'r Ma'una and freed by Amir ibn al-Tufayl, he brought the tragic news to the Prophet in Medina; later dispatched as the Prophet's diplomatic envoy carrying his letter to the Negus of Abyssinia.Anas ibn Malik
The servant of the Prophet and one of the most prolific narrators from him; he was ten when the Prophet reached Medina and his mother Umm Sulaym brought him to serve him; after the conquests he settled in Basra, where he was the last Companion to die, with his death given between 90 and 93 AH.As'ad ibn Zurara
A distinguished chief of the Banu al-Najjar clan of the Khazraj in Yathrib; one of the six pioneers who embraced Islam at al-Aqaba in 620 CE, leader of the Yathrib delegates, and the naqib of Banu al-Najjar at the Second Pledge of Aqaba.Asim ibn Thabit
A prominent warrior and archer of the Aws who fought at Badr and Uhud; chosen as commander of the ten scouts sent in the Expedition of al-Raji' in 4 AH, where he refused surrender and fought until martyrdom; God sent a swarm of wasps to shield his body from desecration by Quraysh.Ayyash ibn Abi Rabi'a
Nicknamed 'the man of the two spears', of Banu Makhzum and a cousin of Khalid ibn al-Walid; one of the earliest Muslims who made both emigrations, until Abu Jahl tricked him into returning to Mecca where he was held, and the Prophet prayed for him in the qunut as the two collections report; he died in Syria in 15 AH on one account, and others say he fell at al-Yamama or al-Yarmuk.Bishr ibn al-Bara'
A noble Ansari Companion from Banu Salima of the Khazraj, son of al-Bara' ibn Ma'rur; Badri veteran who was present at the conquest of Khaybar; ate from the poisoned sheep offered by Zaynab bint al-Harith and died of its effects.Buraydah ibn al-Husayb
A Companion of Aslam; Ibn al-Sakan says he embraced Islam when the Prophet passed him on the Hijra at al-Ghamim and stayed in his place until Badr and Uhud had passed; he took part in sixteen campaigns with the Prophet, settled in Basra, campaigned in Khurasan and lived in Merv, dying in 63 AH.Dhimad al-Azdi
An Azdi physician and traditional healer from Azd Shanu'a who arrived in Mecca and offered to treat the Prophet Muhammad after hearing claims that he was mad; upon hearing the Prophet's Khutbat al-Hajah, he declared Islam immediately and pledged his tribe's allegiance.Dihya al-Kalbi
A handsome and noble Companion from Banu Kalb; Gabriel frequently appeared in his likeness; chosen by the Prophet as his diplomatic envoy to Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium; later fought in the conquest of Syria.Dimam ibn Tha'laba
The envoy of Banu Sa'd ibn Bakr to the Prophet, whose story is in the two collections from Anas: a bedouin came and asked 'Which of you is Ibn Abd al-Muttalib?', questioned him and embraced Islam, and the Prophet said as he left 'The man has gained understanding'; the year of his coming is disputed.Fadala ibn Ubayd
A Companion of the Aws who embraced Islam early; he missed Badr but fought at Uhud and after, took part in the conquests of Egypt and Syria, was made judge of Damascus by Mu'awiya after Abu al-Darda, and died in Mu'awiya's caliphate, in 53 AH according to al-Mada'ini.Fadala ibn Umayr al-Laythi
A man of Banu Layth who intended to assassinate the Prophet while he was performing tawaf around the Kaaba during the Conquest; the Prophet called him by name, placed his hand over his chest until his heart calmed, and Fadala embraced Islam.Hakim ibn Hizam
A nephew of Khadija and a leader of Quraysh; he fought at Badr with the polytheists and escaped, embraced Islam in the year of the conquest, and the Prophet declared the house of Hakim ibn Hizam a place of safety; he was among those whose hearts were reconciled and received a hundred camels from the spoils of Hunayn.Haram ibn Milhan
A senior Companion from Banu al-Najjar of the Khazraj, maternal uncle of Anas ibn Malik; entrusted with the Prophet's letter to Amir ibn al-Tufayl at Bi'r Ma'una; when stabbed treacherously through his neck from behind, he wiped the blood on his face and uttered his famous words: 'Allahu Akbar, I have triumphed, by the Lord of the Ka'ba!'Hassan ibn Thabit
The renowned 'Poet of the Prophet'; an Ansari chief of Banu al-Najjar who defended Islam and the Prophet with his eloquent poetry, endorsed by the Prophet with the supplication 'O God, support him with the Holy Spirit'; lived to over a hundred years.Hubar ibn al-Aswad
A Qurashi of Banu Asad; Ibn Ishaq attributes to him the jostling of the Prophet's daughter Zaynab when her husband Abu al-As sent her to Medina, so that she miscarried, and a report says the Prophet ordered him burned if found and then forbade punishing by fire; he embraced Islam at al-Ji'rana after Hunayn, and when people cursed him the Prophet told him to curse back whoever cursed him.Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman
A prominent Companion known as the 'Keeper of the Prophet's Secrets'; at the climax of the Battle of the Trench, the Prophet sent him across the lines on a freezing, gale-swept night into the confederate camp to gather intelligence, bringing back news of Abu Sufyan ordering the final retreat.Huwaytib ibn Abd al-Uzza
A Meccan nobleman of Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy who witnessed the Treaty of al-Hudaybiyya on Quraysh's side; he embraced Islam at the conquest of Mecca, was granted one hundred camels at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum, and lived to a very advanced age.Ikrama ibn Abi Jahl
Son of Abu Jahl and fierce opponent of early Islam; fought against Muslims until the Conquest of Mecca where he fled to Yemen; brought back by his wife Umm Hakim, he embraced Islam with profound repentance, served as a brave general in the Ridda Wars, and was martyred heroically at the Battle of Yarmuk.Jabir ibn Samura
A Companion of Banu Sawa'a, ally of Banu Zuhra, whose mother Khalida was the sister of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas; he and his father were Companions, the authors of the sound collections narrate from him, and he settled in Kufa and died there in 74 AH.Jubayr ibn Mut'im
A leader of Quraysh and a genealogist; he came to the Prophet to ransom the Badr captives and heard him recite al-Tur, which he later said was the first time faith entered his heart; he embraced Islam between al-Hudaybiyya and the conquest, and took his knowledge of genealogy from Abu Bakr.Ka'b ibn Zuhayr
One of the most gifted Arab poets, son of the poet Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma, who had satirised the Prophet, then came to Medina repentant, recited Banat Su'ad and was pardoned; the ode became known as the Burda.Ka'b ibn Zuhayr
The famous poet, son of the poet Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma, a known Companion; he satirised the Prophet, who declared his blood forfeit, then he embraced Islam and recited his poem 'Banat Su'ad' and was forgiven; the sources tell the story of his Islam in two versions.Khubayb ibn Adi
A devout Companion from the Aws who fought at Badr and was captured at al-Raji'; sold to the Meccans who condemned him to crucifixion at al-Tan'im; before his execution he prayed two rak'ahs, establishing the tradition for Muslim prisoners before death, and recited poetry affirming his steadfast faith.Khuwayla bint Hakim al-Sulamiyya
An early Muslim woman from Banu Sulaym, wife of Uthman ibn Maz'un; she accompanied the Muslim camp during the siege of Ta'if and requested the jewellery of the women of Thaqif upon the fortress's anticipated fall.Mistah ibn Uthatha
An early Muhajir Companion and Badri veteran from Banu al-Muttalib, maternal cousin of Abu Bakr who provided for him; drawn into repeating the slander against Aisha, he received the prescribed punishment; when Abu Bakr swore to cut his financial aid, God revealed Surat al-Nur 24:22 urging forgiveness, after which Abu Bakr restored and increased his stipend.Muhammad ibn Maslama
A Companion of the Aws who embraced Islam early at the hands of Mus'ab ibn Umayr and was paired by the Prophet with Abu Ubayda; he was in the campaigns except Tabuk, was among those who went to kill Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, and is remembered for withdrawing from the civil strife, joining neither the Camel nor Siffin.Mukhayriq
A Jewish scholar said to be from Banu al-Nadir, or Banu Qaynuqa according to others; in al-Waqidi's account he embraced Islam and was killed at Uhud; he left his wealth, seven orchards in Medina, to the Prophet, who made them a charitable endowment; Umar ibn Shabba reports from Ibn Shihab that the Prophet called him the foremost of the Jews.Nu'aym ibn Mas'ud
A shrewd chieftain of Banu Ashja' of Ghatafan who converted to Islam secretly during the siege of the Trench; instructed by the Prophet that 'war is deceit', he successfully sowed mutual distrust between the confederate leaders (Quraysh and Ghatafan) and Banu Qurayza, precipitating the collapse of the siege.Qays ibn Asim
A chief of Banu Tamim famed for forbearance; he accepted Islam and was appointed sadaqa collector over part of Banu Sa'd in 9 AH.Rafi' ibn Khadij
A Companion of the Aws; presented to the Prophet at Badr he was judged too young, then allowed at Uhud and fought after; an arrow struck him at Uhud and the wound reopened years later; he died in Medina aged eighty-six, with the year disputed.Sa'd ibn Ubada
The chief of the Khazraj, present at al-Aqaba and one of the twelve naqibs; whether he was at Badr is disputed; he and his father, grandfather and son were famed for generosity, he carried the banner of the Ansar, his holding back from the pledge to Abu Bakr is well known, and he died at Hawran in 15 or 16 AH.Sa'd ibn Zayd al-Ashhali
A noble Companion from Banu Abd al-Ashhal of the Aws; Badri veteran who was entrusted by the Prophet with the mission to demolish the ancient idol Manat at al-Mushallal in Ramadan 8 AH.Safwan ibn al-Mu'attal
A righteous Companion and veteran warrior from Banu Sulaym assigned to travel behind the army to collect dropped luggage; when he found Aisha left behind at al-Muraysi', he recognized her, lowered his camel without uttering a word beyond 'Inna lillahi wa-inna ilayhi raji'un', and safely escorted her to Medina; he was martyred during the Armenian conquests.Safwan ibn Umayya
A leader of Quraysh from Banu Jumah; his father was killed at Badr as a disbeliever; he fled on the day Mecca was taken until his cousin Umayr ibn Wahb brought him a promise of safety from the Prophet; he was at Hunayn before he embraced Islam, lent the Prophet his weapons, and was given so much of the spoils that he embraced Islam.Salama ibn al-Akwa'
A famed Companion celebrated as the swiftest runner and premier foot-archer among the Muslims; hero of the Expedition of Dhu Qarad where he pursued the raiders on foot and recovered the captured camels; fought valiantly at Khaybar, Hunayn, and the Ridwan Pledge.Salim, freed slave of Abu Hudhayfa
One of the earliest Muslims; a woman of the Ansar freed him and he attached himself to Abu Hudhayfa, who adopted him, then he was returned to his own clients when the verse in al-Ahzab about adoption was revealed; he led the first emigrants in prayer at the mosque of Quba, among them Abu Bakr and Umar, and the story of his being nursed because of Sahla bint Suhayl is well known.Samura ibn Jundab
A Companion of Fazara and ally of the Ansar; the Prophet sent him back as a boy and then allowed him to go out when he wrestled down the boy who had been allowed; he settled in Basra, where Ziyad left him in charge, and died before 60 AH or at its start.Shaddad ibn Aws
A Companion of Banu al-Najjar and nephew of Hassan ibn Thabit; Ubada ibn al-Samit described him as one given both knowledge and forbearance; he lived in Homs and then Palestine and was buried in Jerusalem, most likely in 58 AH.Shayba ibn Uthman al-Hajabi
A hereditary custodian of the Kaaba from Banu Abd al-Dar who joined the march to Hunayn intending to assassinate the Prophet to avenge his father and uncle slain at Uhud; upon drawing close, he was overcome with awe, and the Prophet placed his hand on his chest and prayed for him, whereupon he embraced Islam and fought loyally.Shuja ibn Wahb al-Asadi
An early Muhajir Companion from Banu Asad ibn Khuzayma who migrated to Abyssinia and fought at Badr and Uhud; chosen as the Prophet's envoy to al-Harith ibn Abi Shimr al-Ghassani, ruler of Damascus; later martyred at the battle of al-Yamama.Sulayman ibn Surad
A Companion of Khuza'a, said to have been named Yasar before the Prophet changed it; he fought at Siffin with Ali, wrote to al-Husayn and then held back, and was killed in 65 AH leading the expedition to avenge him, aged ninety-three.Thabit ibn Qays ibn Shammas
The orator of the Ansar; when the Prophet arrived in Medina he spoke, saying 'We will protect you as we protect ourselves and our children; what do we get?', and the Prophet answered 'Paradise'; his first campaign was Uhud, the Prophet gave him the good news of Paradise, and he was killed at al-Yamama.Thumama ibn Uthal
A leader of Banu Hanifa in al-Yamama; he was captured and tied to a pillar of the mosque, then released and embraced Islam, came to Mecca for 'umra and said that no grain would reach them from al-Yamama without the Prophet's leave; he held to Islam during the apostasy and fought with al-'Ala' al-Hadrami, and was killed by mistake by men of Banu Qays ibn Tha'laba.al-Tufayl ibn Amr al-Dawsi
A noble chief and renowned poet of the Daws tribe who arrived in Mecca around the eleventh year of prophethood; warned against listening to Muhammad, he stuffed his ears with cotton but upon hearing the recitation at the Kaaba embraced Islam, later calling his entire tribe to the faith.Ubada ibn al-Samit
A senior Companion and chieftain of Banu Awf of the Khazraj; he witnessed both Pledges of Aqaba, narrated the text of the First Pledge in Sahih al-Bukhari, served as a naqib, and later participated in all major battles and the conquest of the Levant.Umm Habiba Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan
A daughter of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and a wife of the Prophet — one of the Mothers of the Believers. When her father came to Medina to renew the truce she folded away the Prophet's bedding rather than let him sit on it.Uqba ibn Amir al-Juhani
A well-known Companion who narrated much from the Prophet; a reciter learned in inheritance law and jurisprudence, an eloquent poet and scribe, one of those who collected the Qur'an; he carried the news of the conquest of Damascus to Umar, Mu'awiya made him governor of Egypt, and he died in Mu'awiya's caliphate.Urwa ibn Mas'ud al-Thaqafi
Chieftain of Thaqif in al-Ta'if and respected Meccan diplomat; represented Quraysh during negotiations at al-Hudaybiyya and famously reported to Quraysh the unparalleled devotion of the Companions to Muhammad; he embraced Islam in 9 AH and was martyred by his own people while calling them to prayer from his rooftop.Usama ibn Zayd
'The beloved son of the beloved', son of the Prophet's freedman Zayd and of Umm Ayman who had nursed the Prophet; born in Islam, he was twenty when the Prophet died; the Prophet put him in command of a great army, which Abu Bakr then sent out after the Prophet's death; he withdrew from the strife after Uthman's killing.Usayd ibn Hudayr
A prominent chief of the Banu Abd al-Ashhal clan of the Aws in Yathrib; when Mus'ab ibn Umayr came preaching, Usayd approached with his spear to rebuff him, but upon listening to the Qur'an embraced Islam with radiant conviction, leading to his cousin Sa'd ibn Mu'adh's conversion and the entire clan's Islam.Utarid ibn Hajib
The orator whom the chiefs of Banu Tamim put forward in the boasting contest at the Prophet's mosque in 9 AH; Thabit ibn Qays ibn Shammas answered him, and al-Aqra' ibn Habis judged the Muslims' orator superior — whereupon the delegation accepted Islam.Utba ibn Ghazwan
One of the earliest Muslims, he emigrated to Abyssinia and then to Medina and fought at Badr and after; Umar sent him in the conquests and he laid out the city of Basra; he asked Umar to relieve him of command and Umar refused, and he died on the road in 17 AH, or by another report 20 AH.Uthman ibn Abi al-As
The youngest of the six-man Thaqif delegation to Medina in Ramadan 9 AH and its keenest student of the Qur'an; the Prophet appointed him over his people, and he later held them firm against apostasy in the Ridda.Uthman ibn Talha
The keeper of the Kaaba; his father and uncle were killed at Uhud, then he embraced Islam during the truce of al-Hudaybiyya and emigrated with Khalid ibn al-Walid; he was at the conquest, where the Prophet handed him the key of the Kaaba and entered it with him; he died in Medina in 42 AH on the sounder view.Uyayna ibn Hisn al-Fazari
A powerful, mercurial chieftain of Banu Fazara in Najd (dubbed 'the foolish chief obeyed by ten thousand swords'); granted one hundred camels at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum, he later faltered during the Ridda wars before repenting and returning to Islam.Wa'il ibn Hujr
From the sons of the kings of Hadramawt; he came to the Prophet as a delegate, asked for a grant of land and received it, and the Prophet sent Mu'awiya with him to hand it over; according to Abu Nu'aym the Prophet called him 'chief of the provincial kings'; he settled in Kufa, his sons Alqama and Abd al-Jabbar narrated from him, and he died in Mu'awiya's caliphate.Wathila ibn al-Asqa'
From Banu Layth ibn Abd Manat, he embraced Islam before Tabuk and took part in it; Ibn Sa'd lists him among the people of the Suffa, after which he settled in Syria; Abu Hatim says he was at the conquests of Damascus and Homs; he died in the caliphate of Abd al-Malik in 83 or 85 AH, and in al-Waqidi's account was the last Companion to die at Damascus.Zayd al-Khayl
Chief of Tayy' whose delegation came to Medina in the Year of Delegations; the Prophet renamed him Zayd al-Khayr ('the good') and said no Arab praised to him had ever fallen short of the praise except this man.Zayd ibn al-Khattab
Umar's older brother, who embraced Islam before him; he fought at Badr and the later campaigns and carried the Muslim banner at al-Yamama in 12 AH, where he was killed; Umar said when he fell: 'He beat me to the two good things: he embraced Islam before me and was martyred before me.'Zuhayr ibn Sard
A chieftain of Hawazin who headed the fourteen-man delegation that came to the Prophet at al-Ji'rana as Muslims, pleading foster-kinship for the return of their captured women and children; the Prophet and the Muslims released six thousand captives in response.
Group
The early Muslim community
The first generation of believers gathered around the Prophet in Mecca and Medina — the persecuted handful of the first decade that became the founding community of Islam.The Ansar
'The Helpers' — the Muslims of Medina, of Aws and Khazraj, who invited the Prophet to their city, sheltered the refugees, and supplied the community's fighting strength.The Muhajirun
'The Emigrants' — the Muslims who left Mecca for Abyssinia and then Medina, giving up home and property for the faith; the community's founding layer in the Prophet's city.Hawazin
The great nomadic confederation of the Hijaz — rival of Quraysh and the Prophet's own foster-kin — that fielded the last massed Arab army against the Muslims at Hunayn and then came over within the year.Khuza'a
The tribe of the Meccan lowland, long allied to the Prophet's house by marriage and oath; it entered his pact at Hudaybiyya, was attacked at al-Watir by Banu Bakr with Quraysh's secret aid, and its appeal to Medina set off the conquest of Mecca.Thaqif
The tribe of Ta'if, keepers of the sanctuary of al-Lat — who drove the Prophet out with stones when he came to them alone, then, after Hunayn, negotiated their city into Islam on their own terms.
Event
Hamza accepts Islam
c. 616 CEIn late year six, Abu Jahl passed the Prophet at al-Safa and abused him while he stayed silent; a freedwoman of Abdullah ibn Jud'an told Hamza, returning from the hunt, who struck Abu Jahl with his bow and declared 'I abuse him while I follow his religion — take that if you can' — anger first, then faith settled in his heart.Umar accepts Islam
c. December 616 CEIn Dhu al-Hijja of year six — three days after Hamza — Umar, who had set out with his sword to kill the Prophet, was redirected by Nu'aym ibn Abdullah to his own sister's house; he heard the opening of sura Ta-Ha from Sa'id and Fatima, then went to the house of al-Arqam and declared the shahada, and the Muslims marched out in two rows and prayed openly at the Kaaba.Conversion of Umayr ibn Wahb
c. April 624 CE · Shawwal 2 AHUmayr ibn Wahb and Safwan ibn Umayya plotted at the Kaaba to assassinate the Prophet in Medina; when Umayr arrived, the Prophet disclosed their secret pact, leading Umayr to embrace Islam.The Pledge of the Tree (Bay'at al-Ridwan)
c. March 628 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AHIn Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AH at al-Hudaybiyya, following rumors that Uthman ibn Affan had been murdered in Mecca, the Prophet summoned the 1,400 Companions to pledge under an acacia tree not to flee and to fight unto death; God revealed His pleasure with the pledge in Surat al-Fath.The conversion of Abu Quhafa
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHAt Dhu Tuwa or upon the entry into Mecca, Abu Bakr led his aged, blind father Abu Quhafa to the Prophet to profess Islam; the Prophet remarked with tenderness that he should have gone to the old man instead, and instructed that his white hair be dyed.The conversion of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHAt Marr al-Zahran on the eve of the Conquest, al-Abbas brought Abu Sufyan into the Muslim camp; after witnessing the ten thousand campfires and parading contingents, Abu Sufyan professed Islam, and the Prophet granted general sanctuary to whoever entered his house.The proscribed persons on the day of the Conquest
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHPrior to entering Mecca, the Prophet ordered the army to fight only those who offered armed resistance, except for a small named group of individuals accused of apostasy combined with murder, severe physical harm, or treasonous incitement, ordered slain even if found under the Kaaba's curtains. Several were executed, while others were granted protection and returned to Islam.Ka'b ibn Zuhayr's pardon and recitation of Banat Su'ad
c. 630 CE · 8 AHWarned by his brother Bujayr after the Prophet's return from al-Ta'if, the poet Ka'b ibn Zuhayr came to Medina, announced himself in the mosque, was spared despite an Ansari's request to strike his neck, and recited his apology-ode Banat Su'ad before the Prophet.The martyrdom of Farwa ibn Amr al-Judhami
c. 630 CE · 8 AHFarwa ibn Amr al-Judhami, a Byzantine commander over the neighbouring Arabs at Ma'an, embraced Islam after Mu'ta and sent the Prophet a gift; the Byzantines imprisoned him, offered him apostasy or death, and crucified and beheaded him at the spring of Afra' in Palestine.The Hawazin delegation and the amnesty of captives
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHA delegation of Hawazin came to the Prophet at al-Ji'rana after professing Islam, invoking his foster-kinship among their clans; the Prophet relinquished his own share and that of Banu Abd al-Muttalib, and inspired the Muhajirun and Ansar to return six thousand captives to their families in a grand act of reconciliation.The delegation of Thaqif
c. December 630 CE · Ramadan 9 AHIn Ramadan 9 AH six men of Thaqif led by Abd Yalil ibn Amr came to Medina; after requesting exemptions the Prophet refused, they surrendered and accepted Islam, stipulating that the Prophet himself order the demolition of al-Lat, and he appointed the youngest of them, Uthman ibn Abi al-As, over them.The delegation of Abd al-Qays
c. 631 CE · 9 AHThe second delegation of Abd al-Qays came to Medina in the Year of Delegations, forty men among them al-Jarud ibn al-Ala, who had been a Christian; an earlier delegation of about fourteen had come in 5 AH led by al-Ashajj al-Asri.The delegation of Banu Hanifa
c. 631 CE · 9 AHSeventeen men of Banu Hanifa of al-Yamama, among them Musaylima, lodged with an Ansari household in Medina in 9 AH and declared Islam; the sources differ on Musaylima's own conduct, and on his return home he claimed a share in prophethood.The delegation and mission to Hamdan
c. 631 CE · 9 AHA delegation of Hamdan came in 9 AH after Tabuk; the Prophet appointed Malik ibn al-Namt over their Muslims and sent Khalid ibn al-Walid to invite the rest — after six unanswered months Ali ibn Abi Talib was sent instead, the whole tribe embraced Islam, and the Prophet prostrated at the news saying: peace upon Hamdan.The dispatch of the sadaqa collectors
January 631 CE · Muharram 9 AHWith the new moon of Muharram 9 AH the Prophet sent the musaddiqun — alms-tax collectors — to the tribes: Uyayna ibn Hisn to Banu Tamim, Yazid ibn al-Husayn to Aslam and Ghifar, Abbad ibn Bishr to Sulaym and Muzayna, Rafi' ibn Makith to Juhayna, Amr ibn al-As to Banu Fazara, al-Dahhak ibn Sufyan to Banu Kilab, Bashir ibn Sufyan to Banu Ka'b, Ibn al-Lutbiyya to Banu Dhubyan, al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya to San'a', Ziyad ibn Labid to Hadramawt, Adi ibn Hatim to Tayy' and Banu Asad, Malik ibn Nuwayra to Banu Hanzala, al-Zibriqan ibn Badr and Qays ibn Asim to parts of Banu Sa'd, al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami to Bahrayn, and Ali ibn Abi Talib to Najran for sadaqa and jizya alike.Uyayna ibn Hisn's raid on Banu Tamim
January 631 CE · Muharram 9 AHIn Muharram 9 AH the Prophet sent Uyayna ibn Hisn al-Fazari with fifty horsemen — none Muhajirun or Ansar — against Banu Tamim, who had been inciting tribes and withholding jizya; he surprised them in the desert and took eleven men, twenty-one women and thirty children to Medina, where ten of their chiefs came for the famous oratory and poetry contest; al-Aqra' ibn Habis declared the Muslims' orator and poet superior, they accepted Islam, and their families were returned.Ali's expedition to destroy al-Fuls, the idol of Tayy'
March 631 CE · Rabi' I 9 AHIn Rabi' al-Awwal 9 AH the Prophet sent Ali ibn Abi Talib with one hundred and fifty men — a hundred camels and fifty horses, a black banner and a white standard — to demolish al-Fuls, the idol-temple of Tayy'; they raided Hatim's quarter at dawn, demolished it, and took captives among them Adi ibn Hatim's sister, whose appeal to the Prophet led to her release and to Adi's coming from Syria and accepting Islam.al-Dahhak ibn Sufyan's expedition to Banu Kilab
March 631 CE · Rabi' I 9 AHIn Rabi' al-Awwal 9 AH the Prophet sent al-Dahhak ibn Sufyan al-Kilabi to his own people Banu Kilab to invite them to Islam; they refused and fought, and the Muslims routed them and killed one man.
Work
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