Peace-making and coexistence
Family: War, peace and the conduct of conflict · 31 entries
Entries on this theme
Person
Mut'im ibn Adi
c. 555 CEA chief of Banu Nawfal who never became a Muslim — yet tore up the boycott document against Banu Hashim and sheltered the Prophet under his protection when Mecca would not take him back from Ta'if.Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
c. 560 CELeader of Mecca through the years of open war against the Muslims — commander at Uhud and the Trench — who submitted at the conquest of Mecca and ended his life a Muslim; father of the first Umayyad caliph.Suhayl ibn Amr
c. 570 CEQuraysh's orator and spokesman — the diplomat who faced Muhammad across the table at Hudaybiyya — who converted at the conquest and died a Muslim in the plague of Amwas.Hasan ibn Ali
c. March 625 CE · c. Ramadan 3 AHElder grandson of the Prophet through Fatima and Ali; briefly caliph in 661 CE before abdicating in favor of Muawiya, an act understood differently across the traditions.Abd Yalil ibn Amr
Chief of Thaqif who led the six-man delegation to the Prophet in Ramadan 9 AH after initially refusing the mission for fear of meeting Urwa ibn Mas'ud's fate; he negotiated the terms and the demolition of al-Lat.al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami
An early Muslim Companion and skilled diplomat from Hadramawt; appointed by the Prophet as his envoy to al-Mundhir ibn Sawa, ruler of Bahrain, who accepted Islam alongside his people; served as governor of Bahrain under the Prophet, Abu Bakr, and Umar.Urwa ibn Mas'ud al-Thaqafi
Chieftain of Thaqif in al-Ta'if and respected Meccan diplomat; represented Quraysh during negotiations at al-Hudaybiyya and famously reported to Quraysh the unparalleled devotion of the Companions to Muhammad; he embraced Islam in 9 AH and was martyred by his own people while calling them to prayer from his rooftop.Zuhayr ibn Sard
A chieftain of Hawazin who headed the fourteen-man delegation that came to the Prophet at al-Ji'rana as Muslims, pleading foster-kinship for the return of their captured women and children; the Prophet and the Muslims released six thousand captives in response.
Event
The Pledges of Aqaba
c. July 621 CEThe First and Second Pledges of Aqaba at Mina in the 12th and 13th years of prophethood (621 and 622 CE), in which delegates from Yathrib pledged allegiance to the Prophet, preparing Medina as the haven of the Hijra.The Constitution of Medina
c. 622 CE · 1 AHA document, preserved in early sources, regulating relations among the Muslims and the other communities of Medina.The plot at Dar al-Nadwa
c. 12 September 622 CE · c. 29 Safar 1 AH†The fateful meeting of Quraysh's parliament in Dar al-Nadwa on Thursday 26 Safar 14 AH (12 September 622 CE) where chiefs debated expelling, imprisoning, or assassinating Muhammad, resolving on Abu Jahl's proposal to strike him simultaneously with a young warrior from each clan.Expedition of al-Abwa (Waddan)
c. August 623 CE · Safar 2 AHThe first expedition led personally by the Prophet in Safar 2 AH with 70 Muhajirun; established an alliance treaty with Amr ibn Makhshi of Banu Damra.Expedition of Dhu al-Ushayra
c. November 623 CE · Jumada I 2 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet in Jumada al-Ula/al-Akhirah 2 AH with 150-200 Muhajirun to intercept a Quraysh caravan to Sham (the caravan pursued later at Badr); concluded a treaty with Banu Mudlij.The Treaty of Hudaybiyya
c. March 628 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AHIn Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AH (March 628 CE), the Prophet marched towards Mecca with 1,400 companions for Umrah; halted at al-Hudaybiyya by Quraysh, negotiations through Suhayl ibn Amr produced a historic ten-year peace treaty described in the Qur'an as a 'Manifest Victory'.The Letters to Rulers and Kings
c. May 628 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 6 AHIn late 6 AH (early 628 CE) following the Hudaybiyya truce, the Prophet initiated an international diplomatic initiative, sending envoys with silver-sealed letters to the major emperors, kings, and regional chiefs of the surrounding world: the Negus of Abyssinia, the Muqawqis of Egypt, Chosroes of Persia, Heraclius of Byzantium, al-Mundhir ibn Sawa of Bahrain, Hawdha ibn Ali of al-Yamama, al-Harith al-Ghassani of Damascus, and the rulers of Oman.The Prophet's sermon at the Kaaba and general amnesty
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHStanding at the threshold of the Kaaba, the Prophet addressed the assembled people of Mecca, abolishing pre-Islamic blood feuds, reciting Qur'an 49:13 on human equality, returning the hereditary custodianship of the key to Uthman ibn Talha, and declaring a comprehensive general amnesty with the renowned words: 'Go, for you are the free ones' (al-Tulaqa').The Conquest of Mecca (Fath Makka)
c. 11 January 630 CE · 20 Ramadan 8 AHIn Ramadan 8 AH (January 630 CE), following Banu Bakr and Quraysh's breach of the Hudaybiyya peace at al-Watir, the Prophet mobilized 10,000 Muslims and entered Mecca in triumphant humility; dividing the army into four columns, the city was taken almost without resistance; the 360 idols around the Kaaba were shattered, and the Prophet announced a general amnesty to the populace: 'Go, for you are free'.The Prophet's address to the Ansar at al-Ji'rana
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHWhen the Ansar received nothing of the lavish Hunayn grants and grumbled that 'the Prophet has rejoined his own people', Sa'd ibn Ubada conveyed their hurt and gathered them in an enclosure; the Prophet reminded them they had been astray and God guided them, destitute and God enriched them, enemies and God reconciled their hearts — then asked whether they were not content that people return with sheep and camels while they return to their homes with the Messenger of God; the Ansar wept until their beards were wet and declared themselves content with the Messenger of God as their share.The distribution of Hunayn spoils at al-Ji'rana
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHAt al-Ji'rana the Prophet divided the vast spoils of Hunayn (twenty-four thousand camels, forty thousand sheep, and four thousand silver awqiya); he warned against the misappropriation of spoils, and bestowed major grants upon Meccan notables and Najdi tribal chieftains to reconcile their hearts to Islam.The Hawazin delegation and the amnesty of captives
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHA delegation of Hawazin came to the Prophet at al-Ji'rana after professing Islam, invoking his foster-kinship among their clans; the Prophet relinquished his own share and that of Banu Abd al-Muttalib, and inspired the Muhajirun and Ansar to return six thousand captives to their families in a grand act of reconciliation.The Prophet's speech to the Ansar at al-Ji'rana
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHAfter the Ansar felt grieved that newly reconciled Qurashi and Bedouin chieftains received large gifts while they received nothing, the Prophet gathered them in an enclosure at al-Ji'rana and delivered an impassioned, tearful address: 'Are you not pleased that people return with sheep and camels while you return with the Messenger of God to your dwellings?', moving the entire gathering to tears.The delegation of Thaqif
c. December 630 CE · Ramadan 9 AHIn Ramadan 9 AH six men of Thaqif led by Abd Yalil ibn Amr came to Medina; after requesting exemptions the Prophet refused, they surrendered and accepted Islam, stipulating that the Prophet himself order the demolition of al-Lat, and he appointed the youngest of them, Uthman ibn Abi al-As, over them.The plot of Amir ibn al-Tufayl and Arbad ibn Qays
c. 631 CE · 9 AHWithin the Banu Amir delegation of 9 AH, Amir ibn al-Tufayl engaged the Prophet in talk while Arbad ibn Qays circled behind him and half-drew his sword; the tradition reports that God restrained his hand, and on their return Arbad was struck by lightning and Amir died of a throat swelling.The delegation of Abd al-Qays
c. 631 CE · 9 AHThe second delegation of Abd al-Qays came to Medina in the Year of Delegations, forty men among them al-Jarud ibn al-Ala, who had been a Christian; an earlier delegation of about fourteen had come in 5 AH led by al-Ashajj al-Asri.The delegation and mission to Hamdan
c. 631 CE · 9 AHA delegation of Hamdan came in 9 AH after Tabuk; the Prophet appointed Malik ibn al-Namt over their Muslims and sent Khalid ibn al-Walid to invite the rest — after six unanswered months Ali ibn Abi Talib was sent instead, the whole tribe embraced Islam, and the Prophet prostrated at the news saying: peace upon Hamdan.The delegation of Najran
c. 631 CE · 9 AHSixty riders of Christian Najran came to Medina in 9 AH led by the Aqib, the Sayyid and Bishop Abu Haritha; when they declined Islam the Prophet offered the mutual invocation of God's curse (mubahala) with Fatima, al-Hasan and al-Husayn, they asked instead for terms, and a treaty granted them God's protection in exchange for two thousand garments a year.The letter of the kings of Himyar
c. 631 CE · 9 AHAfter the return from Tabuk the kings of Himyar — al-Harith and Nu'aym sons of Abd Kulal, al-Nu'man ibn Qayl Dhu Ru'ayn and the chiefs of Hamdan and Ma'afir — sent Malik ibn Murra al-Rahawi announcing their Islam; the Prophet answered with a charter of rights and duties and dispatched a mission headed by Mu'adh ibn Jabal.The Year of Delegations
c. 631 CE · 9 AHIn the ninth year after the Hijra, delegations from tribes across Arabia came to Medina to accept Islam or make agreements.
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