خاندان: · 101 اندراجات
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ریاست
مملكة سبأ
تقریباً 1100 قبل مسیحThe oldest named power of Yemen in the sira’s prologue: its traces reach twenty-five centuries before the Common Era in the excavations of Ur, its flourish begins in the eleventh century BCE, and it passed through the Mukarrib era at Sirwah and the kingdom era at Maʾrib before Himyar absorbed it around 115 BCE.مملكة حمير
تقریباً 115 قبل مسیحThe Himyarite power that took over Saba around 115 BCE and ruled from Zafar; its last centuries saw decline, the Abyssinian occupations after Dhu Nuwas’s massacre of Najran’s Christians, then Persian control until Badhan’s conversion in 638 CE.مملكة الغساسنة
تقریباً 220 عیسویThe Arab client kingdom of Rome in al-Sham: the house of Jafna of the Azd displaced the Salihid Dajaʾima and ruled as Rome’s wardens of the desert frontier until Yarmuk, when their last king Jabala ibn al-Ayham entered Islam in Umar’s reign.مملكة الحيرة (المناذرة)
تقریباً 268 عیسویThe Arab client kingdom at al-Hira on Persia’s border: from Amr ibn Adi under Shapur until the last Lakhmid al-Mundhir (al-Maʾrur) in 632, serving the Sasanians as a buffer against Arab raiders and Rome’s own Arab clients.مملكة أكسوم (الحبشة)
The Ethiopian power across the Red Sea which twice occupied Yemen — first 340–378 exploiting Himyarite rivalries, then in 525 under Aryat with Roman ships, in revenge for Dhu Nuwas’s trenches of fire — and whose commander Abraha led the elephant campaign on Mecca.الدولة البيزنطية (الروم)
The Roman power that ruled Egypt and Syria, controlled the sea trade routes that strangled Yemen’s caravan economy, set up client kings among the Arabs of al-Sham, and armed Abyssinia’s fleet for the second occupation of Yemen.مملكة الأنباط
The strong north-Hijazi kingdom of the sons of Nabit ibn Ismail in the traditional account, capital at Petra, which dominated the peninsula’s fringes until Rome broke it.الدولة الساسانية (الفرس)
The Persian power rebuilt by Ardashir from 226 CE: it ruled Iraq and the Gulf, kept the Lakhmid kings of al-Hira as frontier wardens, and absorbed Yemen as a province after expelling the Abyssinians until Badhan’s conversion.
واقعہ
إجلاء جرهم عن مكة
تقریباً 150 عیسویAfter some twenty centuries of Jurhumite rule over Mecca, their tyranny over pilgrims and appropriation of the Kaaba’s wealth turns the Adnani clans against them; Khuzaʾa, with Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manaf, expels them in the mid-second century CE — and the departing Jurhumites bury Zamzam and carry off the two golden gazelles and the Black Stone.الاحتلال الحبشي الأول لليمن
340 عیسویIn the age of disorder after 300 CE the Romans entered Aden and with their help the Abyssinians occupied Yemen for the first time in 340 CE, exploiting the rivalry of Hamdan and Himyar; the occupation lasted until 378 CE and brought Christian missions into Yemen, in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account.استيلاء قصي بن كلاب على مكة
440 عیسویAround 440 CE Qusayy wrests the custody of the Kaaba and the rule of Mecca from Khuzaʾa — by alliance and, in one account, purchase from Abu Ghubshan — the two sides fight, then accept the arbitration of Yaʾmar ibn Awf who rules for Qusayy; Qusayy then gathers Quraysh into Mecca’s quarters, founds Dar al-Nadwa, and assumes the five offices of Meccan leadership.سيل العرم
تقریباً 450 عیسویThe great breach of the Maʾrib dam around 450–451 CE which the Quran recalls as Sayl al-Arim; in the sira’s account it ruins Yemen’s settled life and sends the Qahtani tribes scattering across the peninsula.مذبحة نجران (أصحاب الأخدود)
اکتوبر 523 عیسویIn October 523 the Himyarite king Dhu Nuwas, a convert to Judaism, marched on the Christians of Najran demanding they renounce their faith; on their refusal he dug the great trench and burned them — men, women, children and elders, twenty to forty thousand by report — the Ashab al-Ukhdud of Surat al-Buruj, whose blood summoned the Abyssinian occupation.الاحتلال الحبشي الثاني لليمن
525 عیسویIn 525, answering the Najran atrocity, the Roman emperors equipped an Abyssinian fleet which landed seventy thousand under Aryat; Aryat governed until his general Abraha killed him and ruled in his place — the Abraha of the elephant campaign against the Kaaba.تحرير اليمن والولاية الفارسية
575 عیسویIn 575 the Yemenis under Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan, aided by Persia, expelled the Abyssinians and won independence; but Sayf’s assassination by his own Abyssinian guard ended the royal house, and Khosrow made Yemen a Persian province whose governors ruled until the last, Badhan, embraced Islam in 638.يوم ذي قار
تقریباً 604 عیسویKhosrow’s marzabans and the governor Iyas ibn Qabisa marched to wrest al-Nuʾman’s deposited family and wealth from Hani ibn Masʾud; Banu Shayban met them at Dhu Qar and routed the Persians utterly — the first day the Arabs defeated the Persians, shortly after the Prophet’s birth.غزوة الأحزاب (الخندق)
تقریباً فروری 627 عیسوی · شوال 5 ھIn Shawwal 5 AH (February-March 627 CE), a confederate army of 10,000 Meccans and Bedouin allies besieged Medina; upon Salman al-Farisi's advice the Muslims dug a protective trench on their northern boundary; the siege endured for nearly a month amidst cold, hunger, and the treachery of Banu Qurayza, until broken by Nu'aym ibn Mas'ud's stratagem and a violent night windstorm.غزوة بني قريظة
تقریباً مارچ 627 عیسوی · ذوالقعدہ 5 ھIn Dhu al-Qa'da 5 AH (March 627 CE), immediately after the confederates withdrew, the Prophet marched on Banu Qurayza for breaking their treaty during the siege of Medina; after twenty-five nights of siege they surrendered unconditionally and accepted the arbitration of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, who decreed the execution of the combatants and captivity of women and children.غزوة بني المصطلق (المريسيع)
تقریباً دسمبر 627 عیسوی · شعبان 6 ھIn Sha'ban 6 AH (December 627 CE), the Prophet led an expedition against Banu al-Mustaliq at the watering-place of al-Muraysi' after intelligence revealed their mobilization; following a brief exchange, their forces scattered, their camp was taken, and the Prophet married Juwayriyya bint al-Harith, prompting the Muslims to free a hundred families of her clan.غزوة خيبر
تقریباً مئی 628 عیسوی · محرم 7 ھIn Muharram 7 AH (May-June 628 CE), the Prophet marched with 1,400 companions of Hudaybiyya against the formidable Jewish oasis of Khaybar; following fierce assaults and the capture of eight major fortresses (including Na'im, al-Sa'b ibn Mu'adh, al-Zubayr, Ubayy, and al-Qamus), the Jewish leaders surrendered and agreed to cultivate the land for half of its produce.حصار الطائف
جنوری 630 عیسوی · شوال 8 ھAfter Hunayn, the Muslims besieged the fortified town of Ta'if, home of the Thaqif; the siege was lifted without taking it, and the Thaqif accepted Islam the next year.فتح مكة (الفتح الأعظم)
تقریباً 11 جنوری 630 عیسوی · 20 رمضان 8 ھIn Ramadan 8 AH (January 630 CE), following Banu Bakr and Quraysh's breach of the Hudaybiyya peace at al-Watir, the Prophet mobilized 10,000 Muslims and entered Mecca in triumphant humility; dividing the army into four columns, the city was taken almost without resistance; the 360 idols around the Kaaba were shattered, and the Prophet announced a general amnesty to the populace: 'Go, for you are free'. وخطب يوم الفتح فأعلن حرمة البلد إلى يوم القيامة «لم يحل القتال فيه لأحد قبلي ولم يحل لي إلا ساعة من نهار» واستثنى الإذخر لقينهم وبيوتهم.وفاة عبد الله بن أبيّ والصلاة عليه
تقریباً 631 عیسوی · 9 ھSoon after the return from Tabuk in 9 AH, Abdullah ibn Ubayy — chief of the hypocrites — died; the Prophet sought forgiveness for him and prayed over him despite Umar's attempt to dissuade him, and the revelation afterwards sided with Umar's objection, forbidding prayer over such people or standing at their graves.مكر المنافقين بالعقبة في رجوع تبوك
تقریباً جنوری 631 عیسوی · رمضان 9 ھOn the return from Tabuk, twelve hypocrites — faces veiled — attempted to frighten the Prophet's camel at a steep pass; Ammar was holding its halter and Hudhayfa driving it, and Hudhayfa struck the ambushers' mounts with his staff until God terrified them into flight; the Prophet told Hudhayfa their names and their plot, whence Hudhayfa was called 'keeper of the Prophet's secret'.بعث أسامة بن زيد
تقریباً مئی 632 عیسوی · صفر 11 ھIn Safar 11 AH the Prophet equipped a great army under the young Usama ibn Zayd to strike the Byzantine marches of al-Balqa' and al-Darum in Palestine — answering the empire's killing of Muslim converts; the troops camped at al-Jurf until the Prophet's illness delayed them, and the campaign was carried out under Abu Bakr.غزوة ذات الصواري (31هـ)
تقریباً 651 عیسوی · 31 ھDhat al-Sawari, 'the Battle of the Masts' (AH 31): the first great naval armament of Islam — Constans sailed in five or six hundred ships, the Muslims under Abdullah ibn Sa'd lashed their hulls together and fought sword to sword until the Byzantines broke and their emperor fled wounded, in the Arabic telling to be killed in a Sicilian bath; Ibn al-Athir notes the victory field was also where talk against Uthman began.هزيمة بلنجر (32هـ)
تقریباً 652 عیسوی · 32 ھThe Balanjar disaster (AH 32): against Uthman's written warning not to plunge the army in, Abd al-Rahman ibn Rabi'a marched on Balanjar beyond Derbent and was killed — the Khazars kept his body in a coffin for rain-prayers; Salman ibn Rabi'a's relief column gathered the fugitives, among them Salman al-Farisi and Abu Hurayra, in the first Khazar triumph over the Muslim frontier.خروج قارن بخراسان (32هـ)
تقریباً 653 عیسوی · 32 ھQarin's rising in Khurasan (AH 32): forty thousand from Tabasayn, Badghis, Herat and Quhistan — against them Abdallah ibn Khazim marched with four thousand, wrapping spearheads in oiled cotton and firing them in a midnight feint until the host broke; the ruse won him Ibn Amir's confirmation over all Khurasan.نزول المجوس بإشبيلية (230هـ)
تقریباً 844 عیسوی · 230 ھThe great Majus raid of AH 230: the northern sea-raiders entered Seville itself; Córdoba's army fought them 'after a hard stand,' burnt some of their ships, and the raiders withdrew down the coast through Sidonia, Niebla, Beja and Lisbon before vanishing — Abd al-Rahman II then repaired what they had wrecked and reinforced the garrisons.ظهور مراكب المجوس في الأندلس
تقریباً 859 عیسوی · 245 ھIn 245 the Majus ships — the northern sea-raiders — appeared and ravaged in al-Andalus; the amir Muhammad's fleet met them, fought them, took two ships as prize, and a number of Muslims were martyred: the first recorded descent of the Vikings' ships on the Umayyad coast.هزيمة الروم عند طرسوس
883 عیسوی · 270 ھIn Rabi I 270 some hundred thousand Byzantines under the patrician Andrias camped near Tarsus; Zamman al-Khadim struck by night, killed their chief and — it was said — seventy thousand men, and took seven crosses of gold and silver, the great jewelled cross, fifteen thousand mounts, gold-hilted swords, four gold chairs and two hundred gold collars.غزوة المنصور لشنت ياقب
997 عیسوی · 387 ھAl-Mansur's forty-eighth raid and his deepest: from Cordoba, 6 Jumada II 387, to Santiago de Compostela — the Christians' Kaaba — reached empty on Wednesday 2 Sha'ban; its church, walls and factories demolished, the apostle's tomb guarded and the lone monk 'Ones of James' spared, then the army pushed to Santi Mankish island, 'a limit no Muslim had reached before them', and he wrote his victory dispatch from Baliquiya.فتنة قرطبة وخروج ابن عبد الجبار
1009 عیسوی · 399 ھThe Cordoba fitna of 399–400: the Umayyad Muhammad ibn Hisham rose as 'al-Mahdi', hid the caliph Hisham al-Mu'ayyad and buried a Christian lookalike in his name; his uncle Hisham's counter-revolt failed, then Sulayman al-Musta'in marched in with Christian allies, won the great battle (35,000 dead), and took the bay'a while Berbers and Christians sacked the city.حادثة بربشتر
1064 عیسوی · 456 ھIbn Hayyan's account of the Barbastro catastrophe of 456: the Nordmanni host besieged the town forty days, its underground water channel collapsed, the people surrendered on safe-conduct for their lives alone — then the aman was broken, over six thousand killed, fifty to a hundred thousand reckoned dead or captive, virgins apportioned house by house. He closes with the Jewish merchant's eyewitness scene of a Frankish soldier seated in a Muslim's own bed while the householder's daughter sang to him, tears on her cheeks.أخذ الفرنج طليطلة
1085 عیسوی · 478 ھThe first of al-Andalus's great cities retaken by the Franks: Toledo, from al-Qadir ibn Dhi-l-Nun in 478 — Tuesday 1 Safar in Ibn Khallikan, Wednesday 10 Muharram in Ibn Alqama — after a siege some stretched to seven years. Ibn Bassam records the fifty-year stored wheat spoiling that very year; Ibn Dhi-l-Nun left astrolabe in hand; the mosque became a church in Rabi I 496; Alfonso refused the crown 'until we take their Cordoba' — a vow unfulfilled; Ibn al-Asal's lament 'hasten your mounts, people of al-Andalus' — and Zallaqa followed the next year.استيلاء المرابطين على إشبيلية
1091 عیسوی · 484 ھIn 484 the Almoravids entered Seville; al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad charged them at the palace square, then yielded 'by my hand, not Amr's' — dragged to captivity and exiled to Aghmat, ending the sixty-year Abbadid kingdom, Andalus's most celebrated taifa.استيلاء القنبيطور على بلنسية
تقریباً 1094 عیسوی · تقریباً 488 ھValencia's fall to Rodrigo el Campeador in 488 (some say 487): raised by Ibn Hud of Zaragoza, he took the city after a twenty-month siege, burned the qadi Ibn Jahhaf over the concealed treasury, and destroyed it — the poet Ibn al-Banna among the burned — until the Almoravid amir Mazdali retook it for Yusuf ibn Tashfin in 495.وقعة الأرك
1195 عیسوی · 9 شعبان 591 ھThe famous Battle of al-Arak (Alarcos): after the truce lapsed and the Franks raided, the Almohad sultan Ya'qub al-Mansur crossed to al-Andalus in 591; the armies met north of Cordoba near Qal'at Rabah on Thursday 9 Sha'ban, the Franks charged the sultan's flags held by Abu Yahya ibn Abi Hafs — a decoy — then al-Mansur broke them utterly; sixty thousand Frankish mail-coats entered the treasury and chroniclers ranked it with or above Zallaqa.فتح تاج الدين أبي بكر كرمان ومكران والسند
تقریباً 1214 عیسوی · تقریباً 611 ھA camel-hirer turned Khwarazmshah's most trusted amir, Taj al-Din Abu Bakr of Zuzan took Kirman 'in the quickest time', swept Makran to Sind's borders by Kabul, and received Hormuz's tribute — the great entrepôt whose protection merchants from India, China and Yemen bought with obedience — raising the Khwarazmian khutba at Qalhat and parts of Oman; Ibn al-Athir heard the story from a Mosul soldier who marched in the conquest.قتل منكلي صاحب بلاد الجبل
ستمبر 1215 عیسوی · جمادی الاول 612 ھJumada I 612: Mangli — master of Hamadan, Isfahan and Rayy — fell to the coalition al-Nasir built around his killer's ambition: Uzbek of Azerbaijan, the Ismaili Jalal al-Din of the castles, and the grand army under Kukburi of Irbil with Mosul, Jazira and Aleppo contingents. Trapped in the mountains he had the caliphal army near starvation — then gambled on a downhill charge, won the first day over Uzbek, lost the second, fled and was killed; his mamluk Aghlamish inherited the kingdoms.حصار مالقة وأسر أهلها
1487 عیسوی · 892 ھIn 892 the Christians besieged Malaga by land and sea; its people fought with cannon, horse and foot until the food ran out and they ate beasts, horses and donkeys, wrote to both shores for relief and got none — promised safety, they surrendered the citadel keys in late Sha'ban and were taken captive, a deception the chronicler calls the infidels' trickery.تسليم غرناطة ودخول النصارى الحمراء
تقریباً 2 جنوری 1492 عیسوی · 897 ھOn 2 Rabi I 897 the Christians took the Alhambra: Granada's sultan Abu Abdallah surrendered on sixty-seven conditions — safety of life, family and property, the shari'a kept, mosques and waqfs untouched, free passage to North Africa — then withdrew to the Alpujarras and crossed to Fez; the Christians broke the treaty clause by clause until forced conversion followed in 904.وقعة الجنيد بالشعب
731~ · 113 ھقتل مرداويج بن زياد
935 · 323 ھIn 323 the Daylamite ruler Mardawij ibn Ziyad was killed at Isfahan by his own Turkish ghilman. He had staged a Zoroastrian-style festival for the winter night — mountains ringed with bonfires, two thousand birds released with oil-soaked legs, a banquet of a hundred whole roasted horses — then humiliated his Turks, who seized the moment and killed him.حصار أبي يزيد للمهدية
945 · 333 ھIn 333, Abu Yazid Makhlad ibn Kaydad — 'the man of the donkey' — besieged the Ubaydid caliph al-Qa'im in al-Mahdiyya. Four assaults followed through the year; famine inside the walls grew so severe that the people ate beasts and carrion, and al-Qa'im opened the Mahdi's granaries to his men.وقعة سمورة (٣٢٧هـ)
شوال 327 ھal-Nasir's hundred-thousand-strong expedition against king Rudhmir of the Jalaliqa at Samura in Shawwal 327, three days after the month's eclipse — initially a Muslim victory, it turned when the besieged sortied and killed some fifty thousand after they had crossed the ditch; Umayya ibn Ishaq supposedly dissuaded Rudhmir from pursuing the survivors.إفناء جديس
Hassan's march on Jadis: the carried-tree ruse foiling Zarqa' al-Yamama's sight, the dawn massacre at Jaww, king al-Aswad ibn Ghaffar's flight to Tayy', and the seeress crucified on the town's gate — renaming it al-Yamama.سقوط الزباء وقتل جذيمة
al-Zabba's killing of Jadhima and her own fall to Qusayr's tunnel beneath the throne — dying by a poisoned ring (some say) with the famous cry; her city razed and her children captive, after Mard and al-Ablaq had defied her.نزول سابور الجنود على الحضر
Shapur I's month-long investment of al-Dayzan's Hatra — broken only when the lovesick al-Nadira told him to track thrown straw up the Tharthar's hidden channel into the fortress; its king slain, Hadra razed, the tale became poetry.
شخصیت
أبرهة
تقریباً 520 عیسویThe Aksumite governor who made himself ruler of Yemen, built the great church of San'a, and marched on Mecca with an elephant — the invader of the 'Year of the Elephant' remembered in Qur'an 105.كسرى الثاني
تقریباً 570 عیسویThe last great Sasanian shah (590–628), whose armies took Jerusalem and reached Constantinople's walls before Heraclius broke his empire. The tradition records that he tore up the Prophet's letter — and died within months.عمرو بن العاص
تقریباً 573 عیسویA Meccan diplomat who opposed the Muslims until 629–630, then converted and became the commander who conquered Egypt — and later Mu'awiya's chief ally in the first civil war.هرقل
تقریباً 575 عیسویByzantine emperor (610–641) who reconquered Jerusalem from Persia and then watched the Muslim conquest of Syria. The tradition preserves a letter from the Prophet and an audience in which Heraclius questioned Abu Sufyan.أبو عبيدة بن الجراح
تقریباً 583 عیسویAn early Qurayshi convert the Prophet called the trustworthy man of this community; he commanded the armies in Syria at the height of the conquest and died in the plague of Amwas.عمر بن الخطاب
تقریباً 584 عیسویSecond caliph (634–644); under his rule the early community conquered Syria, Egypt and much of the Sasanian Empire. Remembered in Sunni tradition as al-Faruq, the model of just rule. ومن مناقبه في الصحيح القصر الذي رآه له النبي في الجنة فأخلى النظر إليه حياءً لغيرته ، ولبن الرؤيا الذي أوله النبي بالعلم فناوله إياه. ويروي هو صعوده إلى مشربة النبي حين اعتزل أزواجه فرأى أثر الحصير في جنبه فبكى فقال له «أما ترضى أن تكون لهم الدنيا ولنا الآخرة». ورأى حلة سيراء عند باب المسجد فعرضها على النبي ليلبسها يوم الجمعة وللوفد فقال «إنما يلبسها من لا خلاق له في الآخرة» ثم أهداها إليه بعد فكساها أخاً له مشركاً بمكة.خالد بن الوليد
تقریباً 585 عیسویThe great commander on both sides of the early wars: the cavalry leader who turned the day at Uhud for the Meccans, then converted in 629 and led the Muslim armies at Mu'ta, in the Ridda wars and at the Yarmuk.نسيبة بنت كعب
تقریباً 590 عیسویAn Ansari woman of Medina who pledged at Aqaba and fought at Uhud shielding the Prophet with sword and shield — the tradition's most famous woman warrior of the first generation.سعد بن أبي وقاص
تقریباً 595 عیسویOne of the earliest converts, an archer at Badr, and the commander who broke the Sasanian army at al-Qadisiyya about 636; founder of the garrison city of Kufa.أحمد بن محمد الكوفي ابن أعثم
The historian Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Kufi, known as Ibn A'tham, author of 'al-Futuh', which arranges Islamic history from the Prophet's death and the Saqifa of Banu Sa'ida onward and records its personalities.الضحاك بن قيس الفهري
المنذر المعرور
The last Lakhmid king of al-Hira: in 632 the kingship returned to the house of Lakhm in al-Mundhir called al-Ma'rur, whose rule lasted no more than eight months before Khalid ibn al-Walid arrived with the Muslim armies, in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account after al-Khudari.المنذر بن ماء السماء
The Lakhmid king deposed by Qubadh for refusing the Mazdakite creed, replaced by al-Harith ibn Amr al-Kindi, then restored by Khosrow Anushirwan who destroyed Mazdak and his followers.النعمان بن المنذر
The Lakhmid king of al-Hira whom Khosrow summoned after the courtier Zayd ibn Adi’s intrigue; he entrusted his family and wealth to Hani ibn Masʾud of Banu Shayban, then went to Khosrow who imprisoned him until death — the refusal to surrender that deposit ignited Dhu Qar.عمرو بن عدي اللخمي
The first Lakhmid king of al-Hira, appointed after Jadhima al-Abrash’s death in the reign of Shapur son of Ardashir; from him the Lakhmid kings succeeded each other until Khosrow replaced them with Persian governors.أرباط
The commander of the seventy-thousand Abyssinian force which, armed with a Roman fleet, occupied Yemen in 525 CE; he governed for the Negus until Abraha, one of his own generals, assassinated him and ruled in his place.باذان
The last Persian governor (marzban) of Sanaa; his conversion to Islam in 638 CE ended Persian rule over Yemen.بختنصر
The king of Babylon who attacked the Arabs at Dhat Irq, where the Arabs' commander was no Jurhumite; the Adnanis scattered to Yemen at his second campaign in 587 BCE and the prophet Jeremiah took Ma'add to al-Sham; he also laid waste Palestine, destroyed the Temple in 587 BCE and carried the Jews to Babylon, after which some migrated to northern Hijaz, in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account.ذو نواس
The last Himyarite king before the second Abyssinian occupation: a convert to Judaism who in October 523 tried to force the Christians of Najran to apostatize and, on their refusal, dug the trench of fire — the event the Quran recalls in Surat al-Buruj.هانئ بن مسعود الشيباني
The chief of Banu Shayban who kept al-Nuʾman’s family and deposit out of honor, refused to surrender them to Iyas ibn Qabisa and Khosrow, and led his tribe to victory over the Persians at Dhu Qar — the first day the Arabs routed the Persians.إبراهيم بن الأشتر
Led a rising alongside al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd. After Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad's death he brought Ibn Ziyad's head to al-Mukhtar, who sent it on to Ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca.إياس بن قبيصة الطائي
The Tayyi governor Khosrow set over al-Hira after imprisoning al-Nuʾman; ordered to extract the deposit from Hani ibn Masʾud, his expedition with Khosrow’s marzabans was broken by Banu Shayban at Dhu Qar; the Prophet was born in the eighth month of his governorship.جبلة بن الأيهم
The last Ghassanid king: after the Yarmuk defeat his dynasty’s role as Rome’s Arab wardens ended, and he entered Islam in the caliphate of Umar, later leaving it for Byzantine territory.جذيمة الأبرش
The Arab warden appointed by Ardashir over al-Hira and the desert Arabs of Iraq and the Jazira — the Persian experiment of ruling the nomads through one of their own, which became the Lakhmid system; he died around 268 CE.كعب بن أسد القرظي
The paramount leader of the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza in Medina; bound by treaty to the Prophet, he resisted Huyayy ibn Akhtab's persuasion before finally consenting to tear up the pact during the Battle of the Trench; he was judged and executed following the tribe's surrender.مرحب اليهودي
The formidable warrior-chieftain of the Jewish community of Khaybar; renowned for his strength and poetry; advanced in double armor challenging the Muslim army before the fortress of Na'im, where he was slain in single combat by Ali ibn Abi Talib.قصي بن كلاب
The Qahtani-raised Qurashi who returned to Mecca, married Hulayl’s daughter Hubba, took the custody of the Kaaba from Khuzaʾa around 440 CE after the arbitration of Yaʾmar ibn Awf, gathered Quraysh into the town’s quarters, founded Dar al-Nadwa, and held the five offices: riyasa, liwa, hijaba, siqaya and rifada.سلام بن أبي الحقيق (أبو رافع)
A wealthy Jewish merchant of Banu al-Nadir settled in Khaybar; one of the primary instigators and financiers who traveled to Mecca and Ghatafan to forge the confederate alliance (al-Ahzab) against Medina; assassinated in his fortified residence by a Muslim covert squad led by Abdullah ibn Atik.سيف بن ذي يزن (معد يكرب)
The Himyarite noble who led Yemen’s liberation from Abyssinian rule with Persian help in 575 CE and was made king; his assassination by his own Abyssinian bodyguard ended the royal house of Dhu Yazan and opened direct Persian rule.زفر بن الحارث الكلابي
A horseman of the Banu Kilab who fought with al-Dahhak ibn Qays at Marj Rahit. When his side broke he fled and left two Banu Sulaym companions, who were killed; he later wrote verses about it.
گروہ
بكر بن وائل
A Rabi'a tribe of Adnan, one of Wa'il's two sons with Taghlib; branches settled Bahrayn and the rest stretched from al-Yamama to Bahrayn, Kazima, the edge of the Iraqi sawad, al-Ubulla and Hit; Banu Shayban of Dhu Qar and Banu Hanifa of al-Yamama belong to it, and its wars with Taghlib are the textbook case of kin rivalry.غطفان
A Mudari tribe of Qays Aylan ibn Mudar, parent of Abs, Dhubyan, Ashja and Ghani ibn A'sur; Dhubyan dwelt near Tayma up to Hawran, and the wars of Abs and Dhubyan are cited as an example of rivalry between tribes of one father.
المحارب الثالث عشر
1999 عیسوی · 1420 ھ†John McTiernan's adventure film starring Antonio Banderas as Ahmad ibn Fadlan, the Abbasid envoy thrown in with Viking warriors — adapted from Crichton's novel drawn on Ibn Fadlan's risala.الناصر صلاح الدين
1963 عیسوی · 1383 ھ†Youssef Chahine's Egyptian epic starring Ahmed Mazhar as Saladin and the liberation of Jerusalem — the most famous Arabic film on the Crusades.القادسية
1981 عیسوی · 1401 ھ†Salah Abu Seif's Egyptian epic on the Battle of al-Qadisiyya and the fall of the Sasanian empire — a classic of Egyptian conquest-era drama.العثمانيون: أمراء أوروبا المسلمون
Rageh Omaar's three-part BBC documentary on the Ottoman empire and its relationship with Europe.الظاهر بيبرس
A Syrian-Emirati series on Sultan al-Zahir Baybars — from the Mamluk ranks to the defeat of the Mongols at Ain Jalut; among the largest Arabic productions on the Mamluk era.الفتح ١٤٥٣
2012 عیسوی · 1433 ھ†A Turkish epic about Mehmed II and the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 — one of the highest-grossing Turkish films of its era.صلاح الدين: فاتح القدس
A Turkish–Pakistani co-production on Saladin's rise in Egypt and the recapture of Jerusalem — the largest recent screen production on the Crusades leader.معاوية
An MBC series on Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan and the first fitna; its broadcast drew wide controversy over the depiction of Companions and early Islamic civil strife.معاوية والحسن والحسين
A major Arabic co-production dramatising the first fitna — from Hasan's caliphate and abdication to Muawiya's rule and Karbala; contested for depicting the Prophet's household.محارب الصحراء
2025 عیسوی · 1446 ھ†Rupert Wyatt's Saudi-backed epic set in seventh-century Arabia on the eve of Islam, starring Anthony Mackie and Aiysha Hart — among the first major Hollywood-scale productions shot at NEOM.مختارنامه
Davoud Mirbagheri's Iranian series on al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd's uprising in Kufa to avenge Karbala; members of the Prophet's family are depicted on screen per Shia convention.ملوك الطوائف
Hatem Ali's Syrian series on the taifa kings of al-Andalus after Cordoba's fall — al-Mu'tamid, Ibn Zaydun and Wallada — and the cities' struggle against the Almoravids.العاصمة عبد الحميد
A TRT series on Sultan Abdülhamid II's final years ruling from Yıldız Palace — a prominent modern dramatisation of the late Ottoman period.قيامة أرطغرل
The TRT series about Ertuğrul, father of Ottoman founder Osman I; dubbed and broadcast to mass audiences across the Arab world, Pakistan, India and beyond.المؤسس عثمان
The sequel series to Ertuğrul, following Osman I and the founding of the Ottoman state — among the most-watched Turkish historical series worldwide.صقر قريش
An Arabic series on Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil — 'the falcon of Quraysh' — and his escape from the Abbasid massacre to found Umayyad rule in al-Andalus.صعود الإمبراطوريات: العثمانيون
A Netflix docudrama series on Mehmed II's conquest of Constantinople and its aftermath, blending Turkish dramatic scenes with historians' commentary.عمر
An MBC historical series following the life of Umar ibn al-Khattab from the Jahiliya to his assassination as caliph; the Prophet is neither shown nor heard.واإسلاماه
1961 عیسوی · 1381 ھ†Salah Abu Seif's Egyptian classic on Mamluk Egypt's resistance to the Mongol invasion after the fall of Baghdad.زمان دمشق
2018 عیسوی · 1439 ھ†Ebrahim Hatamikia's Iranian film about pilots flying aid into besieged Syria under ISIS attack — a major contemporary Iranian war production.
کیا چیز غائب ہے؟ ہمیں بتائیں · موضوع اس وقت کھلتا ہے جب اس کی جائزہ شدہ رہنمائی، 10 سوالات، 5 اقسام میں 25 اندراجات، اور کئی روایات اور خطوں کی آوازیں ہوں۔