Teacher (mu'allim / mudarris)

المدرّس

The teacher gives lessons to pupils in a mosque, a madrasa or a kuttab. The TDV encyclopaedia defines the müderris as the high-ranking teacher who teaches in a madrasa; the word became official after Nizam al-Mulk founded the Nizamiyya madrasas. In the Ottoman period the post was a rank in the ranks of the learned, reached by licence, grades and examination. Teachers of children taught reading and the Qur'an, and were mostly madrasa graduates.

Depth

At a glance

Era: The Prophetic Era · The Rashidun Caliphate · The Umayyad Period · The Early Abbasid Caliphate · The Buyid, Fatimid and Seljuk Era · The Gunpowder Empires · The Modern Era
Region: Arabia · Levant & Iraq · Anatolia
Review: Completeness 2/5 · Help complete it

Summary

The teacher gives lessons to pupils in a mosque, a madrasa or a kuttab. The TDV encyclopaedia defines the müderris as the high-ranking teacher who teaches in a madrasa, and the word became official after Nizam al-Mulk founded the Nizamiyya madrasas. ¹ The sources distinguish three forms: the teacher of the kuttab, who teaches children; the teacher who gives a public lesson in a mosque; and the teacher in a madrasa from whom students of learning take their lessons. ² ³

Origins

The encyclopaedia holds that teaching children came before the madrasas. Kuttab schools are attested in the Prophet ﷺ's time, and the Prophet released those Badr captives who could read and write on condition that each of them teach ten of the children of the Muslims. ² Among the innovations credited to Umar ibn al-Khattab was the founding of schools and the payment of salaries to teachers. ²

The encyclopaedia names Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi among the teachers: it reports that he worked as a teacher in Taif in his youth. ² It also names Dahhak ibn Muzahim, who built a large school in Kufa that the entry says about 3000 children attended, and where he taught without pay; the entry dates his death to 105 AH (723 CE). ²

Not every kuttab had its own building. The teacher sat with the children in a circle in the neighbourhood mosque, and separate schools were built beside mosques at an early date. A pupil who had learnt to read and had finished the Qur'an went on to higher lessons in the mosques. ²

The lesson in the mosque

The phrase «public lesson» (ders-i âm) means a lesson open to the people. It appears in sources of the sixteenth century, and it became the title of a müderris licensed to give public lessons in mosques, probably in the seventeenth century. ³

The dersiâm gave his lessons in the mosques between the morning and noon prayers, and people of every class attended them. His best-known posts were the great mosques of Istanbul, such as the Fatih, the Suleymaniye and the Bayezid. ³ In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the lesson service (dersiye) in mosques and madrasas was usually carried out by dersiâms. ³

The title went only to someone who had graduated from a madrasa, received an ijaza, and then passed a further examination. In Istanbul in 1286 AH (1869 CE) the entry cites a list drawn up for the Shaykh al-Islam, which records that eighty of the 166 madrasas then active had 180 dersiâms between them. ³ In the first kuttab the teacher taught in a circle in the neighbourhood mosque. The formal title for the public lesson was dersiâm, and the sources read here describe no other mosque teacher, so this record does not show a regular teacher in every mosque.

The madrasa professor

In the Seljuk period a müderris was appointed by a patent (menşur) issued from the Diwan of the Vizierate and bearing the signature of Nizam al-Mulk; later appointments were made by order of the sultan and the caliph. ¹ Scholarly merit counted in an appointment, and so did the type of ijaza the teacher had received. ¹ Some appointment texts praise learning, excellence and piety; one such text is the patent of Sultan Qalawun appointing a Maliki scholar as müderris of the Mansuriyya madrasa. ¹

The post began with a ceremony: a robe of honour was put on the müderris, a procession was held for him, and he gave his first lesson from the lectern before the jurists and the viziers. ¹ It is said that Abu Yusuf made a black turban and the taylasan a requirement, so that the learned could be told apart from the common people; later this dress became obligatory for müderris and jurists. ¹

A müderris was known by his city, his madrasa, his school of law or his subject: «müderris of Herat», «müderris of the Nizamiyya», «müderris of the Hanafis», «müderris of hadith». ¹ A man appointed to more than one madrasa taught in person at one and paid a deputy at the rest. ¹

Müderris generally kept their posts for life. One known dismissal under Alp Arslan concerned the Nizamiyya in Baghdad: Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi refused to teach there, on the ground that its land had been seized, and Ibn al-Sabbagh was appointed in his place; Ibn al-Sabbagh was removed when al-Shirazi was persuaded. ¹ A müderris could also be dismissed for lack of scholarly ability, absence from the madrasa, or breach of the endowment's conditions. ⁴

A müderris's pay followed the income of his madrasa's endowment. At the Salahiyya madrasa founded by Saladin, the teacher was paid forty dinars a month, with ten more for supervising the madrasa endowments, and his daily bread and water were provided. At the madrasa of Emir Jamal al-Din the pay was three hundred dirhams a month, and at the Nasiriyya two hundred; the sums changed with the time and the state of the finances. ¹

The teacher of children

The entry calls the children's school «kuttab» in the Abbasid period. The Karakhanids and the Seljuks called it a «sıbyan school» (mekteb), and the Ottomans gave it names including «house of teaching» (dar al-talim), «neighbourhood school» and «primary school». Its teacher was called the «muallim», and his assistant the «kalfa» (khalifa). ⁵

The curriculum centred on the Qur'an: reading, writing, grammar, the Qur'an, hadith, poetry and arithmetic, and its details varied from place to place. ² ⁵ Teachers attended to the abilities of their pupils and rewarded successful ones by parading them through the streets and throwing almonds on them. ²

The teacher of a kuttab was, for a period, held in low esteem. The entry attributes this to the shallowness of some teachers' learning, to some men entering the work to escape war, and to the childish conduct of some, and it reports Adam Mez's view that reports of Greek origin shaped this picture. ²

In the Ottoman period the endowments for teaching required the Qur'an: Mehmed II made the teaching of the Qur'an a condition of the endowment of the first house of teaching he founded in Istanbul, and the endowment of Bayezid II ordered that the teacher and his assistant teach children the Qur'an and some basic religious knowledge. ⁵ In 1824 a firman of Mahmud II required that children be taught the religious essentials first. ⁵

Teachers of children were in most cases madrasa graduates who also served as imam, preacher or muezzin in a mosque; women taught the girls, and they were elderly women who knew the Qur'an. ⁵ In 1868 a school to train teachers for the sıbyan schools opened in Istanbul, and the regulation of the following year stated that only graduates of that school could be appointed teachers in the sıbyan schools. ⁵ The pay of kuttab teachers was not fixed; it was left to the means of the child's guardian. ²

Training, licence and appointment

In the Ottoman period a teacher was chosen from madrasa graduates who held an ijaza. A candidate registered with the kazasker of Anatolia or of Rumelia and waited on a list, then climbed the madrasa grades from twenty to fifty akçe, and when his turn came a scholarly board, with the kazasker present, examined him. ⁴ The waiting list was called the «matlab», in which the names of graduates were recorded until their turn came. ⁴

Sons of the learned had the privilege of the «mevali-zade law» and rose to a higher grade than others. ⁴ Until the end of the sixteenth century appointments were made on the proposal of the kazasker; afterwards the highest grades were appointed on the proposal of the Shaykh al-Islam and the grand vizier's presentation to the sultan, and an appointment was confirmed by a berat bearing the tughra. ⁴

The entry describes examinations. In 1528 a candidate examination was held for a post in one of the Fatih madrasas. Three teachers presented themselves, wrote treatises answering the questions, and their work was judged and debated before the kazaskers of Rumelia and Anatolia in the Hagia Sophia mosque. ⁴ At the end of the eighteenth century the sultan ordered the Shaykh al-Islam to hold an examination for müderris; 199 people took part, and sixty-four were chosen a week later, among them sons of the learned. ⁴

The endowment deeds ask that the müderris be «people of learning, possessing virtue and dignity», and some of them specify the lessons and the school of law. ⁴

Ottoman ranks

The grades of müderris climbed from twenty to fifty akçe, then the grades of the Sahn, of the Suleymaniye and of the Dar al-Hadith. The custom was for a müderris who reached a certain grade to move into judgeship: from twenty to fifty akçe to a judgeship worth 150 to 300 akçe; from fifty to sixty akçe to the judgeship of a large city at 500 akçe; from sixty to a hundred akçe to the judgeship of Istanbul or the kazaskership, and from there to the shaykh al-Islam. ⁴

The principle behind this overlap was set by the law of Mehmed II, which placed teaching, judging and giving fatwas on equal ranks and made the entry to the judgeship depend on study in the Sahn madrasas. ⁶

In the sixteenth century the number of müderris grew, so the grades and ranks increased (the Sahn, the rank of thirty, the rank of forty), terms of service were shortened, and dismissal could follow from weak learning, absence from the madrasa or breach of the endowment's conditions. ⁴

A müderris's duties were to teach his pupils and attend to them, to record what each pupil studied, and to keep order in the madrasa; a judge inspected him if a complaint was made about the lessons or about wrongdoing. ⁴ The state sometimes gave müderris investigations, inspections, judicial and arbitration tasks, and expert opinions, and sometimes made them deputise for a judge until a new one arrived. ⁴

The chain of teaching

The museum records the bond between a pupil and his teacher as a «studied under» (student_of) edge between two persons. Such an edge is not accepted on its own; it rests on what a readable source states. Examples from the sources read for this record:

Ahmed Pasha of Bursa was a pupil of Melihi, and it was Melihi whom he presented to the sultan Mehmed II. After Mehmed's accession Ahmed Pasha became the sultan's companion and his teacher. ⁷
Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwayni taught in a madrasa he had inherited from his father, and at the same time took lessons from Abu al-Qasim al-Isfara'ini in another madrasa. ¹
Imam al-Shafi'i had begun his learning in a kuttab, as the encyclopaedia records. ²

The entry says that the choice of a teacher looked to the type of ijaza he had received and to the quality of the teachers from whom he had received it. ¹

Pay and custom

It is said that about four hundred of the pupils of al-Juwayni broke their pens and inkwells at his death, and that lessons were suspended for a full year. ¹ Nizam al-Mulk did not think a new müderris should be appointed after the death of Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi, and he said that the Nizamiyya should remain closed for a year. ¹

The sources say that the teacher speaks to the pupil according to his readiness, uses language that is understood, takes care to hold the pupil's interest, and neither he nor his assistant (muid) should be harsh to pupils. ¹ Some teachers were slow to accept the post, and some changed their school of law to obtain an appointment in a madrasa of another school. ¹

In the kuttab, al-Shafi'i is reported to have said that a teacher who beat a child for discipline and caused his death owed blood money. ² The entry also gives a report from the Prophet that counts among those whom God will not regard on the Day of Judgement the kuttab teacher who burdens an orphan with what he cannot bear; the report is attributed to its transmitters and is not treated here as an event. ²

What became of the office

The madrasa system on which the müderris depended came to an end in the Ottoman state, and the title stayed with teachers in the higher schools. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the term was used for the teachers of the Western-style schools and the university: «müderris» was the equivalent of professor (profesör), and «müderris assistant» (müderris muavini) the equivalent of docent (doçent). The usage was officially withdrawn after the university reform of 1933. ⁴ In the early Republic the dersiâm title was kept in the organisation of the Diyanet, placed third in the provinces after the mufti and the assistant mufti, and paid from the budget. ³

The status today is therefore «transformed»: the act of teaching continues, and the madrasa system and its old titles have ended. This record does not cover teaching in universities and modern schools in the twentieth century, which needs sources not yet read.

References

TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, «MÜDERRİS», Nebi Bozkurt (part 1) and Mehmet İpşirli (part 2), vol. 31, pp. 465–468. ⁸
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, «MEKTEP», vol. 29, parts 1 and 2, pp. 5–7. ⁹
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, «DERSİÂM», Mehmet İpşirli, vol. 9, pp. 185–186. ³
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, «KADI», the Ottoman part by İlber Ortaylı, vol. 24, pp. 69–73. ⁶
TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, «AHMED PAŞA, Bursalı», Günay Kut, vol. 2, pp. 111–112. ⁷
Works cited in the encyclopaedia's bibliography and not read for this record: Ahmed Çelebi, «İslâmda Eğitim-Öğretim Târihi»; George Makdisi, «The Rise of Colleges»; Ibn Kathir, «al-Bidaya wa'l-nihaya».

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Hafiz Ali Korça Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hafsah Adham Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Haifaa Younis Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Haitham al-Haddad Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hakim Abdul Hameed Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Halide Edib Adıvar Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hamahullah bin Muhammad bin Umar Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hamdija Kreševljaković Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hamiduddin Farahi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hamza Hakimzade Niyazi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hamza Yusuf Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hanan Barakat Main post bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hasan Ali Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hasan bey Zardabi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hasan Rıza Efendi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hasan Sabri Ayvazov Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Haytham Tamim Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hoca İshak Efendi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hosai Mojaddidi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Husain Ahmad Madani Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Husein Đozo Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Hussein Al-Sheikh Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Iajuddin Ahmed Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ibn al-Dabbagh Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ibn al-Nahhas, hujjat al-Arab Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ibn al-Naqib, the Hanbali exegete Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ibn Babshadh Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ibn Hamid Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ibn Sana' al-Dawla Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ibn Wathiq, shaykh al-qurra' Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ibrahim al-Dajwi, the grammarian Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ibrahim al-Ghafiqi al-Ishbili Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ibrahim al-Sarayi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ibrahim Hindy Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Iffet Rafeeq Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Imad al-Din al-Nayhi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwayni Main post The entry on müderris says he taught in a madrasa inherited from his father, while taking lessons from Abu al-Qasim al-Isfara'ini in another madrasa. The entry gives no place or date for either.
Ismail Gasprinsky Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Jalil Mammadguluzadeh Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Jamal al-Din al-Sakuni, the Maliki Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Jamilur Reza Choudhury Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Jinan Yousef Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Jurji Zaydan Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Karamat Husain Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Karim al-Din al-Ja'bari Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Karim Ismail Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Khalil Sakakini Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Khola Hasan Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Kifah Abu Hanoud Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Kifayatullah Dehlvi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Kunta-Haji Kishiev Main post bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Lobna Mulla Main post bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ma Linyi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ma Zhan'ao Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Maba Diakhou Bâ Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Mahmud Hasan Deobandi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Makki al-Masirjisi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Makki ibn Abi Talib Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Mamadou Racine Sy Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Manzoor Nomani Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Maryam Amir Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Maryam Lemu Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Mindful Muslimah Main post bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Modibo Keïta Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Mohamed Bachir El Ibrahimi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Mohamed Khair al-Shaal Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Molla Hasan al-Samuni Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Molla Muhyi al-Din Ibn al-Khatib al-Rumi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Molla Qasim al-Baghdadi al-Kirmani Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Mona Elghdban Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Moutasem Al-Hameedi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Mu'in al-Din ibn Bundar Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Mubarakah Ibrahim Main post bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad al-Bakri al-Siddiqi, 'the greatest teacher' Main post bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad Ali (Youth Club) Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad Arabzade Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad Ayyub Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad b. Abdallah al-Yunini Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad Husain Azad Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad ibn Ahmad Aknasus Main post bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Ahsa'i Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Isbiri Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad Ma Jian Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad Saleh Kamboh Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad Tim Humble Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhyi al-Din al-Barda'i of Rum Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhyi al-Din al-Qujawi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muhyi al-Din ibn al-Fanari Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Mukhtar al-Kunti Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Munawwar Qari Abdurashidkhanov Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Muslih al-Din al-Qastallani al-Rumi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Mustafa Benhamza Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Mutlaq Al-Jaser Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Na'ima B. Robert Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Nafija Sarajlić Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Naielah Ackbarali Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Najm al-Din al-Badrai Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Najm al-Din al-Ghayti, Egypt's shaykh al-Islam Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Nana Asma'u Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Nasir al-Din al-Tablawi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Navaid Aziz Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Nazim Al-Haqqani Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Noha Alshugairi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Nouman Ali Khan Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Nuh Ha Mim Keller Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Nurjan Mirahmadi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Omar Mukhtar Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ömer Seyfettin Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Osman Nuhu Sharubutu Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Osman Nuri Hadžić Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Pir Ilahi Bux Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Qutb al-Din al-Tarithithi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Rachida Lammini Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Radi al-Din ibn al-Khayyat Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Rahmah el Yunusiyah Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Raja Zia ul Haq Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Rania Awaad Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Riad Ouarzazi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Roza Otunbayeva Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Rumzi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Sa'd al-Din ibn 'Iraq Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Sa'di Chalabi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Saad Al-Ghamdi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Sabria Mills Main post bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Sadr al-Din ibn al-Kassar Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Sahibzada Abdul Qaiyum Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Said al-Kamali Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Sal Khan Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Saleh Al-Osaimi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Salih Safvet Bašić Main post bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Salim al-Bishri Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Sami Efendi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Sanaullah Amritsari Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Saud Al-Shuraim Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Şefika Gasprinskaya Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Shams al-Din al-Tunisi 'Maghwash' Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Shams al-Din Ibn Nuh Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Shams al-Din Ibn Tulun Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Sharaf al-Din al-Maqdisi al-Salihi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Sharaf al-Din ibn Man'a Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Shawki Allam Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Shazia Ahmad Main post bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Shehu Shagari Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Shihab al-Din al-'Abbadi, the Hanafi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Shihab al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Haqq al-Sunbati Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Shihab al-Din Ibn al-Muwajjih Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Sidi ibn al-Mukhtar al-Abyiri Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Siraj al-Din al-Fayyumi of Aleppo Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Siti Walidah Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Suhaib Webb Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Sulaiman al-Boustani Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Sulaiman Moola Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Sulaiman Nadvi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Suma Din Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Surin Pitsuwan Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Syed Ahmad Khan Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Syed Mahmood Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Syed Ross Masood Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Syed Sadaqat Ali Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Syed Sheikh al-Hadi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Tahir Jalaluddin Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Taimiyyah Zubair Main post bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Taj al-Din al-Firkah, jurist of Syria Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Tamara Gray Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Taqi al-Din al-Wasiti, Syria's blessing Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Tashkopruzade Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Tayeb el-Oqbi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Tevfik Fikret Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
The Muslim Mum Main post bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
The Muslimah Ideas Main post bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Tok Kenali Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Tom Facchine Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Umar bin Hafiz Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Umaru Musa Yar'Adua Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Umm Jamal ud-Din Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ustad Ghulam Hossein Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Uways al-Barawi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Uzeyir Hajibeyov Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Vakkom Moulavi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Vilayat Inayat Khan Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Wahbah al-Zuhayli Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Waleed Basyouni Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Wan Muhamad Noor Matha Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Wang Jingzhai Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Yacoub Artin Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Yacouba Sylla Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Yahya Ibrahim Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Yahya Raaby Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Yasir Qadhi Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Yasmin Mogahed Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ybrai Altynsarin Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ymer Prizreni Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Zahra Pedersen Main post bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Zaid Shakir Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Zainab Alwani Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Zainal Abidin Ahmad Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Zakaullah of Dehli Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Zaynab bint Makki of Harran Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Zia Inayat Khan Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ziauddin Ahmad Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Ziauddin Yousafzai Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
Zinda Kaul Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
أبو الفتح ابن الصائغ الحراني Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
أبو الفتح عثمان بن جني الموصلي النحوي Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
أبو القاسم هبة الله بن سلامة المفسر الضرير Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
أبو عبد الله أحمد بن محمد بن دوست البزاز الحافظ Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
أبو عبد الله الحسن بن حامد الوراق الحنبلي Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
أبو عبد الله محمد بن إسحاق بن منده الحافظ الأصبهاني Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
أبو منصور بن الرزاز Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
أحمد بن موسى بن مردويه أبو بكر الحافظ الأصبهاني Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
أم البهاء فاطمة Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
أم الخير فاطمة Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
ابن ناصر الحافظ Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
برهان الدين البلخي Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
تقي الدين ابن أبي الحجر الحراني Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
جمال الإسلام السلمي Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
سبط الخياط Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep
مجد الدين أسعد الميهني Also held bootstrap from roles, 1 Nov 2026 merge map; dates, places and kind to be read in the Phase 3 sweep

Where it was done

The Nizamiyya Madrasa of Baghdad Sahn-ı Seman Medrese

Not yet covered

The TDV encyclopaedia has no separate article on the teacher as such: the search for «MUALLİM» gave personal names and no article on the subject, and the search for «MÜDERRİSLİK» gave Ottoman grade names that refer to the article MEDRESE, which was not read. The roles of the teacher in al-Andalus, the Maghrib, Greater Syria, Egypt and Persia are therefore not covered here; nor are the tools and the writings of teachers, the gatherings and study circles, the journeys of students, or the image.

References

MÜDERRİS — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Nebi Bozkurt; Mehmet İpşirli) , p.465-467
MEKTEP — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Nebi Bozkurt; Cahit Baltacı and others) , p.5-6
DERSİÂM — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Mehmet İpşirli) , p.185-186
MÜDERRİS — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Nebi Bozkurt; Mehmet İpşirli) , p.467-468
MEKTEP — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Nebi Bozkurt; Cahit Baltacı and others) , p.6-7
Osmanlı Devleti'nde Kadı — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (İlber Ortaylı) , p.69-73
AHMED PAŞA, Bursalı — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi , p.111-112
MÜDERRİS — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Nebi Bozkurt; Mehmet İpşirli) , p.465-468
MEKTEP — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Nebi Bozkurt; Cahit Baltacı and others) , p.5-7

Cite this page

islam.museum contributors. “Teacher (mu'allim / mudarris)”. islam.museum, https://islam.museum/en/job/teacher/. CC BY-SA 4.0. Last updated 2026-11-01.

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Wing

People

Prophets, companions, scholars, rulers, scientists, poets, travelers: women and men who shaped the story.