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شخصیت
أبو طالب بن عبد المطلب
تقریباً 535 عیسویAn uncle of the Prophet who raised him, led Banu Hashim, and protected him from Quraysh until his own death — while whether he himself embraced Islam is contested between the traditions.أبو بكر الصديق
تقریباً 573 عیسویClose companion of the Prophet and the first caliph (r. 632–634 CE); his succession is understood differently in Sunni and Shia tradition.علي بن أبي طالب
تقریباً 600 عیسویCousin and son-in-law of the Prophet and the fourth caliph (r. 656–661 CE); the first Imam in Shia tradition.فاطمة بنت محمد
تقریباً 605 عیسویThe youngest daughter of the Prophet and Khadija and wife of Ali ibn Abi Talib; mother of Hasan and Husayn and a central figure of Ahl al-Bayt in both Sunni and Shia tradition.الحسن بن علي
تقریباً مارچ 625 عیسوی · تقریباً رمضان 3 ھElder grandson of the Prophet through Fatima and Ali; briefly caliph in 661 CE before abdicating in favor of Muawiya, an act understood differently across the traditions.الحسين بن علي
تقریباً جنوری 626 عیسوی · تقریباً ربیع الاول 4 ھYounger grandson of the Prophet through Fatima and Ali; killed at Karbala in 680 CE after refusing allegiance to Yazid I, an event of lasting significance especially in Shia tradition.زينب بنت علي
تقریباً 626 عیسوی · تقریباً 5 ھ†Granddaughter of the Prophet through Fatima and Ali; a survivor of Karbala whose accounts and defiance made her a central voice of her family in tradition.الجلندى بن مسعود
al-Julanda ibn Mas'ud — the Ibadi imam of Oman whose rising against al-Saffah was drowned in fire and sword by Khazim ibn Khuzayma, 134 AH.ملبد بن حرملة الشيباني
Mulabbid ibn Harmala — the Jaziran Khariji who routed governor after governor until Khazim ibn Khuzayma's archers brought him down, 138 AH.سنباذ المجوسي
Sunbadh — the Zoroastrian of Aharwana who rose for Abu Muslim's blood as 'Firuz Aspahbadh', seized Nishapur, Qumis and Rayy, and fell to Jahwar ibn Marrar after seventy days, 137 AH.المقنَّع الخراساني
al-Muqanna' — the Veiled One of Khurasan who wore a golden mask and claimed divinity through the metempsychosis of Adam's spirit via Abu Muslim; his Mubayyida followers spread across Bukhara and Soghd until Sa'id al-Harashi's victory and his self-immolation, 159-161 AH.الوليد بن طريف الشاري
al-Walid ibn Tarif — the Shabani (or Taghlibi) Khariji lion of the Jazira, 178 AH; 'I am al-Walid ibn Tarif the Shari'; mourned by his sister al-Fari'a as al-Khansa' mourned her brothers.داود الظاهري
تقریباً 815 عیسوی · تقریباً 200 ھDawud ibn Ali al-Isbahani — Kufa-born (c. 200), Baghdad-bred (d. 270); a zealous Shafi'i who wrote al-Shafi'i's virtues then broke away to found the literalist Zahiri school, rejecting qiyas and holding to the evident text.عبد الله بن إباض
Abdallah ibn Ibad — the eponym of the Ibadiyya, the one Khariji branch to survive, in North Africa, Oman, Hadramawt and Zanzibar, with a fiqh and kalam of its own shaped partly by the Mu'tazila.أحمد بن حنبل، وعند ابن النديم أبو عبد الله أحمد بن حنبل وله كتاب العلل {cite:fihrist-ibn-al-nadim p. 320}
An imam and hadith scholar who compiled the Musnad; eponym of the Hanbali school, which gives precedence to the revealed text and transmitted reports. He wrote only one treatise on jurisprudence, on prayer, while his students wrote more than thirty volumes of his words and fatwas.البغدادي أبو منصور عبد القاهر بن طاهر
Theologian of Baghdad who wrote on the principles of faith, on the createdness of the Qur'an and on the interpretation of ambiguous reports, and on the sects.الفارعة الخارجية
al-Fari'a — the Khariji poetess who mourned her brother al-Walid ibn Tarif as al-Khansa' mourned Sakhr and Mu'awiya.بكير بن ماهان
Bukayr ibn Mahan — reckoned the chief of the Abbasid propagandists in Iraq, alongside Maysara al-Abdi and Abu Salama al-Khallal.عبد القادر بن بدران
A Damascene Hanbali scholar, author of al-Madkhal ila Madhhab al-Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal; he died in Damascus in 1346 AH.جديع الكرماني
Juday' al-Kirmani — leader of the Yamani-Rabi'a bloc in revolutionary Khurasan, ally then victim of Abu Muslim's divide-and-rule.خداش البلخي
Khidash al-Balkhi — one of the Khurasani propagandists, destroyed by his own extremism according to Taqqush's account.ميسرة العبدي
Maysara al-Abdi — mawla of Ali ibn Abdallah ibn Abbas and one of the three organisers of the Abbasid da'wa in Iraq.شيبان الحروري
Shayban al-Haruri — the Haruri Khariji chief whom Abu Muslim used against the Umayyads and then eliminated.سليمان بن كثير الخزاعي
Sulayman ibn Kathir al-Khuza'i — the naqib of naqibs who proclaimed the revolution on 25 Ramadan 129 AH, declined its leadership, and was put to death by Abu Muslim.
واقعہ
غدير خم
مارچ 632 عیسوی · ذوالحجہ 10 ھA halt at the pool of Khumm on the return from the Farewell Pilgrimage, at which the Prophet spoke about Ali.قصة الكتاب يوم الخميس
تقریباً 26 مئی 632 عیسوی · 8 ربیع الاول 11 ھOn the Thursday four days before his death the Prophet said 'bring me [something] to write for you a document after which you will never go astray'; Umar said pain had overcome him and the Qur'an sufficed, the people of the house disputed, and the Prophet sent them away — an episode the traditions read differently.اجتماع السقيفة
8 جون 632 عیسوی · 12 ربیع الاول 11 ھAfter the Prophet's death, leaders of the Ansar and Muhajirun met in the hall of the Banu Sa'ida and chose Abu Bakr as leader of the community. ونص الاجتماع كاملاً عند البخاري من رواية عمر: اجتماع الأنصار في السقيفة، ومشي أبي بكر وعمر وأبي عبيدة إليهم، والخطابان، ويدا عمر وبشير بن سعد، فالبيعة.خبر الخرّيت بن راشد وبني ناجية
658 عیسوی · 38 ھThe Najid Khariji who walked out on Ali after Nahrawan — 'your man's imamate and your conduct alike displease me; I side with those who call for shura'. His night-battle with Ziyad ibn Khasafa bent swords and hamstrung horses; he drew the Banu Najiya and Ahwazi tax-resisters around him until Ma'qil ibn Qays's four-thousand-man expedition demanded 'ten for every one of them'.فتنة الشيعة والسنة بواسط
1015 عیسوی · 406 ھ406–407: Wasit's confessional war burned out the Shi'i and Zaydi quarters and drove their notables and Alawids into exile — they fled to Banu Mazyad begging his aid, an early sign of the Mazyadids' rise as patrons of the Alawids.استتابة القادر للمبتدعة سنة 408
1017 عیسوی · 408 ھ408: al-Qadir bi'llah made the Hanafi Mu'tazili faqihs recant — they 'showed return and disavowed i'tizal' — and bound them in writing never to teach or debate i'tizal, rafd or 'doctrines contrary to Islam' on pain of exemplary punishment; Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna emulated the decree in Khurasan with killing, crucifixion, burning, minbar-curses and expulsion of Mu'tazilis, Rafidis, Ismailis, Qarmatis, Jahmis and Mushabbihas — 'and it became a sunna in Islam'.قتل الباطنية بواسط
مئی 1205 عیسوی · رمضان 601 ھRamadan 601: Wasit turned on its Batini cell — when a carpenter killed the soap-seller who answered him harshly over the creed, the crowd lynched every Batini they found, stormed the missionary Ibn Asiyya's fortified house from the rooftops, slew him and burned it; the notable Fakhr al-Din ibn Amsina came down from Baghdad to quiet the fitna.فتنة فيروزكوه بين الرازي والكرامية
595 ھ595 AH: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, newly honoured at the Ghurid court with a madrasa beside the Herat jami', debated the Karrami shaykh Ibn al-Qadwa before Sultan Ghiyath al-Din at Firuzkuh; after al-Razi insulted the standing sultan, Ibn al-Qadwa preached the next day disavowing the philosophers, the crowd wept and the town filled for riot until the sultan quieted it by sending al-Razi back to Herat — a window on Karrami strength in the Ghurid realm.
تصور
أهل القبلة وعدم التكفير بالذنب
al-Tahawi's principle of calling the people of the qibla Muslims and believers so long as they accept what the Prophet brought, and of not declaring any of them an unbeliever for a sin unless he declares it lawful.الغيبة
Ghayba — the Twelver belief that the imam may withdraw from sight without ceasing to exist; for the twelfth imam this is the occultation of the Mahdi, who 'conceals himself in his time... then appears like a meteor in the darkness of night'.علم الكلام
Ilm al-kalam — the new discipline of speculative theology that coalesced in the first Abbasid era; Ahmad Amin traces its rise to internal causes (the Qur'an's own engagement with rival creeds, the post-conquest turn to reflection) and external ones (foreign cultures and religions).الإمامة
The Imamate — the axis of Imami doctrine per al-Kafi: the imam shares the prophets' link to God, the earth is never without a hujja, and 'the imamate is the station of the prophets, God's caliphate, the reins of religion'.المهدية
The Mahdiyya — the awaited twelfth imam who fills the earth with justice; opposed in the Umayyad claim to a 'Sufyani' and absorbed in the Abbasid coining of a 'Mahdi' of their own.نكاح المتعة
Mut'a — fixed-term marriage for a fee; Ahmad Amin surveys the hadiths (licensed in travel and need, then forbidden, with Umar's emphatic prohibition and the four imams' ijma') against the Shi'i retention via al-Baqir and al-Sadiq.الرجعة
Raj'a — the doctrine that after the Mahdi's appearance the imams and their opponents return to this world for retribution, then die and rise on Judgement Day; earliest attributed to Ibn Saba'.الشعوبية
Shu'ubiyya — the anti-Arab-chauvinist tendency of the first Abbasid era: Ahmad Amin distinguishes three positions in the Arab–mawali quarrel and shows the name settled on those who denied Arab superiority, from 'people of equality' (al-Aqd al-Farid) to those who belittled the Arabs entirely (Lisan al-Arab).التقية
Taqiyya — the Shi'i doctrine of protective dissimulation: 'nine-tenths of religion is taqiyya' in al-Kulayni's report; the secret system by which imams' followers concealed their designs, and which generated the esoteric reading of speech.الزندقة
Zandaqa — the accusation of freethinking/heresy that ran through the first Abbasid era, levelled truly and falsely; Ahmad Amin frames the struggle between doubt and faith as an all-out war fought by ruse, sword and disputation alike.
گروہ
أهل البيت
'The People of the House' — the Prophet's household: the family around whom the deepest loyalties and the deepest split in Islamic history would form.المذهب الحنفي
Widest of the schools in the use of ra'y — the largest circle in Ahmad Amin's diagram; champions of istihsan, which the Shafi'is rejected.المذهب الحنبلي
One of the four Sunni schools of law, named after Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal; it gives precedence to the revealed text, transmitted reports and the fatwas of the Companions, and was preserved and written down by his students after him, foremost among them al-Khallal and al-Kharaqi.الإباضية
The Ibadiyya — followers of Abdallah ibn Ibad, the one Khariji branch to survive, in North Africa, Oman, Hadramawt and Zanzibar, with a kalam touched by the Mu'tazila and a fiqh of its own.الإمامية
The Imamiyya — with the Zaydiyya one of the two surviving branches of Shi'ism; its chief division the Twelvers, and the Ismailis the branch tracing imamate through Isma'il to the hidden imams and the Fatimid da'wa.الجهمية
الكرامية
A sect numerous in Herat and the Ghurid lands at the end of the 6th/12th century — Ibn al-Athir says the Ghurids were all Karramiyya; their Firuzkuh shaykh Ibn al-Qadwa (of the Haythamiyya branch) debated Fakhr al-Din al-Razi before Sultan Ghiyath al-Din in 595, and the riot that followed was barely contained.الخوارج
The Khawarij — a sect whose doctrine turns on kufr and iman like the Murji'a but in the opposite direction; per al-Ash'ari's Kitab al-Farq, what unites them is takfir of Ali, Uthman, the people of the Camel and the two arbitrators, and the duty of rising against unjust rulers.المذهب المالكي
Malik ibn Anas's school — third of the madhhabs in resort to ra'y, working the tool of istislah, the safeguarding of religion, life, reason, progeny and wealth.المرجئة
المعتزلة، وعند أبي بكر بن الإخشيد كما في الفهرست أن اسم الاعتزال حدث بعد الحسن البصري إذ اعتزل عمرو بن عبيد مجلس قتادة فسماها قتادة المعتزلة فأظهر عمرو تقبله وقال إن الاعتزال وصف مدحه الله في كتابه {cite:fihrist-ibn-al-nadim p. 557}
القدرية، وعند البلخي في الفهرست أول من تكلم في القدر والاعتزال أبو يونس الأسواري المعروف بسنسويه رجل من الأساورة وتابعه معبد الجهني ويقال إن سليمان بن عبد الملك تكلم فيه {cite:fihrist-ibn-al-nadim p. 557}
الصابئة الحرانيون
The Harranian Sabians — 'the Greek vulgate, the padding of the ancient philosophers' in al-Mas'udi's phrase: their surviving temple in 332 was Mighlitiya at Harran, Azar's shrine with four vaults of planetary idols made to speak by hidden priests; al-Razi wrote a book on their doctrines apart from the rival Kimariyyun; the Christians patterned their priesthood on theirs.المذهب الشافعي
al-Shafi'i's school — second widest in ra'y after the Hanafis, famous for rejecting istihsan: 'whoever exercises istihsan has legislated'.المذهب الظاهري
Dawud ibn Ali al-Isbahani's school — literalist, rejecting qiyas outright: God legislated, not reason; smallest of the circles of ra'y, strongest in Persia and al-Andalus.
تصنیف
المدخل إلى مذهب الإمام أحمد بن حنبل
Ibn Badran's book in an introduction and eight chapters introducing the Hanbali school: the Imam's creed, the reason the school was chosen, its principles, the path of his companions, its legal theory, its terminology, its famous books, and the divisions of jurisprudence among the Hanbalis.مقالات الإسلاميين واختلاف المصلين
A book by Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari setting out the positions of the Muslim sects and the theologians, whose first volume closes with a report of the position of the hadith scholars and Ahl al-Sunna that he then says he holds.
کیا چیز غائب ہے؟ ہمیں بتائیں · موضوع اس وقت کھلتا ہے جب اس کی جائزہ شدہ رہنمائی، 10 سوالات، 5 اقسام میں 25 اندراجات، اور کئی روایات اور خطوں کی آوازیں ہوں۔